@ ExcreTION Dr S.ATCHIASTUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Excretion > Describe excretion as the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism from organisms > State that carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, which is excreted through the lungs > State that urea is a toxic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids Urinary system > Identify, on diagrams, the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra and state the function of each (the function of the kidney should be described simply as removing urea and excess salts and water from the blood as urine) > Explain the need for excretion, limited to toxicity of urea 2 Outline the structure of a nephron and its associated blood vessels, limited to: Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, tubules, loop of Henle and collecting duct > Outline the function of a nephron and its associated blood vessels, limited to: ‘a) the role of the glomerulus in the filtration from the blood of water, glucose, urea and ions ‘b) the role of the nephron in the reabsorption ofall of the glucose, some of the ions and most of the water back into the bloo: the formation of urine containing urea, excess water and excess ions (details of chese processes are not required) > Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids by converting to proteins > Describe deamination in the liver as the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids, resulting in the formation of ureaEXCRETION o Excretion is the removal of toxic materials and the waste products of metabolism from organisms. o This is an important process as the building up of certain waste products may act as toxin. Examples: o Carbon dioxide is a waste product of respiration, which is excreted through the lungs (expiration) o Urea is a toxic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of excess amino acids and excreted by kidneys as urineEXCRETORY SYSTEM Although the urinary system has a major role in excretion, other organs contribute to the excretory function. KidneysFOUR ORGANS INVOLVED IN EXCRETION The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water. *The skin is another excretory organ that rids the body of wastes through the sweat glands. +The liver (via the intestines) excretes bile pigments that result from the destruction of hemoglobin. It also converts nitrogenous waste from the break down of proteins into urea. *The major task of excretion still belongs to the kidneys, the major organ in the urinary system. If it fails the other organs cannot take over and compensate adequately. e@LIVER - SOME FUNCTIONS > Assimilation of amino acids into proteins. During the process of translation occurring in all living vells, peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to oroduce a polypeptide chain, which then fold into protein. Being a very active organ of the body, the liver is responsible for producing an uray of different proteins (E.g plasma proteins such as albumin and globulin, slotting factors etc) > Detoxifies Blood « Filters blood removing bacteria, alcohol, drugs, toxic substances « Changes them into inactive or less toxic forms. + Produce bile containing bile pigments (produced from breakdown of RBCS), bile salts and cholesterol. The bile is stored in gall bladder and then excreted into the small intestine. > Deamination in liver to excrete nitrogenous waste such as urea ‘o Changes toxic wastes (ammonia - from break down of amino acids) to Urea. o Urea > Blood > Kidneys e@ o Filtered out & excreted in UrineLUNGS -MAIN FUNCTION Alveoli - QExchange O, & CO, between air and blood (through process of diffusion) OLungs excrete CO, when you EXHALESKIN o Sweat Glands * Help cool body: Heat escapes through millions of pores in skin surface « Excrete perspiration/ sweat (evap. cooling) 0 99% H,O Sweat gland IW o Mineral Salts o UreaURINARY SYSTEM o Includes kidneys, ureters, nee i urinary bladder and urethra of ic? " XaKIDNEY LOCATION AND EXTERNAL or | ge ed Inferior __ Anterior vena cava Peritoneum Renal vein Anterior Renal renal fascia artery kidi Adipose = capsule Posterior Renal renal fascia _ capsule : Body of vertebra Lo » Body wall Posterior Figure 25.28KIDNEYS o The kidneys (2) are bean shaped organs , approximately 10 cm long and are located below the diaphragm near the back o Kidneys have 2 main functions: 1. Excretion: Remove wastes of cellular metabolism form the blood 2. Osmoregulation: They regulate the concentrations of substances found in body fluidso Blood vessels carry blood to the kidneys, KmpNEys; The Blood's where wastes and other dissolved substances are removed from the blood o The wastes are excreted from the body and the useful substances are reabsorbed @URETERS o Tubes that carry urine from the Front View of Urinary Tract kidney to the bladder kidneys a~— ureters: bladder. sphincter. urethraURINARY BLADDER Kidneys. o Stores urine a o Composition of urine /100 g © 96 g water 01.8 g mineral salts 0 2.0 g of urea 0 0.2 g of other nitrogenous substancesURETHRA o Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the bodyney ena cortex erated Minor ax Papa i Renal pyramid Caps ena pes Rena clunNEPHRONS (KIDNEY TUBULE) o Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons o It is the site of urine formationval vein ean Hood"(IDNEY STRUCTURE Bowman's capsule Glomerulus @® Proximal tubule Arteriole from renal artery Arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein econ nephron Collecting duct @ Loop of Henle with capillary network1 2 3 4 5 Renal Proximal Loop Distal Cofectin convoluted of convoluted r capsule tubule Henle tubule duct | teres | atenoey | imerulus NA Wi | capillar | network) | bierien of cortex enal artery branch of renal vein meduilaURINE FORMATION o https://youtu.be/oCQ-5iwTQvM o Urine formation in kidney nephrons occurs through three main stages, namely: ° Ultrafiltration « Selective reabsorption * Secretion1. Ultrafiltration: © Diameter of afferent arteriole is larger than efferent arteriole developing pressure in the glomerulus (capillary network) © Blood is therefore filtered under pressure forming glomerular filtrate. Water, minerals, salts, urea, amino acids and glucose are filtered out of the blood into the Bowman's capsule as glomerular filtrate. Blood cells and large proteins remain in the blood capillaries (glomerulus) as these cannot pass through the gaps during ultrafiltration. Blood cells, water, salts, nutrients, urea Collecting duct to ureter2. Selective reabsorption : © Selective reabsorption occurs mainly in the first/proximal convoluted tubule, where: * most water and mineral salts (ions) are reabsorbed, * some metabolic wastes are reabsorbed, and + allnutrients (amino acids, glucose, vitamins...) are reabsorbed mainly by active transport from the renal tubule back into the capillaries. © Metabolic waste products (urea, etc), excess water and excess ions, left in the renal tubule become urine. Blood cells, water, Collecting duct to ureter salts, nutrients, urea3. SECRETION o Toxic materials (H+, drugs etc) are secreted into the urine in the distal/second convoluted tubule. o Then urine passes through the collecting ducts, to the pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, and eventually to the outside of the body. o Urine contains mainly water, salt and urea.