Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning-20230116013328

Course Name:Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
HVAC Operation
Page:1 of 48
Lesson 1 Overview
In this lesson, you'll cover the fundamentals of HVAC, including the scientific principles
that explain how an air-conditioning system operates and how heat is removed from a
vehicle. You'll learn how air-conditioning and heating systems work.
Page:2 of 48
Lesson Objectives
Describe how an automotive heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system

works
Explain the different components of an air management system
Explain the operation of automatic and semi-automatic HVAC systems,
specifically, how various sensors, actuators, and circuits work
Page:3 of 48
Heating and Air Conditioning
Read this section. Then read Automotive Technology Principles, Diagnosis, and Service,
Chapter 63 (https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?
ou=22635&type=lti&rcode=ashworth-307647&srcou=15344).
Each chapter of your textbook includes detailed animations related to the

topics in this section. This chapter includes:
Conduction (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/conduction.mp4)
Convection (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/convection.mp4)
Heat Transfer &
Boiling (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heat_trans_and_boiling.mp4)
Heat
Transfer (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heat_trnsfr_brief.mp4)
Heat Transfer Through Latent
Heat (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heat_trnsfr_latent_ht.mp4)
HVAC
Functions (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/hvac_functions.mp4)
Radiant
Heat (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/radiant_heat_black.mp4)
Refrigeration
Cycle (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigeration_cycle.mp4)
Heating and Air-Conditioning Components and Operation
Page:4 of 48
This chapter covers how automotive heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system
works. You’ll read about the air-conditioning refrigeration cycle, how the expansion valve
and orifice tube work, refrigerants used and their impact on the environment, the function
of condensers and evaporators, and the operation of a compressor and its controls.
The following video website may help you better understand the textbook
and your assignments: Basic HVAC
videos (https://www.youtube.com/embed/zalg5VyPvjk?rel=0&showinfo=0)
You may wish to review engine cooling systems, as the subject relates to this chapter. See
Chapter 21, “Cooling System Operation and Diagnosis,” in your textbook.
Some DMMs, or digital multimeters, come with a temperature probe. Use this on radiator
hoses to check whether the thermostat is opening. Also, infrared temperature guns are
available to check temperatures.
Refrigerant Changes
Beginning in the 1990s, automobiles started using a refrigerant known as HFC-134a (or R-
134a) because it’s less harmful to the ozone than the CFC-12 used previously. However,
an even newer refrigerant, R1234yf, has a global warming potential (GWP) rating more
than 99 percent lower than that of R-134a. R1234yf also has an atmospheric lifetime that’s
about 400 times shorter than R-134a. Companies that manufacture these refrigerants
continue to work on making these substances as environmentally safe as possible. Search
the Internet to find out the environmental impact of automotive refrigerant used in North
America, and research the Montreal Protocol of 1987.
Heat Transfer
Page:5 of 48
OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: HOW DOES THE INSIDE OF A VEHICLE GET COOLED?
Heat will always flow from a warmer object to a cooler one until the
temperatures become equal.
To illustrate this, take an ice cube from your freezer and hold it in your
hand. The heat from your hand will travel to the ice cube. Of course, as the
ice cube absorbs the heat, it will begin to melt.
As the heat travels from your hand, your hand becomes colder. What’s
happening here is that the temperature of the ice cube and the temperature
of your hand are trying to become equal. If the ice cube is large enough
and can absorb enough heat, eventually your hand and the ice cube will
reach the same temperature.
This is how an air conditioner cools the air in your car: When warm air flows over a cold
evaporator, the heat from that warm air is absorbed and the air is cooled. Refrigerant
carries the heat away from the evaporator, cooling the evaporator so that it can then cool
more air.
Hybrid vehicles often use special nonconductive oil in the compressor. Using the wrong oil
with these vehicles could cause death or injury from electrical shock. It’s important to
remember that hybrid systems use high voltage to drive the vehicle’s air compressor
rather than a compressor belt.
AC Refrigerant Label
Figure 67-9 in your textbook illustrates the under-hood sticker that identifies the AC
refrigerant used on a vehicle. Use your vehicle owner’s manual to help you locate the
sticker on your car. (It’s generally found near the top of the radiator on the evaporator
housing.)
OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: GAS LAWS
Page:6 of 48
Your textbook discusses heat, latent heat, temperature, volume, pressure,

and humidity. These all relate to the gas laws you learned about earlier in
the program. As a quick review:
Boyle’s law describes the relationship between the volume and pressure of
a gas in a closed container. According to this law, the volume of a gas
varies inversely with (opposite to) the pressure exerted against it.
Therefore, if a closed container is compressed, the volume of the gas
inside is reduced but the pressure is increased. Charles’s law states that
when the temperature of a gas increases, the volume increases; and when
the temperature of a gas decreases, the volume decreases. This exercise
will attempt to illustrate these concepts.
Materials
1 pair of safety glasses

1 large metal bucket or scientific beaker
1 medium-sized metal bucket or beaker
1 pair of tongs
1 small balloon
1 bag of crushed ice
1 caliper or ruler
1 thermometer
Water faucet
Stove or hot plate
Steps
1. Inflate the balloon to about the size of an orange.
2. Measure the diameter of the balloon to the nearest tenth of an

inch and record your measurement.
Page:7 of 48
3. In the large bucket, mix a bath of crushed ice and water.
4. Submerge the balloon completely in the solution, using the

medium bucket to keep the balloon submerged.
5. After five minutes, remove the balloon from the container. Again,
measure the balloon’s diameter to the nearest tenth of an inch and
record the measurement.
6. Empty the large bucket and refill it with room-temperature water.
7. Place a thermometer in the bucket. Heat the bucket on the stove

or hot plate until the water is almost boiling.
8. Using the tongs, carefully immerse the balloon in the hot water,
using the medium bucket to keep the balloon submerged.
9. After five minutes, use the tongs to remove the balloon from the
large bucket. For a third time, measure the diameter to the nearest
tenth of an inch and record your measurement.
Ask Yourself
When was the diameter of the balloon smallest and when was it
largest?
Was Boyle’s law illustrated in this exercise?
Was Charles’s law?
GETTING RID OF HEAT
Heat energy comes from molecular action. Everything you see, touch,
taste, smell, or hear contains a certain amount of heat. In fact, when
considering heat transfer, you should realize there really isn’t any such
thing as “cold.” An ice cube may feel cold to the touch, but in reality, it just
Page:8 of 48
contains less heat than your hand. It’s strange to think of an ice cube as
having heat, but that’s actually the case!
We measure heat in two ways: using calories to measure its thermal value
and degrees of temperature to measure its intensity, or molecular
movement. To measure the average speed of these moving molecules,
temperature is recorded in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit
(°F).
Materials

1 oven mitt or pair of protective gloves
1 500-ml Pyrex beaker
1 thermometer
Stove or hot plate
Steps
1. Fill the beaker with water and place it on the stove or hot plate.
2. Place the stove/hotplate on a medium setting.
3. Measure the water temperature at intervals one minute apart.
Ask Yourself
Did the water’s temperature rise the same amount each minute?
What was the highest temperature recorded?
What was happening to the water at the highest temperature?
What states of water were present at the highest temperature?
Page:9 of 48
When the water boiled, did the temperature continue to rise?
When the boiling water cooled, what happened to the heat that the
water absorbed to change to a gas?
How does this relate to the engine cooling system?
Page:10 of 48
Key Points and Links
Key Points
Air-conditioning operation is best checked by measuring the air duct and

refrigeration component temperature.
Some DMMs (digital multimeters) come with temperature probes. The auto repair
technician uses the temperature probe on radiator hoses to check if the
thermostat is opening. Infrared temperature guns are also available to check
temperatures.
R1234yf is a recently developed refrigerant with a global warming potential
(GWP) rating more than 99 percent lower than the previous standard refrigerant,
R-134a. R1234yf also has an atmospheric lifetime that’s about 400 times shorter
than R-134a.
Links
Basic HVAC videos (https://www.youtube.com/embed/zalg5VyPvjk)

Conduction animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/conduction.mp4)
Convection animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/convection.mp4)
Heat transfer and boiling animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/heat_trans_and_boiling.mp4)
Heat transfer animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/heat_trnsfr_brief.mp4)
Heat transfer through latent heat animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/heat_trnsfr_latent_ht.mp4)
HVAC functions animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-
content/uploads/2019/07/hvac_functions.mp4)
Page:11 of 48
Radiant heat animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-

content/uploads/2019/07/radiant_heat_black.mp4)
Page:12 of 48
Self Assessment: Describe How an Automotive Heating,

Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning System Works
https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?
ou=22635&type=selfassess&rcode=ashworth-627523
Page:13 of 48
Air Management System

ATC, Air
Quality (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_air_quality.mp4
ATC Temperature, Cool,
Adjust (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_cool_change.mp
ATC Temperature,
Cool (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_temp_cool.mp4)
ATC Temperature,
Humidity (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_temp_humidit
Chapter 64 describes the different components of an air management system. It also

explains airflow control and air temperature control in an HVAC system. You’ll learn how to
calibrate HVAC actuators and diagnose blower motors.
There are many different HVAC system designs in use today. That’s why, before
performing any diagnostics or repairs, it’s important to consult the manufacturer’s
repair information for the vehicle you're working on.
In a vacuum-operated system, if airflow is mostly directed to the windshield,

check under the hood for a broken, disconnected, or missing vacuum hose.
Page:14 of 48
HVAC VACUUM DIAGRAM
A customer complains that their vehicle’s HVAC system will only blow air
onto the floor panel. The system won't blow air out of the vents, regardless
of what position the control head is set to.
Review the vacuum diagram for the vehicle found here (https://www.ford-
trucks.com/forums/attachment.php?
attachmentid=175884&stc=1&d=1488310034). Note which numbered
components could be the cause of the customer’s complaint.
View additional videos about HVAC and air management systems below
HVAC Control
Basics (https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fy1zDBy_n_M?
rel=0&showinfo=0)
How a Cabin Filter
Works (https://www.youtube.com/embed/HS26Em2Pdtk?
rel=0&showinfo=0)
How Automotive HVAC Systems
Work (https://www.youtube.com/embed/nHZEAe08sE8?
rel=0&showinfo=0)
Page:15 of 48
Key Points
The air inlet door is used to select inside or outside air; the temperature-blend
door is used to adjust air temperature and the mode door is used to adjust air
discharge location.
The doors may be operated either by cables, vacuum actuators, solenoid valves,
or electric motors from the HVAC control head.
The speed of the blower motor controls the amount or volume of HVAC air
passing through the system.
Modern HVAC systems have a cabin filter designed to remove dust or pollen
particles from the incoming airstream.
There are many different HVAC system designs in use today. That’s why, before
performing any diagnostics or repairs, it’s important to consult the manufacturer’s
repair information for the vehicle you are working on.
Links
HVAC Control Basics (https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fy1zDBy_n_M?

rel=0&showinfo=0)
How a Cabin Filter Works (https://www.youtube.com/embed/HS26Em2Pdtk?
rel=0&showinfo=0)
How Automotive HVAC Systems
Work (https://www.youtube.com/embed/nHZEAe08sE8?rel=0&showinfo=0)
ATC, Air
Quality (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_air_quality.mp4)
Adjust (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_cool_change.mp4)
ATC Temperature,
Page:16 of 48
ATC Temperature,
Humidity (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_temp_humidity.m
Page:17 of 48
Self Assessment: Explain the Different Components of

an Air Management System
Page:18 of 48
Automatic Air-Conditioning System Operation

ATC Sun
Load (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/atc_sun_load.mp4)
ATC Temperature,
Heat (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/atc_temp_heat.mp4)
ATC, Air
Quality (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_air_quality.mp4
Adjust (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_cool_change.mp
ATC Temperature,
ATC Temperature,
Humidity (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_temp_humidit
Compressor Temperature
Sensor (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/compressor_temp_sensor.mp4)
Automatic Air-Conditioning System Operation
This chapter explains the operation of automatic and semi-automatic HVAC systems—
specifically, how various sensors, actuators, and circuits work. You’ll also read about dual-
zone climate controls, rear air-conditioning systems, and the HVAC systems of hybrid
electric vehicles.
Page:19 of 48
Faulty blower motor operation can often be traced to a bad blower motor resistor.
Cabin filters remove dust and dirt from air before they can enter the passenger cabin.
They should be serviced at regular intervals.
Search the Internet to find out the features and the costs of three automatic air-
conditioning sensors.
DUAL-ZONE AIR-CONDITIONING CONTROLS
Review the wiring diagrams found

here (http://www.tuningconcepts.com/Cars/Hilux/VigoElecWiringDiagram.pdf).
Locate the air conditioning diagram and follow the circuit from the blower
switch to the A/C Amplifier. Note any areas in which an electrical short or
open circuit would cause the system to fail.
Page:20 of 48
Key Points
Faulty blower motor operation can often be traced to a bad blower motor resistor.
Cabin filters remove dust and dirt from air before they can enter the passenger
cabin. They should be serviced at regular intervals.
Links
ATC Sun Load (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/atc_sun_load.mp4)

ATC Temperature,
Heat (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/atc_temp_heat.mp4)
ATC, Air
Quality (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_air_quality.mp4)
Adjust (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_cool_change.mp4)
ATC Temperature,
ATC Temperature,
Humidity (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/automatic_temp_control_temp_humidity.m
Compressor Temperature
Sensor (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/compressor_temp_sensor.mp4)
Page:21 of 48
Self Assessment: Explain the Operation of Automatic

and Semi-Automatic HVAC Systems, Specifically, How
Various Sensors, Actuators, and Circuits Work
Page:22 of 48
Unit Review
In this Review, you’ll complete practice activities, which may include a Practice Quiz, to
help you test your knowledge. The Review activities and Practice Quiz are ungraded. You
can complete the Review activities and Practice Quiz as many times as you want. When
you feel ready, you can complete the graded assessment.
Page:23 of 48
Try to define the term before you flip the card. You should write down the term and definition in
your notebook. Consider making your own note cards to study with.
Definition: The operation of the blower motor after the ignition has
Afterblow
been turned off
Definition: Forces air to flow past the Inside Vehicle Temperature

Aspirator Tube
Sensor
Definition: Used to control the AC compressor to keep the

Evaporator Outlet
evaporative temperature within the specified range for most efficient
Temperature Sensor
operation
Definition: Adjusts the temperature and fan speed to match the

Sunload Sensor
increased heating caused by the sun coming through the windows
Definition: An actuator that can be moved to either an open or closed

Dual-Position Actuator
position
Axial Compressor Definition: Compressor that uses a swash plate
Definition: A kind of hose that uses a nonpermeable inside layer to

Barrier Hose
keep refrigerant from leaking through the hose itself
Definition: The measurement of the weight of the water vapor in a

Absolute Humidity
given volume of air
Definition: A small radiator with tubes and fins that transfers the heat
Heater Core
from the coolant to the air flowing through the heater core
Definition: Recirculates the refrigerant, and is driven by the vehicle

Compressor
engine
Definition: A system that contains the HVAC plenum, ducts, and air
doors
Definition: Housing that's connected to the air inlets and outlets using
Plenum
formed plastic
Definition: A door that's normally positioned so it allows airflow from

Air Inlet Control
one source while it shuts off to the other
A/C Definition: An in-dash airflow duct that registers with outside air inlet
Max A/C Definition: An in-dash airflow that registers with recirculation
Heat Definition: Located at the floor level with outside air inlet for airflow
Max Heat Definition: Located at the floor level with recirculation airflow
Bi-Level Definition: Airflow located both in-dash and floor discharge
Defrost Definition: Airflow with windshield registers
Definition: Air distribution that allows the driver and passenger to

Dual-Zone
select different temperature settings
Page:24 of 48
Practice Quiz: HVAC Operation
https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=22635&type=quiz&rcode=ashworthtest-365682
Page:25 of 48
HVAC Diagnosis and Service
Page:26 of 48
Lesson 2 Overview
In this lesson, you'll cover the diagnosis, or troubleshooting, of the HVAC system and the
tools used to perform that diagnosis. The lesson contains the servicing of HVAC systems
and the tools you’ll use to complete these service procedures.
Page:27 of 48
Lesson Objectives
Define the diagnosis, or troubleshooting, of the HVAC system and the tools used
to perform that diagnosis
Explain the servicing of HVAC systems and the tools you'll use to complete these
service procedures
Page:28 of 48
Heating and Air-Conditioning System Diagnosis

Heater
Operation (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heater.mp4)
Leak Detector
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrig_leak_detector_maint_replace_f
Pressure Checks (1) Excess Pressure,
(https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_pres_chk_exc_pres.mp4)
(2) Low
Pressure (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_pres_chk_low_pres.mp4)
Refrigerant Leak
Detector (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigerant_leak_detector_operation.mp4)
Remove and Replace Service
Valve (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_service_valve.mp4)
Remove and Replace Service Valve
Core (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_service_valve_core.mp4)
Test Compressor Clutch Circuit (1) with Clamp
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_comp_clutch_circuit_clamp_meter.mp4)
(2) with Test
Light (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_comp_clutch_circuit_test_light.mp4),
(3) with Volt
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Test_Compressor_Clutch_Circuit_Volt_Meter
Page:29 of 48
This chapter explains how to diagnose a heating system problem and how to check the
performance of the AC system. Most AC problems relate to a low charge due to a leak, so
make sure to focus on tests for this issue. The chapter then goes on to explain the
procedures for measuring AC temperature and pressure.
If water appears on the passenger-side carpet, check for a clogged evaporator drip tube.
Causes of Abnormal Pressure Readings
Pressure gauge readings can be useful when determining the cause of a problem. The
following is a handy chart to use when diagnosing an issue using the high- and low-
pressure gauges. The chart expands on the one found in your textbook.
AC Pressure Gauge Chart
Low-Pressure High-Pressure Average (170–

Average (25–35 psi) 200 psi) Possible Causes
Low Low Low refrigerant charge
Low Low Obstruction in the suction line
Low Low Clogged orifice tube
Low Low TXV valve stuck closed
Restricted line from condenser to

Low Low
evaporator
Low High Restricted evaporator airflow
High Low Internal compressor damage
High High Refrigerant overcharge
High High Restricted condenser airflow
Page:30 of 48
High High High engine-coolant temperature
High High TXV valve stuck open
High High Air or moisture in the refrigerant
OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: MEASURING AC OPERATION VIA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Note: To perform this exercise, you’ll need to purchase a non-

contact infrared thermometer with laser targeting. This tool is
available from various retailers for prices ranging from $10 to
$100.
One way to determine whether an AC system is working to specifications is

to perform a maximum heat load stress test, which measures the system’s
ability to properly transfer heat. This test should be performed outside in full
sunlight.
1. Use the infrared thermometer to measure ambient air temperature

around the pipe entering the condenser. Record the ambient air
temperature.
Page:31 of 48
Measuring the Temperature of Refrigerant Entering the Condenser (Courtesy of Dr. John Kershaw)
2. Record the air temperature at the center duct. Now use the
infrared thermometer to measure air temperature at the center
duct in the instrument panel.
Air Duct Temperature (Courtesy of Dr. John Kershaw)
3. Record the temperature drop. Subtract the duct temperature you

recorded in Step 2 from the ambient air temperature you recorded
Page:32 of 48
in Step 1 to determine the drop in temperature. There should be a

drop of at least 30°F (17°C) across the evaporator—that is, from
Step 1 to Step 2.
4. Now measure the temperatures of the condenser inlet and outlet

lines. Try to take your measurement as closely as possible to the
condenser. Record the condenser inlet-line temperature and
condenser outlet-line temperature.
5. Subtract the outlet temperature from the inlet temperature; the

difference will tell you the temperature drop across the condenser.
There should be a temperature drop of 20 to 50°F (11 to 28°C). A
temperature drop of less than 20°F (11°C) indicates a possible
overcharge or poor condenser airflow. A temperature drop greater
than 50°F (29°C) indicates a possible under-charge, air in the
system, or internal condenser restriction.
6. Now measure the temperatures of the evaporator inlet and outlet

lines. Try to take your measurement as closely as possible to the
condenser. Note: On most TXV systems, you won’t be able to
access the line between the TXV and the evaporator inlet. Record
the evaporator inlet-line temperature and the evaporator outlet-line
temperature.
Measure the temperatures of the evaporator inlet and outlet lines as closely as possible to the evaporator. (Courtesy of Dr.
John Kershaw)
Page:33 of 48
7. Subtract the outlet temperature from the inlet temperature; the

difference will tell you the amount of temperature drop across the
evaporator. Ideally, there should be a temperature drop of 0°,
Fahrenheit or Celsius. An outlet temperature that exceeds that of
the inlet by 5°F (3°C) indicates a possible undercharge.
Conversely, an inlet temperature that exceeds that of the outlet by
more than 5°F (3°C) indicates a possible overcharge.
Page:34 of 48
Key Points
The best diagnostic resource is having the driver or owner of the car explain to
you, the technician, the exact nature of the heating or air-conditioning issue.
The easiest part of any heating or air-conditioning repair is the actual repair or
service; the hardest part is diagnosing what needs to be repaired.
The heating and air-conditioning systems in today’s vehicles are almost
completely computer-controlled. Thus, when troubleshooting, you must be
proficient in the use of the DMM (digital multimeter) and diagnostic scan tool.
To accurately perform air-conditioning diagnosis, you must be familiar with how
high- and low-side pressures relate to each other.
A thorough knowledge of engine cooling systems is also essential to your skill
in HVAC-problem diagnosis.
Links
Heater Operation (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heater.mp4)

Leak Detector
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrig_leak_detector_maint_replace_filter
Pressure Checks (1) Excess Pressure,
(https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_pres_chk_exc_pres.mp4) (2) Low
Pressure (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_pres_chk_low_pres.mp4)
Refrigerant Leak
Remove and Replace Service
Valve (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_service_valve.mp4)
Remove and Replace Service Valve
Test Compressor Clutch Circuit (1) with Clamp
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_comp_clutch_circuit_clamp_meter.mp4),
(2) with Test
Page:35 of 48
(3) with Volt

Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Test_Compressor_Clutch_Circuit_Volt_Meter.mp
Page:36 of 48
Self Assessment: Define the Diagnosis, or

Troubleshooting, of the HVAC System and the Tools
Used to Perform That Diagnosis
Page:37 of 48
Heating and Air-Conditioning System Servicing

A/C Performance
Test (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_performance_test.mp4)
A/C Proper Charge
Level (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_proper_charge_level.mp4)
Identify Refrigerant (1)
Professional (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/identify_refrigerant_pro.mp4),
(2)
Economy (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/identify_refrigerant_economy.mp4)
Inline Filter
Install (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/install_inline_filter.mp4)
Inline Orifice Tube
Install (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/install_inline_orifice_tube.mp4)
Leak Detector
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrig_leak_detector_maint_replace_f
Refrigerant Leak
Refrigerant Service (1)
Charge (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Refrigerant_Service_Charge.mp4),
(2)
Evacuation (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigerant_service_evacuation.mp4),
(3)
Recovery (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigerant_service_recovery.mp4)
Service Fitting and Quick-Connect
Coupler (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/service_fitting_quick_connect_coupler.mp4
Test Blower Motor (1) with Clamp
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_blower_motor_clamp_meter.mp4),
(2) with Test
Light (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_blower_motor_test_light.mp4)
Page:38 of 48
Test Compressor Clutch Circuit (1) with Test

(2) with Volt
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Test_Compressor_Clutch_Circuit_Volt_Mete
Vacuum Pump
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/vacuum_pump_maintenance.mp4)
Remove Orifice with Special
Tool (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/remove_orifice_special_tool.mp4)
Remove and Replace:
Accumulator (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/accumulator_remove_repla
Compressor (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/compressor_remove_replac
Condenser (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/condenser_remove_replace.m
Heater
Core (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heater_core_remove_replace.mp4)
Orifice
Tube (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/orifice_tube_remove_replace.mp4)
Cabin Air
Filter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_cabin_air_filter.mp4)
Drive
Belt (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_drive_belt.mp4)
Clutch Plate, Set Air
Gap (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_clutch_plate_adjust_air_ga
Service Valve
This chapter describes blower motor service, cooling system service, and refrigerant
recovery procedures. Here you’ll learn how to recycle refrigerants, recharge a system, and
retrofit a CFC-12 system to an HFC-134a system. You’ll also read about servicing the
compressor, condenser, evaporator, receiver/drier (or accumulator/drier), and orifice
tube/expansion valve.
Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling Program Certification
Page:39 of 48
Every auto repair technician who works on air-conditioning systems must be certified by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in refrigerant recovery and recycling. The
training and testing must come through an EPA-authorized organization, such as the
National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE). Training programs cover the
use of recycling equipment in compliance with industry standards and regulatory
requirements. Technicians also learn the importance of refrigerant containment and the
environmental effects of refrigerant. To gain certification, technicians must thoroughly
understand the training material and pass a test demonstrating their knowledge of it.
You can learn more about this mandatory certification at the Refrigerant
Recovery and Recycling Program (http://www.ase.com/Tests/cfc.aspx).
The following are tips that will come in handy when you begin servicing AC systems:
Some shops add yellow dye to the AC system during a recharge to help locate a
leak.
Checking the under-hood sticker will determine the correct refrigerant to use as
well as the correct amount.
Any time you replace a compressor due to mechanical problems, flushing the AC
system is recommended. This helps ensure that a new compressor is free from
metal debris that could shorten its life.
Search the internet to find the name August Schrader and the pressure valve that bears
his name. See if you can find what other uses the Schrader valve has in automobiles.
OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE
Note: To perform this exercise, you’ll need to purchase a 500-

mL Erlenmeyer flask with stopper. (You should be able to find
one for around $15 or possibly less from Amazon.com.)
Page:40 of 48
Increasing pressure in a cooling system raises the boiling point of the

coolant. When you’re located at a high elevation, such as in Denver,
Colorado, water comes to a boil more quickly and at a lower temperature.
This is because atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations than at
sea level, where it’s generally 14.7 psi. Standard boiling points for liquids
are established at sea level; 14.7 psi is considered “normal” atmospheric
pressure.
Boiling takes place when the molecules of a liquid gain energy from
additional heat. This causes the molecules to move very quickly and jump
away from each other. Increasing the pressure around water raises its
boiling point, whereas lowering the pressure around water lowers its boiling
point.
Materials

1 oven mitt or pair of protective gloves
1 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask with stopper
Infrared thermometer (from earlier exercise)
1 bag of crushed ice
Stove or hot plate
Water faucet
Steps
1. Put about 200 mL of water into the 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask and
place the flask on the stove or hot plate.
2. Bring the water to a boil and measure the temperature with the
infrared thermometer. Record the boiling water temperature (first
measurement).
3. Put on your oven mitt or gloves and carefully remove the flask
from the heat.
4. When the liquid in the flask stops boiling, place the stopper
securely in the flask opening. (Wait about 2 minutes for the boiling
to stop completely, then carefully place the stopper in the flask
opening.)
Page:41 of 48
5. Place the Erlenmeyer flask back on the stove or hot plate. When
the water boils again, measure the temperature again. Record the
boiling water temperature (second measurement).
6. Turn off the stove or hot plate and let the Erlenmeyer flask cool.
Then, wearing your oven mitt or gloves, remove the flask and turn
it upside-down over a sink. (The stopper should still be in the
flask.)
7. Place a bag of crushed ice on the flat surface of the upside-down

flask. Record what happens.
You should have observed two things in this exercise: First, the
temperature necessary to boil the water when the flask was closed
(stopper in place) should have been lower than was required previously.
Increasing the pressure in the cooling system—in this case, the flask—
raised the boiling point of the coolant (water). Secondly, when you inverted
the flask and placed ice on it, the gas at the “new” top end expanded under
reduced pressure, and the liquid accumulated at the “new” bottom end.
This simulates adding refrigerant to an AC system using individual cans.
Most of the space in a can is held by liquid refrigerant with a small space at
the top for gas. The can is under pressure, and this pressure is reduced
when the top is opened. As in the Erlenmeyer flask, if you turn the can
upside down when the valve is opened, the liquid refrigerant goes into the
AC system because the gas accumulates at the top of the can.
Page:42 of 48
Key Points
Any technician servicing a mobile air-conditioning unit must be certified in the

EPA’s Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling Program.
It’s crucial to use both the correct refrigerant and the correct refrigerant amount
when servicing a vehicle. A technician should always check the under-hood
sticker to verify what these are.
A vehicle that’s low on refrigerant should always be checked for a leak.
Links
Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling

Program (http://www.ase.com/Tests/cfc.aspx)
A/C Performance
Test (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_performance_test.mp4)
A/C Proper Charge
Level (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/ac_proper_charge_level.mp4)
Identify Refrigerant
(1) Professional (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/identify_refrigerant_pro.mp4),
(2) Economy (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/identify_refrigerant_economy.mp4)
Inline Filter
Install (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/install_inline_filter.mp4)
Inline Orifice Tube
Install (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/install_inline_orifice_tube.mp4)
Leak Detector
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrig_leak_detector_maint_replace_filter.
Refrigerant Leak
Refrigerant Service
(1) Charge (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Refrigerant_Service_Charge.mp4),
(2) Evacuation (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigerant_service_evacuation.mp4),
(3) Recovery (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/refrigerant_service_recovery.mp4)
Page:43 of 48
Service Fitting and Quick-Connect

Coupler (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/service_fitting_quick_connect_coupler.mp4)
Test Blower Motor (1) with Clamp
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_blower_motor_clamp_meter.mp4),
(2) with Test
Light (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/test_blower_motor_test_light.mp4)
Test Compressor Clutch Circuit (1) with Test
(2) with Volt
Meter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/Test_Compressor_Clutch_Circuit_Volt_Meter.mp
Vacuum Pump
Maintenance (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/vacuum_pump_maintenance.mp4)
Remove Orifice with Special
Tool (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/remove_orifice_special_tool.mp4)
Remove and Replace:
Accumulator (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/accumulator_remove_replace.m
Compressor (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/compressor_remove_replace.m
Condenser (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/condenser_remove_replace.mp4
Heater
Core (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/heater_core_remove_replace.mp4)
Orifice
Tube (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/orifice_tube_remove_replace.mp4)
Cabin Air
Filter (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_cabin_air_filter.mp4)
Drive
Belt (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_drive_belt.mp4)
Clutch Plate, Set Air
Gap (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/rem_rep_clutch_plate_adjust_air_gap.m
Service Valve
Page:44 of 48
Self Assessment: Explain the Servicing of HVAC

Systems and the Tools You'll Use to Complete These
Service Procedures
Page:45 of 48
Unit Review
In this Review, you’ll complete practice activities, which may include a Practice Quiz, to
help you test your knowledge. The Review activities and Practice Quiz are ungraded. You
can complete the Review activities and Practice Quiz as many times as you want. When
you feel ready, you can complete the graded assessment.
Page:46 of 48
Try to define the term before you flip the card. You should write down the term and definition in
your notebook. Consider making your own note cards to study with.
Definition: A mechanism on a line, pump, or tank used to remove

Bleeder Valve
liquid or gas from a pressurized system
Definition: Indicates the amount of pressure on the output side of a

High-Side Pressure
gas compressor, also called head pressure
Low Coolant Level Definition: Prevents flow of coolant to the heater core
Definition: Indicates the boiling point of the temperature of the

Low-Side Pressure
evaporator
Definition: A part of the front end of a vehicle found under the

Air Dam radiator. It's designed to force air to flow upward and through the
radiator to help cool the engine.
Fin Comb Definition: A tool used to straighten the bent fins of the condenser
Definition: A gas that won't change phases from gas to liquid under
Noncondensable Gas
pressure. An example is air.
Definition: A valve that's closed by internal pressure. A Schrader

Schrader Valve valve opens only when the service line connection is nearly
complete.
Page:47 of 48
Practice Quiz: HVAC Diagnosis and Service
https://courses.portal2learn.com/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=22635&type=quiz&rcode=ashworthtest-491597
Page:48 of 48

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Course Name:Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

Describe how an automotive heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system

Heating and Air Conditioning

Each chapter of your textbook includes detailed animations related to the

Heating and Air-Conditioning Components and Operation

OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: HOW DOES THE INSIDE OF A VEHICLE GET COOLED?

OPTIONAL ACTIVITY: GAS LAWS

Your textbook discusses heat, latent heat, temperature, volume, pressure,

1 pair of safety glasses

1. Inflate the balloon to about the size of an orange.

2. Measure the diameter of the balloon to the nearest tenth of an

3. In the large bucket, mix a bath of crushed ice and water.

4. Submerge the balloon completely in the solution, using the

6. Empty the large bucket and refill it with room-temperature water.

7. Place a thermometer in the bucket. Heat the bucket on the stove

GETTING RID OF HEAT

1 pair of safety glasses

What was the highest temperature recorded?

What was happening to the water at the highest temperature?

What states of water were present at the highest temperature?

When the water boiled, did the temperature continue to rise?

How does this relate to the engine cooling system?

Key Points and Links

Air-conditioning operation is best checked by measuring the air duct and

Basic HVAC videos (https://www.youtube.com/embed/zalg5VyPvjk)

Radiant heat animation (https://jameshalderman.com/wp-

Self Assessment: Describe How an Automotive Heating,

Air Management System

Each chapter of your textbook includes detailed animations related to the

Air Management System

Chapter 64 describes the different components of an air management system. It also

In a vacuum-operated system, if airflow is mostly directed to the windshield,

HVAC VACUUM DIAGRAM

Key Points and Links

HVAC Control Basics (https://www.youtube.com/embed/Fy1zDBy_n_M?

Self Assessment: Explain the Different Components of

Automatic Air-Conditioning System Operation

Each chapter of your textbook includes detailed animations related to the

Automatic Air-Conditioning System Operation

DUAL-ZONE AIR-CONDITIONING CONTROLS

Review the wiring diagrams found

Key Points and Links

ATC Sun Load (https://lessons.pennfoster.edu/savi/auto/atc_sun_load.mp4)

Self Assessment: Explain the Operation of Automatic

Definition: Forces air to flow past the Inside Vehicle Temperature

Definition: Used to control the AC compressor to keep the

Definition: Adjusts the temperature and fan speed to match the

Definition: An actuator that can be moved to either an open or closed

Axial Compressor Definition: Compressor that uses a swash plate

Definition: A kind of hose that uses a nonpermeable inside layer to

Definition: The measurement of the weight of the water vapor in a

Definition: Recirculates the refrigerant, and is driven by the vehicle

Definition: A door that's normally positioned so it allows airflow from

Max A/C Definition: An in-dash airflow that registers with recirculation

Bi-Level Definition: Airflow located both in-dash and floor discharge

Defrost Definition: Airflow with windshield registers

Definition: Air distribution that allows the driver and passenger to

Practice Quiz: HVAC Operation

HVAC Diagnosis and Service

Heating and Air-Conditioning System Diagnosis

Each chapter of your textbook includes detailed animations related to the

Heating and Air-Conditioning System Diagnosis

Causes of Abnormal Pressure Readings

AC Pressure Gauge Chart