WELL FOUNDATION Project Report

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WELL FOUNDATION Project Report

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A Major Project Report on

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Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
G.JAYADEEP MEENANAN (10VD1A0113)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI
Centenary Colony Pannur, Manthani, Karimnagar dist, AP.
2014
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A Major Project Report on

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“CONSTRUCTION OF WELL FOUNDATION”
Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
G.JAYADEEP MEENANAN (10VD1A0113)
G.MOHAN (10VD1A0120)
G.PRAVEENKUMAR (10VD1A0132)
CH.RAJESH (10VD1A0136)
P.SHANTISWAROOP (10VD1A0147)
B.VEERANNA (10VD1A0158)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of
K. KRISHNA KUMAR, B.Tech
2014
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SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY

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CONSTRUCTION ORGANISATION
KAZIPET
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major project work entitled “CONSTRUCTION OF
WELL FOUNDATION” bonafide work of
G.JAYADEEP MEENAN (10VD1A0113)
Have been completed under our supervision, and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING from JNTU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MANTHANI during the
academic year 2013-2014.
This results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any degree.
Place: S. Mahesh Kumar, IRSE

Date: Dy. Chief Engineer, Construction,
Kazipet , S.C.Railway
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the major project work and entitled “CONSTRUCTION OF WELL
FOUNDATION” bonafide work of
Have been completed under our supervision, and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING during the academic year 2013-2014.
This results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other university or institute
for the award of any degree
INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
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DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the MAJOR PROJECT entitled

“CONSTRUCTION OF WELL FOUNDATION” is done by us
and submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
CIVIL ENGINEERING during the academic year 2013-2014
under the Guidance of K.KRISHNA KUMAR, civil Engineering
Guide of this College.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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We are thankful to our beloved PRINCIPAL Dr . BALU NAIK
BANOTH for providing appropriate environment required for the
project.
We also wish to convey our sincere thanks to the Civil Engineering

Department Guide K.KRISHNA KUMAR, Who has provided vital
information, which was necessary for success of this project. We are
also thankful to the whole CIVIL Engineering Department for their
encouragement and cooperation for the successful completion of the
project.
We are also thankful to Sri. S.MAHESH KUMAR , Dy. Chief

Engineer, Construction, Kazipet, Sri. B.RAMOJI NAIK, Sr. Section
Engineer (Drg.) and Sri. J. RAJ KUMAR, Senior Section Engineer
(Works) who have given valuable project related data and useful
suggestions and spent their precious time for successfully completing
this project.
We are thankful to all the staff, and librarians who have directly or
indirectly helped us in the completion of the project.
G.JAYADEEPMEENAN (10VD1A0113 ) G.MOHAN (10VD1A0120)
G.PRAVEENKUMAR (10VD1A0132) CH. RAJESH (10VD1A0136)
P. SHANTISWAROOP (10VD1A0147) B.VEERANNA (10VD1A0158)
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ABSTRACT
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Balharshah – Kazipet section of Secunderabad division is a part of the New Delhi-
Chennai Golden quadrilateral route and is one of the busiest sections of this division with an
interchange point at Balharshah. Secunderabd division is one among the highest loading
divisions in Indian Railway, with major contribution from collieries and cement companies.
Most of the coal and cement loading stations are located on Kazipet - Balharshah section. To
ease out the bottle necks in the section, the Railway Board has decided to go for third line in this
section.
The construction of important Bridge .No.142 between Peddampet - Manchiryal on

Godavari River has been taken up in connection with proposed third line between Kazipet to
Balharshah stations in Secunderabad division of South Central Railway. The proposed third line
bridge is 25m away from the centre line (Up line) of the existing bridge with same spans of 44 x
24.40m PSC Box girders with well foundations.
As it is a major bridge the time for construction of the whole bridge will take more than
two years. As the time is constraint to do this project only the soil investigation, cutting edge,
well curb, well steining, sinking of well for the Pier No. 40 of this bridge has been taken up for
submission of this project.
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CONTENTS
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CHAPTERS Page no.
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES viii
NOTATIONS ix
Chapter-1
1.1 Introduction 01
1.2 Types of wells and their suitability 01
1.3 Comparison of well& pile foundations 03
Chapter-2
2.1 Sub-soil investigation 05
Chapter-3
3.1 Design of well foundation 08
3.2 Shape and size of well 09
3.3 Forces acting on well 09
3.4 Design of well curb& steining 10
Chapter-4
4.1 Materials used for well foundation 11
4.2 Storage of materials 13
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4.3 Tests & acceptance of materials 14

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4.4 Testing at site 15
Chapter-5
5.1 Components of well foundation 16
Chapter-6
6.1 Construction of well foundation 18
6.2 Levelling 18
6.3 Making of well curb 20
6.4 Installation of well curb 21
6.5 Reinforcement of well curb 22
6.6 Shuttering 23
6.7 Concreting 25
Chapter-7
7.1 Sinking of well 26
7 .2 Equipments 29
7.3 Safety provision 30
Chapter-8
8.1 Tilts & Shifts 32
Chapter-9
9.1 Well sinking 33
Chapter-10
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10.1 Case studies of well foundation 35

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Conclusion 36
References 37
IS codes 38
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LIST OF FIGURES
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1. Types of wells 03
2. Components of well foundation 16
3. Levelling 19
4. Making of well curb 21
5. Installation of well curb 22
6. Reinforcement of well curb 23
7. Shuttering 24
8. Concreting 25
9. Sinking of well 28
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LIST OF TABLES
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1. Computed values of SBC for different depths 06
2. Soil sample details of P-40 07
3. Summary of properties of soil/ rock 07
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PART-A
THEORY ON WELL FOUNDATION
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CHAPTER-1
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INTRODUCTION
The term bridge includes all type of structure such as culvert, cause way and via ducts unless it is
repugnant to the context. Bridge is a structure which spans gaps over rivers and makes it possible
for traffic to use them. Bridges form a sub-system of the transportation system of the country and
have to meet the ever growing demands of the economy of the transport system. In India, the
majority of road and rail bridges were built in the nineteenth century and even earlier. Well
foundations had their origin in India and have been used for hundreds of years for providing deep
foundations below the spring water level for important buildings and structures. Well
foundations were used for the first time for important irrigation structures on the Ganga canal
including solani aqueduct at Roorkee (India), which were constructed in the middle of the
nineteenth century. With the advent of Railways in India, construction of a large number of
bridges across major rivers became necessary and it was recognized very soon that much bigger
and deeper well foundations were required for their piers and abutments.
Well Types and Their Suitability :

The followings are the different types of well in common use in Indian Railways as well as
roadways. The advantages and disadvantages of each type have also been discussed as below:
1. Circular well :

This type of well is used most commonly and the main points in its favour are its strength.
Simplicity in construction and ease in sinking. It requires only one dredger for sinking and its
weight per sq. metre of surface is the highest due to which the sinking effort for this well is also
high. The distance of the cutting edge from the dredge hole is uniform all over and the chances
of tilting are the minimum for this type of well. The well is generally adopted for piers of single
track railway bridges and those of bridges on narrow roads. When the piers are very long the size
of circular wells becomes unduly large, which makes them costly and disadvantageous
hydraulically also as they cause excessive obstruction to the flow of water. Nine metres is
generally considered as the maximum diameter of circular wells. Allowing cantilever of one
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metre on either side the maximum length of the pier resting on this type of well is about 11
metres. of 53 
2. Double D well :

This type of well is most common for the piers and abutments of bridges which are too long to
be accommodated on circular well. The shape is simple and it is easy to sink this type of well
also. The dimensions of the well are so determined that the length and the width of the dredge
holes are almost equal. It is also recommended by some engineers that the overall length of the
well should not be more than double the width. The disadvantage of this type of well is that
considerable bending moments are caused in the steining due to the difference in the earth
pressure from outside and water pressure from inside which result in vertical cracks in the
steining particularly in the straight portions where join the partition wall.
3. Double Octagonal Well :

These type of wells are free from the shortcoming of double D-well. Blind corners are eliminated
and bending stresses in the steining are also reduced considerably. They, however, offer greater
resistance against sinking on account of the increased surface area. Masonry in steining is also
more difficult than in case of double D wells.
4. Rectangular Well :

These type of foundations are generally adopted for bridge foundations having shallow depths.
They can be adopted very conveniently where the bridge is designed for open foundations and a
change of well foundations becomes necessary during the course of construction on account of
adverse conditions such as excessive in flow of water and silt into the excavation.
5. Twin circular well :

This type of foundation consists of two independent circular wells placed very close to each
other with a common well cap. It is necessary to sink these wells simultaneously to ensure that
the cutting edges are almost at the same level all the time. The wells have a tendency to tilt
towards each other during the course of sinking on account of the fact that the sand between
them becomes loose and does not offer as much resistance against sinking as on the other sides.
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If the depth of sinking is small say upto 6 or 7 metres, the clear space between the two wells may
be kept 0.6 to 1 m to avoid tilting. For of 53
greater depth of sinking spacing of 2 to3 meters may be
necessary. Since it is necessary to sink these wells simultaneously it is obligatory to have two
sets of equipment for well sinking and in this respect they do not offer any advantage over
double D or double octagonal wells. They are 7 however, advantageous where the length of the
pier is considerable and the sizes of the double D or octagonal wells become unduly large to
accommodate the pier. If , however, the soil is weak, the larger size of double D or double
octagonal wells may be required to keep the bearing pressure on the soil within limits. Twin
circular wells are advantageous only when the depths of sinking is small and the foundation
material is soft rock or kankar or some other soil capable of taking fairly high loads. Design of
well caps for the twin circular wells also requires special care. Allowance is made for relative
settlement of the two wells and this adds to its cost. The possibility of development of cracks in
the pier due to relative settlement can not be ruled out inspite of the heavy design of the cap
except where the wells are founded on rock or other incompressible soils.
TYPES OF WELLS
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Well Foundations versus Pile Foundations: 
In fairly good soils having sufficient bearing capacities, such as dense sand, hard moorum, soft
and hard rocks, it is normally possible to construct bridge foundations as open foundations and
this does not create any problems except the protections works in case the piers are founded in
the river bed. However, at sites where suitable soil strata for constructing the open foundations
are not available, it becomes necessary to go in for pile foundations or well foundations.
Well foundations had their origin in India and have been used for providing deep foundations
for buildings and bridges. The technique of sinking masonry well for water is very old and even
today small water wells are constructed using the same methods as were prevalent centuries ago.
Due to availability of the expertise and skill for the sinking and construction of wells the well
type foundation has been more popular in India. Well continues to be most important type of
foundation for bridges in all type of strata, particularly in scourable river beds.
Use of pile foundation till recently has not been a popular choice for bridges in India. In the
bridges constructed recently, particularly on the Railways ,one can find large number of cast
iron/steel screw piles, been driven in to ground and even extended above bed level up to the
girder bearing level.
With the increased loading and horizontal forces caused by newer locomotives, these are being
replaced by well foundation and cast-in-situ R.C.C. bored piles. Pile foundation can be used
quite economically, particularly, where foundations have to be built very deep or taken through
deep layers of soil subjected to a minimum of scour.
a. Well foundations provide a solid and massive foundation for heavy loads as against a
cluster of piles which are slender and weak individually and are liable to get damaged
when hit by floating trees or boulder rolling in river bed.
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b. Wells provide a large section modulus with the minimum cross sectional area and hence
efficient in taking large vertical of
and53 horizontal loads even when the unsupported
 length is
large.
c. Concreting of well steining is done under dry and controlled conditions and hence
quality of work is assured, however same cannot hold good in case of cast-in-situ bored
piles where concreting is to be done under water or below ground level. Even in case of
precast piles, the concrete is subjected of heavy stresses during driving operation and
consequent damages cannot be ruled out.
d. When scour takes place, the piles act as long struts and have to be designed
for buckling stresses, which are quite heavy due to the bending moments contributed by
the longitudinal forces on the bridge deck due to tractive effort and braking forces.
e. It is difficult to drive the piles through the strata having boulders and tree logs which are
frequently encountered in alluvial soil, whereas in the case of a well foundation there is
sufficiently access to remove the obstruction. Quite often the skin friction developed is of
much magnitude as to prevent further driving of a pile although a firm stratum has not
been reached.
f. The adoption of pile foundations is advantageous over well foundations where the soil
characteristics and conditions of water table are such that the phenomenon of blow occurs
during dewatering of the well.
g. Increased mechanization and advent of new machinery have brought down the cost of
foundation with piles considerably low in comparison to well. New testing techniques for
checking the integrity of piles and information about strata through piles have passed or
resting have removed the uncertainty of load carrying capacity of piles to large extent.
h. Pile foundations have a clear advantage over well foundations in terms of speedy
construction. Wherever time is the criterion, the pile foundation is the natural choice.
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CHAPTER-2
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COMPONENTS OF WELL FOUNDATION
Components of well foundation
Well Cap:
The well cap is a RCC slab of sufficient strength to transmit the forces from pier to the body of
well. It is generally kept at low water level. The dimension of the well cap should be sufficient to
accommodate the pier. The recommended minimum thickness is 0.75 m.
Steining :
It is the wall of well and is built over a wedge shaped portion called well curb. The steining is
designed such that it can be sunk under its own weight. The thickness should be sufficient so as
to overcome skin friction developed during sinking by its own weight. The minimum
reinforcement in the well staining should be 5 to 6 kg/m3 of which 75 % is to be provided as
vertical and 25 % as lateral ties or hoop rings. The minimum thickness is 0.45 m or 1/ 8 of the
external dia. of well for brick masonry and 1/10 for wells with cement concrete. The thickness is
increased by 12 cm per each 3 m depth after sinking the 3 m of steining for brick well and 15 cm
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for each 6 m depth after sinking the first 6 m of cement concrete well. The skin friction, which is
of 53
developed during sinking a well/caisson, is difficult to estimate by soil tests. The
 load at which a
well gets stucked during sinking is taken as the skin friction. Experience has suggested that the
skin friction is fairly constant below a depth of 7.5 m.
Well Curb:
The well curb supports the steining. The curb should be slightly projected from the steining to
reduce the skin friction during sinking of well. It is made of RCC with steel cutting edge. The
minimum reinforcement to be provided is 72 kg per cubic meter. The inner portion of the
steining should have a slope of 2:1 (V:H).
Cutting Edge:
The cutting edge is either projected below the curb as a sharp edge or can also have flat bottom.
The projected edge is likely to be damaged in strata of gravels and boulders. In such soils the flat
bottom cutting edge is provided.
Bottom Plug:
The bottom plug is made bowled shape in order to have an arch action. The bottom plug
transmits load to soil below. When sunk to its final depth bottom part is concreted to seal the
bottom completely. The thickness varies from ½ to full inside diameter of the well so as to be
able to resist uplift forces. The concreting should be done in one continuous operation. When
wells contain more than one dredge hole all should be plugged to the same height. If the well is
to rest on rock, it should be anchored properly by taking it 25 cm to 30 cm deep into rock The
bottom plug should be of rich concrete (1:2:4) with extra 10 % of cement.
Sand Filling:
After concreting the bottom plug the sand is filled above the bottom plug and below top plug.
Sand filling provide stability of well, reduce tensile stress produced by bending moment and
distributes the load of super structure on to the bottom plug. Sand filling relieves load to steining
to some extent.
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Top Plug:
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This is a plug at the top of the well below the well cap. This helps transferring the load through
the granular material into the staining.
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CHAPTER-3
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SUB SOIL INVESTIGATION
A thorough understanding on the ground conditions of a site is a pre-requisite to the success of a
foundation project. The overall objective of a site investigation for foundation design is to
determine the site constraints, geological profile and the properties of the various strata. The
geological sequence can be established by sinking boreholes from which soil and rock samples
are retrieved for identification and testing. In situ tests may also be carried out to determine the
mass properties of the ground. These investigation methods may be supplemented by regional
geological studies and geophysical tests were justified by the scale and importance of the project,
or the complexity of the ground conditions.
The importance of a properly planned and executed ground investigation cannot be over-
emphasised. The information obtained from the investigation will allow an appropriate
geological model to be constructed. This determines the selection of the optimum foundation
system for the proposed structure. It is important that the engineer planning the site investigation
and designing the foundations liaises closely with the designer of the superstructure and the
project coordinator so that specific requirements and site constraints are fully understood by the
project team.
An oversimplified site investigation is a false economy as it can lead to design changes and
delays during construction and substantial cost overruns. The investigation should always be
regarded as a continuing process that requires regular re-appraisals. For large projects or sites
with a complex geology, it is advisable to phase the investigation to enable a preliminary
geological assessment and allow appropriate amendments of the study schedule in response to
the actual sub-surface conditions encountered. Significant cost savings may be achieved if
development layouts can avoid areas of complex ground conditions. In some cases, additional
ground investigation may be necessary during, or subsequent to, foundation construction. For
maximum cost-effectiveness, it is important to ensure that appropriate tests are undertaken to
derive relevant design parameters.
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CHAPTER-3
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DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATION
Design Aspects of Well Foundation:
The main design aspects of well foundation are the design of grip length, steining thickness, curb
and bottom plug. A well foundation should be sunk below the maximum scour depth, such that
there is adequate lateral stability, and this embedded length is called the grip length. In addition
to the Rankine depth consideration, grip length is required for developing sufficient passive
resistance to counteract the overturning moment due to horizontal force at well top. Other
criterion is that the well should be taken deep enough to rest on strata of adequate bearing
capacity in relation to the force being transmitted.
The steining thickness should be designed in such a way that it is adequate for the stresses
developed during sinking and during installation. If possible, the thickness can also be designed
to give adequate self weight for the well to avoid the use of additional weight or kentledge for
sinking. Besides the forces acting, additional forces due to sand-blows, as well as the light
blasting required when boulders obstruct the sinking of the well should also be taken in
consideration. IRC recommends a minimum reinforcement of 720 N/m3 in a well curb. The
inner slope of the curb should not be more than 30° for ordinary soil and 45° for cohesion less
soil.
The bottom plug has to be designed for an upward pressure equal to the pore pressure at the
bottom minus the pressure due to self weight. Also, if well foundation is of reinforced cement
concrete type, additional steel reinforcement should be provided to take care of the stresses
acting on it.
Based on the sub soil investigation report design process is carried out. In this design procedure
the following data is designed,
1. Shape and Dimensions of the Well curb , Well steining , Well cap ,Pier cap , Pier.
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2. Live loads and longitudinal loads.

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3. Density , general information of the super structure.
4. Hydraulic data
This data was designed by the department , after this process the construction work is
progressed.
Design :
The design of well foundations shall be carried out for either of the following two situations:
i) Wells surrounded by non-cohesive soils, below maximum scour level and resting on non-
cohesive soils;
ii) Wells surrounded by cohesive soils or mixed strata below maximum scour level and resting
on any strata viz. Cohesive soil, non – cohesive soil or rock.
Shape and size of the well :
i) The outer sides of the wells should be preferably be vertical. In special cases small offset may
be allowed.
ii) The horizontal cross section should satisfy the following requirements:
• The dredge holes should be large enough to permit dredging.
• The steining thickness should be sufficient to transmit the load and also provide
necessary weight for sinking and adequate strength against forces acting on the
steining both during sinking and services.
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• It should accommodate the base of the sub-structure and not cause under obstruction to
the flow of water. of 53 
• The overall size should be sufficient to transmit the loads to the soils and
• It should allow for the permissible tilt and shift of the well.
iii) When a group or groups of wells are sunk, the minimum spacing between them should not
be less than 1m.
Forces Acting on the Well :
The following forces which act on the well should be first calculated:
i) Dead load of the bridge.
ii) Self weight of the wells
iii) Live load
iv) Longitudinal forces
v) Temperature forces
vi) Water forces
vii) Wind load
viii) Seismic force
ix) Buoyancy effect
x) Earth pressure
xi) Skin friction
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Design of Well Curb :

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Most important element of well curb is the cutting edge. This is designed from consideration of
following:
• It should be able to cut through hard strata.
• It should be able to stand on a single point in case of a sloping rock/ large boulder,
tree trunk etc. without getting damaged.
• It should be able to withstand additional forces caused by occasional blasting.
Design of Well Steining :
The normal Railway practice is to provide plain cement concrete. The reinforcement provided
in such cases is very nominal in the form of bond rods and lateral ties. Bond reinforcement of
about 0.12% of sectional area and ties of about 0.04% of the volume per unit length is found to
be adequate and should be adopted. Thickness of well steining is always designed in
consideration of sinking effort required to sink the well without taking recourse to use of
kentledge or dewatering.
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CHAPTER-4
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MATERIALS USED FOR WELL FOUNDATION
Cement :
The Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grade to be used for this type of well foundations. .Before
using the cement tests like Specific gravity, consistency tests, setting tests, soundness ,
Compressive strength etc. to be conducted.
Aggregate :
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce
shrinkage and effect economy. One of the most important factors for producing workable
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample fractions of
aggregates in required proportion such that the sample contains minimum voids. Samples of the
well graded aggregate containing minimum voids require minimum paste to fill up the voids in
the aggregates. Minimum paste means less quantity of cement and less water, which is further
mean increased economy, lower shrinkage and greater durability.
Coarse Aggregate :
The fractions from 20 mm to 4.75 mm are used as coarse aggregate. The Coarse Aggregates
from crushed Basalt rock, conforming to IS: 383 are used. The Flakiness Index and Elongation
Index were maintained well below 15%.
Fine aggregate :
Those fractions from 4.75 mm to 150 micron are termed as fine aggregate. The river sand and
crushed sand is used in combination as fine aggregate conforming to the requirements. The river
sand is washed and screened, to eliminate deleterious materials and over size particles.
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Water :
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Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the chemical reaction
with cement. Since it helps to from the strength giving cement gel, the quantity and quality of
water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water cement ratio used is 0.40 for M25 and
0.30 for M40 concretes.
Concrete :
In specifying a particular grade of concrete, the following information should be included:
a) Type of mix, that is, design mix concrete as nominal mix concrete.
b) Grade designation
c) Type of cement
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate.
e) Minimum cement content (for design mix concrete)
f) Maximum water cement ratio.
g) Workability
h) Mix proportion (for nominal mix concrete)
i) Exposure conditions
j) Maximum temperature of concrete at the time of placing.
k) Method of placing and
l) Degree of supervision.
The protection of the steel in concrete against corrosion depends upon an adequate thickness of good
quality of concrete. The free water cement ratio is an important factor in governing the durability of
concrete and should always be the lowest value. Cement content not including fly ash and ground
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3
granulated blast furnace slag in excess of 450 kg/m should not be used unless special consideration
has been given in design to the increasedofrisk
53 of cracking due to drying shrinkage 
in thin sections as
to early thermal cracking and to the increased risk of damage due to alkali silica reactions.
Steel :
For plain concrete wells, vertical reinforcements (whether mild steel or deformed bars) in the
steining shall not be less than 0.12 per cent of gross sectional area of the actual thickness
provided. This shall be equally distributed on both faces of steining. The vertical reinforcements
shall be tied up with hoop steel not less than 0.04 percent of the volume per unit length of the
steining.In case where the well steining is designed as a reinforced concrete element, it shall be
considered as a column section subjected to combined axial load and bending. However, the
amount of vertical reinforcement provided in the steining shall not be less than 0.2 percent (for
either mild steel as deformed bars) of the actual gross section area of the steining, on the inner
face, a minimum of 0.06 percent of gross area steel shall be provided. The transverse
reinforcement in the steining shall be provided in accordance with the provisions for a column
but in no case shall be less than 0.04% of the volume per unit length of the steining.
The mild steel cutting edge shall be strong enough and not less than 40 kg/m to facilitate sinking
of the well through the types of strata expected to be encountered without suffering any damage.
It shall be properly anchored to the well curb. For sinking through rock cutting edge should be
suitably designed.
The well curb shall invariably be in R.C. of mix not leaner than M-25 with minimum
3
reinforcement of 72 kg/m excluding bond rods. The steel shall be suitably arranged to prevent
spreading and splitting of the curb during sinking and in service.
In case blasting is anticipated, the inner faces of the well curb shall be protected with steel plates
of thickness not less than 10mm upto the top of well curb.
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CHAPTER-6
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SINKING OF WELL FOUNDATION
The entire sinking operation of a foundation will be described under the following steps:
1. Making the well curb

2. Making the well steining
3. Sinking operation
Making the well curb:
When the river bed is dry, the cutting edge, over which the well curb is to be built, it placed at
the required position after excavating the river bed by about 15cm. When the well is to be sunk
at a location in the river bed having water depth up to 5m or so, then a sand island is made over
the river bed, so as to obtain a high ground at the well site. The size of the island should be large
enough to accommodate the well with adequate working space all around. When the water depth
over the river bed at the site of the well is more than 5m or so, then it is generally more
economical to build the curb on the higher dry ground on the river plane, and float it to the site of
location of the well.
After placing the cutting edge inside the dry ground, the shuttering of the well curb is erected.
Wooden sleepers are usually inserted below the cutting edge at regular intervals to distribute the
load evenly over the ground. The outer shuttering of the well curb is usually made of steel or
wood; while the inside shuttering is made of brick masonry. The reinforcement of the curb is
then placed proper position, such that the vertical bars project about 2m above the top of the
curb. Concreting of the curb is then done in one continuous operation. The curb is allowed to set
for one week before the shuttering is stripped off. The sleepers from below the cutting edge are
also removed.
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Making the well steining:

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After sinking the well curb, the walls of the well are made in brick masonry, concrete or R.C.C.,
depending up on the design, in a height about1.5m. This operation of the well is then sunk after
allowing at least 24-48 hours for its setting.
The setting is made using straight edges, preferably of angle iron. The lower portion of the
straight edges is kept butted with the steininig of the earlier stages. The steining must not the
built in plumb at any intermediate stage, as the use of plumb bobs will simply compound the tilt,
if has occurred at any stage.
When once the well has been sunk by about 6m below the ground, the steining can be raised by
about 3m at a time. The height of steining in one stage should, however, be such that the well
does not become unstable. This height is generally not allowed to exceed 5m at a time.
It is also desirable to keep stage of masonry work at the location of joints in the vertical steining
bars. After the sinking of one stage is completed, all the damaged portions of the steining at the
top of the first stage should be repaired properly, before starting building of masonry for the next
stage.
Sinking operation:
Sinking is done by 3 processes as given below:
1. By removing the earth/sand from inside the well.

2. By putting kentledge on the steining top.
3. By dewatering.
During sinking, it should always be ensured that top of the sunk well should remain above
the water level to ensure proper concreting of next stage. After sinking, again few lifts of
steining is added, followed by further sinking. Further sinking is only started after few days
of concreting to ensure setting of concrete. This process is continued till well is sunk up to
the desired level.
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Problems during the well sinking:

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1. Tilt: Normally the well should be sunk vertically, but it may sometimes tilt by certain angle,
during the process of sinking. Hence, frequently tilt is to be measured to ensure it early
removal. Tilt is removed by:
 Eccentric placement of kentledge
 Eccentric dredging
 Maximum tilt specified is 1 in 100
2. Shift: During the well sinking, sometimes, well may get shifted from its original location.
Hence, while in process of well construction, shift is also to be measured repeatedly to
ensure there is no shift is corrected by pulling back. Maximum c permitted shift is 150mm
in either direction.
3. Blowing of sand: While sinking in sandy strata, one should be very careful while sinking is
in progress. For sinking, sand from inside is removed. This creates hollowness inside while
sand pressure in there outside of the well. In certain situations, all of a sudden sand from
outside the well rushes to inside due to difference of pressure inside and outside of well.
This is known as blowing of sand. At the time of blowing of sand, well may sink with jerk
and either tilt or shift, or both may occur. To avoid blowing of sand one should never pump
out water in sandy strata as it will accelerate blowing of sand. In addition help of kentledge
should also be taken to ensure gradual sinking. Removal of sand from inside of well is to be
done uniformly from complete inside position.
Precautions during well sinking:
1. When the well to be sunk are very near to each other and distance between them is not
greater than the diameter of the wells, these should be sunk alternatively so as to disturb the
least possible area of the soil at one time.
2. To ensure even sinking in case of wells like Double-D-wells, the excavation in both the
dredge holes should be done simultaneously and equally.
3. Timber piece should be introduced between the steining of 2wells to avoid their tilting or
coming closer, particularly in sandy strata.
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4. Dredged material should never be allowed to accumulate near the well. In no case should be
dumped only on one side. of 53 
5. The sinking operation should be carried on with great caution, particularly when cutting
edge approaches the junction of different type of strata. To control this, boring chart should
be consulted regularly.
6. No cracks, whether running horizontally or vertically, should occur during construction of
wells.
7. Adequate precautions should be taken to avoid tilt and shifts during the sinking of well.
Some of the methods adopted to avoid or rectify the tiling are eccentric dredging, eccentric
loading, applying push or pull to the well and give packing to the low side of the well.
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PART-B
CONSTRUCTION OF WELL
FOUNDATION
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CHAPTER-1
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SALIENT FEATURES
1. Between stations : Peddampet – Manchiryal
2. Across the river : Godavari
3. Total No. of spans (24.4m) : 44 Nos.
4. Type of foundation : Well foundation.
5. Type of super structure : PSC Box girder
6. Dia. Of Well : For Abutments 11.0m for piers 8m and 9m dia
Circular wells.
7. Max. Depth of well sinking : 19.00m
8. Min. depth of well sinking : 8.0m
9. Width of Steining : 1.50m
10. Depth of the well Curb : 4.0m
11. Depth of the cutting edge : 3.63m
12. Avg. height of sub structure : 17.0m
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GAD of the bridge
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CHAPTER-2
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GEO TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
METHODOLGY OF INVESTIGATION:
1. The sub-surface investigation was executed according to I.S. 1892-1979. It was planned to
ascertain the nature and properties of soil at proposed abutment and pier locations and at
different depths in order to determine the thickness and sequence of various strata and
subsurface stratification in the proposed project area and collected the soil samples for
laboratory testing.
2. At every proposed abutment and pier location bore holes are drilled. The drilling rig was
installed at the bore hole location and made ready for commencement of work.
3. Standard rotary type drilling rig coupled with diesel engine fitted to a tripod frame and having
all drilling accessories was used for boring. The rig deployed was generally suitable for all
Geotechnical investigation works and had an arrangement for driving and extraction of casing,
boring and drilling by mud circulation method & conducting standard penetration tests.
4. The marine bore holes were sunk by mounting the tripod rig on specially fabricated twin
country craft platform. The twin country craft was anchored in position with MS bars. The
anchors were tied at four corner of the craft by ropes so that position is maintained during
boring.
5. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) were conducted in the soil layers. Using the procedure in
accordance with IS 2131, a split barrel sampler is driven into the soil by 63.5kg. weight falling
through 75cm height. After an initial set of 15cm, the number of blows required to drive the
sampler an additional 30cm. is known as penetration resistance or “N” value. The “N” values
are indicative of the relative density of cohesion less soils and consistencies of cohesive soils.
Each sample retrieved from SPT spoon was inspected for visual identification of strata as per
IS 1498. The samples were preserved in polythene bags duly numbered for proper
identification.
6. When rock was encountered, coring is done using diamond bit and double tube core barrel to
obtain good quality rock samples. Percent rock core recovery and percent rock quality
designation (RQD), defined as sum of length of rock pieces each having length either 10cm.
or greater than 10cm. /Total length of core run, were determined.
7. Rock samples were tested for Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Porosity, Water Absorption &
Dry Density.
8. The field and laboratory work was executed in accordance with IS Specifications listed below:
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IS 1892: 1979 : Code of practice for subsurface investigation for foundations

of 53 of soil for general engineering
IS 1498: 1970 : Classification and identification purpose.
IS 2131: 1981 : Method of Standard Penetration Tests for soil.
IS 2132: 1986: Code of practice for thin walled tube sampling of soil.(second revision)
IS 2720 : Method of test of soils. (various parts)
IS 9143: 1979 : Method for the determination of unconfined compressive strength of rock
materials.
IS 13030: 1991 : Method of test for laboratory determination of water content, porosity, density
and related properties of rock material.
The bore log chart of the pier P-40 given by the railway officials is shown below as this pier
foundation only is taken for making this project report.
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CALCULATION OF SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

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Safe bearing capacity for well foundations is computed as per Clause 1.3 of the “Indian
Railways Standard Manual on the Design and Construction of Well and pile foundations(1985)”
, assuming well diameter 8m, N=50, and for different depths of foundations(in to rock)
Based on IS:3955, using N values for well foundations:
The allowable bearing pressure (qa) in cohesion less soils for a well foundation is determined
based on shear criteria using the penetration results , as given in IS:3955
qa =9.8{5.4N2B+ 16(100+N2)D} in Newtons/m2
q = Bearing capacity of soil under the well foundation in Newtons/m2
D = Depth of foundation below maximum scour level in meters
N= SPT Value below foundation level
B = smaller dimension of the well cross section in meters
Foundations in rock (sand stone):
Assumed diameter of well B=8m
From the field SPT tests in the bore holes , N value in rock is taken as 50.
qa = 1669920 N/m2 =1669.92KN/m2 =167t/m2
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Computed values of SBC for different depths D are as follows :

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Depth (D), SBC, SBC,
M N/m2 t/m2
1.5 1669920 170.22
2.0 1873760 191.00
2.5 2077600 211.78
3.0 2281440 232.56
3.5 2485280 253.34
As per this geotechnical investigation reports the S.C. railway Designs department has designed
the well curb, steining cutting edge for 9m. dia well for Pier No.40 is shown below.
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GAD 9m dia well curb
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CHAPTER-3
ACTUAL SINKING OPERATIONS
The steps followed during the actual sinking operation at Bridge site:
1. Fabrication of cutting edge and well curb

2. Marking of centre line for pier P-40
3. Reinforcement of Well curb construction
4. Construction of steining
5. Shuttering
6. Concreting
7. Well sinking
Fabrication of cutting edge and well curb:
As the location of the pier P40 is not leveled and more undulations are there in that location the
cutting edge is fabricated on the bank of the bridge. Concrete bed was made on the ground to
make it level and hard. In that location the cutting edge is fabricated with 20mm thick plate as
per the drawing. Upon the cutting edge the base plate of 16mm thick is welded. For well curb
and inner plate 12mm thick plate is used. To make the curb bent the MS plate in respective
dimensions based upon the diameter and height of the curb. The cutting edge is a major part in
the well curb and it is prepared by 20mm of MS plate. Cutting of the MS plate is done based on
the 4m height and the 9m of diameter of the well curb. These are joined by welding. Inner
diameter (collar) of the well curb is 5 .50m. outer diameter (cutting edge) of the well curb is
9m.
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MAKING THE WELL CURB BY WELDING
Marking of centre line for pier P-40:
The proposed bridge is 25m away from the existing bridge. The centre line of the proposed
bridge and the centre line of the pier no. 40 is marked on the ground with great degree of
accuracy by leveling instrument. The runners are placed in 9m dia on perfectly leveled
horizontal plane that the well curb would not tilt during concreting .
PLACING OF RUNNERS ON A LEVELLD SURFACE OF P-40
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After placing the runners the well curb made at the bank of the bridge was bought to the pier
location. It is lifted by 50 Ton crane andofcarried
53 by a lorry to the P40 location. 
KEEPING THE WELL CURB BY 50T CRANE AT P-40 LOCATION
Reinforcement of well curb construction:
Reinforcement of well curb with steel bars of 10mm dia for stirrups , 20mm dia for distribution
and 25mm dia as hoop bars as per the detailed reinforcement drawings. In the angle section the
20mm bars are bent in J-shape to keep them vertical.
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REINFORCEMENT OF WELL CURB FOR PIER P-40
Shuttering:
After providing the reinforcement, shuttering for the well curb is started. In this shuttering
covering is given to well curb is 75mm and to steining is 75mm. In this shuttering some gaps are
came, these gaps are closed by a paste of cement and grease. Normally this is called packing. By
this packing we have arrested the leakage of concrete.
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SHUTTERING THE WELL CURB FOR P-40
CONCRETING:
For supply of Concrete a RMC plant was constructed on bank of the bridge. From that plant the
concrete is supplied to the work spot. After pouring the concrete in the well curb for proper
compaction the needle vibrator is provided. For well curb – M35grade and for steining M30
grade concrete are followed as per drawing
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CONCRETEING THE WELL CURB FOR P-40
Well Sinking:
After concreting work, shuttering was removed after 5 days. After two days of removing
shuttering the actual well sinking work is started. The scale was painted on the well curb to
observe the sinking depth. Well sinking was carried out by dredging out sand and muck from
inside the well by means of cranes. Regular checking of tilt and shift were carried out. After
sinking of the Well curb i.e, after 4m depth again shuttering and concreting was done for
steining in similar way and sinking work was carried out up to 8m. At the 8m depth the hard
strata is arrived the work is temporarily stopped. As per drawing minimum 4m depth has to
go in hard rock. It will be started later by the mechanism of blasting.
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EXCAVATION OF SAND FOR SINKING OF THE WELL CURB P-40
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SINKING OF WELL CURB IS OBSERVED BY MARKING OF SCALE FOR P-40
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CHAPTER-10
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CASE STUDIES ON WELL FOUNDATION
Jogighopa Bridge near Jogighopa on river Brahmaputra:
The conventional double – D shaped wells with outer plan dimensions of 17.00 x 11.00m were
provided at all locations except abutments and two adjacent piers. Abutments are supported on
6.0m diameter twin circular wells with common well cap. Double D wells as well as circular
wells were provided with 2.5m thick diaphragms in longitudinal direction. The thickness of
steining, in double D wells is 2.80m with 2.5m thick diaphragm and that in circular wells is 3.5m
at base and 3.0m at the top:
Foundation Design parameters:

Design discharge – 90400 cumecs.
Design discharge intensity – 90 cumecs/m max.
Max. velocity of flow – 5.0m/sec.
Design founding level – RL (-) 36.75m
Buoyancy. Well resting on sand – 100%
Well resting on rock – 75%
Max. tilt – 1 in 80
Max. shift - D/40
Ganga Bridge at Mokameh :
Well for the foundation has been fixed to be at 53 ft. 6 inch x 32 ft. size with semicircular ends.
It has two dredge holes 14 ft. D shaped. They are covered by a 6 ft. deep well raft. The well
curbs of the main piers were made of mild steel and are 14 ft 10 inch in height and weight about
125 ton each. The well curb were designed in steel instead of reinforced concrete.
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of 53
The wells were designed in mass concrete with 9 ft. thick steining. The wells were
 provided with
cement concrete plugs both at the top and at the bottom, the intermediate portion being filled up
with sand. A grip equal to one third of the max. scour was required, while according to Gales a
grip of 65 ft. should be provided. Keeping in view the enormous discharge and the importance of
this bridge, a grip of 65 ft. was provided. This gave a depth of 126 + 65 = 191 ft. below the HFL.
Two wells next to abutments were sunk 10 ft. deeper to counter the extreme scour conditions,
which may be experienced around them.
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CONCLUSION
of 53 
The proper geo technical investigations are essential to decide the type of foundation and their
shape and design. This becomes more important in case of major bridges in Indian railways. As
the time has to come nearer to submit the project report and the execution work is take more time
to complete this project report has made up to 8m sinking of well for pier P-40 only. After this
4m sinking in rock has to be done by railways for the same pier.
Even though it is a little part of major bridge of well foundation we had get a lot of
knowledge and experience by doing this project. We are very thankful to all the Railway officials
who helped us to do this project successfully.
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of 53
REFERENCES 
 GUIDELINE FOR WELL FOUNDATION

 MANUAL ON THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF WELL
FOUNDATION(1985)
 PRINCIPLE OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING BY VSN MURTHY
 SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING BY S.K.GARG
 RAILWAY WORKS ENGINEERING BY M.M. AGARWAL
 IS:4081 SAFETY CODE FOR BLASTING & RELATED DRILLING OPERATIONS
 IS:4188 SAFETY CODE FOR WORKING IN COMPRESSED AIR
 IS:1498 SOIL CLASSIFICATION
 IS:1892 SOIL INVESTIGATION
 IS:1888 PLATE LOAD TEST
 IS 1892: 1979 : CODE OF PRACTICE FOR SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION FOR
FOUNDATIONS
 IS 1498: 1970 : CLASSIFICATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SOIL FOR
GENERAL ENGINEERING PURPOSE.
 IS 2131: 1981 : METHOD OF STANDARD PENETRATION TESTS FOR SOIL.
 IS 2132: 1986: CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THIN WALLED TUBE SAMPLING OF
SOIL.(SECOND REVISION)
 IS 2720 : METHOD OF TEST OF SOILS. (VARIOUS PARTS)
 IS 9143: 1979 : METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF UNCONFINED
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF ROCK MATERIALS.
 IS 13030: 1991 : METHOD OF TEST FOR LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF
WATER CONTENT, POROSITY, DENSITY AND RELATED
PROPERTIES OF ROCK MATERIAL
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A Major Project Report on

G.JAYADEEP MEENANAN (10VD1A0113)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI

Centenary Colony Pannur, Manthani, Karimnagar dist, AP.

A Major Project Report on

G.JAYADEEP MEENANAN (10VD1A0113)

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

K. KRISHNA KUMAR, B.Tech

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI

Centenary Colony Pannur, Manthani, Karimnagar dist, AP.

SOUTH CENTRAL RAILWAY

G.JAYADEEP MEENAN (10VD1A0113)

Place: S. Mahesh Kumar, IRSE

JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MANTHANI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

G.JAYADEEP MEENAN (10VD1A0113)

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

We hereby declare that the MAJOR PROJECT entitled

G.JAYADEEP MEENAN (10VD1A0113)

We also wish to convey our sincere thanks to the Civil Engineering

We are also thankful to Sri. S.MAHESH KUMAR , Dy. Chief

G.JAYADEEPMEENAN (10VD1A0113 ) G.MOHAN (10VD1A0120)

G.PRAVEENKUMAR (10VD1A0132) CH. RAJESH (10VD1A0136)

P. SHANTISWAROOP (10VD1A0147) B.VEERANNA (10VD1A0158)

The construction of important Bridge .No.142 between Peddampet - Manchiryal on

Strong and Durable Mixes

duramix.in Learn More

CHAPTERS Page no.

LIST OF FIGURES vii

LIST OF TABLES viii

1.2 Types of wells and their suitability 01

1.3 Comparison of well& pile foundations 03

2.1 Sub-soil investigation 05

3.1 Design of well foundation 08

3.2 Shape and size of well 09

3.3 Forces acting on well 09

3.4 Design of well curb& steining 10

4.1 Materials used for well foundation 11

4.2 Storage of materials 13

4.3 Tests & acceptance of materials 14

5.1 Components of well foundation 16

6.1 Construction of well foundation 18

6.3 Making of well curb 20

6.4 Installation of well curb 21

6.5 Reinforcement of well curb 22

7.1 Sinking of well 26

7.3 Safety provision 30

8.1 Tilts & Shifts 32

9.1 Well sinking 33

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10.1 Case studies of well foundation 35

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1. Computed values of SBC for different depths 06

2. Soil sample details of P-40 07

3. Summary of properties of soil/ rock 07

THEORY ON WELL FOUNDATION

RMC Concrete, Odisha in Odisha