€/[2 4] ACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION Reported by ACI Committee 311 SP-2(07) Fe | If = American Concrete Institute*‘Tenth Edition Copyright © 2007, American Concrete Institute First printing, March 2008 Second printing, March 2009 Third printing, December 2009 Fourth printing, October 2010 Fifth printing, December 2011 Sixth printing, October 2012 Seventh printing, April 2013 ISBN: 978-0-87031-275-5ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual is based on information from many sources, organizations, and individuals whos contributions are gratefully acknowledged. Published refereaces are listed at the end of the text. References to standard specifications and methods of testing ae listed separately. ‘The original manuscript was prepared by Joe W. Kelly, Chair of ACI Committee 311. and revised over & period of years to achieve a first edition in 1941. The second edition, also in 1941, Included a numberof corrections and minor revisions. The third edition, in 1955, incorporated many constructive suggestions from users. The fourth edition, in 1957, brought several sections up to date ‘and contained editorial corections.. ‘The fifth edition provided new information on settlement of concrete, shoring and forming, strength requirements, cold-weather concreting, and shoterete. The sixth edition primarily provided updated information in all chapters, and included editorial and substantive changes throughout ‘The seventh edition presented « complete revision of the manual by eliminating sections ofthe previous edition eavering concrete methods no longer in use. Chapters, 11, 12.13, 14, 15 (partial), 16, 17, and 18 covered material that was included in the manual for the fist ume. The eighth and ninth editions were revised to reflect changes in technology anki consiruction practices. ‘This tenth edition presents an extensive revision and update to the text along with new photos, ‘charts, and forms. "The comnmitice wishes to thank Anne Balogh for her extensive work in drafting and unifying the previous text in preparation for this edition. Additionally, the committee wishes to express its thanks to Pertlan! Cement Association (PCA) for generously providing many ofthe new photos contained in the ‘manual and to committee member Michelle L. Wilson who organized and coordinated the selection of, [photos and graphics throughout the document Finally, the committee wishes to thank Chair George R. Wargo for hs efforts in coordinating the ‘work of all contributorsACI311.1R-07 (ACI SP-2(07)) ACI Manual of Concrete Inspection Reported by ACI Committee 311 ‘ugk as Soup we i Ha NabR Das Veber tery PREFACE (laced mci rico nd iy. ag fd ‘user crmcon nprmdone apeiron af ‘tno an verien Deer ace nai ean freer ee Se ifort er sap etre le, “fd snoncon ecm fee dee pst eft maa! ‘ete iron ra emt ‘he eof coe hs ganda te yews mcs mya aren ps ce Ti ghnonofee finda prc poe bts {dona ns ir ly at ie ‘Cony fee met Spenser re 1 heed ef wpe ements mar CH 1 Reena Ohare 1 Safety cms 1 Neva nines 1 Pierre cones + Broo ne 1 Tight eft cone pon pat aterm heat tio 1 Spltanae nd arcade Ihe peer hw ecg eri meso ACI conn cnt roe At a fo ge 1 pearing tn of he oma anh por he ‘me’ a errhp fo yt ad ESTAS py oe pte he ml Commitee Rep Gi, Mama Sd naing, Scgweg cee. se ‘Tam timent ced fe ao oan wh ‘Spotty ode ayia of te rater coma Feta Cente ets Sea anys al aay fot aed pes Te ste hl at lic ey esr rte tan vob Retest dco sal et be man cnet sce es wn cer eee ‘Neitcvtaginar weave hovnrat crt SSS tt in may lnguge for npn ffearascaearmer 7 eta pe ostuatoat Gtr toe elt Minky ou. gc Wen pt oe mando he dele of aio ad ‘Stet Forno tetera ae a ‘irene oo he Ia Cases ce “anh uaa hs mena er me nr te mn sty cael tre re om ‘rile aretn mpmeneo ecbpae ab Sad Minin ets {Chapter —inepcton and to epector .§ TPtipecon processes 1.L1—Why inspections ned 11.2—Purpeses of ispection 113 —Over and centro nspections 12 ingpector 12 -Dates 122 Ecaion and ceicaton 123—authrity 12s Retans with comactrs supervise, and wks 15 Sve 1 3—npernce of clear specitcatons Chapt 2—saaticl concept fr qualty Pianist and gnlty-acetence nspecion, 22-Trditonal quality esurance 23—Suaiseal concepts and proedres 24—Bisic sista concepts 2a Petitions 2.43—Apling normal ston caves conve comprsive sent 2:5—Suastcal ols 15 1—Freqency sation. 252—Contol natea elcouurrtee nesor ‘Appendix 1—Sampling by random numbers, p. 17 ‘Ail—Exanpe 1" Sunpliny by tine sequence ‘A1.2—Beample2: Sampling by rae weight ‘AL —Bxample 3 Samping by dep of concrete permet ‘Appendix 2—Normal distribution curves, p. 20 Appenaix 2—Computing tancara deviation an required average concrete strength, p.21 *AS-Caksang standard avn ‘AS 2 Caleanng equied average Stength Joc 4~Conirol charts on concrete matorias, PN —Example 1; Calculations to determine moving tiengs frhetpieacees ‘A42Brample 2 Caclatons to deere sovng sverpes for i214 i omc sept {rasimorm vanaten of peso of ea asim deve) Chapter -inapecton and testing of materials Po cornet DAA Sanded eyes 3.1 2-—Blende cement sn exer haul erent 31-3—Optional erent 3:14 Sampling er testing procures 32~Aggreetes 3.21-Speifcaons 322 Samping procedures 33 Waser 34 Adecxes 35 Stel infos 36—Caring compounds Agen Aggregate sampling ond testing, A52—Satp ‘AS 3—-Mazeris ner than No. 200 (75m) seve: ASTM cir ASA-Clay lumps and fable pots in aggreges ASINCHO. [ASS—Oxgnieimparies ine agergae: ASTM C80 ‘AS 6 Speci gut and stortinn of eoane aggregate ASIC? ‘ASI—Specfc vty und absotion of fteageezat ASICS ASS—Tota moist content of sparegite ty dying ASIN C566 ‘Chapter 4—Hancling and storege of materia ng 19 and storege is, “S—cement 41.1 Storage and halng of blk cement 4.12—Serage of bugged erent 42 —Aggreates 42.1 Stege i ceils 422 suorage a bias 425m seening 4124—Teesporing 43 Supplmenry eomenitons materials 4A chapter 5—Fundamentals of concrete, p. 28 Se Nwureot comers SILI Component 5.12 Water crertitous material rio 5.2—Fresbemerte 521-—Werlatliy 52.3-—Hydratio, sting and hardening 524 —Hewofhysaton| 53—Hudned cance ‘Sa1—cunng 532-Stergth 533—Daroiiy 53.4 —Chernal stack 5:.3Presing- antag ete 536—Allaiagarepteectivy 52.7Vohane shanger Chapter Prevertioning and contol of concrete ein reir weed (62 Methods of specifying const ropetons '62.1— Siena specications 162.2_Presenpve specications (63. Prporioning For opciod steer wlan ‘631—Cemeat types 64Coneree wit pplemerary emetic materia ‘S4.1—istve peporering anton {64.2—_Wuercementous materia ato 64.3—Aggrepte ection 644—Areninment 64.5 Qeantty of paste {54.6—Preporton af ineo-couse agaregate 63—Preparioning for rsisunce to severe exposuc seniton 631—Pase quality (65.2—Reguted ai entrainment 65.3—Aggrepate proportions {65:4—Proportonng by sbvohe volume 65.5Compaag asolue volume and percentage of teh (65.6 Exampeofpopotioning by abvolate vokame 66 —Contol of ener roportions (66.—Lateratry bu quantities (66.2—Fied atch quatites {6.3—Fiold conta of sled proportions 67—Compatation for yield {67:1— Density method Chapter 7—Batching and mixing, p. 83, Tie Batching operates, “HL—Menrement olerncesACIMAMUAL OF CONCRETE NSPEETION 71.3 mcnng equipment 71.4 —Measung water 71.5—-Messungsdmintres 72—Mixing operations 72.1—Cenual rs sng 122 —Reaty mined coneete 72.3—Volumeti ttching and ring 73—Plat inspection 7.3.1—Contl of water content 732-Conol ofa coment 733—Conoloftemperstire 74 Pacing inspection 7A.1—Contol ef slots 7A2—Conol of ccamsency 7A3—Measuringconrete quit Ccheptor &—Inspection before coneroting, Chaptort—nepcti ting, Petey staty §.2Stages of prepersiony work £.3Bresvations and foundations 8A Buliing Sabson-sourd 8..2-—Bulcig fonctions $3.3 Underwater placements 52.4 Pile eumtions {4—Ponns fr bellies ‘4.1--Fenm ighiness an ligament $42 —Shering 54.3._Proventng baling and setomeat 844 Coating forrelewse §445—Fonm ne we runerance So Renfrcement 8S 1—Coting and boning 852-Stoege ond nding 85—lnwalaion 86.1-Coner deh $62-Spleing webing, an anchoring 863 Congestion Rt —Seppon 7 —Eenbed fees §.0—Final inspection before pacing 8.10 Checdie CChepter s—Concreting operations, . 71 ‘Stt—Pscingeontions 9.2—Handng of comere 921—Comeying 922_Phcing 93—Consalidation 931—Viraion 94—Finishing 94 1—Untcemed surfaces 942_Formed races 95-Consection joins 9.1-—Plamed 952 Unplanned ‘Chapter 10—Form removal, reshoring, curing, and protection, p-8 TI Removal of forms and sepprs 10.1—Tine of removal 101.2 —Mulisoy werk 112-—Prteton ten damage 102.1 Backing 103—Coring 103.1— Mist arin 3.2--Membrane curing 10.3. —tpenestl sess 1.3 —Accelrted ering 104 Curing nd prtection ding weather exes 0A.t—Cold neuter 042—Hox neuter chapter 11—Posteonstruetion inepection of fonereto, p88 Tht—aceeptnceispeton 1.2 Visa inspection (Conon survey) 113_Other roles and vsponsibiiies 3.1 Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) 113.2—Desructve ening 113.3—Semmery 1A Otseraton leading orepaehaiation TAL-—Minor deste 42sec defects Chapter 12—Siabs for bulldings. p. 82 12t—Poxthoning of reinfercement 122--Micure requirements 123 Sisbe ot gourd 3-Subgrade and subse 123.2-Plcing and consliion of cone 1233-—Piisting 1234 Hardens srtaces 123.5 —Two-coune consroction ad pecs toppings 123.6 Curing and prosecton 24S sas 125Foln constuction chapter 12—Pavement elabe and bridge docks, 6 PR Foundaton (subgrade and subbase course) Lie pring 1312 Stod tae 133-Feeme Taney fos 133 Se ehrreenen at serage 22 ktiion meds 14 Cenete at Matas 132— lcae opetonre 143mg a ming 15-Pavag opens TAS Cmerae pene 52—Vibtion 183 Stplrm paving‘ Acicouartee REPORT 13.54 Fxes-orm paving 1355—Fashing 1336—Texsring 15353 7_Curing sr protection 136 Final cccepance 137—Joins 13.7.—Trasverse contractions 15.72-—traneverssconsincton joints 13.73 Longin contact joes 15.74 Longtail constuction jos 13.7 5Expanson joins 13.76—Foie seating 1 fidge decks 13.81-Goncrt placement 1982—Faihing Chapter 14—Aaroitactural concrete. 107 Tee Detamiing rear fr cepa” 14.LL—Precotecten snp 142-Inparanee oferty 143_Fome 141m stabi ring 132-—Texes a pater 1833 Foon joate 14.34 Form ali nd reese gon 1435—Formten 1436—Form remot 143" Retreat 145-Coneetematriaand mite proportions 14S: Conen| 1H452—Areues 143A M4 Bachng wing. nd ampaing 147 Pacing nd comobdaton 148 Swe ueanens 14 t-—Sanbiating 1442—aen nanmeig 1483 Gending ASA Mma ratnet 483 Exped ensreate iis 145Carng a pecton 1410s 141 Pct meters 1H. Stage td anperttion 14112—Brstin 421 Bog see 14.122—Cokr ais ‘Chapter 15—Special concreting methods, aa ~ 15.1—Stioforning vec suuctaes 1S.1—Foumuork 151.2—Renforcing ste! 15.13 Como of cones placement ISL Finishing aod curing 15.13—Misure reueents 15.2—Siipforning easeinplic pipe 1521—Forms 1522—Conl ferme cone 1S31—Casing pir 153-Fome 153.3—Bon preven 1334—ceraee pact 1333—P emcion 1S Lin contin ‘Salter 15:2—Bont peveaion tsa3—sh ecm 183 Pmpuaapegte conerse 1831 Agrzatplcemet 1582 Geaeemta nd ing 1533—Greacng ep \So-Userrt cre conmreon ‘sist taupment a sete 15i62_Matue regimen fr tenis onsets 182 —Vaewwn omaig of mers 187.Eaupnca am pis 15 7.2—Ratcn shone 18 amped conc IRI Typo ompment 1582 Mw uremnts {383—Connd ot lacencn |Rating cone mls 130 Stat 1$911-Shxring occ {592M promoters ti93—stey {394 —Forman ground wes 1393 Suce ting {$96 Gorig and ptecion 1599—Con ete cr types of concrete, p. 123, (Chapter 18—Special Terr strectnal igweig-apaepae corres 1.1 Aggregates 16:14 —Baching and isn 6:1 S—PMacngcomsdston a Biishing 16.1. 6—Curng ae pretction 162-Lighweiah fil once 621 Agaregtes 162.2—Mareproporicing and texting 163—Low-denity conte T6.31—Aggreates 1632 Foams for eller concoe 163.3-—Miwure roprtining and contol 1634—Tening J633—Bathing and ising 1636 —Plcng and consliion 16.3.7Coring and protection 16.t—Heweyweight concrete 61—Agpresaes 642M propos et comaACIMAMUAL OF CONCRETE NSPECTION 5 164.3—Batching en mising gait Phong. comet. and ishing 65 —Cung and prtetion 165 Mass cont feeders 165.1-—Misure popecioning 1632—Teaing 155.3 Temperature cesol 16 Specal ecupment and procedures 164—Suctural mans corres 16.7Sirinkage-conpensating concrete 167. 1-—Materals 167.2—Mixure proportioning ae cortrot 167.3—Producon, placing ad ching 1674 Caving ad prion 16% Hpi peformance cone [Chapter 17—Precast and prestressed conereto, pee Precast concrete 171 —Seope of inspection 17.12 psig fer say contol rd pty esrnce 17.13-—-Revondheping and ie sports 17.1. —Formnce 175m toms 17.15 Bar and wire einercerent 17..7—Caving 17,13 Hing storage, and trspertion 17.19—trecion 17.110 Raps 172 “Precast prestoscod comets 172.1—Conerte material 173.2—Tealons fr preassining 192.3Tendon manng ane vrsge 1724 —Atuachments fortes 172.5—Deflection devin 172.6—Teastoning of adous 10.2.7 Wetter tence 17.28 Detensioning 173—Costim place prostesod comerte 17.34—Conerete mates 193.2--Poataentening eros 1,33 —Archorages ad esioning 173A Growing procedures 173.5 Postoastuction inspection ‘Chapter 18—Grout, mortar, and stucco, p. 140 Te Presorepotine 1.2 Grouing ee Dae ples al machine Paes 18.2.1-Damp pack mortar 1822Gasformiag routs 1823Caaleed metallic gous 1824—Cementnane syste 18.25 Nomi grows 163 Morar and sto (Chapter 18—Testing of concrete, p. 144 St Sarpng 192-Tests of freshly mined eonsee 19.2.1—Consitensy 1922—Air conten 182.3 Deasiy of fetly mised cone: ASTM C138 cise 19.24 Temperature 193 Suength ess 19.3.1—Compresive seagis ASTM C3/C3IM, (CHS2ICI9EM, and C39/CIOM, 19.32Capping eying! concrete specimens for “compressive stergth teste ASTM C317 19.33Use of unbonded caps for compressive strength tex; ASTM CI231C1251M. 19.34Tevag emerete linden: ASTM CONCIIM 19.35 —Hesorl sengih ef concrete: ASTM C3I/ (CSIM, C102C 162M, C78 and C238 19.36—Moldieg eral specimens |93.7-Curng Neral specimens |9.38—tectng eam for Neca east 10.3.—Spiting tense sengh efancal concrete specimens ASTM CA9IC5M 193.10-Comgresive stengh of lightveaht insabing ‘ene: ASTM C295 19.4 Accelerate cern of et specimens 19.5_Uniornty tests of mies 1951 Track more 1933--Suaionary mixers 1953—Washout et for coarse-agareze content 19'34—Aictree density ef emcee tes 1955 Aiefre density ef mortar st 19,6-Density of etrvctar fighwvigh concrete 19.7 Test of completed tracts 19.7. 1—Core re ened concrete 19.7.2 Load wat 19.73)_Noedertrcive ests 19.8—Shiping end henling samples Chapter 20—Records and reports, p. 184 oh Gener maton 20.—Qualiy conto carts 204.|—-Conarete deliver Hcket [Chapter 21—Inspection checkist, . 168 Dit Miateral (Chips Sand) 21.2-_Preporoning ef ence micures (Chap 6) 213-—Rathing and mixing (Chater) 2134—Rofere concreting (Chae 8) 21:5—Coneeing operators (Chater) 2115s conereing (Chap 10) 21.9 Specil work 2171 Cold weather concreting, 21.72--Motweshorconerting 2173—Alremalned conte 21.74 —Twoecume oor (Chapter 12) 21.75 —Arcitctural coneet (Chapin 14) 21.75 Tip consevctin Chop 18) 21.7.7 Prepaced spurge concate (Chapter 18)21.78 Underwater conaretion (Chae 15) 21.79 Vacuum dewatering (Chap 15) 217.10-Panped concrete (Chapter 15) 217.11—Siokret(Chaper 13), 217 12—Sinucural ghrp agpegste comete (Chapter 16) 217.13-Low density coneet (Chapter 16) 21.7.14-Higheensiy cose (Chase 16) 217 15—Mascemnente (Chop 16) 21.115 Sbrage compensating coon (Chr 16) 2TA7—Presuese enerete (Caper 17) 21.7:18—Grosag ander se plates (Csptr 18) 21.719—Presare going (Chapter 18) 21.720 Mewar and stucco (Chapter 18) 21.721 Tess of concrete (Chater 19) 21,722—Revonds anf repons (Chapter 20) ‘Chapter 22—Raferences, Dail Refewnced cand 222--Cited ferences wm Pd reports ‘Appendix A~Guide for Concrete Inspection ER ata pe Guide for Concrete Part Inspection afd osing ot Rend hes Conerne AS STEN, Index, p. 197 CHAPTER {INSPECTION AND THEINSPEGTOA TELE Wy pct red —TBe pape of mpetion isto vei hat he rumen and ao te conic dksigndowunet ae fil seca In onesie comtuaba, neon eat ont loans Sled measrnert ta eld bray ein tnd the colechon anderen of et daa intanes pects at ae et bythe techie end pec sg ‘One inporant esponsbity of he cone iaspcer is ates tly of the mata ase tthe oncaeid nd ually inponnib, opredice sped conrt from oonconerng ari Ta {Me inal mei ening tecorrete ire bold of peli guy An pore torn ty conden sod work sarnhip ll operon ad. poceses (1 Cesersng this snort Becres on inert psy of the inspect Even when conc ade coe sh ually mark progetoned comet stich Cones te eating once nearest ifeamtictoenetmantip if por gai. Maal ill tec krowlede, notation, and re a contbae oot werent. Mow inns involve wit concte esl an coracton ke ren th eff ante to tan oper sebay (3.12) Net all personel, however, wll sve th evry sining doh ds propery. The nce mee ck onstrction schedules ad stay within cast ints fen aces too much emphasis en production rate If pec becomes tp poy. constuction quality may nt rest Mut tenon i ot propery exceed. cialy. cost nay ako ser. Tecmiges ta! speed concrete placer! am actly ad mater cts orl inte ned or xpesive reais, cob Fel a mtd investigator of sett es, isd examples in as ook, Lessons fom Fare of Conroe Sires, showing tat high perce of fares of once sutures tht he ad investigated ere cated Sinica pat by por contuction—in oer words, oct orkmahip. He ted: “The ene ting wi thes aes ‘eclosively pin of tht all ga conse consttion ‘Should besbjecedio ght inspecio.. Ritter tat oly by this hind irspctin ist possible wo gd against he alae of enerotssctires (Fl 1969). For every monuenil stu cllape,inaerabe Insane of smal faites cir Tas pacar te ‘when importa concrete properties, eich as abi td ‘alertness, do tot confom to design rquirenents, Superior cones unset can be ba at ean ont it concrete praacets ad contacts ate vigilant. As the late F.'R. MeMiin ssid tn the foro’ to bi fc Coneree Prner (Mein and "Tal 1987) “ony ho ‘ave ten interested in the cause of beter cones have toted the diffi ef aching any real progress ut Semcon in authority has beea convinced that gon corte an be had, tht it spa be had and having een 50 oie et the wor het tise a 1LL2 Purposes of inspection The desi fo usiy has Indio the ws of insect percenl 0 mnie and dosnt ‘quay of concrcte construction. The resus td utes of inspectors lave bnoadened oer te ems. Ty, Several inspection tears mye wd om ote Projet to represent the itersts of the vastus pres ivolved Inspect may beep By projet owner o prvide quality assurance fr the wks +15) goveenmant agencies and large indus to assure ‘he quality + By achiests and engtcers te yrify and decane compliance with rot specications an rains: +‘ Bycammcies previ alt centl inspection fr pets under constraton. This aps provide eerie Yo the conster tht the finished corstrston il meet all exproment of the contact docements at thas wile accep by the over. + By produces ef consete maeriis and pradecte who ‘eed astrance that fined prods ll meet the equemens ef the conc decumerts. Examples inchade pedces of coment, sree, ray mised eure ard prt prac + By licensing and building permit ursttens charged wah enorseg balding coer and cher elation. in this cae the inspector wil be responsible only for soaring that the finshed strate conforms 10 requirements ofthe cies or relations: oFFig, 1.1—tncrensingty sopbisicoted bung designs call fot higher tendon mena and worlonersip. + By commer Laborories designated to provide teagan inspection sonics. Reparles of he function spect ining laboratory aa ed sexing, many he performed yea 6 Ye sal project by jst one prsen (Fi 13) M13 Owner and contractor inipections TA Owner ington Onno inspection provides ssciance © owoets a the reguenens of the sontat decurnerts (ravings wd speciation) are flied. ACT 311K, Seston 23, wae propared to guide seit frginrs, and owners inthe development of efetive lnnpecte progress: the protection of ie pic and te ce the resporsbity er puitniag and dealing ovacr Inepectin sale vend athe ME ae acontauing ction ofthe desig responsibly. The AE shold four hk the progr for owner inspection mets {raisers of cesign peiaton and heal wing cone Te tmpeconrespsty may be pevsoncl, or ay be delegated to an independent Irspecton onpnization repring oth AE the AE i ao espns fo constuction, an Independent inspection erzatiation shuld be provies the AVE service, the ovner sould als Proc ect rei en pend spt Saperved byacerincon nage shuld abo be et hy the AME and show he cated Ou by inspection personae rpeserting the one. The fo or owner inspection and testing sow bo separa dsint em and shouldbe paid by the ‘pane, ry the ATE ating on ta the wee — Fig. 1.2—Conerene's abit so be forme ino any hap les Fig, 1.S-ACEcerfe fel technician performing sheng A shaé avoid the undesnble pace of froeprg payment though the conrctor for inepston series intended for ive by he owner 36 {bss of acceptance Suh a pracice isnt the ‘ower’ intrest and may ovat «confit of Interests lmpanal eric i ict under sah vena paid by the ower in any ease Under plead consraion coe, sspectrs pe sening te owner Ive no responsiblity ce thon to manage the contacts workforce. The Overs aspecton tex is esponsie fordteminn ha moter yrecsire, tne pacts confor othe reguiemets of he cents Gocumests, Bevan inpectts are only responnibe for valuing th contactor’ work for conforma, hey may° ci coummrre# REPORT Pig L4—ungdevign accented wid horizontal eins {quel couiracten. provider a highly fonction! nd ewnene workplace ot borden the coer by a ‘nts conc decent 1.12 Qual contra ipestion Resco maintained or hired by the contactor eceem inspection a eng services use 0 conte quay diay onsrction. insome onsructon contacts, pencarly anne with cent fevernmen' agence, the contactor creed wo provide + ‘specified amount of aspection nd ting a part of orl ‘qaliy-sontel progam. Even when txt_contaclly ‘quite, aay conerccrs malin imspecton sand esting ‘enon, eprom the line sipervsion 0 maior quality contol These inspectors rept dscty 40 the fcenncir's management. Sometimes inspection Work is performed by the conmctrscnsition sapersso san Satomi put of comsractin operation. By perforlag. eit own paliy-conta inspection, comtactrs cam avd later mjecton of work that Woull be ‘ery coy oreplaceorcret Inpcton parton by or forthe contactor, paticully when contextually etd, ‘ould be more etalled than that pecformed fer Owner inspection, with eater aenion being given t fer alignment possoning of embacments and enorsng ba, fant general placenent practices. Even when contact docaments rege extensive qualy-coaol inopection sn testing the conrachrver, oats shoul aise o nina weir own inspection eens. Te oamer shod nana forma enersphte he sontetor tense ht he ‘uaity-conol program ahve ojetves (Fig 1) Manufatarets of conte materas ad prac ao se inspection and texting to ati quay canto and ensure thar conrac requirements sre et. These progr Should rail the cenractors ely conta effort ‘Owners shoal infependendy at and esoe te elstve ss of thee gait contol rogias ne mepromen ot ven 42st TEI DurerAltnigh the cies and emphasis of he aeret inspection teams involved on 2 pejet may Yay land somtimes exerlp the ase appouch the sane. The ‘mner's inspectors generally emphosze impaction of subprade and contact sfes, inipecion of teafing scl, inspection of covet mater sy ae delete, testing of the unburdened invpectomofthefshedsrictre. The centr gel ‘om nspectrs sully emphasise nsec of wari ‘Frocton sting of fornwork, ad placeret ae ung ‘Fconcete. The dies that ingectors a nt feqetty sed to perf aca 1 Heotiyeg and camany maser beloe aseptic “Tic icnde weifying uly bse 0 otto: ac teste proved by prodier and spi well ab sping nesting atrial dlverd jo + Monitoring aching and” rantue properining ncaiing sjasiments) and testing Concrete for ceaineny, ircontrt, tempest, id dns + Examining foundotons sddgrad, orm, ceinering steel embedded items, anf oer work i prepara forconereting. + Inpecting the mining, conveying, placing, cone sting, fishing, caring, and protection of cone + ropuingroquied cone specinen for bonny tex, including monitoring for adequre Feld curing and proper protection of te specinens: + Oncrving he equipmert. working conditions, wees, smu other ten aflecting the cones or othr rele prs of he sacures; + Observing metods eel fer caring and proton of ‘nce, eel ding eof ba or ed weather, + Evalnating test ests fr conformance to the spec + Reporting nonconforming conions and maces ina ‘pomp manner + Sevitvng th uaecepeble tems ant prcesines ae comet: and + Preparing records nd eps, ‘To be ffoctv, npr ned suport oe magn. ‘They seb ote absent ad abet ease he a Ingo arc wer temo pie omer po tnt mates Aboveal spect soul completely ar sath all aceptane ce in the enact ecuaonty atd ey Seuld prem dctmet arp aay ocean (hoe cea sertraline. 1.22 Bc anderen spe. al whi. sina can receive rated tect ting tcp, le Schools and sil factional initio. ACI Contfcaton Program Sponsors Groups may also provike specific before cetficaion ou Sessions, Cerficton Inspectors and echalcas beoming the sant rn any chs 1 raniaery.K provide hin psty assurance thas the spectro techician has let the bie skills nd knowledge fo perform the job, Some sts ard aa {sds route eration, ba ln tat cae, The ‘equiemeat i lace Inf sana st then eer. ted inthe balding coves. Indy sande containing 2 “criti msrement or oamenaon for serieton include ACT SOL. SEUAR, 3115, 318, ond 349 and ASTM CSIKSIM, C39COM, CHICAM, C78, CONCSM, (C182/C192M, C6BSICERSM. C1077, and E529.ACIMAMUAL OF CONCRETE MSPECTION . ACI proves cetifiation programs fr ‘Concrete Field Testing Tetrclan—Grade 1 (CSAtiased Concrete He Tein Technician Gre Concrete Fawork Fiber & Tecnica Speciahy Commercilindaseial Ptwerk Finisher Technician + Concrse Sees Tsing Tetnician 2 Corer Labor Testing Technician —Level 1&2 1 Agrezae Base Testing Technician + Aggozae Testing Techicen-Love | 2 + Concrete Cnsivtion Special Inspector Asoc 1 CGained Conese Conarcten Special ispector ‘Concrete Transporation Condrction Inspector ‘svi Cone Tansperetion CenstractonIspecor + THPUp Supervisor & Tecician + shotcrte Nezzieman (Dry Mix Proce) 1 Steorete Nerzieman (WE! Mix Proves) ACT contest devel sew ceivicaton propa in response to expanding indus woe, Th alliton fo bving a techakal understanding ofthe principles involved inthe asigned contruction, isgectn fnustve pact experience: Tey sol! ko how and ‘oy te wrk tobe done ina parca way. Tnexprienced tut techniall tine inspectr shou neg om the job trining nde i saperin of more exprenced india tefre working alone Expiyers also shoe encourage Inspectors to esp thei sills ep date ty contig the technical tining. Employers con asst this effort ding period training courses 123 Authority Tho uals asswanesleuaity contol dies and esponstilies ofthe one. erie, cetrae, fn sapplershoald be elesy detailed the eons ocumets td thoravgly andere by al partis. These {dtce and responsibilities should Be reviewed at 2 precontraction or concrete peplacement mecting. Cleats {etcing cack puts ether, responses, an ines of ‘ermmunicatonbefereconcete place wil havea pone Impact onthe sone placerat ’At the at of each jo, te inp supercar eal leit cals the auorty that be iapctor has aad the {cs tobe ak in ara ston hat ay be encoun tered. These dues and espoesiies sould be ried 0 fhe inspector arting ‘The mpecar an is fem shld cvfractlly be alegalagetoftbe were contactor have Atari to top werk. Aninspcier maybe authorized 2 Sp mak ot psn conditions (ech as prepa on of orm. couse suri, srw, cenenction ots andthe plang of mefoceren’) a sca {ad ascepad and ant nepectin peel sealable to obcre comeing operation: aed + Sop mk tiem, equipment, or workmanship ‘donot cmfor he eneaet decane. tn bth eats the inspector fs sally uteri 0 ke ditet sci i concer with the contricto'sSepeVs. Inspectors should scp work nly a st eter, when vent that nooconferning was placed sont he sive br as x inte inthe es, ‘What iv of concerns that the member ef stander cinder test esl ling blo i ot moe tan llowed by the oniret documents, Typically, contact dccuments squire that the average of all ses of tee consective test vel sxunser exceeds the specie strength If tees ets) nme his tte, cangesto the mista repertions oF Improves i ql conto shoelt be made. Fhe moe, if a ivi stents tt rsa alle bcm 2 by more than SO pi (3.5 MPa) whea ? 5000 pi (3 MIPS) eles ory me tan 19 when 2 tan 3000p 25 MPa), thea the inpiace conerte quest, an ppreprie actos shouldbe taken Refer so he seo on ‘rakain aaceptnce of een ACI SIS foe er Tests of sanded conrete como! specimens during construction provide the Busi for evaating the poteatel scngt ofthe concrete delivered tothe jo se cin, concider cag ectrigues vill fect the quay of Ie ardenad cence th erste Te ay of concrete cambest belted by analysis of at east 30 ard os fom given intron ested in ACT 21. 25-Statisica tools ERM Preeveny durbuions—Resls of omer compressive seg essa plod for ting. cr Faeqieney dstbaton, for wich the normal seein carve ean be competed. Mere pray theres are ‘ablated, and the average end standard deviton 5 ae ome 1 provide bacsroaad data 0 ae in selving & Fequrel average engt/, fr fre conte cms. ‘The equ teragestent edo etabah proportions that can preside act cocrete sgt et esata il Incl he spocfied concrete eng” cept of prosaion Varios: This sueagt is statstialy compel based the ands ofthe past reals. Append 3 stows examples of how to compute sand fe given dt [Normal the cores inspector will not be conse wih plating tequerey dtrbaon cures for conerete strength tet, The concrete producer cntaier tpicaly emis the ad paporions the mista ose hs requiem. An serge strength higher tan the specified Swergth ned ensure thatthe nace corte willbe copied when resus of conerets contol test oe the ‘pceaing pb ae compared wth he cetera othe ontat socureats Ifthe cote aspect eu chek he Jfvalve cempaed ty te entacor ar concrse peice, the ispecce should ase dt, pariatry the sandard deviations, compated from presions testing of conte prdced bythe same conn plato contr. ‘When ACISIS seeencel, aeoicice penacton Seiy th has pseu sani devon esd cr est 30 consscrive trength fest” ropreeating materiale and ‘ondoas sindar to thse expect in he now work sth be {ed propor fw a equi esetng ele of the vaes conpured as shown ia Table 22, fo ACT 18 “All of these regula levels of overesign are based on stasticalactrption co thet the corte Frodced fee the few consrcion ean be expected to meet spesifoaion ropiteneats when sundarl cjlinges we ted daring Carson, These levels of ovedesign a also based ot ‘heassunpte ht spesfatonregurerents are the se 6 fe contin ACTIX wach expe thatthe wera any thee consecutive stenah ess eqs ce otcode the regu and thats inva segih est aver of 0ACIMAMUAL OF CONCRETE NSPECTION 1 “Table 2.3—Standards of concrete compressive ‘Srengin, fg = 5000 pst octet [ey | Gad “Toble 2 4—Standards of concrete compressive strength, f2> 5000 ps! > ens SS Fig.25-Seatsticelconrol char ‘vind falls below the required 2 by more than $00 ps (G.3 MPa) ha fy 5000 ps C88 MPa ores oF by hen 0.10( when is more han 00 ps (35 MP The stand deviation of rel or compressive reagh ‘ray cher txts mace up of components thet are standard ‘evition of several sub-iers. The asi comport ae ‘evitions doe sampling esos tesing vers a acta ‘arias inthe tet ise Fg 2.3 shows the elation= hips among these ebsteme on sever! diferent conte projets, Nee tht there em are abt adie: sad, he ‘ehtiomhip consis of ‘evan of sig, ad jg te standard deviation of the ‘ual mac popes. Tables 2.4 and 24 om ACY 216K, show ype ales for standard deviation of Soncrete strength teste for Vries andi of cenel and for ype of test 2253 Control chert—Alibough fequeeey distributions ac wel inary to ubbtha popoed avengecompresne ‘engin of cocreseReore wre begins, con. CaM ae the prmary sea! ols med fr evahating rete of ts ‘the cose acon mira rng conarction. ‘Control charts are basiily horizontal ine chars. The trxzol lines for an acseptance contol chart geerly ‘Cont of ea line a specie average ta upper ie fat the specied per acceptance Int and ewer es the Ina seepunce lit Gf bot apply). A wae cel ‘art one we for acta process corte) il uly have the comer average ite pus two ler 20d 40 pet ine ‘The upper and lower lines closet othe average recalled svaring lini, and the west Besa eabied ato lini ‘hese wasnlag aid actos limit fines ae paced st some imuliple of fhe Simple Sandad deviation, aheve and ‘elo the verge vale Figure 26 shows # Bank sermple of « typical acual proces couuel cht PeansTvana Ste University 1974). [Nae hve he cnt ies elated andl staton curve (showe lying ons side he Ie), Generally, procedures for wing actual poses contd tars resent whet © point est rex) falls on oF “outside elie warning ie the produces shoul exunine ‘operon fo csermine what hi etme this vrition a tempo comet i. When pat falls on or cusie the ‘ct ie the producer shoal sop i operon apd make the adjsimentsnecescry 10 bing the operation Under searl. Coal chars can nly iis that problem thins, not wheres acted.A berinenane contol chat can be wed w pl beth single test reais atc running averages of Specifed amber of conceit reat, Figure 2.7 shows spice ‘hans of his ype Poasslvaia Stats University 197), In addition to coauo chat fo single test rest and averages, commen os them torso he wath ‘range of et reas cir ota cor ver sme psi Deiod. These, to, ae horizatal line charts ut they ‘Sormally have only fer a upper como its Figure 28 (ACI 214K) shows type control chants fr esl of once compressive ssngih tts, Coat charts Also are commonly required ferrin of air-content tots A typical example shown in Fig. 29 (Pennsylvania Sue University 1974). Conral chars ar semeties maine {or reno slump tes, shonin Fig. 2-10 (Caer Degartent of Tanspartion 168), ‘Typ, the ony concrete matsa qualy or which conrol chan are mained is agregte gradation nc ‘lly for ony few ef the seve sires. Whore tggrepite (gait is putty importa, however, chats map be ‘maintained on resus of cea quality tests lino Satisiclly, is ay bean improper application, Corel ‘hans for sgeretste grain el quality areas shown Fig. 210. Appenate 4 shows tpl! control char for sggregte gration fornia ests ad ange), moving strages for an-ogelvle tet th td moving wer For gang nays Magara tree Pig 24—1hve spied suay-crtmt chart: ua rerarh ess. moving average ‘of fve seme ete and range ofa cinders nea x and movi sera for rane-ACIMANUAL 0 CONCRETE INSPECT 7 pi saa i ai § oii |e 12 i ie eee ER fe toe = y's procon —o} OTE ta Fig 29—"Bor X” control chan for or conte Fig 210-Concrete conto chart [APPENDIX 1—GAMPLING BY RANDOM NUMBERS: 'M1.1—Example 1: Sampling by time sequence. “ihe tak to sample matenas, such as agar, once or precast product a the pce of manufctre Sok the sarople neremeats by means of «sified random sampling plan w disiibute the sanpliag over aif fl ay. waiver more appieable “The contact dacimese wil Sefine the lat sire andthe surber of eblets and sap acreents pe lot. For thi ample, assune the conactJocemcaty sate tat the lt fice day's proach five blot ae require oe. ach et, ane that ome sale Increment pr sabi mest De nue The punt opens or 9 hous (as 730 318.1 Fig. Alst Relationship herween tad alo, tine inter 4:30 pm) to acomplia’ pestion. Assn tha ‘he pln is ong coatinus'y trough the hunch oi ‘Sole: Lata —the be sea day's pructon of 9 hous eng 730m amt oping a 8°90 p.m 2. Sub sie Dive the ot nto ve equal sublts by selecting Fecal ine ierval daring the bos hat he ‘Slats Opera The ime interval Fr each abit is (9b er ot in per sub ie inal = ee i = 108 min per sublet Fur ALI shows dagrmefine viet os ci pede te feel nice 3 Sure mere One ene irene eo scr he tac te tics sce when he Sorplencenet shod te an west, Ths tae pene raced nnd Uti bce ken ental AD ommdonie tei ope cent Chere os tute fem er he X Yoram Ce hopes terry ops inp san) Fortis cx, Clan Xt tin ening of fre simp sera Nat tha Clem ¥ cont ae tested eal at ay Ave cose vase tessa by sarng sy psn ae note th ft te mr rs Cohes X (0472 se, 06112 O70, and 652). To none he tervlta Gre vithinack abt wet tie tc (108 finucocomane'n Sep Rent er Saba 0.4721 x 108 = $1 min, Sabi2 00836 108-5 in Saba oot12 1 Sera 08201 SublS O0852 108 = Yr A th comps nc he stig tne each se decree te none sie at whi ec Saree acencar ste ened The arg tines‘Table At-1—Table of random numbers Sublitno, Sampling ime Taka polar ttn es] 73am +SImin 2h x ¥ x ¥ 2 iam 475mm 105m Ts Tawi Tam 11962 +66min 12.12 pam, 2 fos ai a og sipm 486mm 220 pm ae ee 5 2A2pm —-+7min 249 pam, +e ‘Te fist sample increment cain from Sublot 1st CO Sample increments ae dain daring the time whee Saar ae the st tre uote in produto. [ome | Lee: ‘The five sample increments contin x samples of n= i Lose 5, taken fom five sues of days proxctom (he = Leer Each increment of this sanple sce shoal be arte, The dts i asi ‘ould then Be used eesti th popes of the ft. In i Resse ober words, the average, the sample Sanda devin 5 Les the cetikent af vation Vor anyother sce would be 6 esis compated rfl thetic property cf the lot when it 2 = ‘sofas by the contactor or mutt upp fr aseeance ‘M1.2—Example 2: Sampling by material weight Aue tht te coat decane specify 1 size of 000 tons, with Ave sabes per lt, ant that ene sample increment per sublot must be obtained. I ate, ensue a Fes arian ed fre e500 2 = Le he eng wl be de om hog tts = Teor cass Tanufoctering lat. = ta FE Sead = re TOP _Folow hc are be patra ta hen ra povna z ex clamps Fe iran en cn = Toy entero ae sanju wn oa St Foss tem oemtecanees = ar ead mb of Bese 13000 uns ee = pea oe ‘required for the project nad the lot size is 3000 tons, the tots = 4 = poms ‘number of lots is = torte toa somone = aaa Tae punter fats = SDI a = Toate hia Sor rT = Ret” 2 Ste The bis = ao sbletsiae = EDIE 0 pe abe 2. = SE ripe 12 iva inp Yeti lt and o oe ry hen ee er samp increment pe sbi, tet which oad thst sha De “rmplodis unknown becooce the sample increments have nt yet been rndomized Referring wo Table AL, cove five and wunbers ros Column Y stating with No.7. Then mipy these munbers by eco the Fe see-ACIMANUAL OF CONCRETE NSECTON ey sonst ai ss an a a tt e fe |e le fe & 2 8 a a 2 8 on — = —— ‘so0ton ot Pig AL2—Relaonsipberwen lor and bles, quantity inter ‘wai he fst sample nerenea at he 108th on of te compte before sles the second Saple increment at the Sh on of the secon sit. Follow the ae posse fer obtaining th remaining te sample increments. ‘aculaive tog ofthe tonnage Ding produced is kept, the sampling sequace forte lt 300 toa) woe be: Sable Sable 2 600 + 534 Sabla 31200 6 S51 Sabla 4 1800 + 502 230d on: ane “Thus, i actual practic, the hawking units containing the 100t on, 34h ton, 17SIH ton, and 30 0m woul be sean [a1 3Exampla3: Sampling by depth of concrote avement “The dep of conccie paverent in way must be sampled foraceepance. Asa tthe conta ogee fag alot sre of S00 ear fect, thea tid five soos and one sanple neta er sub. In ition, sue that he pavement wih 12 Wand the projet bog ‘Suto 10 Oa emt Staion 300 + 0. Seon ber nd amber of ce Lt sie = 500 linear fst “The dance fom Staton 100 +00 Staton 360 + 00s 20,0. Ths he ware a xs Fig. AL.3Relaionship between lw and sblots, distance intel Sato Not a S -2L 8 7 7 1 § 1 - FAL Coon itor pn 0+ @ 20ce0 8 umber t= OO 2. Sao soa—The is et gina Satin 10 +00 and Sacons ino five equal abo Ne son per nee subline = as peat gure ALS indicates how his tise. Note tat random numbers utingsomewnem else ia ‘Table AL. either in Colum X or Y, cold Have bon sa “The impecio sould els the slarting pin t random 0 vod! making the tine or baton ofthe sample iaeren redieuble 5. Sample mrements—The pont st which each sample increment wil be obtaiped mut be raved eth he longininal (9) direction andthe transverse (Y) drton, ‘Ths lection by XY coors illest in Fig. ALA In aich bode sion andthe oft are chen in separe randomiing operations, Relering © Table Al.I. use five coasecive random umber rr Cela X at fe from Column, starting ‘Na. Maki the K mumbo ty th eng of ech blo ord til the Yaumbers bythe 12 wih of he roadway weaing siface» Acicomurtes RePosT slice eee PE cee “Fata menage’ sent ae Fm a ir ne ete —— "et ee tl Stas ee Ceexsiaes tom bea readway are nee ng of lot and fom ia edge of Stblo X= $65.1 Soblor2: | X= 172 Seblor3: X= 20483 Sublets: 232951 Solos: Xeaod! Y= 10s APPENDIX 2__NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVES: Figs X21 A22, AD and taba craps of ore isto crvescnd hom hey vary yet ieee Thesanpiearked deviation >a ie eld coef of ‘araton Vee eases fhe camer r varity fda As Insta teas, when Be een tao long ef (eV i ne, inating wie vain. Whe the ‘arab mall «eV in seal, a th dt closely faked. Figure AD a shows Ut high ale ff eure we he rion wie gue 2S nares th popeton het ae er sand noma dstibuten cee for each sucess ep of sdutce «fon the aeage (ren). Thess Froportional aes For deviations of, 2s and 3 for he bss acl ‘eed terns forte as Fors anand er Fig. A2.1—Cooninate yon for paved abet ton, epproxiatly 68% ofa es aes wi al wii ne stant evo (s) on enc ee of te even, ax ral 955 wl be with 2 the averages nd aon ts "ales less tha O39) wl be ound utd he ite. Fig A22—Qute dierent dss may have the same ieee tae Lome isi AN A Saker 0 on ie A oi lien Fig, A23—Procese control elated t specication lint, eo Ge Se ae vie wer ate ae Se Toe Fig A24—Nemal frequency curves and reed fg for ferent cocficlnt of sarin,AcIMANUALOF CONCRETE MSPECTION ” [APPENDDX 3 COMPUTING STANDARD DEVIATION AND REQUIRED AVERAGE CONCRETE STRENGTH ‘k3.1—Celewating stancara deviation = “i srple send devi ¢ Idi he “100 mein space dviston” fest esata i average std ompuid by to following equation (scribd previously) fos OE Mt) a1 ¢ whereX, Xn Xy ae india seg est ales and ninth mawber ft. (ina imple Fur cata) ‘vhers(42) isthe som ofthe gure ofl indivi ss nad (2X7 the square of tho sm fal ini tss sample 1 shows how w computes sing Eq (A) ate ht (1) feused rater to te ect vale m swhichisappleabltorsn ulate nmberoess. The rea Fstht (1) inreesthe val ofr anda compensate forth erly of smal uber os Example 1— Compute s by Eq, (Ata) “sass ‘9 = 20 (aunt of es ess) oxy’ = 217833000 eons? D c (Percent ee be Terie vant wai to SES TR RIES : Sais 2(34i5) + 6826 2 tr arra sae oc 3 210068) + 9973 ‘ig 4.2.—Divson of sandard normal dsr, Foxy) '83.2—Caleulating requted average stren PS eet ocmaon fs aviible tae on the theoedcal poral probably curve Regan ofthe shape of the theoretical arse andthe valu ofthe area under the curve between +s) ond Xs) will boas be 68.25 ofthe total area tence, ad hae ue te carve beswecn K+ 2) fant X- 2) wil be equal 0 98.4% of he oul Considering ‘nly the hal ofthe curve represent vais fe hn ‘341 the tal ara wil fll between and), wach ices 15.9% of the aren under the curve for vaio ss than Gan shown in Fis. AML These ae peeenuges wllapl fr the aber of es involvedac ell acforan ates. Therefore, 13.9% ofthe tes forany aoa curve wl fl below (R—) Table AX, from ACK HR, is a adaption of a able fiom a rah andbook (he normal probably int) alred 10 sow tbe percentaze 9 concrete ste cet falling teow 12 axa fneson of the roped average seregihfRorexarple, atx a ASI shows thal 15.9% ‘ofthe et il fal botow (X—9), Table AB. shows that feonlies then 159: of the tes wl fl bloFig. A8J—Appreainate dcributon of atea wader the amel frequency dition cure based on devitions SronX inmubiples of the population standard deviation “Table A2.1—Expocted percentages of tect lower “Regina pe] Revealer ew 0m te Fate Tae oe Fata frie | 97 ar ris |e “able AX is efi in establishing the reuted average senha dering the pty o ow tests ocaring ‘hee: kaon. With + compted om projet da ad Ffesublsbed, Table A3,| can te wed wo compute For {cari suet ase Woal ke iM he pb Liye es falling teow SCOD pt 0 SH, andte expected ‘ancrd devsation ofthe concrete SS) pl, The cones ‘hou designed foran average strength of 3925 pi ued ‘nthe forma from Table A3. Lor 5% fo te reals + Les (by imerpation = 3004 1.581860) = 5000 + 925= 3925 pl APPENDIX 4 CONTROL CHARTS (ON CONCRETE MATERIALS. Typlal con har for ages radeon fornia test nd fran reson in Fig. AL and M42 (San Fig, M1 —Contol char for overage (X), 308 in sieve erent psn Fig. A42—Cenrl chart for range (R), WB in. seve potent piang Vania Ste Unienity 19, or grate epee int ‘eh pret rete cnt price sve Example clculstone and coal chats for moving average (ive tests) fer sanbegivaleat test cesuls and fr ‘easeagztcete mei passing the I in seve re shows In amples I aad 2, which te cape from the Califor Departmen’ of Tanspararion (968) At Example Colulation to determine “the cecntadsatsiton epee Tae AA Assan he cont Jocureats rage an advil test fvotes th 7, and moving emg oft than ‘Te casion tone forth cranple was ainely et betncen 75 and 89. The meer connie pera 1h tok spe cect te deicieny hfere oping tions tera Referio Pg. AA fo pet the ‘AS2—Example 2: Calculations to determine ‘moving averages for 1-2 ¥ 3/1 in, concrete Sggregnte (maximum variation of poreeniage of passing tin. sieve) "The rosea and cain presente in Table A82 Te contcio’s proposed serge ob fora e205 essing the Lim seve. Aum tha the contnct docu ‘Sloan individual test vation of 14% and ving ‘verge vation of 124% Go the average submited by theACIMANUAL OF CONCRETE INSPECTION 8 sneseewnolinieerainne: ries conics Twisstadmerscintrtektre neat seems crt Pat aah pects a mavens nctnlctar 7 fe = ates See ee eee 2 —— a oe ees ie RS ET ST LSE cect ate ttn ES aren Jeownel ne I — Wedilie gar f Fig, A13—Conro chart of moving overages for sand cguvalen contro, The cson roe forts example was biti fet Between 4 higher tan the lower imi and lower Shane upper init oer to ig. AtA fra plot of te dts, (CHAPTER 3—INSPECTION AND TESTING. ‘OF MATERIALS. ‘Maras ars inspected and este terse at ty meet contact scquscmens and ba thoy are progr stored used nd ase nthe wa fils ar pected fr ‘copa hefore feng sipped to the fa ske he eld inspsctoe should chock toe continence the) rea he ‘ic looking for degriaton that may bave ocurred ding ‘Shien and serge. The eonvator should mks avaiable Uo the ipectr al records pertaining to material shipments fi tee and etic, “Thiscape scuses sampling antestingprocegures or imaeries commonly wed ig concrete cnsmicton, incading coment, agregtes, mixing wate, admires, renfrereet-cring comport and jet seals. Soar Irctods of eg concrete fe Uiseused in Cap 19. aoe AEE a= j = Fig, A44Comrol char Jor moving everges for gring conotsis 2.1—Coment LT Swnderd penne standard pes of potand ‘coment are we cence 5 peed in ASTM CISD: 2 Tipe HA cement for pereral sve when the special properties of ter cements arene needed + Type 8 cement for generale at as weer ‘alate entice and mater eat of byt + Typelll-A coment foros when high ery seergth is sei + Type IVA cement for use when ow heat gation ‘recess, sh as for mass concrete: and + Tipe VA coment fora won high allt esitance Sn ogi suchas fr structures in conact with sosa ‘AcicOUNITTEE REPORT groumter having high ase content and foe cmc contact with convened domestic sewage ASTM C150 also specifies tee types of aircrtining Gemeat TA TIA, and THA, Which oes 0 Typ I ‘nd Hl pordand cement. These cements cnein ah entraining acct tat i inkegrod wth the chaker ding menace. Aiettsining coment however my not be aval ial markets, and bts conto of soma in sonerets can sally be achioved by adding tartan auinistre atthe wiser. For more information on ait ‘rane anderen eer Casper, 6a 9. “LL Blended coment and ether Idenic comens— ll cemons containing SCM, ae given in ASTM. (C505 are svaiable in ces eats, These inca: + TypelS. porn tas fumace sug cement “Tpes IP and Ppa porzalen cement ‘ype (PM: orzaen-moned portland certs Type Slag coment ane ‘Type KM: lg-dfid portnd cement. Hydric coments seta tren by reacting chemically with wate Al porta cements and blended cement tt yer coments ASTM C1137 i perermsace speci «stent fis sx gps of hydric emer. “Type GU: genal s Type HE: hgheaty eae, Type MS: moderate sult esisance; Type HS: igh alate resistance; ‘Type MBE: modorate host of yao; ed ‘Type LB Low bet of hatin. ‘The fist comprehensive dst on the we of SCM in ‘ance in'Narh Ameria er repertdin [9379 Davita SCM have hen wily med in assive screech at ‘ams a Well bi strctra conte They can nore ‘workability, reduce hea of hykation, desta emma ingrove sue ressece, ae wee exparsion cued ‘acer between conain aggepes and te alkalis it fement. Futermore, using SCMs can mul in greet scone, paul if the concrete compressive sects specified st ages excreting 28 day. ASTM C518 provides ‘euicents fer tee clases of ashee nce pz #7 Chis NR or cleaed area porzolae, sch a6 some datomacecs ert, pane car, haley a ‘leone ashes or pumiits, and sen clays and shales, + Chass F Past safely iid ede esting from the combustion of ground cr pondered aateactie ‘rhino oa an + Chass C: Fy ash produco! from bing lige or sb ‘inminoas coal and geerlly having sient fine cone t hive some cemenitous popes, Fy ash anc maura povlans for ine fa concrete ate discus in mote detain ACT. 1R ond 73228 In the 1980s, an avai poset, sie fom gained sitenton aa mine admit, each Svciopnent Of & new gexzaton of hgheatensth, Tow-pereadiy onesies, wih stengis encoding 12.000 px (89 MPa). A Dy-prouc of the indus manwfactrsoffenicon ae ‘mealieslicon, sia fume has extremely ne perils thot 1/100 the sizeof eran cement gs (about the size of cigarette smoke parle). ex more infrmaon about sili ime cons ACI254R,Regerert frie fame se provided ASTM C12 Ropes for slog cement are provided in ASTM (C889, which lass itas Grae 20,10, o 0, used oo compressive stagth vss of the ala atv inden ‘ith poland omen. Slag cement i 8 by-prict of he sechimaking process Maen slag ie drew ft the soe) Furnace ant ten ply sey cooled with wee, resting 2 sgramtned stag mater ‘These pranaley ae then fn) {ose to cemeatiike powder Use ollx orzo, Slag cement doesnot need hecmbied wih petal ceaent to develop sgificant strength an cementing propertcs Slag cement iscesrbed in mae deta in ACI 233R. 3.1.3 Options! reqirements—ASTM C150 contains _tcral pina egeiremons fr cement o be applied at the often of the puchaser. They pertain to kata omen, fae se, 28y compressive steagh, eat of Init, and ste rescance 1 Low all comient—Whea the aggrepaies tobe sed contin elements Known to be destructively reactive with sian or potas ods (he ivr alais found in cement) using Towlkal cement or an acceptable Dozztan wil beter ensie te curslsy aad erica Df the concrete As dined by ASTM CSO, wala emest certains not mere than D407 of these oxides ‘Usealy, conte made with low-sal ement wil be fie of objvionableehasicaCapenion.Petrognpht ‘tania of the sggrgste sone method of denying ease aggregite (ASTM. C208). An incicaton of the Poti ala ect of emer ogarepte combinations an be determined by the mrt bar txts (ASTM C27, (C1293, or C1250) and ess relly, hy the qick chemi snehod (ASTM C299. ‘313.2 Fol e)—ACL 116R defines false sts “ie rapid development of righty i shy mined porta ‘cement pase, mort, oF concrete witht de evelaton of much beat nich rigdky can be dete ad plasty ‘egainedby fare ising witoa edion af water" Flash At (or quick Se is ened “he mpd development of ‘iid ta fehl mined pordnd- cement pase, ore eres, usually withthe evohion of consid eat ‘which rigitycannox be espe wor can te plas be ‘eeunalby futermaing sit fa ebten of water” The eines ae stand ch ca be determinedly ASTM (C339 moa mthod) or CAS (pute thos). Tove es, however, do notedessall he ming, placing temperate, field enctors nt can ease ey sfening. ‘Atough bth e these properties are jection, Mach setismemmen deen Once ah ut ssi, conse water rst beaded t the coerete to regain plasticity, which edcesrergth and geal increases plan ding ‘vintage caching. Cemert wit faubset pperics sall Wil ail the requirement for ame of set ik ASTMECIS0, Fao set generaly wil hive #o harnfl effects on ‘concrete quay, paiculirly when test mixing ase “The long mixing Une will resre pay wut Wott ‘aden (nd ofenwithoat personne eg wae fleACI MAMUAL O= CONCRETE SFECTION 2 set as oocured With short msn ines however, severe {ale eting may oie he acon of shy more wing ster whence eee acre steathal increase ying Tiihage, Wh ery shot mixing mes ale ety oc Mfr the corte his ben dad rm the mas, When isto late to esa plasty by dona mining. ALA Sampling and texing.procedares—Cemeat scaly camped sed teed bythe rl, which then ses mil ct ross and crits i he coment remains ia Salkstongs atthe mil for mere kan 6 ees afer stig, the mer shoul be ese before shipment. Large wers ff cement, suchas sate highway Geparinens, wl fen ‘ple an tat he cement esc sll tems oie a4 independ ebay fo do he ter, Orbe use tpl hime sampler fom iecoming shipments en have the ‘Seine este by a supendert laborer ws neces he punt inspector check icing Spent gait mill et cortices and over appevas aspen sould feo moke sure tat sais on elk shiprest cars are Unbroken. If he cement in 0 be sampled at the jb it the inspector siouk! use te Following precedes sxe a repress same of he per st cues ib acrdarce (ath ASTI CS 2 Tbe cement in as tea sal quart rom one tug foreach 100 bags « froctcn thereof. Afer ‘orl mii hese anouas cose asamp witha ‘Simple splier cr hy the quiring method (ASTM (C7). Sampe resting sult et 101803589) {ach (ort Teast $ Th [23 kl ench if they ae to be ‘ombind into 210 Ib 4. ks sap + Trthe commen is shipped la tlk ake samples witha Slots cmpling tee or by drawing of onsdeable ‘qanily of cement at the discharge oping. From he Gaiy sccred, lead a crmposie sample a essed previously + Pce the come single In clean oy. watepreet ‘onsier, and low the cover gy to exc nd ‘moire, Wrapping dae ape aroand the sean ofthe over wilimprove tho sal and + Meni he spt clear, th inside and onside he ceniainer Cine the hve, nae of Joh. tne of {nopetor, caro lt ruber, brand of creat gan represented ty the arp, emperatre ben sampled ‘athority oe ease forsumpling and tess desired 3.2—Aggregates Hecnne nearly 70% of the concrete mass ansresute ceamining and eting aggregate or acepabiy vas ‘making necessary tu scing tha he agrees ropey ‘sored and handled, and checking bching operation. ‘Mining variate gare abcd ip tore prehastonot {2 Spcfecreme Seance species for gees incl tous for normatweight aggregate (ASTM C3). recommended sock izes of aggrgate for highsy ‘comiracion (ASTM D448), and lghtwsght ogee {ASTON C330 and C352). In general, aggegnes should te ‘lean hard, sand, a rai, prtee se shoal be Pig. 3.1—Lighseight cher car cause popes graded within statod nts, Speciation usualy requie Kecping the chosen grading Of fie agregtereasenab for wesc he ange of fies mus eer '6 the caso eh chapter under Section 3.22.) [ASTM C33 cesticts various dleeroun sabanees to sal percentages, Te flloning ia st of thee substances fn the reasrs fr resting the ite nal agerezae pret Clay lamps and fable particle Urs parce ‘may incase water demand hey break down ding fining affect wear resince and abil: mi} ‘re popoats + Maeia fer hn No, 200 (75pm) veve—Iaseases demand or misng wate ales erent pase Bowed ¥o segregate fect he sit enti a + Ghul end fgie—Miy caase deinen stning of surfaces: cause popouts interfere with abi ofan + Sot paricles~Cawse popoas, fot durability and ‘wear ressance of concrete; and + Ligheweight chert (vith iecife gray Te thon 240)~ Redes durability of sonrie cuts popeate iz 3p. 822 Sampling procedures Surping methods stoi he sed confermingf the rquicements of ASTM D7. Some Joc arian inthe aggregate sence sould be expected, ‘a simples shoud be selec 50 that the fet of these ‘lation are not over oraniererphisie In ging es {esl the stil drug ote oer nestle Inatral andthe quality contol kero reviows samplings Show be consdred, as described in Chapter 2 For ‘ample, singe clay ump inane sample does no jl rejection of a etre crloa of aggegae ules the sue fe obviously reqrestniive geez should nly be Accoptdoreeted isco withthe cont camer forthe pce, 3221 Where tke samples—Aggregue spies for testing maybe taken Hom carers, as cs, ge cr Stockpile: ba tiesto cele sampesthat wil open the rnc atril as btched. Th, sampling fem conveyer or from te discharge openings of bts is pceable (Fg. 32)a ‘ACA COMMITTEE REPORT Fig. $2—Where access is convenient and sfe, meteri maybe sampled fram hopper ob Fig 33-Acreqan sete ne af srl propery ASTI.D7S dosent recomumeed sampling stockpiles bosense ‘hoy ae difcnt to spl prope Fig... “The most representative sample posible is that rom a cowneyr bet Fr fine agpreate cup shod be ken asthe bel poe by cob a racket from whieh fe tet Sample canbe spt or gearered (ASTM C702), Foe coarse ‘geez samples shouldbe taken fom water removed fro a shor length of tit we the conveyors topped. It snrangerens cannot be mad 1b sap the conveyor cf 00 Eenyeyors fe se on thee, spe shoe ake ren the acherge of corse aggregate ron mchute or bin ie. Ai leat sever cubic ft of mail shouldbe then. and thetest sample quarred ro his aoa, So saps re mos represeutie when gute fom satel ken from thes. mie, a ast ofthe rte oe este. Tits necessary t0 sample fom a stockpile, serps should be made up oft eat three increrenta tan from tie top tid tthe eapoint, and atte bottom tid of the clan of he ite Math Sapling from Des, hn, aet sacks re surmared in ASTM DTS, ‘3222 Obicining representative tet sorpler When snaking wp sules kes fom surface egzezste ina bin (sr barge. or ck, prtins shoud be ken at seta ‘Teblo3.1—Typical computations of tneness modulus sepanced poisd. An excess of unrepreseralire maria ‘Salle aided, sch fies nthe cee cher ei ton the edges, aid sifice waters eter ore han verge. Al mater Bower, shld he rpresente the ‘Simple To obainasaple hen under he sures, a board ‘rail srplng shi shoul be aseod ino the sce ‘of sloping teal reve i ee runing dow ‘Whe possibie in-agareat saples shold be taken rom dnp teal to sid the segregation ha ccs In ry sand, Samples shoal be then fom below the race, rofesbly by driving sampling tubs ietthe sande sever Spans points. When sompling er cite cntet, ‘mmnfom molsuredisttuoa shoal be ke ro co cater For empl 4 mac of we can willbe weter toward the bata few house nar ar bee app TK eno or more pes cf sad or couse aerate re be tue Scptcly and lel in the macro pre & specified grading cach type shell te sarple snd tec ‘Spurs at heels computed or Be end age fromthe proportion of ach pe faces, the propertons cabo adjatete obtinthe regard gang Thecmpuation method for combining we agzrepas int a desired saline is ientical to that for overall gradag of fine an ccarse ‘grees sted in Table 3 | The samp ie depends onthe fe and number of tee to bo made sed th ranimurn nena site ofthe ogeregete For example, sples of inc assess should costa aot lessthan 25h (1 kp, and sanpies couse agaregae with ‘maximum sizeof in, OS ram) show cones ethan THD th (SD kg). Appeadix 5 iaclales a tble showing ‘mismo sample weights for varius maximam nominal Some federal specfcans ox aipet pavements rie ‘nue per las ote sroan of dle tances Te fine and craw aggregates thas Bowe of AST C35, Those etrctions ms ang frm. for sf patil ed hero 05% for materia using the No, 200 75) seve, ‘Toprovigemcesingfl results andacieve tail contd ote (Chaper 2) for camps with hese gb speACI MANUAL OF CONCRETE NSFECTION a ations, tis ccs to uke mh ager snp ses, To shina represeraise west sample of agregar ‘ample sample spiieror the qnanerne meth she sed (ASTM C700) alos the price test ells for an exact amount of salah, the nearest epprximste emount resting from ‘irtrng or fe the ue f the sample sper should be ‘aken_Adjusing the aman! exactly chan some stbitny {wanity by ein or removing msteal may change te {verge charters of th ample andshouldnct dome ‘an spsfcally required ty the tet eth. samples are to shipped wo aubrey fo esting a lem coaner a edd ce even 2 salmon fore ate (cha Sgr efi) can combina ‘url, The container shouldbe closet to preter ‘contamination or hs of fines As ben labeling cme ‘saps fr stance sale Soak cary be eid inside ax outsdete container. The de, in of aurea. any repesereed by camp ction meer coats OF sampling, anbority ce exon for et, sad Lind of test esd steal be gene [32.23 Tess Jor grafing—Sieve analysis of aggre prewids infocriniion for xe in contig gradation sd hacking compliance with opts grating epremers “The amount ofthe est sample 1 we fra seve analysis should te aclved in acconance with ASTM C136. To segregation, the spl of fine ageezae shuld be reduce oe desied Sze tefive crying. The ple sould be seared othe various sizes with te pectin series Of sieves, profeibly mouied on a mechanic shaker. The sever abl be shen rally ard vertically, heping he ‘ample moving continuously over hese sures ARzesae fragment the eves shtd met be moved Fed ta age aed to he eves ot siving sie Steves, paely ‘hos of mall size, shouldbe het lean and uclogged. ‘Asieve aly shoa be peste ely with standard Sete conforming o ASTM E11. With he a of env ‘em ciet or grag is psi caners seve amass ‘made ung one ere of eves tam analyst wing ater Series of sieves (perhaps having und inca of sea fesse The conversion. howere, is oly approxima. To reve dps, the te of ives peli Dye contact oscuents sold be se cause oparegites, arcu core aggregates, vty omer win scp and bins aby single est Tinted sigafcanec. On job of moderate sie, may be cesar prt seve malyisonce or wie aay a vbenever appears chanpesin grading ave occa jovi, ech new tt shold be averaged wih at at E40 Iromedtalyprseding texts o the sre materia to tin mor epesntaive analysis of ts general rn. Tho average tay then he aid 0 ads he sare properioning oF © ‘Stein erating rere ave been “The finesese modulis wan index umber roghly propotonal to the average size of patces is a gien Izgregat; the corer he aggregate, the higher the Frees ‘moduls.Altiough the Finaessmenahs does ae indie fring ordsingulsh etacenasinglesie aggregates PRINCIPAL TESTS ON AGGREGATES “Cts koa i i na ‘Site cohen cei mats tn een ‘nema SESE tne song lt Serine spre mar oe 8 aN Sf en supe oe ah i ees, (Stent 8 gruel agrepe having ho same avenge si, it does ine ‘wheter one graded aggrezae is finer or couse than anoter. Thus i i wsed fr speciation and reco [eepones ant particulary usefl for controling grading nd uiermiy, One computtien meth aus the ees Imodslis for aggregate popowiening (Porand Cement ‘Aswovition 2002) ASTM speifzationsrquce tht the fineness mies ofa shipment of fine agaeyae mary ‘ore man acerain amount in some cases, 0.20) eer Way from the finest mets ofan scepahy epesertave prelmirary sample. Appendic§dscases how to compute the fncese modus ‘A224 Tess for material finer than No. 200 (75 gon) stese—The exemely fae neal material (lay. i, dst Cr loam) ooverng in most aggregates cnuss eres ‘he aan of mass water es and bit the develop ‘meat ofentine ai alo tends workup othe conee Surface, where reat cae cracking de wo shinkage wpon frying Ifthe nines adhere ro the age aggrepate patches they ean nterfoe with ora between te aggregate partes fd comet pate. Fo thse reasons, poses bint he ‘noent of Fe msteral in agers. “The test fr paceatae frst ie than he No, 200, (73) steve desertetin Appr Sand in ASTMICIT. "The proces begin by washing the fine mitral thowgh sieves from a weighed sample of even ry egaegate. The remaing arene then ovetried again an wee Fin the stout of fins enol, Refer wb ASTM D2419 for ‘sander eld es! erie mer ater in sn ‘Ofer, inthe Fl, a snpler sedimentation st i use etenine the opproimatecmooet of fines in tind (US. Breas of Relanation 1959) thal docs otra dying the test sample. Fr this test a clea glass jar or bate (peefebly 2 3207 [I graiused prescription doe is {ed appreximasely ha fl wth tesa Clearwater i Adulte corteetseachaovel ef oppositely 34 of the volume ofthe ote. The containers vigorously shaken ante ecetents ae allowed to sel fr 1 host. The depth ofthe layer of tes on op ofthe sand is measure: roughly 256 hy volume (dept) i the equlvaen of 156 by mass IE this exende a perm percninge of the depth of and a ie, tho and stoke bythe ere sccanee method specified.‘To determine tbe amount of cle lamps ox other ible pails, se the metal deserted in ASTM C142, which ‘es mute eaibed on the No 16118 a) sieve (ASTM (C117). For fine aggegne the material ede, soaked in ised wae Tor 21 hos, and then the fable pails are broken by squcesing and vllingKesweee the them and forefinger For couse aggreate, the metal Is died and sepatated into the fou sles orm No. 101 in 75 0 25 am) Thedfeen sies are ther sos in clad water {oc 21 bout, ad the Fle pails ae bron a for fre ‘sepe ate The reskcis separated fom cach sampcby met sieving over presi sieve szs andthe anouat of fable ‘aes cempeted as percentage ofthe sample mas. 35 stow in Appeie 5 in couse agave ie mineral material or eraser dus. in objectionable gnmies Ista ces visi. AST (C35 lms mater psng the No 20 (75 ym) seve 0 14 by weigh Ts Emit incest 1 6 if here mates is csc free of ela shale. Other eternal apply swpetiied in ASTM OOS Rowen test are made (ily testing rsommerde for ‘matral finer tan the No. 200 7S pa) sive when statistic ‘lysis desired or when thr ean ioe fora the fppearce of he aggregate ot fom seve ays tha he ‘emis cunt fine mers is being exceeded. ‘3225 Tess for organi paris in ie aeereote— A smal an of some types of npc materi fe aggregate can delay or prevent hardening of concrete and esti lace cont eng Organic mater in sand ‘wll osu inthe form of decayed vegvabe eat 1 ‘tain locations, one aid om pine wee rots Keaves ‘eposs Om pane saces tat canner he removed By sohing. ‘A colo-comparso es forte presence and approxime mount fern mats described in ASM Cat The ‘tk of » ighy damp sample is recommended for he wt because an excoss of surlace moist dts the teting solution, and mechanical eed azrezte may lse sore of ‘he onan meri in hanno yar fom dying at high temporaes. The sample 6 ame i 3 (hy ‘eight soto of sebum yond na ler gas boi. ‘Alter vigorous shaking the spl is allowed to stand Tor 24 hours. The color of te seperatan igh s noted and ‘compared with a standard ear selation er sandard color Pls prepare seceding t> ASTM C0. I the seen ‘ear, ightr tar, or egal t the sandr col, he Fine fggreue is considered to be fice f injuries amounts of ‘rzaie rater he soktion ater than Whe standard {ok eransimparies aye presen in guns saint to aff the emer, nd it maybe ncesary to check the fet of thee imparts by comparison sent tes of ‘mortar centinng th ae agerezate witha without he ‘rani impuries in acordace wit AST C37. Coa ligt partes i ie ggregatecan proce ar otaion Inthe comparison west, Bu sich partes ae permisbl a fine agregote provided thatthe acum do tx exced the allowable nits in ASTM C33, Stato Saturated, ‘Airéry surface dry orwel 56 @ Seomce ec Total moisture ig 34—Ramge of noise content in rete ‘The tequeny festa fo onic mater depend cate ‘onton an Femogensty of the Fin agree and on the requiements for satcal evslaton (Chaper 2), For ‘eathod fine gare with sitsfctry eer condi the celorconpainos test a inequly as once & neck ay be sia Mose frequent tecing maybe necessary ‘he amount fergani mater nes he permisble imi i the sans changes, or If he consete hardens ow soy than ra 32226 Tests for nistre end absorpin—Tests for nis met andabsonsiono ageezates a alate ne v"Deermine the ameune et water the aggregates ‘conte to aor from a concrete mistre An increase of 16 nthe mistre center of Fin ogee (for example, fom 4 10 5%) can inceae comet Slump for normal concrete without watstedulag -Mibares an decease compressive sent std + Dueemine the necosery adjiinert in weight oe volume to secure aiform quaattes of equivalent seturted, srfice-dry aggregate in the tlches bain eorect conccte Sick If maven By ohne. the baking facor shoakt te known. The Dakig factor He the ao ofthe srtaceey mae ‘ggezats density the dflerencebetwaon the dap ow aggregets density andthe weigh of suaface ‘moisture unk volume of diy, lose gare, “he moire content of agrees maybe in any of far states, xs by Fg + Oven» Compleely dry en ull sober, + Aindry Dey ath sce wih some inter mitre, but in Hess than tbe amon regled to saturate Oe ats (rs sn the absorption capac). Ts. the gorges somewhat sate: + Senoeted and surface dry (SSD)--Kéatconition in ‘which the aggepae neither conta wale 1 90r orbs water Fm the paste of + Matue—Conaies exces ase o he tice A clear understaing of tse conitons ie necescary for proper agrepteproporonng snd batching, "All computation: dial be based o aggregate in SSD ‘onftion. Though itis not posible wo secure asus fo ‘omsrction ns ideal coro, simple ane canbe‘Ac MANUAL OF CONCRETE NSPECTION » ‘sed to conver the meaturments on dap o dry aggregate ino ter of Ue equivalent anes of $8D agrceate. tis nly necessary to Krow fe ital rucsure content and hsrpben capi ofthe agree ernie ee ode ts inthe following equation, a mole absarton capacity {fie wl ences ss tha the bse capi (as Iniecte of si agers th srfice mes wil be negative andthe aggreate wil abu some of he ming “Tess fr determining nis coutet ae absorpon of aggregates are describe i eth Deion ond Cora of Concrete Micures erland Cemert Assocation 2012) and in ASTM C71, C127, C128, and C366, The significance of these tex dacuned in ASTM STP 169-C (ASTI ler tka 1988), For aber ppc. ites are ade with {precise a we yd as acct 1 th ees 1 Whe deteiing moss conten of fine aggregate in ite Heid. seed is mote inp than tefincat fet ‘sat hecasefformaton or changes in rns iment SS needed in tine to make appeprie austen batching Elect and mclear euipment foe indeatng rosie is avalible that immediately res signet ‘angst mse cont of fie are. Ts equipnest owever, soni! be penoically abe gaat ASTM feos toon acurcy and cate neces ent ajonet ‘2.261 Abuorpien—For praca puposes, be wu ception capacity a given aezregate dos 91 Vy. Th had dose natal aggregste it wl amoett 1S ot les ofthe agareste weight, bat ft mayb higher in rome natal aggreyates Un nance areats suc slag erent ns) bea high a Ou sl bs be bsopion ‘ahs for # given typeof agreente olen assed, ut tahoe cata conto deste the absorption sh be secrtel detente Care aggpezate aon seein wing proces I ASTNCIZ7,omiting weighing the spleuervatert specific gravity fs otto te meuared. A danp sample tyeawi ote SSD conltin, neigh, completely dred by heating. std reweighed, The hws ia welsh aie: beating ‘pease ert copes. he siface-dy cmon Cuined by siping he tet portlet remove surface ‘noe soon witha absorbent oth, a por he procedure. Pineaggregae stuopion i detrmived following proces in ASTM C2, citing the eof he sk i Speci grit sno esse Acar amp brought {othe SSD condon, weighed, ove-diod, ad eweighed The surfac-dry conden fdeterined ing Be cone est certain ASTMCIZR in Appel wf is docu ‘A he pont i the sees of tests whe Be ple of ine Scere bepaeeslump, he sande eatrte nd siface- dy. Another sign thatthe drying sand as bocome sare so surcecky is whch fn cess wo adhere 1 clean tase ono a Nebr of he esi forthe SSD cantons fig. 35 Dring sand om a hoplae to determine tl stale foe very cours Fine aggregates oF for some very angule ieagaregae. 32262 Surface molaure—To determine surice moisture for eiber he or coune agsezic, 2 med dered i Appendix of thie cecimen ae in ASTM CS imsclies weighing the dump tample eying A by tneans of eat, and reweighing (Fig. 3) The serface Inoisury is calulted by berating the established absorption valve of the axgresate fom (oa moisture Pcemage ofthe cmp (ice) marl. Apes that ppertocontate no surface mute dade ested ts tnctod of heating to dserine wher sure moist ‘Str src egative val Gncesting hal aggroate will "git meth or deseminingnrface madre facourse aggregate velvet weighng the damp sample, remwre ‘Sas mcistare byte dying SSD condition and hen feveishing. The moisture low i divided bythe SSD weight tocaiulaesuface mca. The surface moister in fine agregste can also be eter hy the Chapman Flat (ASTAY C7D) Fee 145 tec theses gravy of SSD aggregate shouldbe Known Several devices anng « moisture reacting powder can be solo provide arid surface nie determina of fe ‘gorse. The scurcy ef tose tests should be cheched ‘Sly agate the ying metodeprovied AST C365, Oe common made of demining seface mote rave weighing the garegte intr an then under wale, cr the use of apyenpneter. These metho ur deseibed it (Concrete Manas! (US. Bure of Relation 158. “The requency of sing for moisture cone depends on the snort of the aggregate ugly andthe eprenens for static analysis (Chapter 2 Oniaiy, test serformod tice a dy and elton tos, paral) of fine egzrepstes, ae tae whoncver condtions change ‘cnpling and weighing, sarge «sample for moisture tests ‘cane conveniently handled wit the te avaable for ‘eying i wd» ‘scicommres REPORT 32.2. Tests for specif grevty—To comer given wight of aggregate iro terns of sold yleme for ompating yield. cf comer void volume to weight for Iouching purposes, is necessary 10 ow the specie rviy ofthe aggregne Spec gravy ithe nto of he ‘Wepht of given slid vom of materia othe weight of fn equal volume of water. The spite gavty of mot Aggvesis is approinatly 265, bough sme sible ezrin may have a specific provi of 2.90 o sas ‘upcuck may ve aspecific gravy of 2.88 ogres. Kora ‘9ver aggregate, he value is generally conta and can bo onsite as seh for most purpose. A a outne check, ‘pecitis gravity shouldbe teted abot once & month 10 oan tat ne changes Ive eccued and ay ne quty sources change "To determine the specific rity of cous aggrogate (ASTAICIZ7, an SSD samp ie weighed in iy then veighed underwater by placing the srg ina wie bet Suspended from a scale and immer io mater Nex de SGmpW is oves-dred and reneighed. The sample should ‘eign pouch test 10 es he makina aggrepte Sti inches theefre a3 1523 kg) sample woul be the fini roqured for 1/2 in (125 mm) agsepate The bulk 8D specific gravy should be calebaed a shows in Appendix 3 of his document “To determine the spectc gravity of fine aggregate (ASTM C123) waterfiledcallated Maks weighed the ‘ame Mls Filled with watersnda known neghtol SSD fine azarae is weight. the ageezte same is dred vith Seat an he ded sample reweighed. The speic vity ff fine aggegie can alo be determine by weighing the Sample in air and then in water, a described for couse fggezat Osher metiods of determining mpeific revi re desrbedin Design ond Corl of Concrete Mistares Pore land Cement ASstcaon 2002), ncaing denice devel lope y the US. Burea of Reclamation that cia ts for Isat absorption, and specifi revi. ForSSD agregats, the specific ray shoal be based on the surfaced coniton, foe mat ht wil be bcd ‘over ibe specie ravi se ese he oven ry ‘in, For tegreps coming athe tan these 0 ‘quarts of rostue, the agreate weight i expresso in tome af eter ofthese given conden (pen the exces ‘wut ad the coresponding dry or SSD specifi rity 1 ‘ed Many eager prefer to hse rece mie fropoaiersen SSD ageeptes ACT ZI ees te oven ry ss for detemining the dry-rodded Yolame of coarse aggregate. The cry vue is converted 1 weight wt the measured r-rodded density, and he SSD weigh of couse xgrgate is obuined by addag the acu of water ‘hsrted i 28 hours (ASTM C127), Chiger 6 conse ‘tna infermaton en comping aggepe vlan. BADE Tests for vide The perontgs of voids in septate sul i comput fom te spec vit a Emi) AA? (hp) a olows cena i nf PU = = 1 gy Sie) room f ‘When reporting the amoust of voids, information shat tho nggtegae's cst content atl compacted Ye vid Ferdysoelapvegue. theme f deem ‘ois is described a ASTM C2OICISM. A previo ed ‘neta of determining cid by testing the amovat of ‘water eguived 10 il a conaier of aggregate bt 0 ror eased by etaped ‘3229 Tests for buh densty—The bk deny. of ‘Weigh per un volume, of aarepte sw to compete he mount of Vous in aggregate, to compete proportions of ‘aerial and to conven bulkvolume quails might ‘Thetask ders of sive ype of egret vars withthe ‘gee of compaction ané with he mosses cone. I ine ‘anarepe,h blige ating apart of pres by of Se oir ma} relic he cant at muh as 25% ‘Topovie-a wien eyeodabl nif messrenrt. ‘ASTM has opted sandr test method for agpene fel cesiy(ASTAI C291C28N0). Tas text consis of compacting the dry aggregate a cyindielcotsner of calated volume an then weighing the agreste none ‘method of compaction tc container id ia thee lave, ach Laer seed 25 tines: the excess aggre then struct ef evel wit the mp ofthe container The standard “Sree Cops | hie hat [ode | For ageeuve of mavimun sie eat tha 1-1/2 fa 31-Smm)the iersofapegne are compace by ezine ‘he commer ited of by raging. Although tt spe cally state nthe stra method he em "ysl Be Interpreted as eter SSD er orer-iry, depending om the ss of mitre ecmeputtion sd [ASTM CIS/C29M4 aso provides for messirement of he ess of ry eo damp loose agree Thi deny ‘darmined by filiag the tana cotaner saping fl a one lye. The exzessegaregae i srck ff evel wi he lop ofthe container wit downward pres ad pezae weighed. ‘Tight agers’: blk dest shoal be deter bythe shoelng procedure destibed in ASTM C2UC2OM, ‘The agrepe tested in an ove conn. ‘Vales of azsezate bulk dest ze generals considered 1 be acca Win 05 191% altoagh Ht por to rake bulk densty tts with gear sccuey. Aggregate ‘al density should be tested fer when mixture proportions te made on the alk densiy ban and whenever it ‘ppret lth peor adage agree us changedACIMAMUAL OF CONCRETE MSPECTION ” 32.210 Baling aior—Ecept when wing volumetric Inching and cing cuipmeat enon to ASTM CO8S/ CesOM, hatching of aggregates by volume show be voxel boetee large lsetuatons can occur (Pots Cement Associion 1994), When vole ticking 1s unavoidable, comet docements shoud sate whether he thn ofmessrement is dan bine dy hon, or ye me To care the mmber cue Fa ele re) ‘damp aoe sggegste comespondingto (0 mo fodded aggregte a rato called the bulking ftor—the ‘emnky shook be determined ue bot endows and he ‘mofsure coment of the dap asec rn Stir dy ld gre Tape gwar ta ‘Suapeead vine imp eee A221 Undesirable sbuemces and propertes— Conte documents may rape ASTM tests fo eee for ndorirable substnces aed popes of aggre These tensile C49, C88, C123 (cal and ignite), C131, C12, (€227, C29, C285, C335, C385, CHGGICKEEN, and DATO Subsiances in apgegae that havea dleericus effet concrete gusty are Ascent ASTNISTP 168 (STi txematonel 199%), Chet, ciyey limestones, and vome ober agra ae subject wo consiieabe volun chatges ding weir and frying or teering an thawing. Aggregates susceebie 0 pling canbe detect by petro examin apple. ‘ested by vil inpeton rong. ad weighing. Oe ese nate abo cate igh lenses satu ce megpesa sul sundaes es and is Heengand shaving tes. ‘acs ightveight chor (specie gravy les than 2.40) ‘ombetos to popouts st concrte sees, ASTM CSS Tits the mail in coarse azzreante 13 18%, depending ‘exposure conditions, Ft cr elongate piles abo ae ‘emsded unfesible wale some clin a can be Serie out of a sample and weighed to determine the perettage, Peroprophic exaninaon of aggregates cn Heniy cnet hae undesirably reactive wih alas Jn cere. sch as opal, chaksdony, dye, and eid © ‘mermectevoicanie passes. Lightweight emer and vf and weak materieualy rae conrte nag ae quality. They can quickly be puted by fltation in e ayy Deu a covrbed AASTSUCI23, Met deltring substances avery llting the chemical activity (eng) of ements organic and c te dstacedty the coors tx. 33—Water Table water isthe gal riteion pial psf for sing water. Onda. he presence of hail impurin seh a allies, cic, decayed vegetable mater espe orencesiveamicunts of itll be know. Wa of fvesomable quality shouldbe tested forte sent hatin of et vers water nen bosaiciryasng test ‘ret fom ASTM C1ONCIO9M ard C191, ASTM COM (CouM allows the ase of miner wash water ia subsequent batches of concrete if the water complies with option ‘Chemical init a confirmed thoagh ela txting of he plan's wash water. Thi waler mast alse be accurately smensed ab cleus prof te ava mising Wate ration on water quty euremens sre discussed in detain ASTM STP 169.C (ASTM International 198), 3.4—Admixtres “Te stud specification for chemical anaes fo concrete wate-tedeing. feuilng, and acceeraing) iS ASTM CABUCAGAM. This speciieaion camer. Seven ‘ype of admaatres with vacons pups: 2 Tipe: Watering: Tipe Rewriing: Tipe C: Accelerating Tipe Ds Water reducing and retring: Type Water edscing and accruing: ‘pe F: Watcrredins ghanse and Tipe G: Waerceducing.Fghrange, and eben In ald, ASTM CIOITICIOIIM. covers chemical dmintures fer use in producing Mowieg concrete, and [ASTM C200 gives snd specifcatons for aieraining admintres. “These standard wvide mea ost interstory. butt ter aenoinended to simul opeenons It important that inte propertons be prepared with the ‘intr an cere to Be used onthe job. The impactor ‘Should very he ame taes sed onthe ob comply Wiha ‘contr retirements and tht oper sorage and dpeasng is provided For example, contact documents shou rege tha calcam chloride iallone) be dsl before being ded to the bach to cesure uniform distrbutcn snd norm scekeation of fyaraton dhoughost the mistre. Sabettinngchemicsl aliire. bras even show fomrlying sith ASTM gover) Qypot, stall ec De Penmited witha vesfoaicn of perfomance ease some ‘heel admuntars perfor difleree in cmbindon an ‘st diferent coments apo mineta adminnres. [Avago ite accepeance fcr ter abrry nly be peoed othe manufactur sateen Should be rbd apon, mints shouldbe inspected mre hat they: +" Conforen to appopriae specications. ‘Ate stored witha contmiation oF eeioraton ‘Ar cure measured; ‘A inode int the bth specif and eso a expected sf ay canbe detained fon ‘he concrete ay mine tse rps, make oie qual. comto st of adres for specie revit, pHs er cis (eid by drying) sd compare gsi dts sapped by th manalctre 45—Stee!rointorcoment ‘Stel for coeree refecemeat is usually purchased tuner on of the ASTM spectatons sted in Chapt 2. (Geers hele 1 oa dean of prestesing et) Stan thd pectic the pure and aching of wiorcoment {Ever in Manuel of SondardPracce(Conerte Reinforsing