Introduction to Modern Phys.

& EM Fields - PHY 1251

Fall 2020

Instructor
Dr. Alaa K. Abdelmageed
 Electromagnetic Fields
Course Outline

1. Coordinate Systems 6. Capacitors

2. Vector Calculus 7. Magnetostatic Fields
3. Electrostatic Fields 8. Magnetization in
4. Electric fields in materials
material space 9. Maxwell’s equations
5. Electrostatic BV-
problems

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U vect/ 2

 Textbook & Supp. References
Text book:
M. N. O. Sadiku, ‘Elements of Electromagnetics’, 6th ed., Oxford
Univ. Press, 2014.

Supplementary References:
1. D. Cheng, ‘Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics’,
Pearson, 1992.
2. N. Ida, ‘Engineering Electromagnetics’, 2nd ed, Springer,
2004.
3. W. H. Hayt and J. A. Buck,' Engineering Electromagnetics,'
‫ڼ‬௧௛ ed., McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 2011.
4. F. T. Ulaby, 'Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics,' ‫ڻ‬௧௛
ed., Pearson, 2014.
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/3
 Google Classroom

PHY1251 – Electromagnetic Fields

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Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U 4

 Lab Experiments

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB_r_MKs2Cluk7d9q
HDAdTKaEa1VZ-Z0N

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U 5

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U 6
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U 7
 Why We Study This Course

 This course covers the fundamentals of

electromagnetics

 Electromagnetics (EM) is a branch of physics

or electrical engineering in which electric and
magnetics fields are studied

 Applications of EM : Wave Propagation –

Antennas – Satellite communications –
Radars – Fiber Optics – Transmission lines

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/8

 Position and Distant Vectors
The position vector rP is the directed distance from the origin
to P

The position vector rQ is the directed distance from the origin

to Q

The distance vector rPQ is the displacement from one point to

another

㨡
rPQ  rQ  rP
rP rPQ
 ( xQ  xP )ax  ( yQ  yP )a y
 ( zQ  z P ) a z ‫ڴ‬ 㨢
rQ
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/9
 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

• A point or a vector can be represented in any

orthogonal coordinate system.
• To represent a vector A into a coordinate system,
three orthogonal unit vectors are defined.

( au 1 , au 2 , au 3 )
• Thus, we may decompose A into components that
are parallel to these unit vectors
A = A1au1  A2au 2  A3au 3
2 2 2
A = A = A A +A
1 2 3
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/10
 Rectangular Coordinates - 1
z
P (x,y,z)

az z r

ax x y

ay y
x

A point can be represented as  ( x, y, z )

  x  ,    y  ,    z  
unit vectors  a x , a y , a z
r = xa x  ya y  za z
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/11
 Rectangular Coordinates - 2
Differential Elements in Rectangular Coordinates
Diff. displacement

dl  dx a x  dy a y  dz a z
z dy 㨯㨤௭ ￦
Diff. normal surface area dx ᩛ 㨯㩃㨯㩄

dS x  dydz
dz
dS y  dzdx 㨯㨤௬ ￦￦
ᩛ 㨯㩃㨯㩅
dS z  dxdy y
x 㨯㨤௫ ￦￦
Differential volume ᩛ 㨯㩄㨯㩅

dv  dxdydz
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/12
 Cylindrical Coordinates - 1
z
y
 
A point  ( , ,z) P (, , z)
0    , 
z x
0    2 ,
  z  

. y x  cos 
y   sin 
x zz

ρ: radial distance from the 㩅-axis   x2  y 2

㣓￦: azimuthal angle, measured   tan 1  y / x 
from the 㩃-axis in the 㩃㩄-plane zz

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/13

 Cylindrical Coordinates - 2
z
Unit Vectors
az

. a Note: A unit vector direction is defined
by increasing one coordinate variable
while keeping the other two fixed.
a
y 㲌௭ 㲌ఘ

x 㲌థ
y a
a Note: a  and a depend on (x, y)


x This is why we often prefer to
express them in terms of

a x and a y
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/14
 Cylindrical Coordinates - 3
Expressions for unit vectors

y a a   a x cos   a y sin 
a
a  a x   sin    a y cos 

x
az  az
a x  a  cos   a   sin  
a y  a  sin   a cos 
az  az

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/15

 Cylindrical Coordinates - 4
z
az

. a
a
r
az z
y
a 

Prove: r  ax x  a y y  az z  a   az z

Note: r  a    a  a z z
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/16
 Cylindrical Coordinates - 5
Diff. displacement
First, consider differential changes along any of the three coordinate
directions.

d
y
y z
 d
dz
d 
 x y
x
x

dl  d  a  dl   d a dl  dz a z

dl  d  a    d a  dz a z
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/17
 Cylindrical Coordinates - 6

Differentials
㨯㨤௭ =  d d
z Note: dS may be in
d three different forms.
 dz

d  d 㨯㨤ఘ ￦=  d dz
㨯㨤థ = ddz
y

x
dv   d  d dz

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/18

 Cylindrical Coordinates - 7
Differential Elements in Cylindrical Coordinates

 Diff. displacement z 㨯㨤௭

dl  d  a    d a 
 dz
dz a z
㨯㨤థ d  d 㨯㨤ఘ ￦
 Diff normal surface area y

x
dS    d dz
dS  d  dz  Differential volume
dS z   d  d dv   d  d dz
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/19
 Spherical Coordinates - 1
z z

P (r, , )  P (r, , )
 
r z r z
 . y
 . y

x x

Note: 0 <  <  Note:  = r sin 

㨽Ό distance from origin to the point P

θ: zenith angle
㣓: azimuthal angle
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/20
 Spherical Coordinates - 2
z
Unit Vectors
ar
a 㲌థ 㲌௥
a y

㲌ఏ
x

A point  (r , , ), unit vectors  ar , a , a

0  r  , 0     , 0    2
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/21
 Spherical Coordinates - 3
z

x  r sin  cos 
 y  r sin  sin 
P (r, , )
 z  r cos 
r z
 . y
r  x2  y 2  z 2
  cos 1  z / r 
x
  tan 1  y / x 
Note:  = r sin 

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/22

 Spherical Coordinates - 4

Diff. displacement
z
z z
㨽㨯㢽￦ 
r d
㣆¨㣓
r r
d y y
y
x  d  r sin  d
x x

dl  dr ar dl  rd a dl  r sin  d a

dl  dr ar  rd a  r sin  d a

Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/23

 Spherical Coordinates - 5
Differentials
z  d = r sin d

d 

㨯㨤௥ ￦= r2 sin d d

d y
Note: dS may be in
dr three different forms
r d (only one is shown).
x The other two are:

2 㨯㨤థ ￦= r dr d
dv  r sin  dr d d
㨯㨤ఏ ￦= r sin dr d
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/24
 Spherical Coordinates - 6
Differential Elements in Spherical Coordinates
Diff. displacement
z  d = r sin d
dl  dr ar  rd a 
r sin  d a d 
Diff. normal surface area

dS r  r 2 sin  d d
d y
dS  r sin  drd
dr
dS  rdrd x r d
Differential volume
dv  r 2 sin  drd d
Dr Alaa K. Abdelmageed Eng. Math & Phy Dep., Cairo U Vect/25