EEE SEES ee ® ' + \ 6 € ® = 9 13) Aveta | 1 (8 ! } |® ; % eo =e ie & Nolé: . 1® xGencvarly 7 Sand.limit a signal, LPF well be used. © she Migiest preaumncy of every Audio signal. is extended. upto ® sm. i ow se ¥CH) of Audlo Signal eet | ° cent, [Sranan Ser DENY : if ING MIEIENT § Genera a) SE e L PREOUENLY | Transm @ ‘ es aonz 20K et * y . @ iighert frequency af Video Gigraly te 100MHz- @ x Gener SIGNIFICANT FREQUENCIES O72 liangmited > order @ +o save’ CHANNEL BANDWIDTH © ca: opective uxitisadton of hanriel Bamdwicth rhe am droutd be Significantly, ednimum. amt SteeneNole!, i ¥9n designing of any Communication Sasiéim 1 rime Ynportance & gsen to® jf i) channel Banclwic Ho] Y v ) TranemiHer Powrer % Rest other parameters cue Secondary Nold!, ¥ Jo Save thannet Bandwidth, Significant frauiencies aly well be lFanamittect - x ¥ MODULATION PROPERTY OF FOURIER TRANSFORN}. Lt) <+—> x(#) ZW Cosa E<—> xUP-fo)+ XUF-+) xX CONCEPT OF MODULATION. \ 4 ( { ‘ f q ‘ q « & . &@ 2 zs . &@ © ® mit) M+) @ @ n re eS ima, Ds “LKHe Ike eee ~L Miz UH, ¥ RRSE BAND SIGNAL ae those gneiss which Seta as Hgniftant Low _ freauneniy Sreporent & 8 ® @ 8 @ : ® ¥ Transmission 6} Base Bard Signal tracticay not poseible ® Ernie Ab Yequives LARGE HEIGH TED ED ANTENNA. ; ® 8 @ @ a e ce oan fil + tam be lana Hed to tree Spare Grine aattenna size vreau rerment ts eas.REE NEE *reeeeseress Ceecccccoccoee das Crate, Hones Oe dy, Pixland “at. binky Un cideration re ae Cly= Ae arent leeiMitz TA <> ve nH eaualati | grat = (iM 23 en SUS silk cw) +> : StH ef Ct) em tet) 7\ ~ fi BAND PASS L ‘ SiGNaAt £ i eH Note? BY Modula Lien :. i signet wos vegian- HOOK fe = HHAK 441K fe 101K f so00% 4 ooh ~1000K be Ranslatad fom Low fear to High poqueney Ti) Low Pass Signal becomes Bare Pass Signal. -_ * DEMODULATION ca the prrecess of Recoreng os Ciginal maseage Agnes ignal trom \Sanamiitted MODULATED AG ) od ‘Bartband. tyes ‘Gec¥dua sBaatios a!¥ DY PES OF MODULATION!. Y 1 es ) SINGLE TONE MODULATION ers on how awe a 1) MULTI TONE MODULATION: JP ako memage Han (aio « x muy hat only | fraqueny—> Srngu Jone rod mL KAS more Man 1 fief? erat’ Jone noe com pone! xgf mu) u auld SINGLE FREQUENCY P ION. corresponds to. SV GLE TONE MoDULATI 6 thot Uprrespands to nit Het MULTIPLE FRE evENué eGeeannannx.i....../ a mu is having MULT) TONE_MORULATION. Analycce ~ ae SINGLE TONE x 3 E © pee MODULATION mL) = Am Gsallfint ra : ~tn fen =f MC(#) MULT) TONG my .<——> MODULATION - aK Kp ve generated Srnal m ale aprecentadl oF Hue * E FREGUENCY | specTRuM 2} of Nature Lance Command entlin are e ot TRIASGLE ONLY, Le. 8 nodidaltin we Bard Limit tla Signal ara whose Speclium Uavezponds to o TRIANGLE Nadir genera & Signal howe fonatemtty decreasing A increases: mapliah es muy Aton, Cos 40 + han, Covent) —r et OSOROLOLOdR. 00900+SSeGe Soe @GH2E8S e @e e2e Cees eevee & eee @ €ee@oe Ou) = Ae losaie \ Wate bene nant pamien SUB SVIATIN f be peror® nnn f == am tt a cvecnell WVU ef RF sujemuy- el) : , / 1 [see { | 2% ' le p PASS f | I {\ i SiGNAt ry | t = ‘ t : oe + = a ra , 0 rete Y ay the +e Peak af an Aiqnal ts CAlLed “ aK ef fd iqrat ya Line goining (dann) an ENVELOPE’ ~ s envelope aps) enielope 4} Cl) nd ifm | = —e SE Above Called as (AM PUTUDE MopN) vo which, meee : Mu . je Siqnat. UAtoed fn xKe AmplUbwoka Vantahin of _ 2 Camler Bignak eeDEFINITION ©F MODULATION | ef AINITION OF MODULATION SEU AVL Process vin Which one of Hee Pavarneters te Amplitude Freauinty Or Phase ep carrity Signal vases ACLOrcIoG to message signal amplitude Variations + AMPLITUDE MODOLATION: L lee nese e Signal ami) Carrier Signal —> clh = Act Alife « yohe General expression ol AM Signal ist. ca - Siralt) = ABD Ac Flt Kamlby Os@ife E| L Ka = Amplitude Seraitivilg e} AM mediator, Analysts: —— : Sana Lt): > Ae Fhe Karty} Cosa mee a =AcCosamfer tAcKa mt) Osaifet: : S gO . CARRIER » MODULATED SIGNAL SIGNAL : : / Sarali) = CLH + Kg MUWJiCLy) Note: : ¥ Smal) 94 modulamd signal as wall as cariex Signal. ae fe Sa x CH) doesn't Kawe mH vin ike ‘ x Hence C4) Nansmission while hranemitiaall Saya) ta Wrelee but Ct) Os Aome advantages while ALModutation ie ” why Ab Us 28 ith with modeled Gara. wih AE dent alenquith with meditated Geral. x Due tO CL) he pemodutaticn ot Sam UH) bese, ve AM demo dulatum vs the simpeit Zhe. Teme Wet easy. ' emo duolion vs among ¢ mre mn Acheras available, ' og HA the SG@SSeeSsseBSeSGSSGSe@eOSeBSBaBSoaskamnnnanl.@ Noes bs veut . @ Xpecaure of exlaa caniey Ira riumistion, DormodilalLin betomnus $ Simple but power we be ae ° ° : aytoalyes:. 7 ct) : <— Metcage Banelwiclth : =W-0 “EW HZ ned —_ use Lsp (wanegene (UPPER SIDE BANDS) BANOS) BANDUNDTH Of Sam tt} = (Fete)~ (Pe -y) Qu) MESSAGE BANDWIDTH tox high CHAKINEL = aia foci —, ¥AM demards ~ xAnalysls Mg —z BN = Hz = SKHZ aM —> BN pane = loKHe Bw son : ony ona CHANNEL = |OOKHZ j CHPAINEL = 100 KH Bu —— i Coorparoo A AYA awh SSb> 4 AM demands for HIGH CHANNEL prin biauptHt Requirement compared, TO » $38 modulalien P. @ @ é GSSOCOGHHOSCCHSEEEHTEHSEE AM, Qevurdledton st Sitaple welsionbes ‘ ; | Se@eeeae ( Senportouae of —ve Preuss ) obra) jet Moe OW Hz | ‘hoon spe pu SAMS) = Ye-w) to Het) —* Bye Nhe same Ahoutd be ebletnad boy. mathamalical anodyne je by Frequency speclium Analyte mts m th oo . Sf Sina lt) <———>* “=te ~Fe+w . tet 7 Bu=Wiz] Nolé = : wh designing “sf FOURIER TRANSFORM ,—ve frequandes are ho (pneiderad . ail “he above vesutt obtained by Consider ing: mL +o have range tanot tn Resonance eb O- w Hz) gives Yncorect rerurt and ujuth 2he Resutk blote.)ned be ‘Speclvure nabyser: 7 Hence VE requencies hae a “to be UMsldered while ig am agin sels Re ¥ SINGLE one AM ‘ dat end: at Sats fez + ee nus AmCOS 2iTfm syns = Acoveiet + AcKas Arn Cosattfnt Corfe = AcWor alle + sre ten Ka, Covattint Coc . > Ae fis KaAmesanfints orarfet J Saale) = ne fe-utaatin Govairfet os v Ka mus Cosatttet - , 4PCOeCeTeoveccceasugec P>eoe™ @eeee Span He Ae $14 andoronfm tf Conair Kafim = lk . "Ee mat fran] 7) Of MODULATION Uyi00 = —2 Modulotion Tdi cS usin demedutation fasy ~ » OR DEPTH OF MODULATION ¥ Debending on uk weave: es UNDER MODULATION * i) a=) —> CRITICAL MODULATION. iit) uy! —> OVER MODULATION: pur dernodidalim a Gmpler: a Prien Tegmunys Ae 4 Heat Conant th Cosanrie ae <2" Form Merl = Ailovanet + Au Cosanfnb Cosaltet |~ . gat em 4 Herfmdt + AcliGesan (fe- br) | [saencei ‘ aw ea wCARRIER TERM mt) = Are ©3831 <——> ad few = dxrnsg Sigma) fra] (eh) fe Fern kote Eon 2 bfm vsNote, . MW) = Am Osalpnt ont on mu) = US Amlosanfnt <> SC#) * POWER OF AM?. Same = AcCosaifet + Ac Cosairlfet fn )é + Ack drsait (fe-fr) & a Res Act — ; Pusa= (Aetila)” ; Pisa~ beta)” ae. aR aR = Achur = Acur &R ee Or . Pla AS 4 Adu 4 Ac? cess ;|Psa> Pose on a6 az +Ase ‘sJoru $B power : a ofl, teal / Ga es QR . = Ack oi ' MTS ng if Pop Ase Psa avg) / Aso, > Pes Pet Rat =A +Pse 2 Sag) ra eee SOeeaeoaSeseSOGSPsetBeeeeaSeesBeseseSeseQaEe . |— = Sc | | Pea PetPse Y a Pee ReeRiet z wR Sndependent Stu whereda Peg depends On Lb way Wrcredses, M60 bncrenses , bat Pe Ue Sndezpendent® Pe ndebenclenE on u Psa f Pct As "pe Wneveases—> 1) U=0 muy tt dnlFeduced to ely: Here L, MoculaLion ocours when 7 i ‘uso means MLPU nok talsoduced +o (lH): —> NO MODULATION Hence, when Led aS yal = Pe Sat} =P . Pe c feat} a ws eh loopy; MODULATION dex Pedit dts $h= pre he oho Nog. * fs 1 Wreases ncveased by SOY ‘Sool: with wet / PaBPe x Pes BP = 66'S HOF v Pega bA= 333% of Pe] if Pp= B00w Pe Q00Watls 5 fog 2100 Watts. SSCSSCSCSHSHROOSCOBE CCC BZECCZOoevr” pon b+01 then total AM PowerR le Pe Is” aL Fee a...Nol: ¥1F Aso > P =100 7. ef PEs Psa=Ov. et PE eZ ae om MH Mal > Peo 66-67. Of ME 3 Poe = 33-3 1-OF Pee ¥As wt 5 Peat ; power dishibuted to mou) # hence sual t 4 Por eipcient Power dishibuticn Re should be fou and Pew shoud Be High. > P should bi tow | - - tnd Pog ih. ¥ by the Beit power Lae case ie -Ust ; mani? power t_waxted ho carrier Jranamicssion. Ins draw back bo dhe AM modulablem Acheme: > marlmum power Ee uayled tu C3903, Biarstnilh Powe @®@eSs@seu_rw ¥ POWER EFFICIENCY OR MDDULATION EFFICIENCY Cn) 1. 9 St specifies “4 ef Side Band Power rp the total power, Mathematically, . ee | x Fower edsciency for d ad uae one Gipnas “go” . wD ; v = Pal Vie | ‘ Rll) ¥y max” efi tenup for Feg SINUSOIDAL yt Somos Wave dha SIGNAL _—— a soy: : NY Gua x man yp dare tor For ond reLonulyuchon Sinuasi taviey of mu) m thoulf ~|> HT, an at. Signal is 937. be Nigh nat | ww 1 given by SB0NaLES Firld unmodutslid AM power © a) loot. modulation. AM power uiLth / som. HPS be. copwatts when 50 with uso: Pea . Now, Ps me (ead) srl = Per BR s Bx S00 90858 900 20D S80 008 20006 00088 ALAA ATT; 8 'd 92) Por an amg gored total SB power & Gren by jogusatis With 6 8 | M205 -Pind Pe ard Pe ? 9 ea | oin), : ‘| 9 Ps Rus 100 ¥/® fe 4 . ar) (0's) 3 : Pre rere = 800 +100. 2 @ 6a) For an An fignal each op the, 68 power uu giver by Kw and 8 camier power aKkw Find power efticienty? eS Som. Aycat hse = awren @ AK @ pes OK 8 og = thesos AKO TPES epee > PSB = ZK 5 |e oy 2 bets, = GEO, = 3997 : x coRRENT RELATIONS IN AM. ® ee ae ® ne REY ge BB > ik we ! x0 lu raependent Ty-R= rh ag iea?h re nee ale etu- x : {4 alco Ind cber- : memes) 4 dant of Me em +t) when UFO en u Teste ws ut; Det Seen| # VO! AGE RELATIONS IN AM! g rt et 8 ve Sige? = xe {ref ups Vere) | 7 ba Gi Find AM Wu yenb 64) 4m unmodulalid AM ent b qirer by 5A Fi with 507 modutalion? - Tes 5A when U=0° “ werk value Us Pndeperdent of At. Ale SOF > toa with 4 O4 Pind AN % @ 8 ®@ 2 e 9 9 6 @ 8 9 @ @ ® 6 > Sx TS. ° ®. 8 @ 6 @ a ® ® ® 9 Q Q Q 4 4 Q— 26) carte a 3 bg 8 rg aire ese (a MBB Arplitade geet im i - 8 ep 4 Sig 5 x10TE . Pind al possible paramens @ som. alt= lotesaruin® = Ae esaiTiet , acz1oV —— fox 108Hz = 1000 KHz AL Ka Am Kaz ge Lif.not Ae given) mug) = 6eos arn te = fern CATE Am= 6V then fon ati He = 2OKHE ve sheng mye ye Gente aL not @ u> 4m = Ac io ros given Hen ny defen’ R load Resistor u& not pr NoeMALised PouleER. ay Beek pW 18, WE parameters ave x one i) aul > Mn= 40KHz fi) Pe> Ag. 109 esowalls: ar a coxo:6t. Gwats: iii) Pso= Pout 2 wy Pee Pe +Pswe = stg = SIWAts: ~ 5 1100 = iow 5D - &®GSCCOEO e@ é@ @e SHCOLCSCOHSETEDES e iv) me bse Pe v) Rrequencd es present > AM are!, lopo KHZ i fix look Hz ~ aoKHZ: | = QgoKH2- 9 Featent Jooo kK +20K =\plokHz- eeeecs.O)A taniey Kamal oF 10 Cos amusage gral et Alog nviott wich Als 0's. ww Gren by 5. Find Bw; PE eD 2 cur) = locos QmeiDF E = he Cosaltfet AczlOV fe > 10% 100 KHz, Soins. mus Ades THIOotE = Aro Cos ant fmt 4m>4AV frmz SKHZ y\Bul= fra TOKE x Pee Pe (11) 2 . bet (9 228) aR a = 100 (DIE za! D 22s = 1ee pee = NS m: Psa = Pe 2a, PE =e rag) my SSSoee 2202000 CO8OTECESSOOERETE @866686 most & amb. riodulaled ei load RisistattceSHAD Ae) Bigmal Ue given : aii le e Sapa Ut) = Alps 2aven ssocendvcomt + 4 lor tecone @ DPind meditation Index i : @ i) BW 8 it) Pe 9 Mn @ Find Pe Py ; Sol”). Sani Lt) = 4Cos3.001rt + 10 Cox 40001TE + 4 los 4800ITE ® = Ack Ops Om (fe-fndiE phe CosatTfet + AEH! Cos 2 Meth) 6 ¢ 8 petosaitfet = 10Ces 4000irt : Acs lov. @ | fe Q000Hz =2KHz ; Act Cosa tte~fim)ie = 4m s200r @ afc fin) =3200IT Aedd 2 4 @ = feaifins |600H2 @ Pri = fe~|600H2 8 Pm» 4002 9 S @ xy pw- Qfm> soohz wnedt 2 264 260 ip OH 4 9 4g ope HLinut) aye 08% . = fm > 4 x00 = A474 é = Act( I a) 364 aa sie. BRE Pe cll (Frag) at = lOO Bd a “ pL = Sbwarts Seeesnt64 A * . 4) An AM power Li Gren bg joo usatts with A> O-F0F- i)Find Pe # Psa . jl) Pind’ Peak Anvp of carmler Signal before ancl 24 ket modu- Lotion » Coin, Pargz PEEWooWwatts 7 He Ye ms _ ' : : atu ARS e Pps fe § unt Pez PE > A Pee Ax100. : Wy Ss 5 So, | Pe peamae] 7 rey x comer “eignad before modulation > wife Cosa lTict ‘ yy Peak Aernp- et corriey SYRAL beqose produlotuin +AL Pes de Ac» |BOx> >f160 = Alio Te] CONSTANT v Aes 12:65 Vol grat o'er mocuutatiin AA) Saat) xcanier SI He macs afer PSA TCE v Sam (= x Poa rnp: eh carer Smal ANE rodulabion Us Pe §l4uiCosartfnt I< VARIABLE mt: Am Cosanttmt—> testntat