ROTC(REVIEWER)

AFP CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

TRADITIONS

Traditions are inherited principles, standards and practices that serve as the established guides for an individual or
group. Accumulated experiences and deeds passed on from generation to generation both in memory and reality.

CUSTOMS

Customs are accepted practices realized through continued usage that take the force and effect of a Common Law.

MILITARY TRADITIONS

Traditions of Valor

The Filipino soldier has epitomized valor during gallant defense at Bataan and Corregidor against the Japanese Forces

Tradition of Duty

The Filipino soldier has exemplified himself throughout history as a dedicated public servant who performed tasks with a
deep sense of responsibility and self sacrifice.

Tradition of Honor

The founding fathers of the AFP as well the nation has courageously demonstrated even in most difficult times the value
of honor by leading a life in peace or war with personal dignity and self-worth.

Tradition of Solidarity

Unity is the strongest, most enduring and powerful military tradition. It is distinction enjoyed by every member of the
AFP, who through thick and thin worked together, and in the process, nourished pride and feeling of belonging to the
organization.

Tradition of Loyalty

The Filipino soldier has traditionally held the respect of the nation by shedding much blood and offering the supreme
sacrifice in defense of the country.

MILITARY CUSTOMS

1.Salute

Men of arms have used some form of military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. It has been
preserved and its use continued in all modern armed forces, which inherited their military traditions from the Age of
Chivalry. In the Navy, saluting with the left hand is allowed when the right hand is occupied with something or not
available for the execution of the same.

2.Flag Raising Ceremony

Philippine Flag symbolizes our country and people. Filipino Soldier honors the Flag by raising it with the troops singing
the National Anthem and to the accompaniment of the band before the start of the official day’s work to pledge that all
his efforts for the day is dedicated to his country and people.

3.The Retreat Ceremony

The sounds of the evening gun during a combined ceremonial parade and retreat ceremony constitute one of the most
inspiring customs of the service. Military personnel in camps of garrisons pause for a moment either to salute to the
Nation’s Flag or sing the National Anthem.

4.The Three Volleys Over Graves

This is a sign of respect and gesture of farewell tendered to a departed comrade-in arms. Throwing or casting earth
three (3) times upon the grave, calling the name of the dead and saying “Farewell” three times.

5.The White Flag of Truce

A worldwide custom used to signal the temporary cessation of hostilities between warring parties.

6. The Wearing of Decoration

Military personnel who honorably earned decorations in the performance of duty, displays them as part of the uniform
during appropriate occasions.

7. The Raising of the Right Hand in Taking Oath

For truth of statement or testimony has been a solemn and serious matter accompanied by ceremony. In essence, the
taker of the oath calls upon his God to bear witness that the truth would be told.

8. Courtesy of the Post An

Officer of any of the armed services visiting at a military post or one who resides in its vicinity is often extended the
“Courtesy of the Post” by the commanding officer after the prescribed official call has been made. This may include the
privilege of accommodation at the Officer’s Club and Officer’s Mess if the visit is of short duration and the privilege of
membership, if the stay in the vicinity is extended.

9. Presentation of Recruit to Colors

In most units, it is a ceremony in which recruits are presented to the color for the purpose of signifying acceptance and
welcome into the organization

10. Farewell Tendered to a Departing Officer Prior to the Departure of an Officer from his station on a change of
assignment, a reception, or other suitable unit function, is usually given by the unit’s officers and ladies in honor of the
departing officer and his family. When pressure of work prohibits this nicety, a “Happy Hour” or a simple get - together
takes its place.

11. Ceremony Tendered to a Retiree

This is tendered to a military retiree in recognition of his long, faithful and honorable service to the AFP.

12. Trumpet or Bugle Calls

Trumpet and Bugle Calls add more distinction and excitement to the regimented life of military personnel. As the day-to-
day activities bore, the sounds of these calls rejuvenate every system of his body to continue performing the things as
signaled by each call.

13. Courtesy Calls - Significant Courtesy Calls in the Military:

A .An officer who has been detailed outside of an organization and rejoining his major service or has been reassigned to
unit outside his Major Service customarily calls on his Major Service Commander.

b. Upon arrival or prior to departure, officers from overseas missions or foreign schooling pay a call to their respective
Major Service Commanders. It is also appropriate for officers assuming foreign posts or coming back from such
assignments to call on the Chief of Staff and the Secretary of National Defense.

C. Officers assuming command positions or similar key positions call on their immediate commanders, including Major
Service Commanders. They do the same prior to a transfer or relief from duty.

D. Newly promoted officers customarily call on their Major Service Commanders. This is usually done in groups of the
same rank.

14. Call of Newly Promoted Generals/Flag Officers

Officers promoted to star ranks call on the Major Service Commander, Chief of Staff, AFP and the Secretary of National
Defense after taking their oath of office before the Commander-in-Chief

15. Tender calls on Major Service Commanders in the form of arrival and departure honors.

16. New Year’s Call on the Commanding Officer

It has been an invariable custom throughout the AFP that officers make a formal call upon their Commander during New
Year’s Day.

17. Happy Hour

Special form of unit Officer comradeship which had been developing and spreading in recent years. Usually held on
Friday, the growing customs calls for a light hearted jesting about the events of the week, or airing a minor gripe, and
blowing off a little steam, it may also be a time to slip in a judicious request for a pass or event to inquire about taking a
leave. Behavior and activities conform strictly to the moral and ethical standards set forth in this Code.

18. Military Weddings

These customs are generally the same for all faiths. They vary only as chaplains of the different churches incorporate
other procedures to add to their color and tone.

19. Patronage of the Officer’s Club and EP’s Club Houses This custom enables Officer and EP’s to spend their off-duty
social and recreational life in said centers.

20. Ceremonies at Holiday Dinners

 Practice on Christmas and New Year’s Day, in which Commanding Officers visit troops during meal time or prior to the
serving of the meal. The method varies rather widely.

21. Christmas Holiday Entertainment

Practice on Christmas in which children of the organization are given gifts and entertained. The Chaplain, Special Service
Officer or Ladies Club with the band present jointly organizes this.

22. Rank Has Its Privileges

Whenever a choice is to be made, such selection of billets or quarters or electing means of transportation, the option of
section follow rank, with senior given the privilege to select first.

23. Visiting the Sick

A military personnel who is sick in the hospital is visited by available Officers and Enlisted personnel of the unit in such
number as may be permitted by the doctor or surgeon in charge. An Officer or soldier of his unit visits him in order that
his needs are attended to.

24. Survivor Assistance to Bereaved Family

When any member of a unit dies, an Officer is immediately designated by the Commanding Officer to render possible
assistance to the bereaved family. A similar courtesy may be tendered, if desired, in the case of a death of a member of
any personnel’s family.

25. “I Wish” and “I Desire” Statement

When the Commanding Officer states, “I wish,” or “I desire” rather than “I order that you do such and such, this wish or
desire has all the force of a direct order.

26. Place of Honor

The place of honor is on the right. Accordingly, when a junior walks, rides, or sits with a senior he takes position abreast
and to the left of the senior, this is akin to the deference, which a young man pays his elders.

27. Use of the Word “Sir”

The word “Sir” is used in military conversation by the junior officer in addressing a senior, and by all solders in
addressing officers. It precedes a report, a query, and follows the answer of a question
 MODULE 2: AFP ORGANIZATION AND AFP CORE VALUES

History of the AFP

Spanish era to American regime
independence was the goal of
Philippines. It has become
necessary to have a defense structure
to protect the country. Governor
General Woods saw and
advocated the need for a Filipino
Military Force and failed to draw
attention of US Government,
Filipino leaders believed that
Philippine security is a
responsibility of United States.
Japanese
aggression of China awakened the
consciousness for national security,
and this gave birth for the
first effort towards Military
Preparedness. The Philippine
Legislative House Bill no. 72 in
1934-
Creating a Bureau of National
Defense.
AFP Functions Organizations and
Mission
Regular Force
Consists of regular officers, enlisted
personnel, percentage of reserve
officers and NCOs
additional manpower for the armed
forces and forms the country’s
standing army employed to
encounter internal or external
security threats under normal
conditions
Reserve Force
For the times of war or state of
national emergency and widespread
rebellion and state of
lawlessness
Mission of the AFP
“To protect the people and secure
the sovereignty of the state and
the integrity of the
national territory”
Function of the AFP
Uphold the sovereignty, support the
Constitution and defend the territory
of the Republic
of the Philippines against all
enemies, foreign and domestic. They
are also to promote and
advance the national aims, goals,
interest and policies, while
organizing, maintaining,
developing and deploying its regular
and reserve forces. Another is to
perform other functions
as provided by law or assigned by
higher authority.
History of the AFP
Spanish era to American regime independence was the goal of Philippines. It has become necessary to have a
defense structure to protect the country. Governor General Woods saw and advocated the need for a Filipino
Military Force and failed to draw attention of US Government, Filipino leaders believed that Philippine security
is a responsibility of United States. Japanese aggression of China awakened the consciousness for national
security, and this gave birth for the first effort towards Military Preparedness. The Philippine Legislative House
Bill no. 72 in 1934- Creating a Bureau of National Defense.

AFP Functions Organizations and Mission

Regular Force
Consists of regular officers, enlisted personnel, percentage of reserve officers and NCOs additional manpower
for the armed forces and forms the country’s standing army employed to encounter internal or external
security threats under normal conditions

Reserve Force
For the times of war or state of national emergency and widespread rebellion and state of Lawlessness

Mission of the AFP

“To protect the people and secure the sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the national territory”

Function of the AFP

Uphold the sovereignty, support the Constitution and defend the territory of the Republic of the Philippines
against all enemies, foreign and domestic. They are also to promote and advance the national aims, goals,
interest and policies, while organizing, maintaining, developing and deploying its regular and reserve forces.
Another is to perform other functions as provided by law or assigned by higher authority.

HEADQUARTERS
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ROTC UNIT
th
1304 CDC, NCR RCDG, ARESCOM
España, Manila.

MODULE 2: AFP ORGANIZATION AND AFP CORE VALUES

History of the AFP

Spanish era to American regime independence was the goal of Philippines. It has become
necessary to have a defense structure to protect the country. Governor General Woods saw and
advocated the need for a Filipino Military Force and failed to draw attention of US Government,
Filipino leaders believed that Philippine security is a responsibility of United States. Japanese
aggression of China awakened the consciousness for national security, and this gave birth for the
first effort towards Military Preparedness. The Philippine Legislative House Bill no. 72 in 1934-
Creating a Bureau of National Defense

The General Headquarters

Chief of Staff, AFP (CSAFP)
The most senior officer and serves as the Commanding General of AFP, who commands over all units and
elements of AFP and executes the President’s commands related to military strategy and operations. He also
acts as adviser of Secretary of National Defense on the National Security Program
Vice Chief of Staff, AFP (VCSAFP)
Designated Deputy Commanding General of the AFP is the one who assists the Chief of Staff, AFP and
performs the duty of Chief of Staff. AFP in his absence.
Deputy Chief of Staff, AFP (DCSAFP)
Chief of the AFP Joint and Special (Administrative and Technical) at GHQ is one who exercises general
supervision of GHQ.
Joint Staff, AFP (JSAFP)
General staff of the AFP is composed of heads of different Joint Staff offices and the DCSAFP has general
supervision over them.
Heads of different Joint Staff Offices:
a. Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel and Administration, J1
b. Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence. J2
c. Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, J3
d. Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, J4
e. Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Programs, J5
F. Deputy Chief of Staff for Command and Control. Communications and Cyber Systems (C4S),J6
g. Deputy Chief of Staff for Civil Military Operations. J7
h. Deputy Chief of Staff for Education and Training, J8
I.Deputy Chief of Staff for Reservist Affairs. J9
The Unified Area Command
The Unified Area Command were tasked-organized by the AFP GHQ to address specific peace and order
problems in particular areas in the country. The Unified Area Command consist of the ground, air force, and
naval components. GHQ plans in the near future to reduce the number of the Unified Area Commands in view
of the improvements in the peace and order condition in the country and the changes in the national security
threat situation.
Different Unified Area Command
Northern Luzon Command, AFP (NOLCOM)
Southern Luzon Command, AFP (SOLCOM)
Visayas Command, AFP (VISCOM)
Western Command, AFP (VISCOM)
-Western
Southern Command, AFP (SOUTHCOM)
1.Eastern Mindanao Command (EASTMINCOM)
2.Western Mindanao Command (WESTMINCOM)

AFP-Wide Support & Separate Units (AFPSSUs)

1. Headquarters Service Group (HSG)
2. Intelligence Service, AFP (ISAFP)
3. Health Service Command (HSC)
4. Philippine Military Academy (PMA)
5. Joint Command and Staff College (JCSC)
6. Communication, Electronics and Information System Service (CEISS)
7. Logistics Command (LOGCOM)
8. Reserve Command (RESCOM)
9. Public Affairs Service, AFP (PASAFP)
10. Finance Center (FS)
11. AFP Training Command (AFPPTC)
12. Presidential Security Group (PSG)

THE AFP MAJOR SERVICES

Common Functions of AFP Major Services

 Ensure that the Major Service Reserve Forces are in high state of readiness.
  Provide adequate, timely, and reliable service intelligence for AFP.
 Organize, train and equip necessary forces for assignment to the unified area commands.
 Prepare and submit AFP the budget for their respective services approved by the Department of
National Defense.
 Conduct research, develop doctrines, procedures, tactics, techniques and organizations; and procure
weapons.
 Develop, supply, equip, and maintain bases and other installations including lines of communications.
 Operationally assist each other in the successful accomplishment of their respective functions.

PHILIPPINE ARMY
Mission
“To recognize, train, equip and provide Army forces for the conduct of prompt and sustained security
operations independently or jointly with other AFP units in order to accomplish the AFP mission.
Responsible for the preparation of all the land forces that are necessary for the effective prosecution of the
ground war. It is tasked to organizes, trains and equips all army forces for the conduct of prompt and
sustained combat operations on land. Organized into (8) infantry divisions. (3) Engineer Brigades, a Light
Armor Brigade, a Special Forces Regiments, a Scout Ranger Regiments.
PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE
Mission
“To conduct of prompt and sustained air operations in order to accomplish the AFP Mission
Responsible for the preparation of air forces necessary for the effective prosecution of the war and in
accordance with the integrated mobilization plans. It is organized to train and equip forces for prompt and
sustained operations in the air.
Organized with (3) Air Divisions, a Heavy Airlift Wing, a Helicopter Wing. A Fighter Wing. A Strike Wing, several
air bases and PAF wide support units.
PHILIPPINE NAVY
It is tasked to organized, train, equip, and operate Naval Forces for sustained operations at sea, conduct close
naval support from land operations. The Navy is organized with the following major subordinate units:
Philippine Marine Corps. Philippines Naval Fleets, Philippine Coast Guard, Naval Districts, and several PN-Wide
support and separate commands.
Army Reserve Command (ARESCOM)
Vision
“A competent trainor and a committed Citizen-Army builder”
Mission
“To develop, organize, train, equip, provide and administer a highly mobilizable Reserve Force as an integral
component of the total Army in the defense of the state and to participate in socio-economic activities”
Organize, train and equip Army reservist as part of the total Army and prepare reservist units for eventual
integration to the Philippine Army in the event of national emergency and defense of the state. Develop
concepts and strategies of interest to ARESCOM on the field of Reserve Force Operation while preparing
reservist units for effective utilization deployment in case of disasters and calamities as well as participation in
the socio-economic activities Perform other tasks as directed by higher headquarters
What is AFP?
Responsible for protecting the people and the sovereignty of the state which fully support the constitution to
defend the country’s territory against all enemies. AFP is made up of Philippine Army, Philippine Navy and
Philippine Air Force.
AFP Core Values
-5 AFP Core Values
Honor, Loyalty, Valor, Duty, Solidarity
1. Honor
It is the most important value that a soldier must process because it implies clear consciousness of dignity and
worth. The honor means to live a life with truthfulness, sincerity. Honesty, credibility and integrity and this is
what you are remembered for.
2. Loyalty
Loyal to our nation and obey and respect the constitution while careful in supporting the chain of command
and orders of those legally appointed over us.
3. Valor
Personal bravery with the ability to overcome fear which enables soldiers to carry out their missions that may
seem impossible. The courage, calmness and presence of mind while under Pressure
4. Duty
Having the value of obedience and standard execution despite difficulty and danger. Personal act of
responsibility in carrying out assigned tasks to the best of your capabilities
5. Solidarity
It is the unity among individuals and what binds the rest of comrades-in-arms which makes the group strong
and unified.

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT 1&2

First Aid- serves as a bridge between the victim and the doctor for survival
Self Aid- a care for one self
First aid responder- a person who give first aid
CPR(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation)- a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies

The 3 Principle of First Aid

Preserve Life- to maintain safety and well being of all those involved in the emergency.
Prevent Deterioration- carry out a patient assessment and treatment with care
Promote Recovery- arrange for medical care and provide first aid in accordance with training and skill.

Aims of giving first Aid

 To save life
 To relieve pain
 To promote quick recovery
 To prevent further injuries and infection
 To control bleeding
SIX BASIC STEPS IN ANY EMERGENCY
a. Recognize the emergency and check the scene
b. Check the victim
c. Call emergency hotlines or calling E.M.S
d. Give first aid
 e. Seek medical attention
‘’Take some time to learn first aid and CPR. It saves lives, and it works!” – Bobby Sherman
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT

 Danger
 Response
 Shout for help
 Airway
 Breathing
 Circulation

RULES OF LAW
The rule of law is the political philosophy that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or
community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.
Laws are "set of rules" or "body of rules", which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating
the actions or movements of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties. Violators
are being brought to proper tribunal (ex. Court), for breaking the law.
Laws govern much of what everyone does, day in and day out. It tells us what our rights and duties are. It
allows us to assert rights that we have. It lets us know the consequences of not doing what we are suppo to
do.
4 PRINCIPLES OF RULE OF LAW
1. Accountability (Pananagutan)
2. Just law (Makatarungang batas)
3. Open government (Bukas ng gobyerno)
4. Accessible and impartial justice ( Na acces at walang kinikilingang hustisya)
Article III of 1987 Philippine Constitution

SEKSYON 1. Hindi dapat alisan ng buhay,
kalayaan, or ari-arian ang sino mang tao
nang hindi kaparaanan ng batas, ni
pagkaitan ang sino mang tao ng pantay na
pangangalaga ng batas.
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of
life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor shall any person be
denied the equal protection of the laws.

SEKSYON 2. Ang karapatan ng mga taong-
bayan na magkaroon ng kapanatagan sa
kanilang sarili, pamamahay, papeles, at
mga bagay-bagay laban sa hindi
makatwirang paghahalughog at
pagsamsam sa ano mang layunin ay hindi
dapat labagin, at hindi dapat maglagda ng
warrant sa paghalughog o warrant sa
pagdakip maliban kung may malinaw na
dahilan na personal na pagpapasyahan ng
hukom matapos masiyasat ang mayhabla
at ang mga testigong maihaharap niya sa
ilalim ng panunumpa o patotoo, at tiyakang
tinutukoy ang lugar na hahalughugin, at
mga taong darakpin o mga bagay na
sasamsamin.
Section 2. The right of the people to be
secure in their persons, houses, papers,
and effects against unreasonable
searches and seizures of whatever nature
and for any purpose shall be inviolable,
and no search warrant or warrant of arrest
shall issue except upon probable cause to
be determined personally by the judge
after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the
witnesses he may produce, and
particularly describing the place to be
searched and the persons or things to be
seized.

SEKSYON 3. (1) Hindi dapat labagin ang Section 3. (1) The privacy of
pagiging lihim ng komunikasyon at
korespondensya maliban sa legal na utos
ng hukuman, o kapag hinihingi ang
naiibang kaligtasan o kaayusan ng bayan
ayon sa itinakda ng batas.
(2) Hindi dapat tanggapin para sa ano
mang layunin sa alin mang hakbangin sa
paglilitis ang ano mang ebidensya na
nakuha nang labag dito o sa sinusundang
seksyon.
SEKSYON 4. Hindi dapat magpatibay ng
batas na nagbabawas sa kalayaan sa
pananalita, pagpapahayag, o ng
pamamahayagan, o sa karapatan ng mga
taong-bayan na mapayabang magkatipon
at magpetisyon sa pamahalaan upang
ilahad ang kanilang mga karaingan.
SEKSYON 5. Hindi dapat magbalangkas ng
batas para sa pagtatatag ng relihiyon, o
nagbabawal sa malayang pagsasagamit
nito. Dapat ipahintulot magpakailanman ang
malayang pagsasagamit at pagtatamasa ng
pagpapahayag ng relihiyon at pagsamba
nang walang pagtatangi o pamimili. Hindi
dapat kailanganin ang pagsusulit
pangrelihiyon sa pagsasagamit ng
karapatang sibil o pampulitika.
SEKSYON 6. Hindi dapat bawalan ang
kalayaan sa paninirahan at ang pagbabago
ng tirahan sa saklaw ng mga katakdaang
itinatadhana ng batas maliban sa legal na
utos ng hukuman. Ni hindi dapat bawalan
ang karapatan sa paglalakbay maliban
kung para sa kapakanan ng kapanatagan
ng bansa, kaligtasang pambayan, o
kalusugang pambayan ayon sa maaaring
itadhana ng batas.
SEKSYON 7. Dapat kilalanin ang karapatan
ng taong-bayan na mapagbatiran hinggil sa
mga bagay-bagay na may kinalaman
sa tanán. Ang kaalaman sa mga opisyal na
rekord, at sa mga dokumento at papeles
tungkol sa mga opisyal na gawain,
transaksyon, o pasya, gayon din sa mga
datos sa pananaliksik ng pamahalaan na
pinagbabatayan ng patakaran sa
pagpapaunlad ay dapat ibigay sa
mamamayan sa ilalim ng mga katakdaang
maaaring itadhana ng batas.
SEKSYON 8. Hindi dapat hadlangan ang
karapatan ng mga taong-bayan kabilang
ang mga naglilingkod sa publiko at
pribadong sektor na magtatag ng mga
asosasyon, mga unyon, o mga kapisanan
sa mga layuning hindi lalabag sa batas.
communication and correspondence shall
be inviolable except upon lawful order of
the court, or when public safety or order
requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.
(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of
this or the preceding section shall be
inadmissible for any purpose in any
proceeding.
Section 4. No law shall be passed
abridging the freedom of speech, of
expression, or of the press, or the right of
the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for redress of
grievances.
Section 5. No law shall be made
respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The
free exercise and enjoyment of religious
profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever
be allowed. No religious test shall be
required for the exercise of civil or political
rights.
Section 6. The liberty of abode and of
changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired
except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be
impaired except in the interest of national
security, public safety, or public health, as
may be provided by law.
Section 7. The right of the people to
information on matters of public concern
shall be recognized. Access to official
records, and to documents and papers
pertaining to official acts, transactions, or
decisions, as well as to government
research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen,
subject to such limitations as may be
provided by law.
Section 8. The right of the people,
including those employed in the public
and private sectors, to form unions,
associations, or societies for purposes not
contrary to law shall not be abridged.
SEKSYON 9. Ang mga pribadong ariarian
ay hindi dapat kunin ukol sa gamit
pambayan nang walang wastong
kabayaran.
SEKSYON 10. Hindi dapat magpatibay ng
batas na sisira sa pananagutan ng mga
kontrata.
SEKSYON 11. Hindi dapat ipagkait sa sino
mang tao ang malayang pagdulog sa mga
hukuman at sa mga kalupunang mala-
panghukuman at sapat na tulong pambatas
nang dahil sa karalitaan.
SEKSYON 12.
(1) Ang sino mang tao na sinisiyasat dahil
sa paglabag ay dapat magkaroon ng
karapatang mapatalastasan ng kaniyang
karapatang magsawalang-kibo at
magkaroon ng abogadong may sapat na
kakayahan at malaya na lalong kanais-nais
kung siya ang maypili. Kung hindi niya
makakayanan ang paglilingkod ng
abogado, kinakailangang pagkalooban siya
ng isa. Hindi maiuurong ang mga
karapatang ito maliban kung nakasulat at
sa harap ng abogado.
(2) Hindi siya dapat gamitan ng labis na
pagpapahirap, pwersa, dahas, pananakot,
pagbabanta, o ano mang paraaan na
pipinsala sa kanyang malayang
pagpapasya. Ipinagbabawal ang mga lihim
kulungan, solitaryo, ingkomunikado, o iba
pang katulad ng anyo ng detensyon.
(3) Hindi dapat tanggaping ebidensya laban
sa kanya ang ano mang pagtatapat o pag-
amin na nakuha nang labag sa seksyong ito
o sa seksyong labing-pito.
(4) Dapat magtadhana ang batas ng mga
kaparusahang penal at sibil sa mga
paglabag sa seksyong ito at gayon din ng
bayad-pinsala at rehabilitasyon sa mga
biktima ng labis na mga paghihirap o
katulad ng mga nakagawian, at sa kanilang
mga pamilya.
SEKSYON 13.
Ang lahat ng mga tao, maliban sa mga
nahahabla sa mga paglabag na
pinarurusahan ng reclusion perpetua kapag
matibay ang ebidensya ng pagkakasala,
bago mahatulan, ay dapat mapyansahan ng
sapat ng pyador, o maaaring palayain sa
bisa ng panagot ayon sa maaaring itadhana
ng batas. Hindi dapat bawalan ang
karapatan sa pyansa kahit na suspendido
ang pribilehiyo ng writ of habeas corpus.
Hindi dapat kailanganin ang malabis na
Section 9. Private property shall not be
taken for public use without just
compensation.
Section 10. No law impairing the
obligation of contracts shall be passed.
Section 11. Free access to the courts and
quasi-judicial bodies and adequate legal
assistance shall not be denied to any
person by reason of poverty.
Section 12.
(1) Any person under investigation for the
commission of an offense shall have the
right to be informed of his right to remain
silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his own
choice. If the person cannot afford the
services of counsel, he must be provided
with one. These rights cannot be waived
except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against
him. Secret detention places, solitary,
incommunicado, or other similar forms of
detention are prohibited.
(3) Any confession or admission obtained
in violation of this or Section 17 hereof
shall be inadmissible in evidence against
him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and
civil sanctions for violations of this section
as well as compensation to the
rehabilitation of victims of torture or similar
practices, and their families.
Section 13.
All persons, except those charged with
offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong, shall,
before conviction, be bailable by sufficient
sureties, or be released on recognizance
as may be provided by law. The right to
bail shall not be impaired even when the
privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be
required.
pyansa.
SEKSYON 14. (1) Hindi dapat papanagutin
sa pagkakasalang kriminal ang sino mang
tao nang hindi kaparaanan ng batas.
(2) Sa lahat ng mga pag-uusig kriminal, ang
nasasakdal ay dapat ituring na walang sala
hangga’t hindi napapatunayan ang naiiba,
at dapat magtamasa ng karapatang
magmatwid sa pamamagitan ng sarili at ng
abogado, mapatalastasan ng uri at dahilan
ng sakdal laban sa kanya, magkaroon ng
mabilis, walang kinikilingan, at hayagan
paglitis, makaharap ang mga testigo,
magkaroon ng sapilitang kaparaanan upang
matiyak ang pagharap ng mga testigo sa
paglilitaw ng ebidensyang para sa kanyang
kapakanan. Gayon man, matapos mabasa
ang sakdal, maaring ituloy ang paglilitis
kahit wala ang nasasakdal sa pasubaling
marapat na napatalastasan siya at di
makatwiran ang kanyang kabiguang
humarap.
SEKSYON 15. Hindi dapat suspindihin ang
pribilehiyo ng writ of habeas corpus,
maliban kung may pananalakay o
paghihimagsik, kapag kinakailangan ng
kaligtasan pambayan.
SEKSYON 16. Dapat magkaroon ang lahat
ng mga tao ng karapatan sa madaliang
paglutas ng kanilang mga usapin sa lahat
ng mga kalupunang panghukuman, mala-
panghukuman, o pampangasiwaan.
SEKSYON 17.  Hindi dapat pilitin ang isang
tao na tumestigo laban sa kanyang sarili.
SEKSYON 18. (1) Hindi dapat detenihin
ang sino mang tao dahil lamang sa
kanyang paniniwala at hangaring
pampulitika.
(2) Hindi dapat pairalin ang ano mang anyo
ng sapilitang paglilingkod, maliban kung
kaparusahang pataw ng hatol ng
pagkakasala.
SEKSYON 19. (1) Hindi dapat ipataw ang
malabis na multa, ni ilapat ang malupit, imbi
o di-makataong parusa, o ang parusang
kamatayan, matangi kung magtadhana ang
Kongreso ng parusang kamatayan sa mga
kadahilanang bunsod ng mga buktot ng
krimen. Dapat ibaba sa reclusion perpetua
ang naipataw nang parusang kamatayan.
(2) Dapat lapatan ng kaukulang batas ang
pagpapahirap na pisikal, sikolohikal, o
imbing pagpaparusa sa sino mang bilanggo
o detenido o ang paggamit ng mga
Section 14. (1) No person shall be held to
answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall be presumed innocent until
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the
right to be heard by himself and counsel,
to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation against him, to have a
speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet
the witnesses face to face, and to have
compulsory process to secure the
attendance of witnesses and the
production of evidence in his behalf.
However, after arraignment, trial may
proceed notwithstanding the absence of
the accused: Provided, that he has been
duly notified and his failure to appear is
unjustifiable.
Section 15. The privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion,
when the public safety requires it.
Section 16. All persons shall have the
right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or
administrative bodies.
Section 17. No person shall be compelled
to be a witness against himself.
Section 18. (1) No person shall be
detained solely by reason of his political
beliefs and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form
shall exist except as a punishment for a
crime whereof the party shall have been
duly convicted.
Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not
be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or
inhuman punishment inflicted. Neither
shall death penalty be imposed, unless,
for compelling reasons involving heinous
crimes, the Congress hereafter provides
for it. Any death penalty already imposed
shall be reduced to reclusion perpetua.
(2) The employment of physical,
psychological, or degrading punishment
against any prisoner or detainee or the
use of substandard or inadequate penal
 kaluwagang penal na di-makatao. facilities under subhuman conditions shall
be dealt with by law.

SEKSYON 20. Hindi dapat ibilanggo ang Section 20. No person shall be

isang tao nang dahil sa pagkakautang o imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a
hindi pagbabayad ng sedula. poll tax.

SEKSYON 21. Hindi dapat na ang isang
tao ay makalawang masapanganib ng
kaparusahan sa iisang paglabag. Kung
pinarurusahan ng batas at ng ordinansa
ang isang kagagawan, ang pagkaparusa o
pakaabswelto sa ilalim ng alin man dito ay
magiging hadlang sa iba pang pag-uusig sa
gayon ding kagagawan.
Section 21. No person shall be twice put
in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense. If an act is punished by a law and
an ordinance, conviction or acquittal
under either shall constitute a bar to
another prosecution for the same act.

SEKSYON 22. Hindi dapat magpatibay ng Section 22. No ex post facto law or bill of
batas ex post facto o bill of attainder. attainder shall be enacted.

HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are moral principles or norms for certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly
protected in municipal and international law.
These rights include the right to life and liberty, personal security, freedom from torture, freedom from discrimination
and freedom from arbitrary arrest, among others.

INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of rules that seek to limit the effects of armed conflict. It lays out
the responsibilities of states and non-state armed groups during an armed conflict. It defines, among others:
the rapid and unimpeded passage of humanitarian aid in armed conflict.
Five fundamental principles of the "laws of war":
. The law of war rests on five fundamental principles that are inherent to all targeting decisions: 1.) military
necessity, 2.) unnecessary suffering, 3.) proportionality, 4.) distinction (discrimination), and 5.) honor
(chivalry).

CYBER SECURITY AWARENESS

WHAT IS CYBER SECURITY?
Cybersecurity is the state or process of protecting and recovering computer systems, networks, devices, and
programs from any type of cyber attack. This includes:

 Data Information Security

 Mobile Security
 Network Security
 Communication Security
 Database Security
 Cloud Security
WHAT IS CYBER ATTACK?
A cyber attack is an offensive action taken by a hacker or unauthorized individual or group of individuals, who
target computer systems, IT infrastructure, computer networks, mobile devices and other computing devices
by using different methods to break into, steal,
WHY DO WE NEED CYBER SECURITY?
Cybersecurity is important because it protects all categories of data from theft and damage. This includes
sensitive data, personally identifiable information (PII), protected health information (PHI), personal
information, intellectual property, governmental Data and industry information systems from Cyber Criminals.
CYBER CRIMINAL
Are individual or group of people who use technology to commit cybercrime with the intention of stealing
sensitive company information or personal data and generating profits. They are the most prominent and
most active type of attacker.
CYBER CRIME
Also called computer crime, the use of a computer, smart phones, tablets and other computing devices in
which are stand alone or part of a network are use as a tool or a 1 activity. It is often committed by the people
of criminal mindset either for revenge, greed or advent

TYPES OF CYBER THREATS

A cybersecurity threat is a malicious act that seeks to damage data, steal data, or disrupt digital life in general.
Cyber threats include computer viruses, data breaches, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, and other attack
vectors.
Malware
The term “malware” encompasses various types of attacks including spyware, viruses, and worms. Malware
uses a vulnerability to breach a network when a user clicks a “planted” dangerous link or email attachment,
which is used to install malicious software inside the system.
Common types of Malware
Viruses-these infect applications attaching themselves to the initialization sequence. The virus replicates itself,
infecting other code in the computer system.
Trojans
-a malware program design by a hacker to break into electronic and digital devices by disguising the program
as a useful software.
Worms
-unlike viruses, they don’t attack the host, being self-contained programs that propagate across networks and
computers. Worms are often installed through email attachments, sending a copy of themselves to every
contact in the infected comp
TYPES OF CYBER ATTACKS
Phishing
Is one of the most used types of cyber attacks. By this method, Attackers try to get access to personal
information like login credentials debit or credit card details by pretending themselves as concerned
competent authorities. Phishing is executed mainly through emails messaging a
Spyware
-a type of program installed to collect information about users, their systems or browsing habits, sending the
data to the hacker/criminal.
RANSOMWARE
This attacks are one of the most frightening cyber threats. During these attacks, a victim’s sensitive data is
encrypted and only decrypted if a ransom price is paid. Victims only become aware that they’ve been
presented with message an successful attack Compromised when they’re OTC UNIT
Man in the Middle Attack
A man in the middle cyber attack or mitm attack Occurs when the hacker places himself in between the client
and the owner or between users and the server or between clients and server to client and get access to
information.
DRILLS AND CEREMONIES
STANDARD SEQUENCE OF A REVIEW
a. Formation of troops Where all troops moved to their postion on the most convenient manner into the
parade grounds
b. Presentation of Command and Honors- The sequence of the review that is for the commanding officer
to present the troops to the reviewing officer.
c. Inspection-where the reviewing officer with other high rank officials to inspect in The front of the
platoons/companies.
D. Honors to the Nation -a sequence where all attendant give honors to the Philippine National Flag thru
singing the Philippine National Anthem.
E. Remarks in other words the program in which the review is purpose for. It can be for decorations,
awards, individual recognition or change of command
F. Pass-in-Review- the sequence where all the troops will pass by the grandstand to give courtesy to the
reviewing officer.

PARADE
Parade is a military ceremony wherein a body of troops is formed before its Commanding Officer or
other high-ranking officer for the display of its condition, members, equipment and proficiency. It
includes exercise in the manual of arms, the report on the members of the various units presents or
accounted for, the publication of orders, etc. and ends with a pass in review. The preparation and
organization of troops for a parade are similar to those for a review. However, in a parade, since the
commander is also the reviewing officer, the distance between the troops and the commander is
greater than that for a review. Other features are: the band conducts sound off, the inspection is
omitted; reports are rendered; orders are published; and the officers and guidons are marched forward
and centered on the commander.

There are many types of parade in the AFP for instance are the following:
a. Ceremonial Battalion Parade b. Ceremonial Brigade parade
b. Street Parade
c. Evening Parade

In this module we will only focus on the usual type that was use in the ROTC Program and that is the
Ceremonial Battalion Parade. The following paragraphs will discuss its parts and how it is executed by
the troops.

1. Formation of Troops

a. As soon as the troops are ready, the Troop Adjutant (TA) (from his position near the band) directs
IHUDYAT ANG PAGHANDA. The band immediately sounds ATTENTION CALL to signal the start of
the ceremony.
b. Upon hearing the ATTENTION CALL, all Battalion Commanders (BCs) face about, bring their units to
attention and right shoulder arms, then face front.
c. The TA again directs IHUDYAT ANG TAWAG ADYUTANTE. The band sounds the ADJUTANT’S CALL,
immediately followed by March music.
d. The BCs give PASULONG, KAD, the troops follow the route.
e. When the Companies are already perpendicular with their markers, the BCs command KALIWANG
PANIG, KAD. Platoon guides go to Port Arms then move in front of their respective markers in
double time facing the Adjutant. Upon reaching their position, they halt at predetermined number
of steps then execute Order Arms. When the platoons are already at their markers, BCs command
TALUPAD, TO
f. The TA designates the Alpha Company as the base company “A” BALANGAY then positions himself
midway between the line of troops and the TC.
 g. At the last note of “A” Balangay, the BCs simultaneously order: TUNTON SA KANAN. This means
that all Companies will align with the base company.
H. The Company Commanders (CC) simultaneously face about then order.TUNTON SA KANAN.
i. The Platoon Leaders (PL) simultaneously face about and command: TUNTON SA KANAN, NA. After
which, they face to the half left (except the last PL who faces to the half right) and march directly and
align at the right of the first Squad Leader (last element of the first squad, for the last PL) counting
thirteen (13) steps (close with the 14th step).
j. The PLs align facing the TA former position then face about immediately after closing on the 14 th step,
except the last PL who remains facing the TA’s former position.
k. Immediately, the first PL orders: TATAG, followed by the second PL up to the last PL who prolongs
the word. The PL aligns the platoon by taking short steps to the right or left as necessary to see down
the squad.
L. After giving the prolonged order TATAG, the other PLs simultaneously execute left face (right face
for the last PL) and march five (5) half steps (closes on the sixth half step) then face the second squad.
m. Immediately, the first PL orders: TATAG, followed by the second PL up to the last PL who prolongs
the word.
n. After the prolonged order TATAG, all PLs simultaneously execute left face (right face for the last PL)
and march five (5) half steps (closes on the sixth half step) then face the last squad.
o. After giving the prolonged order TATAG, the last PL executes two (2) right steps as visual reference
for the other PLs. Continuously, he will return to his former position by executing two (2) left steps
p. After the last PL has executed the two (2) left steps, the other PLs simultaneously execute right face
(left face for the last PL) and march five (5)steps (close on the sixth step) toward the front edge of the
platoon, approximately two (2) steps forward of the platoon, then face down the line
q. Simultaneously, all PLs command: HANDA, RAP, then march forward toward the center of the
platoon counting five (5) steps and execute right turn towards his position closing on the fourteenth
step (approximately six steps from the elements).
r. The CC followed by the BC then faces front.
S. The TA now directs: MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN.
t. The BC commands: MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN, KAD, then faces front.
u. TA reports to TC: Ginoo, handa na po ang talupad.
V. TC acknowledges the salute and says: “SUMALUNAN KA”.
w. As soon as the TA is posted, the TC commands: “KALUPUNAN SUMALIKOD KO, KAD
2) Sound Off
a. After the battalion has been formed, aligned, and give parade rest on the final line, the Adjutant
directs: IHUDYAT and assumes the position of parade rest. He remains facing the formation.
b. At the directive IHUDYAT, the band plays three sound off chords. At the conclusion of the third chord,
the band moves forward playing a march in quick time. The band executes a left turn to march across
the front of the troops. At the left of the line of the troops, the band counter marches and returns over
the same ground to the right of the line. After passing beyond the right of the line of troops, the band
executes a right turn, countermarches again, and halts in its original position. When the band has
halted, it ceases playing at the next convenient place in the music and will again play three sound-off
chords. (Trooping the line
3.Honors to the Nation
a. The Adjutant (after the band has completed sound off) assumes the position of attention and directs:
MGA BALANGAY HUMANDA at TANGHAL SANDATA
b. Unit commanders assume the position of attention, face about, and command in succession:
BALANGAY, DA then TANGHAL, TA. They face front and salute.
c. When all units are in TANGHAL TA, the Adjutant faces front and salutes. Band Plays the NATIONAL
ANTHEM
 d. The Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his command: PUGAY KAMAY, NA on the first note
of the music.
e. Military spectators rise and execute hand salute and its equivalent for the civilians.
4.Presentation of Command and Honor
a. Upon completion of the National Anthem, the Battalion Commander and his staff execute on his
command: BABA KAMAY, NA. The Adjutant terminates his salute, faces about, and directs: BABA
SANDATA.
b. Unit commanders terminate their salute, face about, and command: BABA, TA,Then face front.
c. When all units are at Order Arms, the Adjutant faces about, salutes and reports: “Ginoo, handa na po
ang patikas
d. The Battalion Commander returns the salute and commands: SUMALUNAN KA. The Adjutant trots
forward, passes by the Battalion Commander’s right, and takes his post as the right flank member of
the staff.

5.Manual of arms
a. After the Adjutant has joined the staff, the Battalion Commander commands such movements in the
manual of arms as he may desire.
b. The commander directs: “HUMANDA SA PAGSASANAY SA PAGHAWAK NG SANDATA”. He then in
sequence, commands: SA KANANG BALIKAT, TA; KALIWANG BALIKAT, TA; AGAP, TA; BABA, TA;
SIYASAT, TA; and BABA, TA.
6Report
a. When the manual of arms has been completed, the Battalion Commander then directs: TANGGAPIN
ANG ULAT.
b. The Adjutant trots forward, halts to his position at the center of the command and directs: MAG-ULAT.
Unit commanders in succession, from right to left, salute and report: “Ginoo balangay, narito na po
lahat o napagalaman”. The Adjutant returns each commander’s salute.
c. After receiving the reports, the Adjutant faces front, salutes, and reports: “Ginoo, narito po lahat o
napag-alaman”.
7.Publication of Orders
a. The Battalion Commander returns the salute and directs: IPAHAYAG ANG KAUTUSAN.
b. The Adjutant faces about and gives the orders: MAKINIG SA KAUTUSAN, ANG MGA NAKATALAGA
NGAYON, PUNONG PANLARANGAN (NAME OF OFFICER), PUNONG TAGAPANGALAGA (NAME OF
OFFICER), SA UTOS NI (NAME OF OFFICER), MGA PINUNO, HUMARAP AT PUMAGITNA, KAD.
8.Officers Center March
a. At the last note of PUMAGITNA, all officers from the Company Commanders to Platoon Leaders
including Guidon Bearers, execute Center Face. After the command of execution of KAD is given, the
Officers and Guidon Bearers march off to the center and halt at predetermined number of steps upon
reaching their designated markers. The senior Company Commander then commands: MGA PINUNO,
RAP, KAD. At the last note of RAP, the Officers and Guidon Bearers face toward the Battalion
Commander’s position and shoves off at the command KAD.
b. When they are approximately 12 paces in front of the Battalion Commander, the senior Company
Commander commands: MGA PINUNO, TO. At TO, they count silently. At the count of four, they
execute the salute and bring their hands down at seven (Guidon Bearers start to execute the
equivalent salute at the count of three and return same starting at the count of six). The Battalion
Commander acknowledges the salute, then commands: MGA PINUNO, SUMALUNAN, KAD.
C. The group of officers executes about face and shoves off towards the center of the troops. As they
approach the line of their respective positions, the senior Company Commander commands: MGA
PINUNO, TO, RAP, KAD. At the command TO, they halt, and almost simultaneous with RAP. They face their
respective positions and shove off with the command KAD. At a predetermined number of steps, they halt
to occupy their respective positions and face front at the same time.
9.Pass in Review
a. When all officers have returned to their posts and the band has stopped playing. The Battalion
Commander directs: PASA MASID
b. The battalion passes in review in the same manner as prescribed for a review except that the units
render honors when they are six steps to the left of the Troop Commander and staff, and terminate
honors when the units are six steps to the right of the commander of troops and staff. The Troop
Commander and staff then assume the role of the reviewing party at their location on the field.
c. When the last elements of troops have passed the reviewing stand and executed ready front, the band
stops playing.
d. Spectators may rise and applause after the parade is completed