9 5 (a) State what is meant by the specific heat capacity of a substance. (2) (b) A student carries out an experiment to find the specific heat capacity of aluminium. He uses an electric heater and a thermometer, inserted into separate holes in an aluminium block, The following data are obtained. mass of aluminium block = 2.0kg power of heating element = 420W time of heating = 95s initial temperature of block = 19.5°C final temperature of block = 40.5°C Calculate the value of the specific heat. pacity of aluminium given by this experiment. specific heat capacity (4) (©) In the experiment in (b), no attempt is made to prevent loss of thermal energy from the surfaces of the block. ‘Suggest two actions the student could take to reduce the loss of thermal energy from the surfaces of the block. (Total: 8) euctes 2015 ‘osasra4Ms [Turn over(a) energy/heat required to increase temperature * of 1kg/1g// unit mass (of the substance) * by 1°C/1K / unit temperature {b) E=mcadin any form OR (c=) E+ maa E= Ptin any form OR 420 x 95 (= 39800) A0= [40.5~ 19.5] OR 21 39.900+42 =) 950.J/(kg°C) (©) any two separate points from: ‘+ lagging / insulation (around block) OR insulate (the block) + raise temperature of block by a smaller amount OR heat for a shorter time OR use lower power heater for same time OR higher power for same temperature rise / shorter time + polish the surface of the block OR wrap the block in shiny material OR paint (shiny) white * reduce initial temperature of block (to below room temperature) OR raise temperature of room * reduce draughts Bt BI ct Gt ct max. B2 [Total: 8]7 4 (@) An object of mass m and specific heat capacity c is supplied with a quantity of thermal energy Q. The temperature of the object increases by A0. Write down an expression for cin terms of @, mand Aa. (b) Fig. 4.1 shows the heating system of a hot water shower, Power supply = > cold water in Tot water out heating element 4A Cold water at 15°C flows in at the rate of 0.0036m3/minute. Hot water flows out at the same rate. (1) Calculate the mass of water that passes the heating element in one minute. The density of water is 1000 kg/m°. mass AZ] ii) The power of the heating element is 8.5kW. Calculate the temperature of the hot water that flows out. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/(kg°C). temperature =Pages ‘Mark Scheme Syilabus | Paper ‘Cambridge IGCSE ~ October/November 2015 0625 | 34 4 (@) c= a/(mae) Bt (b) (i) d= m/V in any form OR (m =) Vd OR 0.0036 x 1000 ct 36kg Al i) (€ =) PLOR 8500 « 60 OR 510.000 JOR 5.1 « 10° 1 AB= Q/me OR A = Pt/me in any form OR 5.1 x 10°/(3.6 x 4200) a = 34°C) AL OR A® = P/(mass per second x c) (C1) 8500 /[(0.0036/60) x 4200 (C1) 34) at) outflow temp = 15 + 33.73 = 49°C BI (otal: 7]5 (a) (b) 8 ‘Smoke particles are introduced into a glass box containing air. Light shines into the box so that, when observed through a microscope, the smoke particles can be seen as bright points, of light. Describe the motion of the smoke particles and account for this motion in terms of the air molecules. . so so sonnel Fig. 5.1 shows a quantity of gas in a cylinder sealed by a piston that is free to move. gas ——— cylinder Piston Fig. 5.1 (i) The temperature of the gas is increased. State what happens, if anything, 41. to the piston, 2. to the pressure of the gas. a (i) The piston is now fixed in place and the temperature of the gas is increased further. Explain, in terms of the behaviour of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas. © UCLES 2015 052581701015Page 5 Mark Scheme ‘Syllabus | Paper ‘Cambridge IGCSE - October/November 2015 0625 34 {a)_ any two of motion of smoke particles random /haphazard/ unpredictable movement; ‘sudden changes of direction /zig-zag motion; ‘appear/ disappear from view OR go out of [come into focus; B2 ‘any two of conclusions about air molecules: collide with smoke particles OR smoke particles collide with/moved by air molecules; air molecules fast(er); air molecules smail(er) /light(er); move randomly; B2 {b) (i) 4 (the piston) moves to the right/out(wards) /is pushed away 81 2 (the pressure of the gas) remains constant BI (ii) (pressure of the gas) increases 81 ‘more frequent collisions (of gas molecules) with piston /walls /container OR (gas molecules) collide with piston/walls /container with great(er) force BI (Total: 8]4 Asolar panel is mounted on the roof of a house. Fig. 4.1 shows a section through part of the solar panel. trapped —— ai _ copper pipe, painted black _- glass sheet — metal backing sheet, Painted black Fig. 4.1 ‘A pump makes water flow through the copper pipes. The water is heated by passing through the solar panel. (a) Select and explain three features of the solar panel that maximise the final temperature of the water. 4 euctes 2014 ‘ceasmuisPi1e{b) During one day, 250kg of water is pumped through the solar panel. The temperature of this water rises from 16°C to 38°C. The water absorbs 25% of the energy incident on the solar panel. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200J/(kg °C). Calculate the energy incident on the solar panel during that day. energy (4) (c) The solar panel in Fig. 4.1 is designed to heat water. A person is deciding whether to install solar panels on her house. List and explain three pieces of information she needs to consider in order to make her decision. (d) The Sun releases energy as a result of nuclear fusion. Stale the meaning of nuclear fusion. (Total: 14) @uCLES 2014 os2s4isPri6 [Turn over5 Fig. 5.1 shows a gas contained in a cylinder enclosed by a piston. piston or gauge eS cylinder 100m |_——100em_,| Fig. 5.1 At first, the length of cylinder containing the gas is 10cm. The pressure of the gas, shown by the pressure gauge, is 300kPa. The area of cross-section of the cylinder is 0.12m* (a) (i) Describe the motion of the molecules of the gas. Use the idea of momentum to explain how the molecules exert a force on the walls of the cylinder. euctes 2014 oc2siousPri64 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, why it is possible to compress a gas, but not a liquid. (b)_ Two containers made of insulating material contain the same volume of water at room temperature. The containers do not have lids. The volume of liquid in each container gradually decreases. (After a certain time, the temperature of the water has decreased to below room temperature. Explain, in terms of molecules, why the temperature has decreased. (2) (ii) One of the containers is wide and shallow. The other container is narrow and deep. Predict which container has the greater rate of cooling. Explain your answer. (Total: 6) euctes 2016 (06 _0625_41_2016.1.10Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper Cambridge IGCSE - May/June 2016 0625 | at Question Answer Mark ‘4{a) | Gas molecules (very) far apart OR empty space between gas molecules Bt Molecules of liquid (very) cose together compact OR are touching (eachother) Bt 4(b}() | Faster!more energetic water molecules evaporate /escape leave Bt Sloweriless energetic molecules remain (30 temperature is lover) Bt 4(0)i) | Water in wide container AND has water with larger surface (area) BI Rate of evaporation higher/faster/ quicker OR higher chance of evaporation Bt Total: 65 (a) State what happens to the molecules of a gas in a sealed container when the temperature of the gas is increased. a (b) A quantity of gas is contained in a sealed container of fixed volume. The temperature of the {925 is increased, State, in terms of molecules, two reasons why the pressure of the gas increases. (2) (©) Ahelium-flled weather balloon is held at ground level. The volume of the balloon is 4800m*. ‘The pressure of the helium is 98kPa. The balloon is released and rises to a height where the volume of the balloon is 720m’, (i) Calculate the new pressure of the helium. Assume that the temperature stays constant. pressure = ne 2) (ii) Suggest why it may be necessary to release helium from the balloon as it rises even. higher. ouctes 2016 5 412018 1.10 [Turn overPage 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper ‘Cambridge IGCSE - MayiJune 2016 625 [at Question Answer Mark 5a) | One of 1. 20r3 1. Molecules move faster OR have more kee. momentum 2. Molecules hit walls more often more frequently Bt 3 Molecules hitwalls with greater force/impulse/harder ‘5(o)___[ 1 mark foreach of 1, 2 and 3 in (a) not given as answer to (a) 82 5(c\i)__| PV = constant OR PiVs = PaV2 OR 98 x 4800 = P x 7200 ct O5KPa At '5(c}fi) | To prevent the balloon bursting (as its volume increases) ‘OR to reduce the pressure inside the balloon Bt OR pressure difference between inside and outside balloon rises Total: 64 8 (a) Inan experiment, cold water is poured into a bow! made of an insulating material. The container is placed in a draught-free room. After several hours, the volume and the temperature of the water are found to have decreased. Name and describe the process that causes the decrease in the volume of the water, and ‘expiain why the temperature of the water decreases. [4] (b)_ In a second experiment, using the same apparatus and the same initial amount of cold water as in (a), an electric fan blows air over the top of the bowl. Predict and explain how the results of this experiment compare with the results of the ‘experiment in (a). (2) (c) In a third experiment, the same initial amount of cold water as in (a) is poured into a metal bowl. The metal bow! is the same shape and size as the bowl used in (a). ‘Compared with the experiment in (a), the decrease in temperature is less in the same time. Explain why. s fo} Total: 8) © UCLES 2016 o625/41/00NIN6[Page € Mark Scheme ‘Syllabus [Paper ‘Cambridge IGCSE - October/November 2016 M Question ‘Answer Marks: 4a) | Evaporation Bt ‘Molecules with higher/highest (kinetic) energy OR that gain nough energy Bt ‘escape (from the liquid surface) Bt Molecules remaining in liquid have low lower (kinetic) energy ‘OR Energy for evaporation came from remaining liquid Bt 4(>) | Greater decrease in temperature and/or volume than in (a). Bt Fan removes vapour/blows vapour away/ teduices humidity /reduces return of vapour to quid, allowing more molecules to escape OR faster/more evaporation Bt 4(0) _ | Metal is a good (thermal) conductor Bt ‘80 passes heat fo the liquid or from the surroundings (raising Bt its temperature) Total:9 5 (a) Compare the arrangement and motion of the molecules in ice and in liquid water. ice ... i (b) An ice-hockey rink has an area of 1800™m2. The ice has a thickness of 0.025m. The density of ice is 920kg/m?, (i) Calculate the mass of ice on the rink. mass = (2) (ii) The ice is at 0°C. To form the ice, water at 0°C was poured onto the floor of the rink and then frozen. The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.3 x 10°J/kg. Calculate the energy removed from the water to form the ice at 0°C. [2] (Total: 6] ‘energy = © uctes 2016 0n25/41/0NN16 [Turn over[Page 7 ‘Mark Scheme Syllabus [Paper _| ‘Cambridge IGCSE - October/November 2016 0625 [at ‘Question Answer Marks: (a) | Molecular arrangement: Ice: in latioe regular arranged/orderly/fixed in place ‘Water: random irregular not arranged not orderly B2 ‘Molecular movement: lee: vibrate Water: move (around) or slide over each other 5(bMi)_| d= m/V in any form OR (m =) Vd OR 1800 x 0.025 x 920 ct = 41 000kg) At Sib)Gi) | (H =) mL OR 41 400 x 3.3 x 10° ct 1.4 x 10" OR 1.4 « 107k OR 1,4 10°MY At Total 66 4 (a) A240V, 60W lamp is connected to a 240V supply. The lamp has a constant temperature. State (i) the rate at which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings, rate {1] the names of the thermal processes by which the lamp transfers energy to the surroundings. (b) Fig. 4.1 shows a thick copper block that has been heated to 400°C. One side of the block is dull black. The other side of the block is polished and shiny. thermometer A. thermometer B copper block |__—-coprer dull black surface. polished shiny surface Fig. 4.4 (i) In Experiment 1, the thermometer bulbs are both painted black. They are placed at equal distances from the surfaces of the block. The maximum temperature shown by each thermometer is recorded. Explain any difference between the maximum temperature shown by the two thermometers. @uctes 2017 os2s44Mun7hi (ii) In Experiment 2, the thermometer bulbs are both shiny silver-coloured. They are placed at the same distances from the surfaces of the block as in Experiment 1. State and expiain any differences that are observed in the maximum temperatures ‘shown by the thermometers in Experiments 1 and 2. (©) Fig. 4.2 shows a firefighter wearing shiny sitver-coloured clothing. Fig. 4.2 State the benefit to a firefighter of wearing shiny silver-coloured clothing, (Total: 8} ouctEs 2017 onan? [Turn over‘Cambridge IGCSE - Mark Scheme PUBLISHED Question Answer {e)(i) | Radiation and either conduction or convection 4(b)() | Radiation mentioned BI a or = maceraannteeeaatreae a? " surface) (bY) | (Compared with black bulb thermometer) readings tise more slowly OR readings are low(er) ‘Shiny (bulb) surfaces are good/better retlectors (ot raciation) OR Shiny (bulb) surfaces are poorfbadworse absorbers (of radiation) Teeter om goin 5 val'5.1 shows some gas trapped in a metal cylinder by a piston. metal cylinder piston La gas __| Fig. 5.1 (a) The position of the piston is fixed. The cylinder is moved from a cold room to a warm room. Explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder. {b) The piston is now released. It moves to the right and finally stops. Explain these observations in terms of the pressure and the volume of the gas in the cylinder. ‘oucies 2017 onasuma728/41 Cambridge IGCSE — Mark Scheme Mayldane 2017 PUBLISHED Question Answer Marks 5{a) | Pressure increases Bt Molecules (ot gas) move fastertheir kinetic energy increasesitheir momentum increases Bt (Molecules) colide with walsypiston more oftenimore frequently Bt OR greater (rate of) change of momentum (Molecules) exert greatermore force (on wallyhit (walls) harder Bt 5{0) | Pressure (of gas) falls and volume (of gas) increases Bt Initial there isa larger pressure inside than outsideatmospheric pressure Bt ‘OR (Piston stops when) pressure (of gas) = externalfoutsie/atmospheric pressure Total: 64 Fig. 4.1 shows a balloon filed with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great height above the Earth’s surface. Fig. 4.1 (a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the balloon. sn sennenenseesee( (b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 x 10°Pa. The volume occupied by the helium is 9.6m, ‘The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by the helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant. (0) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is smaller than at ground level. (li) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12m®. (2) (Total: 7) pressure ‘©ucLES 2017 ona5i41ONN7Question Answer Marks 41a) | Atoms cole with wall and rebound) OR atoms rebound from wall Bt (Atoms) underge change of momentum a Force on wall = (tota) rate of change of momentum (of atoms) at ‘OR = change of momentum (of stoms) per second (OR = change of momentum (of atoms) time 410} _ | Fewer toms per unit volume OR density of gas ess Bt Rate of colision (with walls of balloon) decreases OR Fewer colisions per unit rea Bt 40,0) | PV= constant OR PV, = PeV 2 OR (Ps =) PiVi/VzOR 1.0 10° 96/12 ct 8.0 10'Pa At eunesso7 Page 30810