Mikaellah R.

Domingo
BSN1-G

ACTIVITY 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. Identify the closed system of the heart.

- The Cardiovascular System is the closed system if the heart and blood
vessels. It is also known as Circulatory System. It is consist of the heart,
which pumps blood, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins,
and capillaries.

2. State the functions of the cardiovascular system.

- The main functions of Cardiovascular system are:

•Circulates Oxygen and removes Carbon dioxide

•Provides nutrients
•Removes waste products
•Transports hormones
•Regulates blood pressure
•Direct blood flow

3. Illustrate(draw) the anatomy of the heart and its relationship to the diaphragm and the
thorax midsternal line.

4. State the different coverings of the heart and its functions in relation to the different walls of
the heart.
- The entire heart is covered in a protective sac called
the pericardium. In the chest cavity, it keeps the heart
contained. It creates fluid to lubricate your heart,
prevent it from rubbing against other organs, protect it
from infection, and stop it from over-expanding when
blood volume rises.
Pericardium can be divided into three layers:
Fibrous pericardium- a layer of connective tissue that provides support and protects the heart.
Parietal pericardium- outer layer of pericardium which is a conical sac of fibrous tissue that
surrounds the heart and its roots of the blood vessels.
Visceral pericardium- also known as the epicardium. It envelops the heart.

Walls of the heart

Epicardium (Pericardium) - Outside layer. The most superficial layer of the heart.
Myocardium - Middle layer and the thickest layer. It facilitate the contraction and relaxation of
the heart walls.
Endocardium - Inner layer known as endothelium. It lines the inner surfaces of the heart
chambers including the heart valves.

5. Describe the 4 chambers of the heart in relation to the great vessels.

- There are four chambers: the left atrium and right atrium (upper chambers), and the left
ventricle and right ventricle (lower chambers).

Atria (right and left) - the upper chambers. Receive incoming

blood.
Ventricles (right and left) - the lower chambers. Pump blood out
of the heart.

Right ventricles receive blood as it enters the right atrium. The blood is pumped from the right
ventricles to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. The pulmonary veins, which enter the left atrium,
return the oxygenated blood to the heart.

6. Differentiate the functions of the heart valves.

- The heart has two types of valves , atrioventricular

and semilunar valves. they keep the blood flowing in the
correct direction. The heart valves prevent the back flow
of the blood. The aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves
divide the ventricles from the major arteries, while the
mitral and tricuspid atrioventricular (AV) valves divide
the atria from the ventricles. By attaching chordae
tendineae to the walls of the ventricles, atrioventricular (AV) valves hold the cusps firmly in place.
When the heart is relaxed and blood is passively filling the chambers, these valves open, and they
close when the ventricles contract. While semilunar valves opened during ventricular contraction
and closed during cardiac rest, respectively.

7. Trace the circulation of the blood from the heart to the lungs then from the lungs back to
the heart.
Deoxygenated blood entering Superior and Inferior vena cava--> Right atrium--> tricuspid valve-->
right ventricle--> pulmonic valve--> pulmonary artery--> lungs--> deoxygenated blood turns into
oxygenated blood entering left pulmonary vein-->left atrium --> bicuspid valve--> left ventricle-->
aortic valve--> aorta

Disease process Model: Myocardial infarct.

Question: Analyze how the process of a myocardial infarct affects the individual patient.

When the heart muscle's oxygen supply is inadequate in one or more places, a heart attack
(myocardial infarction) occurs. The heart muscle tissue dies during a heart attack due to a lack of
blood flow. When the blood flow to the heart is severely reduced or blocked, a heart attack
happens. Chest pain, pressure or tightness, or a squeezing or aching sensation in the middle of
the chest are all possible symptoms of a heart attack. spreads to the shoulder, arm, back, neck,
jaw, teeth, and, on rare instances, the upper abdomen. After a cardiac attack, more heart tissue is
harmed or dies every minute. Blood flow needs to be fixed immediately in order to increase
oxygen levels. Oxygen is given immediately. This decrease of blood flow has the potential to harm
the heart if someone is not treated right away. This condition can lead to complications including
arrhythmias, which are irregular heartbeats. Cardiogenic shock: This refers to severe damage to
the heart muscle.