Cluster Computing

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-1721-2

Efficient energy optimization in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using

better-quality AODV protocol
M. Anand1 · T. Sasikala2

Received: 16 October 2017 / Revised: 30 December 2017 / Accepted: 4 January 2018

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

Abstract
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of nodes formed together to make communication without need of
infrastructure. Due to restricted characteristics of MANET has to relay on wireless communication. This causes the battery
power is an important factor in MANET to provide reliable communication without any power failure. Many research works
has been carried out to improve the battery power to avoid packet dropping or packet loss while transmitting of packets. The
battery power optimization in MANET is still not come in to the wrapping up. This research article proposed a method to
improve the battery power in MANET and provide the better quality in packet transmission. This is achieved by using AODV
protocol with improving the routing strategy in packet transmission. The result was implemented in Network simulator and
shows better improvement comparing with the existing power optimization strategy.

Keywords Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) · Ad hoc on demand vector protocol (AODV) · Power optimized AODV
(POAODV) protocol

1 Introduction sion and Application layer is an acting application protocol

The Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) [1] is a Wire-
less Communication Network designed for communicating
between devices whenever there is an unimportance of Infras-
tructure. Nodes are relay on the working strategy of receiving
the packets and transmit to the next hop without making any
delay unless and until the packed is an intended receiver.
Based on the transmitting strategy the packets get travel from
source node to destination node through intermediate nodes.
The Fig. 1 depited the MANET architecture with five nodes.
In MANET protocol stack has compromises of four layers
like physical layer performs bit by bit transmission of pack-
ets, Network layer is responsible for transmitting of packet
by identifying route between source to destination, transport
layer plays connection oriented and connection less transmis-
B M. Anand
anandmenscall@gmail.com
T. Sasikala
sasi_madhu2k2@yahoo.co.in
1 Department of Information Technology, Tagore Engineering
College, Chennai, India
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jeppiaar
SRR Engineering College, Chennai, India
for packet transmission. The difference between the wireless
and wired communication is on the changes in Network layer
based on the routing strategy. Figure 2 shows the protocol
stack of MANET architecture .
The classification of MANET routing protocols is based
on two classification like proactive routing protocol and reac-
tive routing protocol [2]. The proactive routing protocol is
also called as table driven routing protocol [3,4] where the
route between a node with all other nodes are maintained on
the table which will be followed by the nodes who needs to
communicate with other nodes. The advantages of this rout-
ing method is the time takes for route identification is less
and route table is fixed. The disadvantages of this protocol
is when the nodes changes it topological position, the route
table has to be updated which is time consuming. Example
of this type of protocols are DSDV, OLSR and WRP etc.
The Second classification of routing protocol is reactive
protocol also called on demand protocol. The route between
the source to destination is created whenever the nodes wants
to communicate with other nodes [5]. The advantages of this
protocol type is route table maintenance are not required as
well as the route identification is efficient. The Disadvantage
of this protocol type is which take the time for creating route.
Example of this type of protocol is AODV, DSR etc.

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Fig. 1 MANET architecture
Fig. 2 Protocol stack
Fig. 3 Routing protocol classification
The Hybrid protocol is the combination of proactive and
reactive protocol routing strategy. This type of protocol relay
the on demand as well as table driven method of route iden-
tification based on the need of packet transmission.Example
of this type are ZRP, TORA and etc. The Fig. 3 illustrate the
classification of MANET protocols.
The major challenges of MANET is packet loss due to
transmission errors [6], variable capacity links, frequent
disconnections [7,8], limited communication bandwidth,
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Broadcast nature of the communication, Dynamic changing
topology and routing, lack of mobility awareness of applica-
tion, short battery lifetime and limited capacity.
There are many research had been focused on providing
solution for better MANET performance. This research arti-
cle is to provide the solution for better battery performance
[9,10], avoid the packet loss, prevent the dynamic change in
topology.
The Proposed methods had implemented in Network sim-
ulator and shown the better performance compare with the
existing methods.
2 Literature survey
Literature survey of this proposed work is based on two folds
like energy optimization and better quality improvement in
MANET AODV protocols.
In this paper [11], authors proposed a new technique to
optimize the energy by reducing the router request messages
and the proposed protocol is called a Dicho_AODV which
proved minimization on energy optimization.
In this paper [12] authors proposed a method to avoid the
link failure which causes the power wastage due to link fail-
ure. They introduces a Adaptive HELLO messages scheme to
decide the local connectivity information of dynamic OnDe-
mand Routing Protocol.
Manjinder Kaur, Lalit Mann Singh [13] in this paper
authors introduces the dynamic clustering and residual
energy concepts to implement the reliable communication,
and results proved reduction in energy consumption.
Zhong Shuai Jiao, Yanfang Guo [14] in this paper authors
proposed energy optimization of nodes is always taken as the
metric standard during the routing process, so that nodes can
quickly and efficiently complete the path selection to ensure
the reliability of data transmission. Simulation results show
that the improved scheme can balance the energy consump-
tion of the network, and has great advantages in terms of
packet delivery ratio and throughput, and prolongs the life-
time of network.
In this paper, authors suggest two methods to improve
the AODV protocol [15]. A multi-path routing protocol is
proposed which is based on AODV and Ant Colony Opti-
mization (ACO). This protocol is refereed to Multi-Route
AODV Ant routing (MRAA). Also we propose a load balanc-
ing method that uses all discovered paths simultaneously for
transmitting data. In this method, data packets are balanced
over discovered paths and energy consumption is distributed
across many nodes through network.
In this paper authors proposed routing protocol for
MANET [16] that uses hop count as a path selection met-
ric. However, AODV has no means to convey traffic load on
current route. This study focuses on introducing two metrics
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such as Aggregate Interface Queue Length (AIQL) and link
quality, in AODV to deal with load balancing issues. In this
paper, the network performance is enhanced by balancing the
load using queue length and link quality.
In this paper, analysis between various routing protocols
[17] has been done. A bio-inspired technique is proposed
to analyze network performance. AODV, DSR, DSDV and
hybrid routing protocols are compared in terms of through-
put. Packet loss and delay. Experimental results show that
hybrid routing protocols has better performance as compared
to the other protocols.
In this paper authors provides a solution for AODV
MANET [18] protocol to improve the QoS challenges
through focusing on bandwidth, Packet delivery ratio, energy
and mechanism overheads. This paper exclusively summa-
rizes all such modifications suggested for AODV, along with
their benefits and limitations. The aim of this paper is to facil-
itate literature survey in future researches such that several
proposed modifications in AODV routing protocol can be
probed quickly, and to identify areas for future research.
In this paper, a proposed method [19] called M-AODV,
which is a type of overhearing backup protocol, based on
AODV, is presented. The simulation results of this protocol,
applied by NS2 simulator, showed the improvement of packet
delivery rate and reduction of overhead and delay. Moreover,
to assess the security of the proposed protocol, and simulated
M-AODV and AODV protocols under black hole and worm-
hole attacks, using no security solution. The results showed
that M-AODV had been improved in terms of packet delivery
ratio, and the delay had been reduced as well, but the amount
of overhead had been increased.
In this paper authors compare [20] three different param-
eters which have to be considered like delay, packet loss,
throughput etc. Out of the three protocols named above
AODV is the best routing protocol. And discussed about
MANET, AODV protocol and improvement in AODV pro-
tocol to reduce the delay and packet loss.
In this paper, Authors [21] proposed a new routing pro-
tocol called Reverse Ad hoc OnDemand Distance Vector
(R-AODV) routing which reduces route path fail correc-
tion messages and gives better performance than the original
AODV routing protocol with respect to set of performance
metric such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, energy con-
sumption, and overhead under different pause time. They
designed the R-AODV routing protocol and implemented
with certain simulation parameters using Network Simulator
(NS-2) tool. The performance analysis of routing protocol
designed for wireless networks has been very challenging.
Hence, simulations are always utilized to obtain the desired
performance results.
In this paper [22] the performance of normal AODV
routing protocol are improved on the basis of QoS. Here
authors consider the particular TTL Value and dynamic
threshold value for established the connection in long route
and also measure the varying queue length technique by that
if the node buffer size is full then no packet is drop from
queue, it means the size of queue is varying according to
data. The dynamic TTL value established the connection
with long route receiver and the varying queue minimizes
the packet loss. The quality of Routing protocols should
integrate QoS metrics in route finding and maintenance,
to support end-to-end QoS. The performance of improved
AODV protocol is measured on the basis of performance
metrics.
3 Proposed methods
This research article is planned to propose a new routing
strategy which help to reduce the battery power as well as effi-
cient packet transmission to the destination. This is achieved
by intelligent technique followed by the MANET nodes. All
the nodes in the MANET collaborative used this intelligent
technique to receive and forward the packet. The strategy
involves is elaborated the Algorithm which is incorporated
with the AODV protocol is called Intelligent Routing AODV
(IRAODV) protocol. The IRAODV protocol is the enhanced
features of AODV protocol which support to reduce the
energy in MANET . The Protocol stack follows the same
AODV MANET protocol stack. The algorithm Design stages
as follows
IRAODV Algorithm
Step 1: Each node find out the distance about the other
nodes.
Step 2: Calculate the distance of the packet transmission by
the individual nodes with other nodes.
Step 3: Find out the nodes which are in the same region able
to receive the packets.
Step 4: Select one node for transmit the packet and deacti-
vate the transmission of other packets.
Step 5: The same ways is follows for sending Acknowledg-
ments of packets.
Step 6: The process will be repeated when all the packets
are transmitted.
This Intelligent technique will be elaborated with follow-
ing example.
Calculate the distance using the RSSI (Received Signal
Strength Indication): in case that the absolute positioning
is not accessible, dedicated equipment not available or not
possible, in theory, to determine the distance between a trans-
mitter and a receiver we can use the RSSI. RSSI is a generic
radio receiver technology metric, which is usually invisible
to the user of the device containing the receiver, but is directly
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p is the node situated on the axis of abscissas

px = di p , p y = 0

the node q is located on the ordinate axis

qx = diq cos ∝ , q y = diq sin ∝

with ∝= piq
for a coordinates are

Fig. 4 Calculate the distance a ∈ pi

where

ax = dia cos ∝ a
a y = dia sin ∝ a
di p 2 + dia 2 − dpa 2
∝a = ai p = ar ccos
2 × di p × dia

for b coordinates are

b ∈ pa

where
Fig. 5 Find out the same region nodes
bx = dib cos ∝ b
known to users of wireless networking of IEEE 802.11 proto- dib = dia + dab
col family. The distance using RSSI can be calculated using b y = dib sin ∝ b
the FRIIS transmission formula:
di p 2 + dib2 − dpb2
∝b = bi p = ar ccos
Pt G t G r λ2 2 × di p × dib
Pr =
(4π )z d 2 L

Pr is the receiving power, Pt is the transmitting power, Gt 4 Implementation and result

is the gain of a transmission antenna = ability to radiate in
a particular in space, Gr is the gain of a receiving antenna
= ability to couple the energy radiated from a direction in
space, λ is the wavelength, L is the system loss factor, D
distance between antenna.
Two nodes want to communicate in the MANET.
Where there are N nodes in MANET, let Ai is the set
of neighboring node with one hop distance, Bi is the set of
neighboring node with two hop distance, Di is the all distance,
set the axis line for X, set axis line of Y.
Collect the nodes with the same distance of single region
and Update the table of individual nodes then decide the
coordinator node which will transmit the packet when the
number of nodes received the same packet which is discussed
in Figs. 4 and 5.
The node i is the center of the system
i x = 0, i y = 0
This Proposed Intelligent Routing algorithm is implemented
in AODV protocol is named as IRAODV protocol which is
implemented with network simulator NS-2.35 . The simu-
lation parameter are considered 1000 m × 1000 m. All the
nodes have same design configuration. TCP protocol layer
used in Transport layer and Telnet used for application layer.
The assigned simulation time for each node is 60s. The nodes
can have the choice of uniform moving speed from the range
0 to 100 m/s. The nodes have designed to move a location
with random choice of destination with out leaving the Net-
work.
The following simulation parameters are consider for
evaluating the performance [9] of the proposed IRAODV
protocol.
1. Packet delivery ratio
2. End to end delay

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Fig. 6 Packet delivery ratio between AODV and IRAODV
Fig. 7 End to end delay between AODV and IRAODV
3. Throughput
4. Consumed energy
5. Residual energy
4.1 Packet delivery ratio
This is defined as number of Packets can be transmitted over
a stipulated period of time without loss. The Fig. 6 shows
that the proposed IRAODV protocol has shown better packet
delivery ratio compared with the existing AODV protocol.
The proposed IRAODV protocol delivered the packet in the
ratio 50% more than the Existing AODV protocol.
4.2 End to end delay
This is calculated the time where the packets are in the queue
in all the Intermediate nodes. The Fig. 7 shows the end to end
delay between the AODV with Proposed IRAODV protocol.
IRAODV protocol takes less end to end delay because of the
packet are get transmitted based on the transmission range
so that the delay will be less.
Fig. 8 Throughput AODV and IRAODV
Fig. 9 Consumed energy between AODV and IRAODV
4.3 Throughput
This is defined as the number of packet a node can be trans-
mitted at a time. The Fig. 8 shows the throughput between the
AODV and IRAODV protocol. Proposed IRAODV protocol
has proven better throughput with existing AODV protocol.
The throughput of proposed algorithm is 25% more than
existing AODV protocol.
4.4 Consumed energy
The calculation of energy to be taken for [23,24] transmitting
of a packet from one node to another node. The Fig. 9 shows
the Consumed energy between the AODV and IRAODV pro-
tocol. The proposed protocol consumed less energy with the
percentage of 65% compared with the existing protocol.
4.5 Residual energy
This is the estimation, which is the balanced energy is avail-
able after the transmission of packets. The Fig. 10 shows
the Residual energy compared with AODV protocol of the
proposed protocol. The Proposed protocol residual energy
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Fig. 10 Residual energy between AODV and IRAODV
is more comparing with the existing protocol in the ratio of
70% .
5 Conclusion and future work
This proposed IRAODV protocol was implemented to
improve the battery power in MANET. The implementation
results shows that the proposed work showed better perfor-
mance compared with the existing AODV protocol. In future
this can be extended to overcome the features of link failure
in MANET.
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M. Anand received the B.Tech
degree in Information Technology
from Anna University, India, in
2006 and M.E degree in Com-
puter Science and Engineering
from Anna University, India in
2010. He is a research scholar
in Anna University and Assistant
Professor, Department of Infor-
mation Technology at Tagore Engi-
neering College, Chennai, India.
His research interests include cross-
layer design, energy aware rout-
ing and MAC protocol design,
link adaptation and network opti-
mization for wireless networks.
Cluster Computing

T. Sasikala received her B.E.

degree in Computer Science and
Engineering with First Class in
1991, M.E. degree in Computer
Science and Engineering with
7th rank from Madras University,
India in 2001 and Ph.D. from
Sathyabama University in the year
2009. She has 21 years of teach-
ing experience in various Engi-
neering Colleges. She is currently
working as Principal in SRR Engi-
neering College, Chennai., India.
She has published over 30 papers
in various journals and Confer-
ences. She has received "The Best Teacher" award from Sathyabama
University, India. Her research interests include Wireless networks,
Grid Computing, Cloud Computing, High Speed Networks, Network
security and Data mining.

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