Vutroduction to EQUATIONS Revised Edition BS 4-Years, M.Sc., M.Phil. Mathematics M.Sc. Physics & B.Sc. Engineering According to New Syllabus Approved by the j University of Punjab, Govt. College University, Lahore, Lahore College University for Women, Kinnaird College, |) University of Lahore, UCP, Comsat, FAST, isalabad, Global Institute, Lahore, UMT, ity of Sargodha, University of Gujrat, ational Islamic University, Islamabad, ity, University of AJK, hauddin Zakariya University, Multan, uaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, University of Edt Lahore, Islamia Unive PE as CCC en CrPWTEGRAL EQUATIONS Revised Edition For BS 4-Years M.Sc., M.Phil. Mathematics M.Sc. Physics & B.Sc, Engineering, lew Syllabus Approved by the Govt. College University, Lahore, Lahore College University for Women, Kinnaird College; FC College, University of Lahore, UCP. ‘Comsat, FAST, GCU, Faisalabad, Global Institute, Lahore, uMT, University of Sargodha, University of Gujrat, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Peshawar University, University of AK ul Bahauddin Zal tan, Quaid-i-Azam University of Educ: Islamia University, ‘According to N University of Punjab, iver kariya Univers! university, Is ation, Lahore, Bahawalpur. ILMI KITAB KHA reece Lahore] Seanad ith Comssannereface The book consists of three chapters and is intended to serve as a text for the course in the Integral Equations that is taken by the M.Sc./M.Phil. Mathematics, M.Sc. Physics, BS 4-Years & B.Sc, Engineering students, In the first chapter, we Jearn how the integral equations are formed from the initial value boundary value problems. The solutions of integral equations are obtained in the second chapter. The approximate solutions of integral equations are discussed in the third chapter. The solutions of exercises are also given in the end. “| would like to thankful to all my colleagues who always appreciate and encourage me in serving the Nation by writing books. Lahore 2Z.R. BHATTI October, 2013 Associate Professor . Department of Mathematics Govt. College of Science Wahdat Road, Lahore. Scand ith Camsoanne | |ntents| Preface Chapter-1 IFORMATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS] 4-1 Classification of Integral Equations 4-2. Formation of Volterra Integral Equations 1-3. _ Formation of Fredholm Integral Equations 23 Exercise 1 42 Chapter-2 INTRODUCTION TO SETS} 2-1. ° Separable Kernel Method 43 Exercise 2-1 78 2-2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions 79 Exercise 2-2 123 Chapter-3 [APPROXIMATION SOLUTIONS} 3-1 Iterative Scheme 125 Exercise 3 156 Solutions 158 Answers 227 Index 230 Scanned by Asad Ali Scand ith CamsoanneChapter FORMATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 4-1 Classification of Integral Equations ————eee——e— (ERM Cuniens An equation which involves an unknown function under ‘one or more integral signs is called an integral equation. For example, for s,t < [a,b], the equations P 9(s)= [K(s.t}g(t)at we(1) » g(s)=F(s)+[K(s,g(tat (2) a are integral equations, where the function g(s) is the unknown function while all the other functions are known. The functions involved in the integral equations may be complex- valued functions of the real variables s and ¢. (EE Gniens An integral equation is called linear integral equation if the unknown function appears in it linearly. For example, b g(s)=f(s)+ [K(s.t)a(tat a 'S a linear integral equation as the unknown function g(s) in it appears linearly, But the integral equation 6 g(s)="(s)+[K(s.nla(t)Pat , a 'S not a linear integral equation as the unknown function g(s) in it does Not appear linearly. Scand ith CamsoanneThe most general linear integral equation is of the form Ais)g(s)= f(s) +4 [K(s,ta(t}dt a where the upper limit may be either variable or fixed. The functions and K are known functions while g is unknown function; A is a poner real or complex parameter. The function K(s,t) is called the kemel. (aE PEMIRELE An integral equation in which both the lower and upper limits of integration are fixed is called Fredholm integral equation. For example, b Ais)g(s) =f(s)+4 [K(s.tha(t)at is Fredholm integral equation because both the lower and upper limits of integration are fixed. ff The Fredholm integral equation 6 As)g(s)=f(s)+ 4. J Kis.thg(t)at is called the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind if h(s)=0. For example, the integral equation 4 f(s)+ [K(s,t)g(that = 0 « a is the Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. | | The Fredholm integral equation nislals)=fte)4 4 [Rts tata | is called the Fredholm integral équiéion ot the second kind if h(s)=1. For example, the integral equation g(s)=f(s)+4 Frtsoctt is the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. TEReraneens The Fredholm integral ‘equation of the second kind fs g(s)=Ns)+4 [K(sf)g(t)at i ion of the second kind is called the homogeneous Fredholm integral equa! if f(s)=9 ett Seanad ith ComssannerFor example, the integral equation 2 9(s)=A J K(s,t)g(t)at a is the homogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. (Ema eiuiieus Phe Fredholm integral equation 5 A(s)9(s)=f(s)+A [K(s,t)g(that 2 is called the Fredholm integral equation of the third kind if it is neither of the first kind nor of the second kind, i.e., neither A(s)=0 nor A(s)=1. For example, the integral equation 6 A(s)g(s)=f(s)+A [K(s,t}g(that a is the Fredholm integral equation of the third kind if h(s) #0 and h(s) #1. ‘An integral equation in which the lower limit of integration is fixed but the upper limit of integration is the variable s called Volterra integral equation. For example, A(s)g(s)= f(s) + [r¢s.trocnae is Volterra integral equation because the lower limit of integration a is fixed while the upper limit s is variable. The Volterra integral equation A(s)g(s)=F(s)+4 [x¢s.ngctt is called the Volterra integral ‘equation of the first kind if h(s)=0. For example, the integral equation f(s)+4 J(s.nattat =0 is the Volterra integral equation of the first kind. er E The Volterra integral.equation od Ks, § A(s)g(s)=F(s)+4 J K(s,t)g(that i # 4 is called the Volterra integral equation of the second kind j it Wis)=1. | For example, the integral equation | th CamSoanne|g(s)=f(s)+4 [ris.naint is the Volterra integral equation of the second kind. The Volterra integral equation of the second kind as) Lnts)j+a fRts.tottdt a is called the homogeneous Volterra integral equation of the second kind it f(s)=0. For example, the integral.equation s o(s)=4 J K(s,t}g(that is the homogeneous Volterra integral equation of the second kind. (BBEESuuieis The Volterra integral equation 5 A(s)g(s)=f(s)+4 [K(s,t)g(t)at ‘ is called the Volterra integral equation of the third kind if it is neither of the first kind nor of the second kind, i.e., neither h(s)=0 nor A(s)=1. For example, the integral equation A(s)g(s)=F(s) +A [r¢s.ngtnet is the Volterra integral equation of the third kind if h(s) #0 and h(s) #1. The integral equation is called the singular integral equation when one or both limits of integration become infinite or when the kernel becomes infinite at one or more points within the range of integration. For example, the integral equations ‘ ats)=f(s)+4 fot tgieat 1 (s-t)* and f(s)=A i) a a are singular integral equations. 4-2 Formation of Volterra Integral Equations, ooo In this section, we shall form the Volterra integral equations from the initial value boundary value problems. For this formation, we have a important Lemma which we prove in the following. love O1 =(n-Nhra = 9>1 “Ins = i (s—t)"?F (at (4) dl, el a Thy (0-1-2 Scand ith Camsoannea Hp Continuing in this way, we have dy nt ee )(n -2)(n - 3)...(9 kp « n>k ...(5) For k=n-—1, we have a” Ay 8 =(n—1)(n-2)(n—3)...1h 4 iy =4 as™ =(n- Mh +=(6) ce tn a (7) For n=1, we have ay from o 8 I(s)= f (s—t)“F(t)at = h(s)= [F(t (8) 2K) - Fs) (9) Putting this value in (7), we hive Php =(n—N1F(8) (10) From (2), we note that I(a)= f(a-t Fat =0 1,(a)=0 [,(a)=0 5) and (6), we note that the fi Using these in ( all vanish at S=2. Hence from} (9), we have w(11) 1(s)= [Fle e rst n-1 derivatives of In(S) From (10), we have ay =(n-DFCs Yds, ds” oe Scand ith CamsoanneCane ene 3 2 =(n-1)If frts, )ds,ds, ae ae n-3 =f 0 =(o-onf | ft, \ds,ds,ds, Is aaa of! a 1 . intsy=(—0f | f TPets,yds,de,ds 1d8q40S, — ---(12) aaa ae Equating (2) and (11), we have $87 nA 52 s aa-of ff wf Pts ds dy dy Ay = J(s-f)"Fltat aaa 08 2 g5p8n1 53 1% > r J- {fete )ds,ds_ds5....d8,40S, = Jost)" F(@at «(4 3) aaa 88 (n-1)lg This completes the proof of the identity. From (13), we can also find the following deductions: Putting n =2 in (13), we have {Je Msyes, =7 = fle-o*Ft0at $ 3 J fs, yds,ds, = [(s-f)F (that Similarly, putting n=3 in (13), we have m tale J J [Flsiidsids2dss = = alent F(t)at ‘Trts,)as,dsds, = ts —t)P F(t if Transform the initial value boundary value problem y'+y=0, ¥(0)=0, ¥(0)=1 into Volterra integral equation. SS The given differential equation is y'(s)+y(s)=0 oft) Scand ith Camsoanne. S, from 0 to s, we have Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r. 5 8 fy"(sidds, + Jy(s:)ds, = 0 ° a yoo + [Ws yas, =0 0 = y'(s)-y'(0)+ [y(s,)ds, = 0 3 $ =y's)-1+Jy(s,)ds,=0 - y(0)=1 0 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have § 2 8% [y(S2)ds2 - [ds2 +f [y(s,}dsds, =0 a 0 00 s > se¥5 -ls.\5 + [(s-Oy(Oat =0 ° 7s s " if Yds,ds, = {(s-t)y(t)at 00 0 s = y(s)- ¥(0)-s + |(s—ty(that =0 0 > y(s)-0-s+ fis—tyyttyt =0 ~y(0)=0 0 3 = y(s)=s+{(t-s)y(that 0 which is the required Volterra integral equation. Transform the initial value problem y'+y=0, y(0)=2 y'(0)=1 into Volterra integral equation. The given differential equation is ¥'(s)+y(s)=0 (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. S, from 0 to s, we have Jy"(siids, + [y(s,)ds, =0 o 0 =IV(s)p + [y(s,)ds, =0 3 Scand ith Camsoanne_" i | = y'(8)-¥'0)+fy(s,)d, =0 3 : = y(8)-1+fy(s,)ds,=0 y'(O)=1 ° Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have fr'(s2¥0s, - fds, +f nts, \ds,ds, =0 a a 08 = [y(s2o -[szl, + f(s -O{that =0 0 : . * I fre, Wds,ds, = f(s-t)y(t}or oo o = v(s)-0)-8+ f(s-ay(tat=0 3 > y(s)-2-s+ fis—y(tat =0 vy(0)=2 a 5 = y(s)=2+5+ | (t-s)y(t)ot a which is the required Volterra integral equation. (PXYSTMNES Transform the initial value boundary value problem y’+y=coss, y(0)=0, ¥(0)=1 into Volterra integral equation. [pu ies wise van} RQSNTEME The given differential equation is y'(s)+¥(S) = Coss (I) and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Replacing s by s, * * * Jy'(sids, + fyisiids, = foossias, a a 0 ‘ Myst + fvisidds, =|[sinsly a = y'(s)-¥(0)+ [ v(si)ds, = sins a = y'(s)-1+ [ve )ds, = sins vy'@Q=1 aReplacing's by s, and integrating wart. Ss, from 0 to s, we have Iy"eaids, fos, + {fus. Yas,ds, = fainsras, 0 o 00 0 [Weal lel + lett = Leone, 0 ” {fot ds,ds, = [(s—t)y (that 00 0 ‘ = y(s)-y(0)-s+ |(s—t)y(¢)dt = -coss + cos0 a => ys}-0-s+ [16 —t)y(t)dt = -coss +1» y(0)=0, cos0 =1 0 3 = y(s)=1+8~coss -[(s—t)y(t}dt 0 which is the required Volterra integral equation. Transform the initial value boundary value problem y’+y=sins, y(0)=4y')=2 into Volterra integral equation. SEMEN The given differential equation is y"(s)+y(s)=sins -(1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r-t. s, from 0 to s, we have 5 $ 8 ) Jy‘(sidds, + fy(si)ds, = [sins,ds, ° 2 a = lyse + fy(sd5, = fo0ss1|, a = y's)-y'(0)+ [y(s,)ds, =—coss +cos0 Q 3 = y'(s)-2+[y(s,)ds, =-coss +1 ~ y'(0)=2 2 4 = y'(s)+[y(s,)ds, = 3-coss a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t, s, from 0 to s, we have [rters. + [frre =3f te, —foosssas, o 00 ° 0 a ty Cmsoanneé « 2 Ws2No *J (S-Ay(tht = 3s, —|sins,{2 se : +f Jvts,)as,ds, = f(s—tyy(tyat aa _ s = V(s)- y(0)+ | (s -Hy(t)at = 3s—sins a : 5 . = y(s)-1+ f(s-Ay(that = 3s -sins y(0)=1 a 5 = ¥(S)=1+3s sins - [(s—thy(t)at o which is the required Volterra integral equation. (PXascuscs /ransform the initial value boundary value problem y" +y =2tanssec’s, y(0)=0, y'(0)=1 into Volterra integral equation. @ given differential equation is y'(s)+y(s) =2tanssec? s w(1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have 3 3 $ Jy"(s,)ds, + J y(s,)ds, = [2tans, sec? s,ds, a 0 a § s =ly(s)p+ J V(s,)ds, =|tan? s,|° ¢ . => y"(s)-y(0)+ J y(s,)ds, = tan? s a 3 = y'(s)-14 [y(s,)ds, = tan’ s vy'0)=1 0 > : = y'(s)=1+ tan? s[y(s,)ds, a 5 = y(s)= sec” s—[y(s,)ds, “T+tan? s = sec? s 0 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have : 2 $8 Jy'(seids. = Jsec? s,ds, ~ J J y(s,)dsidS2 ios ° ao Scand ith Camsoanne. = |y(s2¥o = |tans,|5 - f(s-t)y(tat 3 4 | +f ]tendeids, = fener 8 = y(s)—y(0) = tans - [(s—ty(that 0 = y(s)-0= tans—[(s—ty(tyt + y(0)=0 a 5 => y(s)=tans— [ls —ty(t)dt a which is the required Volterra integral equation. e-waste Transform the initial. value boundary value problem y'ty=e8, y(0)=0, y'(0)=1 into Volterra integral equation. The given differential equation is ¥'(s)+¥(s)=0* ++(1) ) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have 2 4 : Jy"(sx)ds, + fy(s,)ds, = feds, a a a “eye af 3 |* =y(siip + [rts =le*|, . = y(s)-y'(0)+ fylsy)ds, = e° -1 Q * = y(s)-14[y(syjds,=0°-1 vy") =1 a 5 => y(s)=e* -[y(s,)ds, 0 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Jy'Ga)ds2 = Jods, -[ fuss, =>(v(s2 i =|e” E a fis = ty(t)at a ity CamSoanne= y(s)- y(0)=0" -1-fis -Nyltydt a * Js, Mds,ds, = fis =thy(tot a 2 = y(s)-0= 0 -1-[(s-t)y(t)dt~ y(0)=0 a 5 = y(s)=e* -1- [(s-t)yityat a which is the required Volterra integral equation. (PXasouice ransform the initial value boundary value problem y'-y=0, y()=1=y(-1) . into Volterra integral equation. The given differential equation is y'-y=0 (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 1 to s, we have Jy"(s:)ds, - fy(s))ds, = 0 1 1 => (v(siy -fy(s,)ds, = 0 1 5 => y'(s)-y')- J y(s,)ds, = 0 1 Replacing s by s, and integratir.g w.r.t. s, from 1 to s, we have s s $52 Jy'Galds2-y (fds, - J Jv(s,)ds,ds, = 0 3 = Ws2)> -y'Ms2|; - f(s - Oy (that = 0 1 | [y(srdsds, = [(s—Oy(nat 14 1 ‘ = (s)- y(t) (8 Ny) ~ f(s Oy (Oat = 0 ‘ = yls)-1-(s- ty) fis-Hyttndt =0 W0=1 ' Scand ith CamsoannePees = y(s)=1+(s-ty'(1)+ [(s-OnHat «..(2) 1 In order to find the value of y‘(1), put s=—1 in (2), ie. 4 y(t) =14(-1-Dy'()+ J (-1-py(eiat 4 zis 4-2y+ [t-te y= 4 4 = zy") s-f (1+ Oy(tat 1 ‘ =y(p=4 itr Putting this value in 3 i have y(s)= 1 SAavonatfe- ty Oat or y(s)=f(s)+ j (s-thy(t)dt where F(s)= 1421fosnmom # Derive the Volterra integral equation corresponding to the intial value problem y'(s)+x(syv(s)+y(s)=0, ¥(0)=4 YO) = 0 SEIMIEME The given differential equation is y"(s)+x(s)y'(s)+y'(s)=0 (1) Replecieg s by s, and integrating w. rt. $, from 0 to s, we have [ye Yds, + pts (sds, fy (s,)ds, = Sts + ftsy'idds, +1y(silg = 0 0 = y's) ¥(0)+ ate, v{sile — fe(ormv(sidds, + y(s)—10)=0 3 = y'(s)+x(s)y(s)- x(0)y(0)- J x"(S,)y(S1 ds + y(s)-1=0 3 ‘Scand ith CamsoanneRem ner aee ee eS =y(s)+ x(s\s)-x(0)-f x(8,)y(s,)d8, + y(s)-1=0 0 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have s . rts. Yas, + [x(s2)v(s2 Ms, ~ x(0)f ds, [fev W(s, \ds\ds, 0 o o oo 2 +{v(s2)ds, -fas, =0 o 0 = [vise + | x(S2 )y(s2}ds, =x(0)8—f(s—oxoyinat +f y(t)at-s =0 o a a s 2 2 = Wis) (0) + | x(thy hat -[x(0)+ ths — f(s— tox (Oy (that + [ tat = 0 0 a a 2 * 5 = y(s)-1-[e(0)+ Is + x(t)y( that - f(s—fe (nytt + Fy(tat =0 0 a a a * 5 = y(s)= 1+ [x(0) + 1]s-+ [(s-fx'(Oyy tat - [ x(tyy(that - [ y(t a a 0 2 v6s)=1+Ls(0)+ 15+ fls-oxtovio—xeowte)—yiel a => y(s)= t+Lx(0)4 ths + fsx) —xt)—Tyityat which isthe required Volterra integral equation. Transform the initial value boundary value problem : y’+y=coss, y(0)=0=y'(0) into Volterra integral equation. REIMIERE The given differential equation is y'(s)+ y(s)=coss we (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Ty'ends, +fyisiids, - feossyds, 3 ° 3 =|yorls +[\s,)ds, =[sins,| i ‘ = y(s)-¥'0)+ [y(s,\4s, = sins i“¥(0)=0 from 0 to s, we have => y(s)-O+ [us ds, =sins a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. Ss, 5 ‘ s Jy'(seds2 eff \ds,ds, = [sins,dsz a0 a 0 : = ly(salé + f(s—tiv(tiat =| cosa), a 3 * “2 f fy(sidsds, = f(s (Dat a0 0 => y(s)- y(0)+ ic —t)y(t)dt =-coss + cosO 0 = ys)-0+ f(s—ty(t)at =-coss +1 + y(0) =0, cos0 =1 3 = y(s)= 1-coss— fis—fy(tdt 3 which is the required Volterra integral equation. Convert the initial value problem 'y'(s)+A(s\y(s)+B(S)y(S)=F(S), 1@)= Yor VA) = Yo into a Volterra integral equation. SEMEN The given differential equation is y"(s)+A(sly(s)+ Bs)V(s) = F(s) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, froma to s, we have ive is, + jas wsiids, + Jars. ids, = [ree ds, es +Alsy(sye -[Ateawt,is, + [ovsave, yds, = [sats y(s)—y(a)+ Asis) - Atayyla)— [A's (ss), [vs W(s,)ds, = | F(s, 5; y'(s)-¥; + A(s\y(s)- Alay. — jas W(s,)ds Scand ith Camsoanneene eens s s +] B(s,)y(s,)ds, = [F(s,)ds, : : = y's)-¥4 Alay, #A(syls)- fats, vtsi)es, s s +] B(s,)y(s,)ds, = [F(s,)ds, a : a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from a to s, we have jrterdbe + aay. lee Jas Wlse)5, [fa )v(s,)ds,ds, + [foc )y(s,)ds,ds, = [fre )ds,ds, W(t -bi+Aay-lele [Acar ids, -j(e-oatonina de- nacay (a= fle OF Oat = yls)- yla)- [ys + Alaly. Ks a) fas, (Sz )dsy -fie—natoytoats fle-noray 0 ~[te-Ftoa =y(s)-y.-b, +Alay.fs-a)+ jas. W(s.\ds, -fe- naconttatfte-6(Oy(0e = jie Fat =y(e)-y. +b, +Aley.ts-2)- jaca : 3 «fte-natenne-f(s-narortoats [oO = y(s)=y. +f +Alaly.Is-4) {t IAttyy(t)—(s-DA(Oytt)+(s- NBO) -(s-OF(OBE Let As)=y, +h +Al@y-Us—a), 2=-1 And K(st)= Alt)y(t) (SDA (y(t) + (s— DBE) (8 DFOee Then (2) takes the form 4 V(s)=f(s)+a [K(s,that a which is the required Volterra integral equation of the second kind. (QERPASENNIES Reduce the initial value problem y"(s)+A y(s)=F(s), y(0)=1, y(0)=0 into a Volterra integral equation. : EDS SEEM The given differential equation is y"(s)+A y(s)=F(s) (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Jy(s.Wds, +4 fy(s,)ds, = [F(s,)ds, =lv(s,Np +4 [y(s,)ds, = [F(s,)ds, 3 Q = y(s)-y'(0)+4 [ y(s,)as, = fF(s,)as, a a s s = y'(s)+A fy(sids, =JF(s\)ds, -y(0)=0 a a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s from 0 to s, we have j y(S2)ds, +4 jf, \ds,ds, = [free )ds,ds, = |v(soN +4 {ts-nvee = [(s-nFtoe = ¥(s)-y(0)+A Ic —ty(thdt = [is — OF (tet => y(s)-14+4 je - thy(tydt = iG -t)F(t)ot - y(0)=1 = y(s)=1 [te -t)F(t)dt-A IG —t)y(tjat =(s)=1+f(s—0F (Oat Je-swmea w(2) Let f(s)=14 fis—tF teat 0pnd K(s, Making these substitutions in (2), we have . :) ‘ WS)=A(8)+2 [K(s,tyy(that which is the required Volterra integral aluaton, Res cuiacs Reduce the initial value problem y"(s)+4 ¥(s)=9, y(0)=0, y(0)=1 into a Volterra integral equation. The given differential equation is y"(s)+Ay(s)=0 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have 8 5 Ly "(si)ds, +4 [y(s,)ds, =0 o Oo =|y'(s)fp +4 [y(s,)ds, =0 = y'(s)-y'0)+4 [y(s,)ds, =0 0 => y'(s)-144 fy(s))ds, =0 % y'(0)=1 a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Jy'alds2 - fds. +4 J ‘futsids,ds, =0 o 0 00 = [y(sa}6 Wale +4 f(s-ty(tat = 0 o. =f ftenderdss = fis-nyinet 00 a . = y(s)- y(0)-s +4 f(s-t)y(t)at =0 0 =>y{s)-0-s+A fis-ovinat =0 ~y(0)=0 0 ¢ = y(s)=s+4 f(t-s)y(t)at 0 Which is the required Volterra integral equation. ‘Scand ith Camsoanne wl)= Pe etearet Eouatons Transform the following equation into an integra equation . y"(s)+n?(s)y(s)=0, y(0)=0, y'(0)=1 The given differential equation is y"(s)+n?(s)y(s)=0 1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have . . Jy"Gsds, + Jn?(s,)y(s,)08, = 0 a ° aise + [o*(s,v(s, ds, =0 ° . = y'(s)-y'(0)+ n?(s,)y(s,)ds, = 0 ° ‘ . = y'(s)-1+ fn(s)y(s,)ds,=0 — ~y'(0)=1 a Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Jy'(s2\ds, - fds, + {fortens, ds,ds, = 0 a o | 00 ‘ = (sep -lSalp + f(s—fn?(t)y (tat = 0 0 2 s | frteadois, = f(s—nyitat oo o = W(s)- y(0)—s+ f(s— thn? (thy (that = 0 0 = (s)-0-s+[(s-tn?(ty(t)at =0 “-y(0)=0 Q = (s)=8-[(s—tn(Oy(nat a which is the required Volterra integral equation. [EXERSTIMIG Derive the Volterra integral equation corresponding to the initial value problem ¥"(s)+ x(s)y'(s)+ (8) =0, y(0)=1 y'(0)=0 ESMIEREE The given differential equation is ¥'(s)+x(s)y'(s)+ y(s)=0 (1) Scand ith CamsoanneReplacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have jroo fxs os forse <0 : alysis pee, '(s)ds, | y(s,)ds, = - y(s)-'0)+X(S,V(S,) fe W(s,)ds, + i '¥(s,)ds, =0 4 = y'(s)+x(s)y(s)- x(0)y(0)- j x(s,)v(s,)ds, + fy(s,)ds, =0 3 5 5 = y'(s)+X(s)V(8)- x(0)- fF x'(s,)y(s,)d8, + f(s )ds, = 0 0 ° Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s. from O to s, we have [v'Gse)ds, + | xls. (se )ds2 — x(0){ 482 ~ J [>(S2)y (52 bsias2 a a 3 7 0 0 +] fy(s,)dsids, = ; a0 Iy(sa Jo + fxds. Iy(Se}ds2 — x(0)s f(s —Z)x'(Hy (Chat + f(s—fy(tidt = 0 a 0 ° 4 ‘ y(s)- ¥(0)+ ! X(Sp)V(S2)d82 — x(0)s — J (s-tx'()-tyitat =0 y(s) = 1+ x(0)s - [ptsamtsare fle dh'()- itt which is the require Volterra integral ‘equation: AGES Transform the following equation into an integral equation y'"(s)+o7y(s)=0, y(0)=0, y'(0)=1 SQEME The given differential equation is y"(s)+ay(s)=0. Replacing s by s, and integrating wart. s, from 0 to s, we have $ Jv"(s,)ds, + 07 f y(sy)ds; =0 0 a ah) (EE (1) Scand ith Camsoannealtel + ofns, yds, =0 ° ‘ > y(8)- '0)+ 0" f (s,)08, = 0 é ay(s)-t+0" 5,085 =0 vy@=4 é Replacing s by s, and integrating wrt $, from 0 to s, we have fy(s.)08, ts, o0?f [ris,36:882 =0 ° ° ee : = |y(s, Ne -[s2lp +07 [(s-Onitiat = 0 @ * ’ . Tfrts.r80.05, = f(s-ny(at 0 Q 2 y(s)-y(0)-s+0?f(s-ty(tet =0 a ’ = y(s)- 0-5 +07 {(s-t)y(t)at = 0 “y(0)=0 ° . = yls)=s- 07 {(s- Ay (Nat a which is the required Volterra integral equation. apes Convert the initial value problem O Wsa)p = J(s- AIF (t)- yit)lat > " J flets-v6s, YHs,ds, = f(s— nF (t)— y(t)jot 0 a 4 = (s)-y(0)= f(s-t]F()- y(t 3 ‘ = ¥(s)= |(s— fF (t)— yit)jat sy(0)=0 3 5 = y(s)= f(s-t[F()-y(ot -¥(0)=0 a which is the required Volterra integral equation. 4-3 Formation of Fredholm Integral Equations| ——————————e———————Ooo __ Inthe last section, we formed the Volterra integral equations from the initial value boundary value problems. In this section we shall form the Fredholm integral equations. Convert the initial value problem ¥"(s)+A(s)y(s)+B(s)y(s)=F(s), Y(a)= Yo V(O)= 1 into a Fredholm integral equation. : The given differential equation is y'(s)+A(s)y'(s)+ B(s)y(s) = F(s) (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.t.t. s, from a to s, we have g s s s [yteras, + FAcsay (ods, + fats y (eds: = [F(svess awet +Alsv(s) Je ~jateawtrn, +) tenveis= jess, ¥is)-y(a)+ Alsy(s) Aaya) [As (syd, +f B(sy(s,ds, = | F(s,)as y(s)-y(@)+Alsyv(s)—Aay. - [Als y(6.04; 5 5 4 Bs, )y(1)dS; = JFts yds, Replacing | sby s, and erating wart. So from ato s, we have [yteiiex-y vie) ds, + [Asaieais- Aaly. j ds, - j Jac y(s,)ds,ds, | i B(s,)y(S;)dS,dS2 = j i F(s,)ds,dsy = (sos -Y'@sele [Ase W(s2)d8, - Alaly. [sel -je-vmtoyna |-patorom = fe-vFtoe = y(s)- yla)- y'(a\s—a)+ [as (sz )ds - Alay. (s—a) fie-oatonet [i - t)B(t)y(t)at = [i -t)F(t)at =y(s)-y.-'ta)+Acay. Is -2)+[ Asai Mas, = fe-nr 0m fie-natonnet-fle-nacovna >y(s)=Y.t [ya)+ Alay. ts~a)+ [ie- t)F(t)at flea ontoat js—nsKeytoet- fay teatmeen ee = y(s)=y.+[y'(a)+ A(a)y, [s-a) +fMFO+ A Ov)-BHyinKs—H-acyope Replacing s by b in (2). we have y(b)=y. +[/(@)+ Ala). (o-a) ; #fle+A'O- BEY (nko AO Okt a= y. +['@)+ Alay. (b-a) file +AX(t)y(t)—By()b—1)-Atoy(t—«- yib)=¥, > yes A(a)y, (b-a)=y,-y, -f [F(t)+A(y(t) -B(y(t)b-)- Ay t)at Vr—Ye * b-a b

7(9-¥+ Mays) Ally, Atay.) «fetes, - j F(s,)ds, - Replacing s by s, and integrating wrt. 82 ‘trom 1 to s, we have i V4sx)ds,—y (Nf ds, + [Atse visas, ~ Athy. Jes, : 1 1 1 thay s 85; J | Als,)y(s)ds,as, +f fats, dy (s,)ds,ds, = f FF(s,)dsyd5, +4 14 : ‘ SbaK vets + JAls)v(s,)ds, ~ Achy, ‘ salt Scand ith Camsoannetegral Equations -[te- NAtOtbat + f(e—nerey re - i “Arend = ¥(s)-y(1)- y'((s—1)+ [as (sz ds, - A(t)y.(s -1) ; {e+ HA'(t)y (tat -fee-voeoa = jie tF (tat >y(s)-y.-Y't)+ ay, Is 0+ [aoa ys, 7 je — OF (Oat + [te-oatewiom-foe-nreyem = H(s)=y.+ he Atty. tet jie OF (at fe- tA(Oy (that - jie HB(Hy (that - {acorn =v(s)=Y. +yeatny. Js- ) +[llo+aconen-etovenhs-0-Aovo Replacing sb 2in 2), we have y(2)=y. +[y'(t)+ Ay. J2-1) fu F(t) + A'(Oy(t) — Bl N\2—8) - Aly tat 1 (2) =y. ++ Atny.]+ kee +A(ty(t)- BOY K2-t)— Atty (tt 1 ‘ b+ Atty. Jeynre flew AXty(t)- BOYDK2-1)- Ay Ot 1 ¥'N+AMY, =i “Ye — fied + Aran Btoy(nke-0- Atoytot 1 Putting this value of y(1)+A(t)y, in'(2), we have y(s)=y. (SW -¥. : -(s- nf [i tey+ Aiy(e) - Beny(O2—0- Att)y(O)jet oa flee ator -Beavt0ke—9-Aooe 1eM eT is)= y.+(s—My,-y.] + [lO Ato aeyyehe-- Aty(t)kt -(s- af L(+ A y(t)—Btoynke—t)— acny(eyft y(s)=¥. +fie-nrvet+(e-afy, -y, -fe-ortoa] [late nfarey-seonbea ° us} [Att)- (2-0{4()-BO)y (hat » ¥(S)=Yo+ i —t)F (that ean -Ye -fe- veto] [la -t6-n)aro-ecb ot sts aft -(2-nfate acon - Hs- nf [awt)-@- (ate Blo tet vs)=y, «fle-oFoa ste-A|y -¥. -jo-ore fle ‘ AAU) + (8-9-(s- 2-N}AE)- BO (Hat 1 afte- nate) - 2-14") BJ (Oat v(s)=y, + [le-nrteat +(e fy, -Yo~ jee-neoa] + Jls—2yait) + (s—t-28 +24 st- nae) - BE (tat J ‘ . © +f(s—afac)-2-nfaw -Byyitat ;ere 4 2 y(s)=Ye sfie-oroave-sfy -y.-] @-orttit] 1 1 + ils _ayatt)—(t (2s) BOA 1 +fle-han-2- oan +8) Let ° . " ‘ 2 f(s)=y.+] isonet -y.-f -0Ftoa] 1 1 and Kiai\= amare ~n(2—syfare)— Bio} t 1 s a (silk + fyesiddss = i $ a = y(s)-0+fy(si)ds, = SI sy'()=0 1 + s?-4 = ys)+ fylsidds, => — 1 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 1 to s, we have Scand ith Comsoanne itJy(s2)452 [fo Yds,ds, neal Ads =ly(sohf + jte- ~ty(tjat =4 i" =v(s)- en fle- ttt = a > y(s)-yCt)+ f(s—dy(tat = si-se+2 1.(2) ‘ Replacing s by 0 in (2), we have 9 y(0)-y(t) + {(O-t)y (that =2 5 ‘ ; = 1-y(1)- fty(t)at =i y(0)=1 i 0 2 y)=1-4- Joya 1 Putting this value of. y(1) in (2), we have y(s)- [3 foes) fle-nyar = 2-382 2 y9)-1+8sfoa -fle-onoa=© “ee a ysyat-4, S42 foroa- jie- y(t >y(s)= 12S never: {to-oyone =ye-t#s Sy ferent + j (s—t)y(that 0 s 3 =>y(s)=14+5 = s 1 . < + fty(that + frrtnat + fis thy (tat 0 : ‘ 3-35 m7) +focnars eete-nbvo > y(s)=14 = 52 +|oom+ [sent ‘ AB)" S $a retegral Equations Let f(s)=1+ and - Ken={t ts Making these substitutions in (3), we have 1 V(s)=(s)+ [Kis.t)y(t)at 3 a which is the required Fredholm integral equation. Transform the boundary value problém y'ty=t yO)=ty¥(1)=0 into an integral equation. The given differential equation is yrty=1- w(t) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 1 tos, we have [vey )ds, + [ys )ds, = fas. ala = [yenas lal = yts)-y't)+ ysis, 8-4 = y'6)-0+ | sd, =s-1 sy'()=0 = y(s)+fy(si)ds, =s-1 1 Replacing s by sz and integrating w.r.t. S. from 1 to s, we have 5 a 5 fy'Grlds, + i tuts Jds,ds, = [(S2 — 1d, 1 11 1 (s.-1)” 2 = (so) + is — thy (that = 4 (s-1? wol2) = y(s)- y+ fis ~ty(that = 1 Replacing $ by Oin (2), we have ty Cmsoanne; | ¥O)- ¥(1)+ [(O-fy(tyat = 1 | : 1 2 ; _ — 1 =1-y(1) Jota = 5 ¥)=4 >) = 1-4 foyer ‘ A 11 awi=5 + [teat Putting this. value of y(1) in (2), we‘have 4 s ve)-[}- foro fe -ty(t)at = sor 0 1 : 1 s 2 Mts)-3- [ats fie-nyioat = G9 1, (s~ iri : ora! ee joa jee y(tat 1 (s- (s-1)? 2 ys) 61" + jocoars j (s=Hy(that = (= 4 4050 + j ona jee j (s- y(t ; / nae 1 + font fe-(s-edvoe 4 Ge us + [teat + jevtoat . (3) =Ho)=4 5 Let 4 Sa f(s)= 2 and ts t t= K(s,t) ; ie Making these substitutions in (3), we have i ; V(s)=F(s) +] K(s,t)y (eat ° Which is the required Fredholm integral equation.HEISE Transform the boundary value problem y"+y=sins, y(0)=1, (5) =0 into an integral equation. The given.differential equation i is y" +y= sins o(1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from - to s, we have : s ‘ Jy"(sidds, + [y(s,)ds, = [sins,ds, 2 2 s * is SIs + Jy(s,ds, =-ooss,|- 2 ; 2 a ® . = wis)-y (5) Jr(s,\ds, =-coss 2 : _ . >y'(s)-0+fy(s))ds,=-coss = (5) =0 s = y'(s)+ [y(s,)ds, = =coss 2 Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s. from = to s, we have 2 Nike y(s,)ds; J fy(s,)ds,ds, = -[coss,ds, 2 beats + fle- ty (that = ins (s-dy(t)at = {sne-se(5)] (s—t)y(t)at = {sins -1) te = y\s)- 2) + Niaho nia = (s)- 8) + th CamsoanneTo 7-1; Formation of Inte 2 ys)-¥(5) + fs -t)y(t)dt =1-sins 12) __ Replacing sby 0 in (2), we have —*) ¥(0)- Ka} f(o-ty(that = 1- sind i > 21 2)-fowe-t-0 y=" 5 3 OD 2 iF 3 © ee 2, = 43) =—fty(tat = fiy(eat oO 2 ° N< Putting this value of 45) in (2), we have > ; ” x z 3 o — [ty(t)dt+ (s—t)y(t)dt = 1-sins y(s) i it) °: > 5 yis)= 4-sins+ Jot - jis ‘vce =— ie = y(s)=1-sins + + foot + fis-oy(at ° 5 ee => y(s)=1-sins «fotoat + fvenat + J(s- t)y(tat => y(s)= tesins +fiy(tt + It (s-t)ly(t)at oO s (3) s » sahctcones foenets fot 0 bet f(s)=1-sins . > fad Ket={t iy -v(5}+ Ins )ds, = sins - 21(5) 2 s : e = y(s)-04 fy(s)ds,=sins-1 (5) =0 . z whats =yy'(sy+ [y(s,)ds, = sins-1 BN, Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s from 7 to s, we have j ¥(S2)d8_ + FFrteaseds, = j (sins, — t)ds, 2 32 3 = lyst + fie-ayteet = coss, ~s,|7 ss , i ty Cmsoanne|r-1: Formation of Integral Equations — ro, =10- 93) Te tnt-cos-sscof 28 =v0)-¥(§)+] (saat = -coss—s += 2) 2 Replacing s by.0 in (2), we have . 0 y(0)- 5)+ Jo-sy(tyat = ~cos0-04% 5 Q 21-¥3)- int 4142 y(0)=1 Putting this value of 45) in (2), we have. 0 2 = y(s)- im -F+ ra emt nen = y(s)-2+ os fovtenee + fis-nyinet =-ooss-s+4 6 = 2 = v(s)=2-coss-s+ fty(tat - (s-t)y(t)dt 0 isa saa eee > y(s)= 2-coss~s.+ fty(that + ty(that - f(s—ny(tne a = 2 \ = v(s)=2-coss—s+ fret + fryinat + fis Avie : a 3 5 Scand ith Camsoanne en nn ETE= yls)=2-coss—s+ fivitdt+ flt+(s-o)eet a aS = y(s)=2=coss~s+ fivitat + fsy(tnt ++-(3) 0 3 Let : f(s)=2-coss—s and ts Making these substitutions in (3), we have y(s)=t(s)+ [k¢s.ty(tat ‘ 0 which is the required Fredholm integral equation. 3 Reduce the boundary value problem y'+sy=t y(0)=0=y() into a Fredholm integral equation. (EAE) SEMEN The given differential equation is y"t+sy=1 (1) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r-t. sy from 0 to s, we have j y"(S;)ds, + j si(S)d8; = fos, =y(Siip + I siy(s,)ds, =|s,/5 a 5 = (s)-¥'O)+ fsy(s,)ds)=s ° Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have "’ s 8 s Jr oordss -y of ss +f fsyyis,rsycs = fs, a = [y(sa)e -YOlsals + [(s—Hin(bat = 2 ; s 2 = y(s)—y(0)-¥'(O)s + |(s—Aty(tht = . ty Camsoanne|= H(s)-0-Y(O)s+{(s— ttt -= :y(0)=0 “0 f 3 -=> ¥(s)-¥'( bs] (s—Hy(bat = 5 «-:(2) Replacing s by 1 in (2), we have y= YON) + j (1—-t)y(that = =y(0)= ‘snileieed 0 ss 1 2 y(O)=-2+0+ft-nocedt y(t)=0 Q is ‘ , y'(0)=-2+[(-oyod : Putting this value of y‘(0) in (2), we have 1 3 2 wo-[-4 +fa- owrontf flere -> a a 1 3 2 > His)+ 5-8] 0-Dyy tats [(s—Hy(0at = y(s)= 5-54 far-nsty(tyt [lo —niy(tat 2 2e a 0 2 8 1 ‘ 26s) =5— $+ | —dstdat + [(1—nsty(tat — [sty (oat a 3 0 2g 8 8 1 > (s)= ot J(r-s)sty(t)at— [(s—thty(that + [(1-t)sty(t)at 3 a 2 2 ys 1 = H(s)= 373+ |le-ost-te- aely(tyat +Jr-nsty(edt = y(s)= £ oe. $+ [te —st? — st +t?)y(t)dt+ fa —t)sty(t)at =y(s)= rs + jo s\f “ya je tsty(tat = H18)= 58. far sy2yinars (tose 8) o sand (t-s)t?, ts Making these substitutions in (3), we have Ws)=(s)+ j K(s,t)y\(t)ot which is the required Fredholm integral equation. Reduce the boundary value problem y" +sy=s? +3s+2, y(0)=0=y/(1) into a Fredholm integral equation. The given differential equation is. ae y'+sy=s?+3s+2 we) Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Ive, ds, + syy(s,)ds, = J (s? +35, +2)ds, 0 Q a 3s? 5 =W(sJe + [sis dds, =|AL +t 2+ 2s} 2 lo t e a Ss? 352° => y(s)-y"0)+ J s,x(s))ds, = stytes pe Replacing s by s, and integrating w.r.t. s, from 0 to s, we have Fy @ ed $43 352 [rtenrde, -y10rfes, +{ fa.rsyyisas, =| (3 Sots, 3 0 38 ° : 3 bisa}$ — Ost + soviet = , ‘ = (s)-y(0)—¥'(0)s-+ [(s—Z)iy(that = 3 5 sos > ¥(s)-0-y'(0)s + (s~fiy(tat = + +8 (0) =0 ° 2 yls)- (Os f(s NM = 55 +5 +5" 70 i Scandi CamsoanneReplacing s by 1 in Caches . y- rion jt tty (t)dt = ott 444 =0- oxi ft- toy(tyt = S12 y()=0 > y'(0) =! fo-omenae : ; Putting this value of y‘(0) in (2), we have v1 fr-oweerefie-vwroa = Last 12.9 ° 12 2 ; ay 21s) $E scott [le ood =§ -orote = ys)=8+5 +6 7 ME fo —t)sty(t)at - {jo (s-tiy(that yf) 28S +125-198 Fone «[-Nabent [le Hore 0O s oO ° ‘ yoyo tot ete —10, Ja—psynd fiend + [c-notytnt a : 3 ‘ op toe tort [a—t)st (8 -oe)(dat + f(1—t)sty(tat 3 i ; yloya (S298 STEN [itt ~ste Phat + | d-pett v(s)= (ons 4128-1098 ayo nse 3) ; 3 Let f(s)= 12 and _fa-sy?, ts Making these substitutions in (3), we have ’ 1 Ys) =f (s)+ [K(s.t)y(tat o which is the required Fredholm integral equation. Scand ith CamsoanneQ2 a3 Q4 Qs Qe Qz Qs Qg Q.10 Qi a12 Distinguish between Fredholm and Voletrra.integral equations and cite their examples. Transform the initial value problem y'+y=0, y(0)=5, ¥(0)=6 into Volterra integral equation. _ Transform the initial value boundary value problem y'-y=3sin? scoss, y(0)=1 y'(0)=" into Volterra integral equation. Transform the initial value boundary value problem y'-y =50", y(0)=6, y'(0)=7 into Volterra integral equation. Transform the initial value boundary value problem y'-y=0, (2)=1=y(-2) into Volterra integral equation. Derive the Volterra integral equation corresponding to the initial value problem .¥"(s)+x(sly(s)+y(5)=0, ¥(0)=2 yO) =1 Transform the initial value boundary value problem y'ty=sins, y(0)=0=y'(0) into Volterra integral equation. Convert the initial value problem y"(s)+A(s)y'(s)+ B(s)y(s)= F(s), ¥(@)=7, y(b)=6 into a Fredholm integral equation. Transform the boundary value problem : y’+y=s, y(0)=5, y'()=0 into a an integral equation. Transform the boundary value problem y"t+y=1, ¥(0)=8, y'(1)=0 into a an integral equation. Reduce the boundary value problem y'+sy=4, y(0)=4=y(1) into a Fredholm integral equation. Reduce the boundary value problem y'+sy=s? +3s+2, y(0)=3=y(1) into a Fredholm integral equation. Nee Scand ith CamsoanneSOLVING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS CASO EE CR Cuien eit) ——————______ In this section, we shall illustrate the separable kernel or degenerate kernel method of solving Fredholm integral equations. PTE A kernel K(s,t) is called separable kernel or degenerate kemel if it can be expressed as the sum of a finite number of terms, each of which is the product of a function of s only and a function of t only, i.e., K(s,t) = S.a,(s)6)(t) ct or K(s,t) = ay(s)by(s) + 2,(5)ba(5)+ «. +aq(s)Ba(t) A complex-valued kernel K(s,t) is called symmetric kemel or Hermitian kernel if K(s,t)=K' (ts) where K” denotes the complex conjugate of K. For a real kernel, we have K(s,t)=K(t,s) For a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation 6 g(s) = af K(s,t}g(that a 4 is the eigenvalue or characteristic value and g(t) is the corresponding eigenfunction or characteristic function. Sears A solution of an integral equation is a function g(s) which when substituted in the given equation reduces it to an identity, ie. 9(S) satisfies the integral equation | Scand ith CamsoanneMeets Mercy Show that 9(s integral equation . 5 s= for ta(t)at oO The given integral. equation is s s=fe*‘g(t)at a0) ° —s is.a solution, of the Volterra Since g(s)=1-s, So g{t)=1-t Putting this value of g(t) in’(1), we have s=fort(-odt a = ett); -forta ™ -fe*a-s)-e 11-0} o™“, =-(1-s-e°)+0%% -68? —1+s+e° +1-0° This shows that g(s)=1-s is the solution of the integral equation (1). PERMStncs Discuss the general method for solving a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind when the kemel is degenerate. EE Let us consider the inhomogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=f(s)+4 [rcsngtnet wl) Since the kernel K(s,t) is degenerate; solet Ktst)= Sra(sdo(0 2) Putting this value in (1), we have a(s)=f"(s)+4 [Savemceatoe => 9(s)=f(s)+4 Saif ooaet (3) Let c, be the unknown constants defined by Scand ith CamsoanneBatre b 6; = fos(thg(that Making these substitutions in (3), we have g(s)=F(s)+ Yas, vul5) From (5), we obtain = O(t)=F(t)+A Levey -(6) Putting these values of af in (4), we have by foolnes Bas : =e, =fo (Or(tat+a Ye, fotnag tat (7) a fas b Let fi = I by (t)F(that «.-(8) And ay = j by (thay (tat ...(9) Using these values from (8) and (@)in(7), we have 6 =f, 44 D6, (10) ket The kroneker delta 5;, is. defined as = O if i#k , eo if i=k Using this definition of 5,,we have _ a DY SKek = oF w(t) ia Putting these values of c; in (10), we have n a Doulk =F +4 Lepaig fe ke 0 a 3 FF u,—4 Dona =f = fa a = inc 2 Cx al =f ia > Yon A ay Jey =, F=123.04n — ---(12) is ‘Scand itn CamsoanneThe system (12) consists, of n inhomogeneous linear equations .in unknowns 6;,¢2,C3,...C,- The system (12) will have a unique solution if the matrix of the coefficients 5), — a, is nonsingular, i.e., : DiA)=|5x -4 x] #0 . +(13) where ne 1-Aay Aa .. —Aay Dii)= ~ Aa ~ Aan Ps Aan wl4) Nag —Aagg s. -Aam is a polynomial in: 2 of degree n. i For DiA)=0, the n roots Ay,Ap)..i4, are called the eigenvalues of the given inhomogeneous Fredholm integral equation “or of the homogeneous Fredholm integral equation b g(s)=4 J K(s,tg(t)at (18) then the given inhomogeneous integral equation has a solution if and only if 5 J42,(s)g(s)ds = 0 ..-(16) a for all .,(S) which are linearly independent (nontrivial) solutions of 4 as)= 2 [K(s,t}g( tat 2 When 4#4,(i=123,...n), ie, 4 is not an eigenvalue of the inhomogeneous integral equation, the system (12) will have a unique solution. On substituting those values of 4 which are not the eigenvalues in (6), then we obtain the unique solution of the given inhomogeneous integral equation. Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=s+ afters s*t)g(t)at SEINQERE The given integral equation is als)=s+ 4) sts s*\g(tar we) a Here the Kernel K(s,t) = st+-s?t? is separable. The equation (1) can be written as Scand ith CamsoanneEerie 1 g(s)=s+a J starnor 4a fete qene ° 1 3 O(8)=5+4 sftg(tat a s? [tg(nat 1A) ill o 1 Let 1 = ftg(tyat -..(3) ° 1 And & =| t?g(tat (4) ‘Making these substitutions in (2), we have # 9(s)=s+A sc,+As’c, ~(5) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i.e., Gt)=t+2 te, +2 Pe, (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have 1 c= ft(t+a te, +A t7e, dat @ 1 = f(t? +4 Pc, +4 fep)at ° Je ate atte 3 3 4 \, 4. AC, AC, ata 4 = 12c, =4+4A 6, +34 Gy = 12¢,-4/ ¢, -3/A Cy = (12-42 Jo, -34 G2 = Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 1 c, = fit te, +A t?c,)dt 0 oA) 1 = f(t? +4 Po) +4 tea) 0 : 1 th atte, 4 tc, “tats | ity CamSoanneoN Hes totegral Equations wt 4a de ang as => 20c, =5 +51 ¢, +42 C, = -5A ¢, +200, -44 ¢, =5 => -6A c, + (20-44 Jc, = 5 (8) Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously as follows: The augmented matrix of (7) and (8) is 12-44-34 3 4 8A 20-44 | 5 4 - wea P 42-4a[ 4 12-44 ' Si 2-44: 5 4 3a sats —— 12-42 - 12-44 R, +54 R, 154? 20a -44-——— + ae 12-44 12-44] . + 7 2- |} err 2-44 240-1284+7 , _60_| 12-44 12-44] 3A 4 4 — i244 12-4A 12 a 60 240-1284+ 27 * ' _ 60 oe 24012844 4 eet 4.0: 12-44 | (12-42)(240 - 1284+ 4) ai 7 R,+ TR Py 12-42 ie 240 - 1284+ 4° Scand ith Camsoanne4(240 - 1284+ 22) +1802 1.0} (12-42)(240-1282+22) 04: —_ 240-1284 J? _ 4240 -1284+2? +454) 10} 4(8-2)(240-1281+ 22) ot: a 240-1284 7? E O11: 60 A? 80-304 60 60 80-A 1 0 i 240-12844+27 60 240-1284 + 27 # -83A4+240 10} @-A)(240-12844 27) L , 240-128 +7? 10 : (@-A)(240-1282+ 4?) 240-1284.4 2 (A -3)(A -80) 1 0 : G-A)(240-1284+ 27) 240-1284+ 2? 240 The last matrix is in reduced echelon form, which gives oy 80-4 60 =———* ___, ¢, =—__—___, 240-1284 22' 7 240-1284 72 Scand ith CamsoannePutting these values of c, and c, .in (5), we have (s)=s 4 s(80-A) 604 s? 9S)= $+ 719 -12814F 240-1844 _ $(240- 128A+A2)+A s(80-2)+60A s? 240 -128A+ a? _ (240 ~128A+ 42 +80A- 22)s + 604 s” 240 -1284+ 27 _ (240 -484)s + 602 s? 240 -1282+4 2? This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). BERS cee Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind 1 g(s)=s+A [(st? +s*t)g(that : 0 1 G(s)=s-+A [(st? +s t)g(that e(1) 0 Here the Kernel K(s,t) = st? + s*t is separable and (1) can be written as 1 1 g(s)=s+A | st?g(t)at +2 [s%tg(tyat a 0 1 1 = 9(s)=S+A s[t?g(t}dt +4 s*{ to(tjat (2) 0 0 1 Let e, = [t?9(that +) a 1 And c, = ftg(that (4) ° Making these substitutions in (2), we have O(s)=s+2 sc,+As*c, (5) If (5) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i.e., Q(t)=t+A te, +A te, +6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have 1 0, =[P(t+A te, +a te, ot 3 Scand ith Camsoanne1 \ C= [PO +4 Pe +a Mesa a A Atte, a teyl 1 ‘ “- =1,4% 46 aa => 20c, =5+52 c,+42 c = 20¢, -52 c,-44 c, =5 ; _ => (20-5A Je, - 42 c, =5 Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 1 C2 =Jt(t+a te, +A fe, dt 0 1 =f(P +4 Pe, +2 Bc,)at a 3 Pate, atte," =f +2 3” 3 4 |, a1, 4%, 462 3°43 4 => 12¢, = 4444 c, +34 c, => 41 6, +12c, -3A cy =4 = -4A 6, +(12-32 Je =4 Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously as follows: The augmented matrix of (7) and (8) is 20-54 -44 : 5 -44 12-34 3 4 5 440.2 . : ? 20-6a| 1 20-54 ' ao-6a -44 12-34: 4 5 -4a . : 20-54 20-54 Ry +44 R, 6 204 -34-— “4 9 12-34-5076, * 4 * 30-52 Scand ith Camsoanne AT) (8)ore ate 20-54 2 20-54 0 240-120-277 20-52 4A —o_ 1: 20-54 | 20-54 : | _20-54 _p, 80 240 - 1204-2 ° 240 -1204-2? is 3204 : 10: A (20-5 )(240 1204-2") a 1 0 t* 30-54? 41 renee termes 7 240 -1204-2? 60+A 4.0 : 240-1202-7 015 — 8 240 -1201-2" The last matrix is in reduced echelon form, which gives 60+A 80 gu St4 o_O 1240 —1204- 22"? 240-1202- 72 Putting these values of c, and c, in (5), we have As(60+A) , 804s? 240-120A-2? 240-120-242 (240 -1204- 4?) +4 s(60+4)+80A s? 240- 1204-72 2408-12048 -4?s +604 s+ 22s +804 s? 240 - 1204-22 240s - 604 +802 s* “940 =120-2 __ (240-604 Js +804 s? . ~~ 240-1204- 2? Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=s+ => 9(s)= = 9(s) ‘Scand ith Camsoanne4 9(s)=1+A [(1-Ast)g(t)at a 1 g(s)=144 Ja—astyg(tyat v() 0 Here the Kemel K(s,t)=1-3st is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 1 ‘ 1 . g{s)=1+2 [g(tyat-3a sf tg(t)at «:(2) 0 0 1 Let ©, = fa(t)at (3) . 4 1 And 62 = Jtg(t)at . «(4) } ; Making these substitutions in (2), we have- Q(s)=1+A ¢,-3A sc, wne(5) If (5) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i.e., g(t)=1+AG,-3A te, . (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have . 1 o, = [(1+Ac, -3Ate, at a 3A te5/" alta te | lo at+ac, 2402 2 => 2c, =2+2A ¢,-3/ c, = 2c, -24 ¢, +34 c, =2 . => (2-22 Je, +3A c, =2 +(7) Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 1 4 ; oy'= [t+ Ac, ~ Sate, at = [t+ ate, ~ 34t?o, at ° ‘ an jt? ator AA ae 2 | 2 2 2G, =14+A G, +240, =4-8e,| Scand ith Camsoanne=1 =>-A 6, +262 +24 Cy =>-A 6, +(2+2A Je, =1 +--(8) Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously as follows: The augmented matrix of (7) and (8) is f2-28 3A 3 2 [ -a 2424 3 1 wa ~ 2-24 -A 242A 1 3A 2 2-24 O 2+24+ 3A 4-447432 1-A+a 2-21 1-a 1 1-4 0 1 0 : +—__—*_—__ 1.0: 1-4 (2-24)(4-27) 4 __34_p | 2, - = 2-24 ? 01: 2 4-2 Scand ith Comsoanne01: 2 4-# [ 4-#~34 10: GRA 4-# (44+A)1-a) 10: (4-a)q=a) O41: 2 4-72 4ea 10: 4-2 ak 44d The last matrix is in reduced echelon form, which gives 2 ast Gets 14a ae Putting these values of c, and Cy in (5), we have A(4+4) Gas g(s)=1+ 4-2 “= = g(sy = A744 84s 9) =e This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). GGRUISZINGS Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind 1 g(s)=14+s+A J(s+s7t*)o(t)at Solution / : g(s)=14+8+A |(s+s?t* )g(t)at 4 Scand ith Camsoanne (1)Here the Kemel K(s,t)=s+5%t° is separable. The equation (1) can bg written as ' 1 g(s)=1+s+A s{ gitiat +a s? ft®g(tiat +2) 4 4 4 Let 0, = [g(t)at (8) - 4 1 And e,= festa (4) 4 Making these substitutions in (2), we have g(s)=1+s+4 sc, +4 s’c, (5) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), ie., G{t)=14t+2 te, +2 te, --.(6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have 1 oy = (1+t+ ate, +At?c, at “4 2 2, 43, |" tt Aer a ee 2° 2 3 |, = 3c, =6 +24 c, =>3c,-24 c, =6 Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 1 oy = [P(1+t+ Ate, +Af%e, jat 4 1 = f(t® +t sate, +at%c,)at 4 => 5c, =2+21.6, . => -2A 6, +50, =2 -.(8) Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously as follows: Scand ith CamsoanneThe augmented matrix of (7) and (8) 3-2 3 g “2 5: al 4 724 hi i 244A -% , 2 Ry 3 o 1; 3@+4a) [15-427 15-422 4 2A(2+44) 15-47 ~ LR ZER, 3(2+44) 15-422 30444 15-47 10,2 6+12A 15-47? The last matrix is in reduced echelon form, which gives 30+4a: | | 6+12a “18-42? 15-472 Putting these Values of c, and cz in (5), we have . (30444) 8 (6+124)A s? 15-422 15-47? 15-42? +(15+30A)s + (64+122")s? 15-427 This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). 01 co g(s)=1+S+ => g(s)= Scand ith CamsoanneSolve the Fredholm integral equation of the second king 3 g(s)=1+4 [sin(s +t)g(t)at 3 a 2 g(s)=14+4 [sins + t)g(t)at wf) 0 Here the Kernel K(s,t)=sin(s+t) is separable. The equation (1) can be written as g(s)=1+4 [isinscost +cosssint)g(t)at 0 cosig(t)at +2 coss sintg(t}at +(2) 0 Sonia => g(s)=1+/ sins 0 asia & Let ¢, = | costg(t)dt «.(3) 0 $ 7 And o, = [sintg(t)at AA) 3 Making these substitutions in (2), we have w(5) g(s)=1+A sinsc, +A COSSC, If (5) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), ie., g(t)=1+4 sinte, +2 costC, (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have a z = (cost +A costsinte, +4 cos? fc, )at } a, 2 { A (14+c0s2t)c2 a 0 2. ty Camsoanne=> ¢,=\sint+2 ot Ae (eomneeyt - 2 2 = 4¢,=44+21 0,44 Cy > (4-24)¢,-A xe, =4 ‘Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 2 Cz = Jsint(1+A sintc, +4 coste, Jat (sint +2 sin? te, +4 ‘costsinte, it cela oC Snia (ante 1(1-cos2t)+A cost sin, at a2 = cost + 481 A(t le Ac, sin? t|? 2 2 f Anc, 7 AG, 4 2 => 4c, =44/1 70,421 c, =>-Ame,+(4—-2A)e, =4 Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously as follows: The he suarmerted matrix of (7) and (8) is 4-24 -An 3 4 -An 4-23 4 a+ +4 zane 4 4-20 : 4-24 1 R. ~ , 1 4-24 -An 4-2A } 4 1 -An 4 4-22 4-24 x) R,+4aaR, Br , 4An 0 4-24- 2a 4+ Scand ith Camsoanner ol) ++.(8)4-22 . 2-4 : 42a @—2alfa—2ay Ba? an 4-24 } 4-21 4-24 at _k ae Re 1e-sar4an | (4-24-42 4° An(16-81+4A7) p+ R, 4-2 16-81+4A10 (4-24)? -# x? 4-22) - 22 x? |+22(16-84+ 427) : (4-24)(4—24)? — 2 2? 16-81+4A0 (4-24)? -2? x? 44-24)? - 40? x? +1640 - Bn +42 0? (4-24) (4-24)? - 2 27] ° 16-84+4a2 (4-24)? - 7? 2? 4(4-24)? 422 2? 41640-8220 +42? x? (4-24)(4-24)? -7 27] ee (4-24) -# x? 4(4-2A)? +162.2-84'x (4-2a)(4-24)?- 2 27] 16-84+4470 (4-21)? -#? x? Scand ith Camsoanne1 0 , M4 24) 41612-8220 + (4-2ay4-2a -F 2] Ot: 16-81+4i7 (2a BF 10 , Man 2ay +4aaa~2a) * (4-24)(4-24)? 2 27] 5 16- 8h + 4da fs “0 (42a 2a? 4(4-24)+4an 1 (4-2ay -22 2? ° 16-844 440 (4-22)? - 7? x? J, 16-814447% (4-22)? - 7? 2? 16-8i+4an (4-24)? -2? x? The last matrix is in reduced echelon form, which gives “gn 16 8444de 18-8144 1 (4-2ay #2 (4-20)? 2 x? Putting these values of c, and c, in (5), we have A(16-81+4Az)sins | 2(16-84+4A472)coss gcaavcta® * (dcaayrek at (4-24)? -2? x (4-24)? —2? x A(16-84+ 4A 2)sins +A(16-8A+4A7)coss (4-247 -2? x? This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). PERPASEMES Solve the integral equation os) =(s+ 1) + [ict+s)g¢ena 4 g(s)=1+ => 9(s)=1+ (P.U. 2003, Se g(s)=(s+1)? + fests 5? (hat 3 wA(1) 4 . . Scand ith CamsoanneHere the Kernel K(s,t)=st+s*t is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 7 1 s+)? + J sto(tyat + fs?t?gnat a A gs) =¢ 1 1 =>o9(s)=(s+ 1 +s] tg(that+s° fergtat (2) 4 4 - 1 Let c= | tg(that ---(3) 4 1 And C= eget (4) Making these substitutions in) we have g(s)=(s+ 1)? +80, +87C2 . (5) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), ie., (8) g(t)=(t+1)? +tc +tC, must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of gI have (t) from (8) in (3), we 1 c= [tlt+? +te, + tc, ft 4 1 = fe(t? +2t4+14 toy + 1700) 4, 1 = fe +202 +£+ cyt? + Gpf® at A 28 2 ef? ont] a+ +5+- 7+ a'3 2°34, “ont 2c, Sey =04 540440 => 3c, =4+2¢, =>e,=4 Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 1 C= felts? +00, +10, pt a .A7) 1 = fee +2t+1 +10, +c,)at A ity CmsoanneLeraeese Sowing ea EAos Santee eg \ 12¢¢2 J (07 +204 1400, +c, )at 1 =f + 2P se so sot yar 4 1 ett ae 5 4 -2,9,2 2c, pret gts => 15c, =6+10+6c, = 9c, =16 16 = ROG (8) Putting these values of c, and c, in (5), we have 9(s)=(s+1)? +4s+tst This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). BERENS eins Solve the integral equation g(s)=(s+2)? + jotes?? Jo(t)at 2 2 Solution g(s)=(s+2)? + Jist+s??)g(tat (1) 2 Here the Kernel K(s,t)=st+s*t? is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 2 2 g(s)=(s+2)" + fsto(t)at + fs? g(tat 2 2 2 2 = g(s)=(s+2)? +8 tg(thdt +s? Jeo(tat wal) 2 2 Let = fiat 8) 4 And C= feacene + A4) 4 Making these substitutions in (2), we have g(s)=(s+2)? +50; +87C2 ; IF 6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i. (5) Scand ith Camsoanneg(t)=(t+2)? +H + ee Cp (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), 5° putting the value of g(f) from (6) i in (3), we have 2 ey = feke+2)? +14 +t, ft 2 2 = fe? at ed toy + PCa) 2 2 = [tO 441? +t oy? +cat it 2 4 at? cyt? , cot*]” . i = At of? +S 4 4.3 3 is : -0+ 4 04+ +0 | . = 3c, =64+16¢, . | => 130, =-64 | | BOR ag (7) | Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have 2 oy = fer(t+2y +c, + ?¢, ft 2 2 = ft2(? +4t+4+te, +c, lt 2 Z ‘ = [t2(? +4t+4+te, + cpa i : = fit 4409 440? 40° +024 ot 2 ale ae ot os’ ; 5 3 4 «CSI, 64 64 64c, = 595% 2 : Bp tOtg t0tme = 15c, =192 +320 +192¢, = 177¢, =-512 512 : sg, Be 2477 -@) Scand ith CamsoanneThis is the required solution of the integea equation (1). acess Solve the Fredholm integral equation 1 ; g(s)=e* - 39+ + plato SEMEN The given integral sain is g(s)=e° ~for} vas SJovoe -(1) Here the Kernel K(s,t)=1 is separable. 1 Let cy = fg(tyat (2) a Making this substitution in (1), we ne 1 1 g(s)=e* ~ perp egei +(3) If (9) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (1), ie., gtt)=0 —Zort edo, (4) must satisfy (2), so putting the value of g(t) from (4) in (2), we have 1 a= -l[e ~fords do, ia 1,.1,,1,|' =f fej Ze lo . =>C,=e-1 Putting this value of ¢, in (3), we have 1 4,1 g(s)=e' f—ger5tple~ 1) ‘ist = g(s)=e* isis the required solution of the integral equation (1). Scand ith Camsoanne2-1.15 Examp! ‘olve the Fredholm lateral equation g(s)=sins—— zs += Sfaec Here the Kernel K(s,t)= x is saparabié. The given integral equation can be written as ad 1G a(s)=sins- 3s +38] t9(tnt (1) Let e= feacrat (2) a Making this substitution in (1), we have g{s)=sins-43+450 +-(3) If (3) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (1), ie. att) =sint—tt+ tte, wl4) must satisfy (2), so putting the value of g(t) from (4) in (2), we have eet Scand ith Camsoanne= %- ne 96 >o,=1 Putting this value of c, in (3), we have 11 9(s)=sins-—s+— qotgs = 9(s)=sins This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). aisetscs Solve the Fredholm integral equation o(s)=s+tans + [sgttyat 2 Here the.Kernel K(s,t)=s is separable. The given integral equation can be written as g(s)=s+tans +sfattt 3 7 Let c= Jattat 4 Making this substitution in (1), we have g(s)=s+tans+cs If (3) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (1), Le., g(t)=t+tant+ct must satisfy (2), so putting the value of g(t) from (4) in (2), we have 4 ri c= [(t+tant+ ot)at =(1+¢)/tat + [tantat a a 0 1?|* Y =(140}5 -|incost|4 lo 2 = toate (no cos0] = ye -In—-In1 “32° 32, ro we _ xn we Ming e 32 32.2 o Scand ith Camsoanne we(2) (3) (4)=" «a2 Putting this value of cin (3), we have (2? +16In2)s 32-17 This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). Solve the Fredholm integral equation g(s)=7+4 Jsins+ thg(t)at a g(s)=s+tans+ a(s)=7+4f sins + ata wal) Here the Kernel K(s,f)= anise is separable. The equation (1) can be written as g(s)=7+ af(sinscost +cosssint)g(t)dt : ° => 9(s)= 7+Asins| cosig(tat + Acoss| sintg(t)dt .-.(2) > a Let c, = [costg(t)at 7) ‘ a And Cp = [intent (4) Making these substitutions in (2), we have g(s)=7 +A sinsc, +A cossc, (6) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), ie., g(t)=7+4 sintc, +4 costc, (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have ¢, = foost(7 +A sinte, +4 costc, )dt =| (7cost+2 costsintc, +4 cos? tc )at ° ity CamSoanneSoe ‘ >on [{reost+a Cost sinte, oA teessres a 2 lat 2 =[Tsint+Ac, Sit, Ac, (« sin2t\" _ arc, 2 2 2}, 2 = 2c,=A nc, => 2c,-A mc, =0 A?) Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have C= fsine7 + A sintc, +A costc, jdt a (7sint +2 sin? tc, +a cost sintc, jdt ° Ac, = || 7sint+ 3" - CO82t) + A costsintc, |dt 0 page F Teast + F1(_ saz), 4 ease Wag 4 2 2 2 7 2 = 2c, = 28+A xe, => -AnG, +2c, = 28 ..(8) Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously for c, and c, using Cramer's rule. From (7) and (8), we have 20 -Ar 252 Al=| 3, 9 [pa7#e By Cramer's rule 0 -anr ie 2 | 1/0 -An|_ 282% 9 eral 2 | 4-ar 2 0 Ax nl 1| 2 nl 56 Tal All-4e 28] 4- aa? Putting these values of c, and c, in (5), we have 2877 rsins , 564 coss 4-2n? | 4-H? This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). PSRENS eines Solve the integral equation g(s)=7+ Scand ith CamsoanneHx) af xt 22 )AOVat = x a : The given integral equation can be written as . 1 Ax)ax+a (xt xO (fl) Here the Kernel K(x,t) = 4xt— x? is separable: The equation (1) can be written as dex) =x4 42x] tnt a? [atta (2) ° o 1 Let 6 = ftg(that af) a 1 And C2 = | o(that --(4) a Making these substitutions in (2), we have x) =x+4A.x0, -2x7c, +6) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisty (3) and (4), ie. Wt) =t+4Ate, -at?e, (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have 4 Gy =ft(t+4ate, -At?c, jdt 3 4 = f(t? +4AtPe, -2t%c, jot 0 Le, aatter_atte, : 3: 8 4-], A144) Ate 3°33 ~«4 = 12c, =4+164¢, -340, => (12-164 )c, +34 c, =4 (7) Similarly, putting the value of ¢(¢) from (6) in (4), we have 2 at®c,|" IE #2atte, A 1 2 = [(t+4ate, —At?c, jat = @ lo ty CamsoanneAca 1 GC, =5+2Ac,-—2 2 i 3. => 6c, = 341210, ~2Ac, => 1216, + 6c, +24¢, =3 > 1220, +(6+24)c, =3 (e Next we solve (7) and (8) simultaneously for c, and c, using coats + fule. From (7) and (8), we have 12-162 32 Ml=| 422 6424 =72-96A+24a-322? +362? = 72-721 +42" =72-721 +42 By Cramer's rule . |- (12-162)(6 +24) +3677 |3_6+2a] Al Alls ocaal _244+81-92 ____ 24-A Al 72-724 +42" 12-164 4 —12a _3|_ 1/12-164 : co, - = Al jAl| -122 36-484 +484 _ 36 Al “72-720 +40 and c, in (5), we have 4a(24-A)x 36Ax' AA(Q4— AK __ SOON __ AX)= X47) 799 4 T2-T2A4AE of the integral equation (1). tion by separable kemel method aie || 1 c= Patting these values ofc; 2 This is the required solution PEREISEINIE Solve the integral equal ° * 2 Gx) = 2x- 2 +4] sin® xd{t)dt @ SQINTEME The given integ! x — ahem? xg(t)at fe, The equation (1) can be ral equation can be written as. ax)-2 lM), t)=4sin? x is separable Here the Kernel K(x written as Scand ith CamsoanneMeroe x Hx) al xf not (2) Let at)at (8) c= oni Making this substitution in (2), we have Wx) = 2x-2+4esin? x w(4) If (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), ie., Ht)=2t-2+4esin°t (5) must satisfy (3), so putting the value of (t) from (5) in (3), we have c =fet-n+4esin? t)dt = flat-z+26-20c0s20t 0 a I? -mt+2ct—csin2t|? =>e-10=-— 4 S otlew ea 2 x eh (6) Putting this value of cin (4), we have x) =2x- 04+ sin? x a-t =c= This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). PERUESENTIS Solve the integral equation by separable (degenerate) kemel method 2 Ax)=x+4 [lx -t|sinxd(tat a EINE The given integral ‘equation is 2g Axy=x+4 [|x —t|sinxo(tat w(t) ° Here the Kernel K(xt)=|2 -t[sinx is separable. The equation (1) can be written as ‘Scand ith Camsoanneine Pan 3 Wx)= x44 sinx [|x —t|g{t)at (2) ° 2" Let om [le — tient (3) Making this substitution in (2), we have Ax)=x+Aesinx - wf4) if (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), i.e. Kt)=t+A csint +(5) must satisfy (3), So putting the value of ¢(t) from (5) in (3), we have 2p c= flr —tl(t+a esintyat 0 2 an =flr—tlt+2 csintyat + [x -t|e+ osintyat : 0 © . ae oe f(a —t)(t+a esint)at + f(a -tMt+4 csint)at a : aoaf(at-P+a aesint—A ctsint)at 0 2p ~ f(xt-tP+a xesint -A.ctsint)dt 2 43 at’ ta gecost+/ctcost-4 csint| lo an. 2 3 nt? f° 1 eccost +4 ctoost-A csint 2 Poe, ant Ba =| = (40 2-72 47-2 3A =e (5 7 +2 mO-A HE 272 3 + 3 m0+3A me ie >c=n* Putting this value of c.in (4), we have Wx)=x+A n° sinx This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). PAPAWSehney Solve by separable kere! method equation 1 ax) = x43 [(t-aaoat 4 Ea Solution ‘Scand ith Camsoannex)= X45 fe ~ xt =(1) Here the Kernel K(s, H=ztt- x) is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 1 1 x)= xs Ff tatat—5 x] abe «.2) 4 4 1 Let o, = Jte(tat +=(3) 4 And c= fate +4) 4 Making these substitutions in (2), we have dxyex+te, ye, eee if (5) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i.e., ai=t+fo,-tte, (6) must satisfy (3) and (4), so putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have «..(5) oye fi(tete, Le at = [t+ ee Ate, Jat - = ft per pee t= ||P egies pees wh .taPel -2-t6 “aa 67, 3 37 => 3e, =2-c, = 3c, +c, =2 (7) Similarly, putting the value of 4(¢) from (6) in (4), we have , : 1. 4 eo e o, = [{t+ 20, ste, lat =| + te, -— - i( +e Ste, arp a, = Cy «..(8) Putting this value of c, in (7), we have 3c, +0, =2 = 4e, = =O, wl 2 Putting this value of ¢, in (8), we have c, = i. ‘Scand ith CamsoannePutting these values of c, and ©, in (5), we have x)= x44 Max+7 2 A)= 343% This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). Solve by separable kemel method equation . 1 Ax) = 3x4 [(2t-5x\pAthat mn : \ ; Ax) = 3x4 [(2t-Sx\p(that +1) a Here the Kemel K(s,t)=2t—5x is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 1 4 Wx) = 3x +2) to(C)al + 5x{ g(a +(2) : a 0 : 1 Let cy = [te(t)at (3) a 1 And C2 = J ot)at AA) a Making these substitutions in (2), we have Wx) = 3x +20, + 5x (5) If (6) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3) and (4), i.e., ot) =3t + 2c, +5tc, (8) must satisfy (3) and (4), So putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (3), we have 1 1 o, = [t(3t+2c, + Ste, Jat = f(t? + 2tc, + 5¢°c, lat a 0 2 = 2+ fe, +26, =1+¢, + 26, 2 3 3 3 =e, =-> Similarly, putting the value of g(t) from (6) in (4), we have * H at? st? & = fata eget fF +2, Te, Scand ith Camsoanne=> 2c, =3+4¢, + 5c, = 4c, =-3-3¢, (8) Putting the value of ¢, from (7) in (8), we have 3)_-15+9__6 4c, =-3-3| -~ |= ———"=-= c=-3-4-§] 5 - 5 3 2h =-45 Putting these values of c, and c, in (5), we have wnex{-3) 5x, 2 ox) =31- 3-3 3 = d=-3 This is the required solution of the integral equation (1). Solve the integral equation by separate kere! method 1 Hx)=0% +4 fe” dly)dy 4 SEIMIENE The given integral equation is 4 dx)=0% +4 fe y)dy (4) 4 Here the Kernel K(x,y)=e""” is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 4 1 x)= 0% +2.0* [o’ oy )dy «.2) a H é Let c= fe’ py)dy 2) 4 Making this substitution in (2), we have Hx)=0* +Ace* AA) If (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), ie. Wy) =e" +AceY (5) must satisfy (3), 5° putting the value of #(y) from (5) in (3), we have ty Camsoanne1 (oY +240” dy =(1+40)[6%dy A yl! 2 le e- Ha | ~tea0f = (1+ A2)sinh2 =(t+a0} =sinh2+Acsinh2 => ¢-Acsinh2 =shh2 => (1-Asinh2)c =sinh2 sinh2 © 1=Asini2 . (8) Putting this value of cin (4), we have a Asinh2 .x mer x)= Or + TTF sinh 2° 3 d= tA sinh + Asinh? gy Aso) 1=Asinh2 au ail 9k 1-Asinh2 This is the required solution of (1). PERLIST ace Solve the integral oqueman by separate kere! method Hx)= 0% +4 / e* Yaly)dy olution] The given integral equation 's ux)=e ral ey dy w(t) = ox) = Here the Kemel K(x,y)=e*” is separable. The equation (1) can be written as 1 Hx)= 0" +0" Jeol )ay @) Let c= joravey 8) Making this substitution in 2), we have g(x) = e* +Ace* If (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), ie. Scand ith Camsoannerwy must satisfy (3), s0 putting the value of gy) from (5) in (3), we have 6) 4 1 c= fe (eo! + A200” by = fit4aedy = (t+ A0)fay 4 q i =(1+Ae}yl!, =21+4c)=24226 = (1-2A)e=2 2. SON Putting this value of cin (4), we have ae , Zhe (x) =e’ tha e*-21e%+210% 9% 1-22 - = 9x)= This is. the required solution of (1). Qt a3 a4 Qs as A dato) Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=s+ aftets st? )g(that Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=s+ alts? +87t)g(t)dt Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind o(s)=1 sala 2st)g(t)at Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=148+ aje +8°t°)g(that Solve the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind g(s)=144 fi sin(s—t)g(t)at a Solve the integral equation g(s)=(s+1)? + [(st+s?t? )g(that 2 ‘Scand ith CamSoanneSolve fhe Fredholm integral equ: a7 2 g(s)= 6? ~forg+ fatter as Solve the Fredholm integral equation 8 1.1 ‘s) = ed o ) = coss jeg [strom as .Solve the Fredholm integral equation 9(s)= t+afsin(s +t)g(t}et 0 aio Solve the integral equation 2 Hx) Af (Axt— x? (that = x 0 Q11 Solve the integral equation by. separable kernel method Hx) =2x-2+ fcos? xo(t)at : : ° Solve by separable kernel method equation 2 Wx) = x42] (t-xX)efat of PRM une ed and Eigenfunctions| 5 and eigenfunctions of integral Q.12 In this section we shall find eigenvalue: equations with the help of some examples. Find the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the integral equation Z x)= A] sin? x¢(t)at u SSM the given integral equation is i wx) = Af sin? xg(tyat (1) 0 Here the Kernel K(x,t)=sin? x is separable. The equation (1) can be written as ’ Scand ith Camsoanneee 5 x)= sin? x] aot 2) ° © 0 Ist c= fanyar (3) 4 ° Making this substitution in (2), we have Wx) = Acsin? x w4) If (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), i.e. Ht) =Acsin® t +5) must satisfy (3), so putting the value of ¢{t) from (5) in (3), we have 28 2 oman . c= acsin? tdt = = {(1-cos2t)ot ° 4 Ac(x 1 0 -#(5-3) => 8c = Ac(n -2) => Ac(a -2)-8¢=0 => [A(x -2)-8]e=0 _ 2c}, sin2t 2; 2 => A(n -2)-8=0 c#0 => Aa -2)=8 8 A=— wed Ae (8) . This is the required eigenvalue. Putting this value of 1 in (4), we have Wx) = 8 sin? x 7) a-2 Since cis constant, so let us another constant A defined as A= * n-2 Putting this value in (7), we have #{x)= Asin? x. This is the required eigenfunction. 2 Example: Find the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the integral equation 1 Hx) =Afe*” Ky dy a Scand ith CamsoanneSEIMEI The given integral equation is 1 Ax)=afer” 4 Hy iy AN) Here the Kemel K(x,y)=e"-” is sey written as ble. The equation (1) can be Hx) = A0* i e"Hyidy AQ) Let c= j eo ayy 8) Making this substitution in Q we have x) = Ace* wf4) If (4) is the solution of (1), then it must satisfy (3), ie. Hy) =Ace” +5) must satisfy (3), so putting the value of wy) from (5) in (3), we have c= Jor (acer ny = relay =Ady|', =24c a A =c-2ic=0 = (1-24)e=0 =1- 2 =0 c#0 A= This is the roa eigenvalue. Pating this value of 4 in (4), we have x)= joo" ...(6) This is the required eigenfunction. Find eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the integra! equation 1 x)= Afe""Hy Wy 4 The given integral equation is Hx) = aje 0” Hy dy Here the Kemel K(x.y)=e%"” is separable. The equation (1) can be written as wal) hate” Jormyray ..-(2) ss ity CamSoanne