| | | senders i inTeRPnnse LY iietens - pal Pericd between 2 bivalent Avnange in ‘rossing over 2 nett feu" dwisions ere Sot 3 visible chvision |METAPHASE I) Bivalens YN wins » Ea ter way ronan + shy i shatter > lie ina double Yous ach te Weise rieres oles nuclear membrane nutleolus eadh wih daughter cal nm) ehvennn- Cau sao | @dpecni pees cucleotus & Tucear meni disoppenr { \ \ roy ea word 7 raw abla @ ty aie forrs around euth chromo povp split imo a “cylopoy andes } . seperate & rnovt nosis. temphte aa epotste ples elop sper} ov) Ss egine Powered by (9 CamScanner| f | Metosis 1G) Maetie Meiotic Division | Q) Meiatic DWvisien i gone G) Meictic Division CMadese 1) b gha. reelection division where the chromosome number in the nucteus iS hewed. “haploid Crd (2) Meictic pwision Cmetesis E) % similar jo mitssis- e ‘Shapleick gametes duplicate 2 male sperm cells = 4 cb females, 1 gamete forms the egg com Y the 3 remaining provide nutrition Fernegy G) PRoPaase 1 seressing over —> generic variation (thiasmate) Shomologeus chremesome pain METAPHASE I * homologs pairs of chrcmosemes align at poles enaryoninesis Conyening “wily nucleus) 7 s ANAPHASE I “homalegvus Pair vf chromeromer seperate at the pales Ceentromers feperate) Tevsphase I ‘ovoe strenuded chromssome anives ae pole. [invagination (cell mumbrane conerras), Ea | "halk oF the original no. vt chromocome gather ot each pale. Q) | PROPHASE. ZI | reoluélion clinaven (aa), 5 oe Meiosis E> tattteolan (n> 4x nV.OX 3, sien OF Nasr) feet EIEN chromosome no. halved , from the diploid io the inapicid numb] prevents the chremareme 10. ef an oganivm devbliag 4 with tach generavien s gametes with different gene combinations are produed cling mefosir = genetic variation + in a population « Mitcsis > body (somatic) cell Karyokinesis > nuctews spite Meiosis > sey celts tybakinesis — Yeptarne nots +4 chromucmes > 46 = abnomalitia Ghremeremes <4 mutations Cbody may ‘penlaniauply cert) il Powered by (9 CamScanner(96 ArT DNA structure & function Nucleus - position in the cell = hay chromosemes > consists of chromatins hoy Ls each one, the DNA if groped into ‘genes’ DNA wn the nucleus 1 grouped in 29 Sets Cpaus) of chromasumer thar ae Caed your “GENOME”, ‘Your genome Contains about 35 000 gener ‘chromatin network contains the DNA Cdeocyrbgnucieit Ai) Bea teach chomaun tr thread constituies one DNA Stung histone Sue adubte hate § P¥Cleeprotein structure oF q matleepretem chromasome eChromescme: hus proteins and DNA with a parkiculey sequence. +0. segment oF a PNA molecule, winch Centyolr a specifre charactenthe by means of the sequence oF its bases is aka GENE- sInsiructicns 10 m@ke your whole becly and Keep It Working iS contained in the DV. +b axa generic code DNA in your gene'tell Ene cell which amino acids must Combine to Make a pratein, *Ve alse gives msirvctions in which sequence the amino aeids must combine. +2 ONA provides the blueprint GF ali WR in a living body- ONA~ double helix > Consists OF nucleotides DNA molecule double helix (ladder) Sting oF repeating molecules vnitr aku NUCLEOTIDES. Ech nvtleotide consists oF : * Deeryribor Deoxyribose sugar * One phosphate group * One nitrogen containing pare CASG;C and T) Powered by (9 CamScanner> bigger chemical structure “Adenine and Guanine ~ pyrine bases “Thymine and tytosine — pyremidine bases Be able 16 claw and abel nucleotide oF DNA. * Purine and pyrenidine bases wre combined with weak hydragen bunds. * Pairs tan otcur in unbmiked sequence + Sequence of bases in one strand determiner the sequence oF the oases in the wher. Whenever there's wn adonine, there will be o thyonine ete. Qne strand is the complementary, tt the gther: wea) Berween A OT, there are 2 H-bonds “ C&G, thee are 3 weak H- bonds. Z_PRONA- his thynine linniag vp Rext te adlonine Types (2) oF nucle tid RNA - w evvicat M iin RNA- hus evrical adding. up next te adenine = Single serundled Z types vF DNA e@ = nuclear DNA ~ mitochondrial PNA = thlurplastic DNA MITE _ to nok part your Shramosarnal Cnucieas) DNA. rm wif gives them ‘mitochondria are descendants of the egg. Sno mitochondria from the sperm Powered by (9 CamScannerNucLEUS & DNA “stontvals cell metabolism rf responsible for cell division (mitosis. K meiosis) ® controls the production of ANA ‘controls protein synthesis ‘responsible for the truufer of hereditory chosacteristics. a Mode up oF nutieoti [STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS a nen See = Muclestide Stivers > Py Ditrogeneus base oy bus) 4 a Punnts ” =i ~ pyrimidines 2 ee! wo i io \ ic) 7 o- rr, reer gon Adenine ae “Trying ac Gurmine complements ytosine There Iso. weak We ond between ni-vogenas, ares» | DNA REPLICATION [© bakes place 40 produce 2,.new Identical DNA molecules: |The DNA unspirats gs led te ts 4 Bice He bonds Bho he between the daikon tay boxes. |” Ruch strand oF the Seperated DNA attracts new Complementary nucleotide portners. \ Powered by (3 CamScannero The resulting DA tontoins half of the original molecule & 0 new tomplementary hair. e's evuct copy of the original DNA — “This process 16 necessory for mitotic celt division. DNA spifa) aka. helix. Te RNA MOLECULE 7 3 types of ANA > . ® mRNA Cmassenger ANA) Le formed by the DNA as 0 piece oF three nitrogenous bases called codon — — eran __SERNA CTronsfer RNA) Ls calleets a specific amino ocid From the tytoplarin , depending on the order of the nitrogenous bases K covries it to o ribosome: ___® rRNA CRibotomal RNAD ___Ssform tne rivosomer tind produce the proteins loosed on the Info From he +RNA- cr nioosmuceie wid : RNA taxes ONA to the ribosome TA: makes DNA When o bond forms between 2 nuclectides,, le it forms the H-bond and loses an Oxygen from the sugar = deoxyribose nucleic neid- ty PNA 99:50 *3 groups oF ribosomes oxa® codon tronstription— copy Your antitedon will otwoys be the some as your DNA. muorotide > building blocks oF PNA) RNA- Powered by (3 CamScanner\ Gor ATI) rNove-genois transcription “your gene Is found ina part af your Dna, that coder for a specific protein and only one _ | 9 the strands serve os a templae. - |r ® Section of the double helix DNA unwinds and the enzyme RNA polymerase breaks the | Weak bonds + 4 \“Free-flooting RNA nuclecHdes in the nucleoplas? builds a complementary mRNA stand | Fo on to ut one of the ONA strands .Eneyme RNA Polyinerase.wlsD contyols Hhe Hanser | | OF +he code from the OWA io the mRNA. - __4 @_—_ Tre requence oF he nitrogenous doses in the InRWA,complentary to.the sequence af tha Diva triplets in the DNA eg- Aty CDNA triples) will tomplents complements UGC in the bases. “A single strand is formed. away from DNA, MANA moves ‘edeteue OF nucleus via nudeopore into the cytoplasm . | MANA in the qyiplarm goer ancl attacher itself to ribotome- |- transcription peanie | the #Bith #RIA in the cytoplasm picks up amino acids which bind 40 it mom _ | 10 HS unticodone the anticodon ita grep of 2 nitregenais bares thatt compen | complementary, fo the mAWA' codons). @ ome se amino acid in *he 4RWA hat fit into the sequence correctly jit forms a | peptide bond with tye adjacat amino acicl in the polypeptide chain . (-Riborome sends the mn in 3. - "AANA detaches from amine acid Gnd moves away from the ribesome ~ to collect more amino acids of the same type * This continues 50* times untit a projein forms ‘termination process - | | Powered by (3 CamScannerbaer (Generics: Termmciooy & inuerirence, = genetic variation dakes place because of the crossing over during meloisis ph paphae- Ve enswer arvive) OF the Attest a location lotus: the era weplacei ltcation of a gene on a chromarome queles: par ef gener Iecaed on the same point oF +e om etch of the homolegavs chromasamer fanet represent q specie trait. snes es fer one rat hameaygous : when two alteley oF a pair of genes ure she same pane hetere2ygous: when two quieles oF a pair of gener are differen (or @ trait deminone: u heterczygovs effspring will display the dominan) Haid because ik will dominate Sver she other recessive gene in the allele pair, hemplegows deminant alieies Feetesivt: kemeayge both genes are the some For she Same dominant trait~ heterozygous alitiey : une gene is clominan and one gene is recessive for the same. Hait. recessive #rait: the trait that is dominated over by the dominant gene. both_ recessive Gener homeologcus rececrive auef : ieee metas Spat we the same incomplete dominance: when the ominant gene does nok cbminate complerely over the recessive genes genre fO-deminance: beth alleles ar = clominani, so the heero2ygous individual expresses bath Hails, O> recessive 4 GB dommnant Genotype: the genetic composition of an organisa Und represents the info that is present in the gene alleles. phenctype: physical appearance of the individual. Determine & by genotype, mondhybrid cross: when one Pair of contrasting traits 1s crossed i¢ deermine the possible im waite Inheritance OF the offspring. _" genes Fray oF oF DNA molecule thar Be ieee pes preen and determines the Oppearance and funtioing of on Oonisin, Powered by @ CamScannerGregor Mendel 1889-1858 Mendel't Low of dominance and Segregaton when dwo individuals with contrasting homoaygous characters are cvossed the individuat ot the Fi hybrid generation will ht alt resemble Hw parent. possessing the cominanr chuftacter tits. ‘ th 4 garden peas MENDEL'S Law OF INDEPENDANT ASSGRIMENT - eS ll characteristics are controled by duele genes. The Allele genes'are located on a seperate 0 pair_oF. chromasomes > the differen’ paics OF chromosomes segregate independanily in a hybrid arose MeNDELS LAW OF DOMINANCE etre lin ee sif two tlleles are different, only the dominant ome will be eypressed MeNDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION during meiosis, regregution homelegour chromassme pairs 54 seperaie ftom each other + each Hyamete that is produced ,recener only one allele From a gene pair. @ Powered by @ CamScanner| CHROMOSOMES, Sex CELLS , MEIOSIS | arm sex ceus < them Spermotouyie —» 2m C01) spermatageniam vacergoes meiosis > primary —n (secondary sper max ha undergoes meiosis TL 4 spermatids > spermiogenesis 4 (FY, Before 0g i cette graphian Falticte. | Before ovulation — the awa goes ehraygh meiosis T After fey — Sperm cell fuses ——> meiosis IL —> leads to ovum forming then zygale IMPORTANCE OF _MELOSIS ~trossing ger in prophase T independant ossor'ment in mda phase F how variation 4okes place I . Irrandom segregation doring pep anaphase T&T ee mes, feduerion jar themnesame ag Someeey hela envse bee alow maeoMinge oe Ge erwieal Gndl non-identical oiler | Tyaments proses = gendtic variatron | SMANCE _FERTIUSATION wiunlly 2 eggt in Female ond vp 0 #5 mil spe cer per testicle J day ai sakes : need @ Koryegram to he able to ree the karysiype the Chromaseme pair 23 cele vs the SX oF the baloy . ABNORMAL MEIOSIS : RE MENS Nondisjunctian 5 Failure oF homalogeur thrtmuicmer M stgregatron | to Sepwoie during and afer meres is. spneuploily Gabnomal number ut chrontoremes. Powered by (9 CamScannerZl menowar Crosses} meno one trait genesrodes for 9 trait AUlele > & variation oF that erait Genoyperphysicolapp— aiangemants oF your letters Phenotype: physical) outward appecuance oF pesen - determined by genotype. z dominant homozygous S recessive D\ _evovzyges 0 presented in phenotype 2 framers Tas} = snl “Law c# dommance: in a Crest of pu breed Contrasting — trary only +he dommant tik will Gppear Recesive alleles will always be morked by domirane alleles. “Low oF segregation: thamceristicr ar controlled by pairs oF alleles, which Rpeaie inte different gamete , Therefore only one aliele fom exch paly will be pretene in & game. pn 2 & Yo P1:| physical chayocterisice OF parents B® x bb Genotype: 100% ) 4 Be | melosis Phenotype: Black (100%) wee ® © » OO Fertilisation Powered by (9 CamScannerGr Go x meiosit A: ©©,O@ fertiisation cere goa] 69 Egle Ganiype: 4 = tole hemer heteweygas Og Phenotype: 100% green Gr Pp » Pp meiosis Fe iGO) V © ® Feratisation a Pp het P |pr |Pp. PrP Pp Pl ep P Pp PP tos) Gene type: | Gres Nhomuzygous recessive Cp) § E504) Momarygous minart (PP) 7 (050) F (50%) hetevoaypaus (fp) Phenotype + EO ashe unk Ten 70% puple “Tamu emonbhybrid © allele ® pore] He breadlag egene «law of demnaner law oF fegregaon « dominant © recessive horntaygout + peusiey guts @ pene punect square Powered by @ CamScanner\ | ba | a i | SEX- LINKED Diseases pisaRAER. = HAEMOPHILIA — | Ls blood does not clot —as_cloHing agent not on the blocd platelets. |} tocus: on X- chromosome i | amy bump can cause bleeding or intense. rusing Le mosily in maler - Y-chromosome clots nat counteract the * -chromasome LaeessiVe (mn) Gene! WE found en ¥ -chvemofome. of male- Males can be carriers: Symptoms 7 @ ~lblocd dees not cick well- can bleed to death. (internal bleeding jx joints may lead 2 odhriti> Treatment e—— inks cringecting clotting agenis spol bload Ciaken From heavy blosc) can lead jo HIV/AIDS IF blood Was taken from ined peson, ~ immune system con reject this donating Clotting agenk setter to make the ccHing factor im the lob > injecting vito body * no immure reype against a- _Steeening ~ genetic testing GF parental blocd te determine IF they are carriers, @ m genetic counseling ef penis autosomal disorders - ue leteert Neti the ng gees om ser line disorders > ure X and ¥ a | — [Hemera xh] e Jnehemophina — /X* [| XY | — gir are carriers (no hemophilia) Dee Dey > boys wil have hemophilia 850 Ye Pa lot-oF girls dent suvive she | | yyr oy xy | 95% chance of & girlivith haemophiig —bYtH process 95% chante-ct a boy with haemophilia Powered by (9 CamScanner“t= nama! fe cobour Plate (> girded Kwow flow Ser-unseo Deseroers Mors isertte iy the mR MONA CF aA individual Srdy * 1. mitthendna gets tvansfened fiom mother to elfiprag. 2. optim cell gives nuciear DNA tow embryo ALBNSM — uuicsomai otiterde Aa e ts igment @ melanin Crown colcur) cloes Not gek predueg. melanocyles & innerited Pa gimp cF genent discraes thosocterived by the lack oF pigment melanin. TOME Re Bre more prsne to cliSerde/r -Iack UF melanin piymeny in eye- melanin - picieion againsy Sun's WV vays + ts made from amine acid tyrosine. caused by muiation in gere rerpensinle fr prgtiion of tyrcenare . fa ee Cau! ss mean be sexclined oF an dutesamal ditease i 1% ¥-chremeseme Cetuter aloo) ® 5 pyene on chomestrre. B rtawied by a HReessive allele. SKIN CANCER, Treatment 4 preteen against tne suns W rays by Yanour aetierte eg. terse, Be able to debate the nghta op prays wath Gunde > Toy get dairumiatoy ugainat Powered by (9 CamScanner