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3/1/23, 11:25 AM Physics Project Class 11
Sparsh Sharma
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Nov. 01, 2021
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Physics Project Class 11
1. 1. DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL JAIPUR PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT PROJECTILE MOTION GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY: Dr. Richa Ma’am Sparsh
Sharma 11-B(Sci.)
2. 2. DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL JAIPUR CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Physics project Projectile Motion has been submitted by the candidate Sparsh
Sharma for class 11 in the year 2018. It is further certified that this project is the individual work of the candidate. Teacher in-charge Signature: Date:
3. 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the accomplishment of this project, many people have provided me with heart pledged support and I want to thank all the people
who have been concerned with this project. I would like to thank my Physics teacher Dr. Richa Sharma who guided me to complete the project. Last but not least, I
would like to thank my parents and friends for their help and suggestions.
4. 4. INDEX Projectile Motion o Definition o Discovery and Evolution Aristotle’s Theory of motion Medieval Scientists The Renaissance Galileo’s Work
o Applications Trebuchet o Definition o History o Structure o Principle o Working
5. 5. PROJECTILE MOTION Definition Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle that is thrown near the Earth's surface and moves
along a curved path under the action of gravity only. Discovery and Evolution Aristotle’s Theory of Motion The Greek thinker stated that if a body is moving,
something external is required to keep it moving. E.g.- An arrow shot from a bow keeps flying since the air behind the arrow keeps pushing it.
6. 6. Medieval Scientists Aristotle’s medieval successors internalized this force in the projectile itself and called it "impetus." This impetus caused the object to move
in a straight line until it was expended, at which point the object fell straight to the ground. While objects projected through small distances may appear to behave in
this manner, under closer inspection and when viewing projectiles traveling greater distances, it becomes clear that projectiles do not behave in this manner. The
Renaissance During the Renaissance, the focus, especially in the arts, was on representing as accurately as possible the real world whether on a 2 dimensional
surface or a solid such as marble or granite. This required two things. The first was new methods for drawing or painting, e.g., perspective. The second, relevant to
this topic, was careful observation. With the spread of cannon in warfare, the study of projectile motion had taken on greater importance, and now, with more
careful observation and more accurate representation, came the realization that projectiles did
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7. 7. not move the way Aristotle and his followers had said they did: the path of a projectile did not consist of two consecutive straight line components but was
instead a smooth curve. Galileo’s Work Now someone needed to come up with a method to determine if there was a special curve a projectile followed. But
measuring the path of a projectile was not easy. Using an inclined plane, Galileo had performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion, and he now used the
same apparatus to study projectile motion. He placed an inclined plane on a table and provided it with a curved piece at the bottom which deflected an inked bronze
ball into a horizontal direction. The ball thus accelerated rolled over the table-top with uniform motion and then fell off the edge of the table Where it hit the floor, it
left a small mark. The mark allowed the horizontal and vertical distances traveled by the ball to be measured. By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical
drop, Galileo was able to determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
8. 8. A page from Galileo's notebooks, showing an experiment such as the one described here. Applications 1. Ballisticsis the science of mechanics that deals with the
flight, behavior, and effects of projectiles, especially bullets, unguided bombs, rockets, or the like; the science or art of designing and accelerating projectiles so as
to achieve a desired performance. 2. A ballistic missile is a missile only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight, and whose subsequent
course is governed by the laws of classical mechanics (which includes projectile motion). It plays an important role in sports. E.g.- Football, baseball, golf, javelin
throw, discuss throw, cricket, tennis, table tennis, basketball and rugby. 3. In materials handling industries, often times, a designer will use projectile motion to
determine the anticipated trajectory of the discharge from bulk solids belt conveyors and bucket elevators. They use the predicted trajectories to aid in designing
material collection chutes, etc. 4. Many weapons are based on projectile motion, like catapults, slingshots and trebuchets. TREBUCHET Definition A trebuchet is a
type of catapult, a common type of siege engine w hich uses a sw inging arm to throw a projectile.
9. 9. History 1. The first recorded use of traction trebuchets w as in ancient China. They w ere probably used by the Mohists as early as 4th century BC. 2. The hand
trebuchet was a staff sling mounted on a pole using a lever mechanism to propel projectiles. Basically a one-man traction trebuchet, it wasused by emperor
NikephorosII Phokas around 965 to disrupt enemy formationsin the open field. 3. The earliest known descriptionand illustration of a counterweight trebuchet
comesfrom a commentary on the conquests of Saladin by Mardi ibn Ali al-Tarsusi in 1187. 4. The couillard isa smaller version of a counterweight trebuchet with a
singleframeinstead of theusual double "A"fram es. The counterweightissplit into two halvesto avoid hittingthe center frame. 5. With the introductionof gunpowder,
the trebuchet beganto lose itsplace asthe siege engine of choiceto the cannon. Structure In general, the trebuchet consists of a long beam that pivots around an axle
positioned above ground on a wooden structure. The axle divides the beam into a long and short arm. The projectile is placed at the terminal end of the long arm
and pulling ropes ora counterweight is positioned at the terminal end of the short arm. Historically, there were three basic forms of trebuchets: traction machines,
powered by crews pulling on ropes; counterweight machines, activatedby the fall of large masses; and hybrid machines employing both pulling ropes and falling
large masses. Counterweight trebuchets were the most powerful of the three types. Large counterweight trebuchets could throw 300 kg rocks over 200 yards. The
most massive trebuchets were reported to throw rocks in excess of 1000 kg.
10. 10. Principle The trebuchet relies on the principle that stored potentialenergy ofthe counterweight can be converted into kinetic energy ofthe payload, launching it
into the air. It is also based on the principle ofprojectile motion. Working A trebuchet works byusing the energyof a falling(andhinged) counterweight to launcha
projectile (the payload), using mechanicaladvantage to achieve a highlaunchspeed. For maximum launchspeedthe counterweight must be muchheavier than the
payload, since this means that it will "fall" quickly. the counterweight pivots around a muchshorter distance thanthe payload end. The advantage of this is that the
payloadend of the beamreaches a muchhigher linear velocitythanthe counterweight endof the beam. Thisis the principalof mechanical advantage, andis what allows
the payload to reach a high launchvelocity. However, because the counterweight pivots around a much shorter distance, its weight must be muchgreater thanthe
weight of the payload, to get a high launch velocity.
11. 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: Physics(Part1)-Textbook for class 11(NCERT) Galileo’s Notes on Motion by Stillman Drake The Art of Renaissance Science
Galileo and Perspective featuring Joseph W. Dauben Galileo Gleanings XXII: Galileo's Experimental Confirmation of Horizontal Inertia: Unpublished
Manuscripts by S. Drake Websites: Wikipedia.org Galileo.edu Scienceexplained.com Quora.com Sciencebuddies.com Real-world-physics-
problems.com
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