| m2 Study of Prepared Slides [entifcation : Since the animal contains radiating pseudopodia and all above features, hence it is ‘Chrysamoeba, - 2. Euglena (li tet, Hern by pendepi (ne err ae. ieee wt ne or more aa phage Genet lene Hibit and habitat : Euglena isa solitary flagellate found commonly in fresh-water ponds, ditches, pods and slow runing steams ce in brackish water. Distribution + Cosmopolitan, Comments (Q). Body of the animal is simple fusiform, spindle shaped plump lke red or green coloured measuring 30 t0 100 microns in length (2) Cytoplasm diferentined ito eetoplaam and endoplasm. (@) Outer covering is called as pelle which is marked by splral striations called as (@ Cytoplasm below pellicle is differeniated into eetoplasm and endoplasm. Later contains organelies, (S) Anterior end has funnel shaped eytosome which leads into a flaskshaped eptopharynx. (© On one side is a red mass of hematochrome called stigmata which is photosensitive. Study of Prepared Slides (ast below the cytopharyx is & large contractile vacuole surrounded by accessory vacuoles, (® Endoplasm contsins nucleus, chloroplast and other ulrastucturel organelles. (@) Jas Below eytophannx there ae 2 rounded blepharoplsts, each giving 2 small flagella which unite to form Magellar thickening from where along flagellum arses projecting from eytosome. Contractile vacuole is surounded by accessory contractile vacuoles. (40) Chloroplast occuring in 7 8 thick bodies surounding a central paramylum granules and seatered pyrenod bodies. Nucleus contsins naclear membrane, cell membrane, chromatid bodies. (11) Nutetion holophytie or suprophytie and reprodvtion by longitudinal division or encystment. Euglena does not tke sold food bot ves entirely by autotrophle and saprozolerutiton. Ite unique enimal ‘with flor made of nuttion end faunal mode of life and reproductions. (12) Euglena viridis, E. rubra, E. sanguinea and. fusformis are common species. They respond to various simul such as Bight, het, et. Special features: Euglena is unique animal wth floral made of nutrition and faunal mode of reproduction, entifcation : Since the animal has chloroplast and all above features, ace it is Buglena. 3. Copromonas + Chas sae in Rigssingle mucus (©) Reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission. [1 also undergoes eneystment under unfavourble conditions (8) 1 stows symbiotic rlaions with the insect host ‘The insects feed wood panicles but cannot digest those. The Magee fauna in the intestine converts the celllose into soluble carbohydrstes for their toa eoieation : Sine the parse bas logated paral bate all shove fetes once “ichonmpha 13, Amoeba | (i wane oumoon ype ssomation en ekg ty epi ‘to und capa wit so peat beaae Spin pmae ‘Habit and habitat + Amoeba is found among the sediments on tbe boom or on the underside of aquatic ‘vegetation in freshwater ponds, lakes, dichs,slow-runing sueams and sping pools. Its abundenly found in the water, rich in organic bacteria ‘and vegetation decay (Fig, 13). Distribution + It i found all over the word. ‘Comments (1) Animal is of irregular shape, with simple or branched pseudepodia measuring 250 t9 600 microns in diameter, (2) I living condition i looks Hike whitish mass of iregular and translucent protoplasm witha very slow (3) Citoplasm is citferetstd into ectoplasm and endoplasm. Ectplasm contin ectoplamic ridges, Study of Prepared Slides a 1 Anec 4) Body of the animal is covered by thin, delicate and pemeable plasma membeane called as plasmalemma (5) Endoplasm contains mocleus, food vacuole, contractile vacuoles, water globules cd crystal (6) Permanent poseior end is called as urold. (7) Withdraw! OF preudoptiom and new peeudopodium contsining endoplsm is presen (8) Feeding may be studied by giving carmine. Notton is hokzoe. (©) Reproduction is by fission and encystment. (10) Amoeba proteus moves by te formation of psewdopodia (Identfieation by shape end pseudopodia. Preadopoiia are blunt, Finger ke extensions of the ccopasm contining endoplasm (lobopedium). Special significance : Amoeba has unique phylogenetic significance and i ts refered at immortal Recently certain fretiving amachae have been found to he pathopeic casing mening encephalitis entifcaton + Since the animal bas pscwdopodia and above features, hence it is Amoeba proteus, 14. Entamoeba histolytica CChasieation : Same as that of Amoeba submucous layer of the large intestine of man (Fig. 13), Distrtbution + Cosmopolitan ‘Comments : (1) Parasite occur in ive stages such as ()atrophozooite, i) precystc, (ii) uninuceate,(v) binucleate and (¥) quadrinuceate (2) Trophovolte : 1 is a Gssue imolving growing stage showing following features (). Cytplasm is divided into eetoplasm and endoplasn GEctoplasm translucent hyaline forming psewdopodiam. i) Endopasm ths granlar content with rueleus, rod blood corpuscles, polymorphonuclear frame. amnef-~v0r_ne-anninreannSeaTosNNyRN taRTlAawUy5:56 BRM « hee AL | € DOC-20230205.. Q @& ‘anywhere near to multicellular organization but with their ani sterile somatic cols ané posterior reproductive cel, differentiation of anterior and posterior poles, co-ordination of flagella of al the ‘ovis in swimming and the cellular differentiation all speak an organization higher than tha of & colony and approaching that of 2 multicellular individual ‘dentifcaton : Since the protoroan contains mother and daughter ccenobium and all above fetures hence itis Volver Pee | 6. Noctituea (Gs tt, teoeton by pepe (Caceres pee, Two fap lotic or myst main. baaag Habit and habitat + Noctluce is the most common marine pelagic and bioluminescent foe the sea usually ncar the shores often in vast numbers, Sometimes, their number becomes 50 they form & tick scum on sa-srface covering several aces, Distribution : It is abundarly found in the Allanic and Pacific oceans ‘Comments (1) Body more oles i a elatinous spherical with indistinct grooves and measuring 1 ram in length 2) Boy is covered by & stot pelle @) Cyoplasm is highly vacuolated and is canals -» apopyles > spongocoe! + osculum + exer. Nuition, respiration and excretion by canal sytem (8) Hermaphrodite (©) Reproduction by sexual or asexual methods, Asexual reproduction by budding and regeneration, while sexial by ova and sperms. Lana is amphiblastla entfeaton : Since the animal has radial tubes, escular fringe, ostia and all above features, hence it is Syeon Instrvctions Draw radial ubes, circular fringe, ostia and spleues, bol a fragment of Sycon i an ‘aqueous KOH solution which dsolves the cells bt nor the spenes. Wash with water plpene some Of the spicules over the slide and examine 4. Grantia “The classification and other general characters ar similar to Som, But Granta dies from Syeon so that the dermal membvane spreads over the entire surface of the sponge. forming a cones of varying thickness having special corical spicules. Found in Gulf of St. Lawrence. Classification + Same as tht of Syeon 5. Leucila abit ‘andabitat + His small solitary and marine sponge Distribution : Found in Burope and USA,reer eee eer cite cere nee eee eee eee ee eee ee re fstoderm snd erdoderm layer. In cll grade ferent cols perform ferent functions Ector and fedodenm aze bound to mewenchyme 39. Sycon : LS. Comments: Observe she following hixoogia! desl (1) Body wall ayers ar of elllar organization and diploblasic consisting of loosely organized layers fig. 3), (@) Outer one is ectoderm, inner endoderm and both bounding {0 intermediate mexachyme 220) Shay of Prepared Slide as (©) ewer or dermal eptem s made up of lage, fatened, saciform polygon, coacte etodsm lls, closely cemented together, and perforated by dermal pres of os, It alo lines the incurent ‘an, (4) Mesenchyme forms tlk ofthe sponge badly and is made up of eainows matrix in which diferent ‘kinds of spear onaxon, traton) and various cols Hike ollenocyes, cromocyte,scleroblast, archaeocyes, germ cols and land cells are presen. (5). Endoderm forms lining of agellated chambers and consns of collar ells or choanocytes (6). Prosopyes commanicte with ncurent canals and agllated chambers. (7) lagellsted chambers open ip the coal spongoceel by apopsles (8) Spongocoe opens to ouside by esclum (9) ‘Sfeomosd canal spstem well developed fo feeding and carrying out various pysoogical sce. (10) Water icles trough asia neurrent caal prosopyles-+ radial eanal > apopsles spongocce! > oscalam > exterior (01) denticaion + Since the secon contuns finger lke radial canals without dermal cote and all above features, beace I is LS. Sycon Me. Sian LS Pe Seo TS [Seo TS Comments : The renvere scion of Sycam will reveat the same Mistlopcal deals as LS. Syeon 0 e o a ‘3 "ri cicalr inoue, dp ‘nd nner endoderm (Fg. 40 etoderm or dermal cielium is perforated by dermal pores or exis end line! by piacocyte ll ‘Messoctym isa gsiins thick layer and contsins monaxon spices, cllnocytes, amocbocrts, arehaeocyes, and seleroblas cll te Endoderm forms the lining of the radial canals end is made of flaglated or choanocste cells Radial canals semate with incurrent cana, which ae comsuricaled bY prosopgles The Fatal ara opens ino the spongocoe! by intemal ostium er apopyles 7 i and the ay wall yer eater ectoderm. mile mesenchyme Shady of Prepared Sides (6) laa TS. of Syeom the ou-pusing oF fage-ke projection of flagellate chambers ae quite dint in circular way, Each choanocyte cell coins 4 bal boy, having tulews apd single Magen (7) Canal system syconold type, Tho course of water cent is ontia > Incorrent cama» prompyle radial canal» apopyle + spongocoe!-»oscalum ~ exterior enication: Since the secon bas finger-like Naglinted chanbes alerting with incuret canals and ‘all above feats, hence i TS. Sea. 41. Grantia : LS. Comments : £5. through Grania shows the following hislogical detail‘Wentification : Since the specimen bas narrow anterior end with supetranum broad basal portent body ors, cnclar fringe and all above fester hence i i Teel Re § tne 6. Euplectella Casieton tern “+ Pa ening le le, erm rly yeti (ngennntiateita SG page wih scr eto sn sped pe ‘aetna “tHcy pe Angi ee (nana ‘abit and hnbitat¢ Euplectella is solitary animal fund abundantly in “deep waters atthe Gepts of 50010 3000 meters in slow runing Wate, adaped for low water cues istration 1 rs dstbated rear Philipines and West Inds, Comment (0) Commonly called as Venus’ flower basket due 10 i beastie ‘eg lossy shape Ue hited elongated. ashe. (2) Animal neasrs 15 1 30 cm in length ae 21 $ cm in diameter, (@) Body slong, rigidly cuved and cylin (3) Bayi compen of our aa sae eau spel ners and fused at their tps forming three simensona network with (5) Spicls te joined together foming a network. (6) Liner end conans usually mass of long sceous spiules 2 form of rot tuft wich fasten the animal wih rd (2) Cloacl cavity closed in above witha seve pie {&) Osculam contains seve called ts mca lve plate, (9) Canal system i of simple Syeon pe 10) petted an eereing comer reson with ces species of sips. A young fenale aod male shrimp ene ito ‘Spongocel and afer growth become sable 10 come ut. Tht cre Ie 3 passed in sponge pin. They feed on plankson In Special features + Buplcee has great social and mythological vale The skeleton ofthis ‘aving impcsoned srmpe inside, is preset at wesing gi to newly maried couples signing close association ‘Henican : Since the specinen has kine tse shoped yo, oscar seve pte and features, hence it Bupletl structions : Draw she specinen showing clindical bastershaped body oscar see pa, parietal aps and root bd Recaps tet pe pe ‘abi and bit Hptmema is maine ain, fund 0 9 95 fadoas ep Fie. 7. Disrbuton £ Found along new Bagland coast ‘Comments () Commonly cad as assrope sponge (@) ‘Body is spel cr ovidal and axily aver by a bundle of| long sic (2) Spices are ofen fed 1 form 4 aticeie selon, giving the sponge gluslite appearance when did. (4) Gis sponges ae mest symmetial and most ndviuaized. Body {is cup or vasoahapedmararng 101930 em in height. Spongocel {well develope Oseulam contin eve plate () ‘Stick orccamelia is compose of rat tor Tot spices which ‘cts as hold fast organ (6) Moot splnles ae compect, stalkie elengsad, wise and giving the appearance of rope. The middle clues contins symblae polyps (pizsanhu. (> Te possesses nrge and sal amphldsk speaks ike fesh-water sponges. Ene body contais smal, branching, sit tyed spicules ‘eoembling Chirhtuas tree oa erusaped ese. (8) When the upper sarface of the sponge is depressed sponge! is ferme and excurent cals pen io i But when columella is [projected imo astral come, 0 spongcoe! exis (©) Magellated chambers ae aranged ral abd in pera planes in| the sponge wall. dentition + Since the specimen has gly rot ew, large osu, ‘tin symbiotic polyp ani all shove fess hence it Hyalonem. Instructions: Study and drow root spicules stalk. body, ona and symbiote polyps. Compare the ‘norpioanromicl features of Leuotolena, Sycon, Euplecela an Hyalonema 8. Pheronema (Casieation + Same at tat of Hyaloema abit and habitat" Pheroneme is found on the butom of sea. tis the commonest basinDistribation : Cosmopolitan, very common in South Carolina. Comments (1) Common called as boring sponge (Fg. 1). (2) iva gh yellow colored sponge. (3) Sponge forms 2 mass up to approximately 20 cm in diame. (@) Proximal end or hase i ataced 1 substratum, (5) Clam sel apecilly Venus i completely ried by it (6) Ik omer the interior of above animals and ives permanently thre, foming exes burows and ‘unncte (7) Fach tunnel tas raised oping, called oveaum (8) The surface shows various elevations each contining an osculum and age number of coral cups (9) Reprodction sexual and early sages tetvng, The larva grows into a comput mas, 1710 70 em {hamster made up of spongin fibres and mons (40). Varour owula are teen over the surface ces spicules Special featares + The sponge Being it exinence by boring inthe dead or living sels of vais ‘osc. honeycomb the sh ‘lowe and ter cesoying toms over Clon cela has ul rus entication : Sine the specimen has raised oscua, pores and coral cps al all ove fees ene itis Clona Instructions Stuy and drow the specimen. Spongilla abit avd habitat Spongilla isa clonal sponge, sbundutly found in ponds or steams. Distribution + I is found in Aan, Europe and. American wates- Comments (1) Commealy known as fresh-water sponge (2) Caony i peiely trashed exubting varios shades of geen colour duet the presence alga, called as Zoochlorel in the cellular sym. (6) Body wall consi of very thin dermal membrane, perforated with dermal pores oot sad cul (4) ‘SKeletn is composed of sponga bres. Te siliceous spicules ae inthe form of network of or spay large ar smal eens, embocded inthe apongin. (5) Canal spsem is of the thagon type. Water eter tough deal pores -»sub-dermal ca Incurrent canals + several agelated chambers + excurent cal osculum. (6) Asesual reproduction by gemmules. Sy of Musca Specimens (©) Seualcepodiction by sperm snd ov @ Genmules ae preted by amphi spicules (©) Lara is tee swimming. It develops on floating submerged twigs or sks Tdeniiation : Since the specimen hn branched colony. cs. hagon type cal sytem and all hove Tester and bence it Spon Pe 12 Spa Me tre 13. Tethya (Ctasiicaton : Sane 36 th of Clone. abit and abit Tedhe is found in the sea ig. 13) () Spherical sponge atcha to substan. (2) Body sutacetaberculate with radiating bundles of monaxon spicules and several xasters. 1G) Styles have indistinct tote ene (4 Spontin fives ae ately absen- entiation : Since the sponge as dating bunds of monaton spicus at al shove characters hence itis Tce [14 chan Casein : Same 28 ta of Cana ‘Habit and habitat + Chane is fond in dexp waters. In shallow water it only found when detached from is stalk and wath ssore (Fig. 19, lstrbutioa : Found in Europe. Common from Rhode llands to Labrador. North Carolina to Cape Cod.reno pes ‘58. Obelia Chastication : Phylm—nvnnCodenterta + Te pe, ili sed seat Cetin Hoe mae th la Oriet——eweHyraiden Papel grown wl develo ‘Sbarder——Calypobndea Hoda ane hyabca l orors idh son ‘abit and habitat : Obelia is colonial, marine, sedentary hydrwzoan aoophyte, attached to seaweeds, bells and rocks Fig. 58) Distribution : ts range is fom the Arctic region to the Gulf of Mexico and the Paci coat, ‘Souther California to Oregon, Iti fund in shallow water and also upto approximately 250 Comments (Tes dimorphic colony in the form of small seaweed flaments, measuring several em in filaments may be horizontal and verel. The colony consist of several prt Hydrorhiza + 1 6 basa or horizontal portion called as stlon or thizotome, which is chment to substratum. Hyurohioa gives verical branches eiled hydrocaulus. Hydrocaulus gives aerate branches that terminate into indvidel ooids called as medina, 4) Coenosare : Stems and zoids ae made ofa living bellow, cellular tbe called as eoenosare. It is made up or ectoderm, endoderm and mesogloes. () Stems and zoids are made up of two components : @) Outer proctve tough, tensparent rnoo-cellular covering called as perisare and (i) mesogloen and (i) ine living holow cellular tube Called coenosare. (6) Zooks coesst of polyp and medusa, () Medusa grows at the base of polyp-eatng branches and is enclosed in blstostyles. Medusa is ‘composed of uppet exumbrella and lower sub-umbrella sures, manubriam and gonads. Free rmedusae oocur in the fe cycle, Iti a reproductive 204d. (8) Polyp iss bel shaped cup made up of lower cupshuped hydrotheca snd upper hypostome. Hypostome is'a feeding 200K having cle of 24 nematocyst bearing tentacles (©) Growth of the colony is sjmpodil i. cach new hydeash aises at bud from the sens, just proximal to the next youngest polyp. (10) It reproduces asexually snd sexually. ‘Wdentieaton : The colony has alienate branches of polyps, Blaswosyles and all above features, hence it ts Obelia, 59. Obelia : Medusa Comments : (1) Medusa is « mosified z00id for sexual reproduction. {@) Ibe solity free-swimming 200id, ergiaing fom bastosyes, (G) Medusa is umbellsstke and has coovex exumbrllar and concave subsumbrellarsuraces with well efned radial symmetry (©) Umbrella edge contains radially symmetrical tentacles. () Buse of fly grown tentacle is thickened to fentacular bulb, which contains a number of ‘stinging cells (6) In the four rast positions cach tentsculr bald fconmins two o1eyss, which are hollow and balancing organs comuining calcareous exits. () Manabelum ‘avgs from the ceate of sub- umbrella, having mouth, (6) Movi communicates with 4 rail canals which join wit ciralar canal Hing wmbreli margin ‘which all around consis velum, (©) Beneath the ratial canals are gonads lying in subvumbrelar ectoderm, dentifeaton: Since the mount has circular tentaculated body, 4radil rounded gonads and All shove festres, hence is Obela medusa ‘ey favourite slidespot (Z20)PETER en ere er eee eee eee eee eee rere eee ere eee ‘characters and hence itis Hallstemma, 30. Physalia Tome pate, pase ad aco ‘he tyra sn emaptte min lyme cla wih van ply and modes, ‘Upper et fcr cnsas at esr. Bs to toe et wah taped coms Fatyocon Phe + Cpe tear we pn ‘Genus Phyae (The Pertaguese mata) Habit and hableat : Physalle is 4 marine. colonial, Noaing, pelagle coelenterate. Distributloa : Found in the warm sex inthe gulf steam foam Florida to Vineyard, US.A fers) / roe Senora c gM Phyaate A. Ene cby, BPs of caro sn C: Sal prion of pe Comments (1), Commonly cled as Portuguese man-of-war. Iti so named because of its sudden appearance and Aiscppearace like Portuguese ships during war. (2) Most beaut! sipbonophore having iedesceat peacock, blue or orange colur (3) Size 10 to 30 em long but tentacles measure several mets (@) Animal is composed of upper lange crewed preumatophore or Meat snd lower various zoos. (5) Paeumatophore conins gas plands which secrete air composed off 7.55 10 133% oxygen, 15% argon and 85% to 91% nitrogen (6) Gav fils the oat to evim of flost and when animal has to sink, gis forced out though the Poeumophore (> Nenirally the fot contains budding coenosr: from which dactylazooid, gastrozokds, goncsooids 4nd onodendra hang down (A portion of clser of rooids reveal lage fishing tentacles with batteries of pneumatocyt, ‘gastrozoids witout tencles, large daetylozoids, small dactlozooids, gonodendra and large ‘elatinous zooids of unknown function (9) A par of gonodendra shows upper smail male gonophores, lower large rounded female gonophores with eggs Along with gonophores are several cyindscal gapopulpons. » Sudy of Muse Specimens tification: Since the specimen has floats hanging gastoroods, tentacles, gonozooids and all sbove ‘harcters, ence it Pha. [31. Porpita |(Cy Seetis aes of Tour Winds () guteencetés Choding potype) having singe whorl! of Contacts and mouth, (i) gonezoolds (reproductive. polyps) bearing clusters of sporesaes containing e885 (Gi). dactylozoids (protective plyps) and (i) skeletozooids, Special features ? H, echinate is found on gastopodan shes inhabited by Bermi-crabs, which show ‘commensal but, according to Scijifa (1935), the elaionship is merely epinoic or facultative. Teatification + Since the specimen has vertical Zoos and all above features bene i is Mpdractinia, + Tne rte, dle nd scl Comeare ce ener an pps nai Comme cern tion and pope dei Sop sate saeue muse. Genrer leper Habit and Wablat £ Marine form, found associated with cor reefs in wopieal Seas. 1 colonial hyrold with ruc brand hydoriza Distribution + Found in US.A. (Frida coast) and West Indies. ‘Comments (2) Commonly called as stinging coral (2) Colony varies in form, consisting oft broad basal mass which {is incrusted on the rocks and fom which short iegular ranches are ehrown into the wate. (@) Fetoderm secrees 4 large skeleton of perisare, resembling corals perforated by numerous pores (4) Dred colony of lime carbonate contains pores of two pe: (© igastropores or larger pores, though which gasrz0oide protrude in lifetime (i) @actylopores “or smaller pores ure found around fustopore, through which datylezooids come ot (8) Gasiropores ‘snd dactylopores randomly distributed. Gastrozolds we feeding 2001s, having 4 1 8 short knob tentacles and dictylocoide, with captate tentacles having nematoeysts, ae protective 200i. (6) Pores lei ino & canal which forms network in coenossre () Medusee with 4 or $ rudimentary tentacles ae fee, simple and origimte from coenosac (8) Deed colony forms ieguler mas. ‘Special features ¢ I is called as stinging coral because its powerful nemaoeysts ae puinfl to man. Due 1o the presence of numerous pore, itis called as Mllepor Ieaification + Since the specimen has random distibution of gastopore and datylopores and all above characters, hence i i Millepora etter 26. Stylaster } > meen wr ite + Pays ane ym Genet Ser Habit and habitat #1 is marine and colonics Distribution + Siplaster is found in wopical and sub-topical regions. Study of Mascon Specimens Comments (Colony consists of upright calcareous pink coloured ee ike ranches (@) Surface of the body ‘bears gastropores ad daciplopores, aranged in a cyeic mane: (2) Braneder ofthe colony are tv ape } ects ith tadaing RG speStudy of Museum Specimens Distribution : Cosmopoian, open sea form especially found in Greenland and Gu Steam, Comments (1). Perleolpe is a beautiful sypozcan medusa in which umbrella is divided by a horizontal fuow calle 8 coronary groove (©) Unbrli is usually conical in shape and is divided into apical region of cone and marginal region or crown by furow. ©) Crown is agtin divided by second horizontal furow ino a seis of anterior pedal lobes, and 2 series of posterior marginal lappets forming fice edge of the bell (4) Palal lobes and marginal lagpets en same rai (6) Four interradial pedal lobes ear tentaculoeysts. (©) Other four pera stated pedal lobes give long hollow tetas. (Mouth is large and leads ito a spacious stomach by 2 wide manubium. dentfication + Since the specimen conais cone, crows, peal lobes, mirginal lappets and all above characters hence it is Pricolpa Aurelia Classification + 52/529 The nde, lout wd somite Neca nel dep, aed tc Order Someone Peeseinney xypmeazae wih are da and ot amy ——— amare ‘Sts toma cay on Habit and habitat : Aurelia isa solitary marine and medusoi jelly ish often living in brackis inhabits coastal water of all ozsns in all zones sod in abundant number, mostly living and temperate luiades (Fig. 37). Distbuton : Very common along the entre Allanic coast and Pacis coast aed oly form se temperate regions. (Comments # (1) Commonly called as Jellyfish measring approximately 30 cm jn diameter. (@) Body is gelatinous, eansarent, blush, white, reddish or pinkish (@)_ Savecr shaped body is distinguished into convex exumbrellar and concave sub-umbrellar () Vasious other sirctures seen are gastric filaments, sub-pnital pits and vearium. bane () Subambreliar margin contains marginal tentacles having stinging cells apd marginal having seme exgans or tentaculacysts in 8 Tobes (6) Mouth cornered. Each comer is drew out into an oral arm slong pera (O) Inter-radial,adradial and per-radial gastrovascular canals open i clreular canal. V present. (Jelly fish feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, protozoan, nematodes, rife, atoms pol ‘copepod (9) It'swime by rhythmic comtractins of umbrellar surfaces (10) Male and female separate individuals. Lifecycle shows aleration of generation, (1) Ie responds to muse! juice proteins, peptone, amino acids but not to sugars, starches or glycogen. entiation : Since the specimen has jell Ike texture, marginal teacles, ral ams and all above characte, hence it Aurelia, ‘38. Aurelia : Stages of Life Cycle |(1) Body is hemispherical without marginal tentacles and divisible into ex-umbrellar and sub-umbrellar surfaces. (2) Under sub-umbrellar surice § fused oral arms hang down in central position (G) Oral arms are folded looking like rot in appearance called as seapulets. (4) Mouth is obterated by growth of oral arms which ae meaified as Tunnel like securing pores called ‘ctor mouths (6) Each oral arm ends in a terminal tentacle (6) Stomach is conned into canals, which open by funnel-shaped apertures on the edges of the arms (Young medusa has a single mouth which loses inthe adult (Emirs animal hss 965 water, bat does aot contain geluin or mucilage. Feeds on small fhes entiication + Since ve specimen cons fused eral arms and all above characters and hence i is Rhiontoma, 41, Tubipora musica (at aed gern ey. solar, colmi Piso mae Nomex Popp mt fds Commune ith ech herby bal saae ‘Habit and habitat + Tubipore is marine, colonil polypoid Actinozoa found in shallow waters of wopial and temperate regions (Fig. 41), Distribution : Found abundactly among corals in hot waters of Atlrtic Indian and Pacific ‘Comments (1) Commonly called ss organ pipe coral and is muck calefed anthozoan. (2) Highly caleiied coral consisting of compact bright red coloured vertical tubes and 1 platforms. (3) Genus Tubipora occupies an isolated postin. (4) Colony i composed of long parallel upright tes having polyps in living conditions spin ‘basal plate and though the opening of polyp. (5) Colony is suppored by skeletal tues of fused spicules embracing gsrovasulr tubes. The Joined togeer by transverse partition or stolons forming platforms by fused spicules. (6) Skeleton it ternal and is covered by ectoderm in ving condition (7). Tubipora is very favourite museum specimens (8) Mesoploeal spicules become closely fited together and form a continaous tube for each (9) Reprodetion by budding Basal plate expands © give new polyps. 0 Study of Museum Specimens (10) Bucking is peculiar. The base of orginal polyp expands from which new polyps originate. (11)_Living colony contains polyps. Wentication + Since the specimen cotans comput red coloured vertical tubes and all above chances, ence itis Tubipors roe rig base et, Titre ma. A Prk of ng cay. B. Pn of deal Me Tel 42, Telesto Simple tance ee Habit and habitat * Teleso is marine sedentary and colonial Actinozoa. Distribution : Found along Alani coast Comments (1) Calony consists of spe or branched stem, which aries ffom a creeping base (2). Stem fs forted by the lonastion of @ single polyp. (3) Stem Bears Tater polyps sith slterate arrangement and vertical tubesShady of Museum Specimens (3) Polyps or anthocodia emerge from branches and contain 8 pinnate tentacles, mouth, gstrovaicular cavity, gusie laments and meseteries (6) Polyps occur in roms and on two sides only of the stem and is branches. In magrifed portions holes for polyps ae seen. (9) Skeleton consis of horlke material called Gorgonin embeded in mesoglea. An axial od extended Throughout the colony and iis branches Axial rd consist of medulla and cortex. Gorgonin is proteinaceous consisting of tyrosine amino-acid (8) Sexes ae separ Special features + Gorgonia is very familar museum specimen de 1 its fan-shaped body. The did ‘skeleton isofen displayed as omament. Sea fan has power of regeneration. It can Torm new antocodia when branches are broken ff. The heavy harm caused to gorgonan bed by storm is repaired. dentifiation : Since the specimen contains fan shaped body and all hove characters and hence it is Gorgonia, “Te ere peta an weet Mom St ae aig ‘and off the coast of Japan, Aca and lly. Most ‘hundant eth Indo-Pacific ocean especially the Malay ‘Archipelago (Comments + (2) Commonly called as red coral. (2) Colony is erect. branching with dense, calcareous ais of fosed spicules surounded. by canaiferous foenenchyme bearing spicules (3) Stelewn is hard, culcares, red in colour and representa by a branching ail od running throughout the colon, a8 well asin the tiny spicules embeded (4) Gorgon is completely absent (5) Colony has a frm outer Ussue of commas which contains delicate, white coloured, etactle and dimorphic polyps (6 Natitive polyps are called as autozoolds having S pinnate tentacles, mesenteries and gona (2) Small wate-pumping polyps or siphenozooids without t venacies. (8) Due to cementlike deposi of carbonate in the cent, the solid limestone rod is formed. Fg 1 Coan ram ‘Special features : Red coal is very precious and of great commercial value, as itis extensively used in jewellery. Its also called as ‘red monga’. Coral is fished along the African and Iiian cons ‘eatifieation + Since the colony has red-coloured skeleton with whith reacledasorphic polyps and all above characters, hence itis Corallam. [ 48. Pennatula Tina gate, pba ad alone Cnty el earn ey. stay cb Sh at wah age wwf ces Wig ered ey Habit and habitat : Pennaula i « sedentary and colonial aetinczcan Fond in deepsea waters in sandy ‘and muddy botioms, 20 t0 600 fathoms deep. It peters warmer waer (Fig. 4. istfbutlon © cis found in the gulf ‘of St Lawrence to. Carolina ‘commen in Europe and especialy found in Newfoundlnd to taasaiaas!a a a a Distibution : Foun! slong’ Atlantic coast Comments (A). Colony consiss of sinple or branched stem. which arises from a creeping base (2) Stem is formed by the elongation of a single polyp. 13) Stem bear lateral polyps sith allerate anangement and vertical tubes. () Lateral polyps eiginte by way of Solna networks as i Penralaces, (5). Spiules may be somewhat united by calcareous and horny sezretons. (6) Another tcleuccan genun difes from Teleto in having branched colony resembling « gorgosin. Ientifiation + Since anal bears lateral polyps wih alters amangements and all above characters, tence its Teles. Siudy of Museum Specimens a 43. Aleyonium Cassifcation Piyhm-———-Comterta +Trad plac ssi Game——-Anthne Gay plaid ere, sna tary cl ‘Ssciom—cOncenla syn wih mac Bohmaen Orie Agoemen “> pf yyy frm shy mas weap sis on ex, Famiyonnon Akoniae Lobe ede wi ence aca Geman Aon Dead a's pe Habit and colonial animal. Acyonsceans are typically tora animals ‘of warm water entering in the Indo-Pacific ocean. Many live between tidal zone at depth of approximately 200 m and few at depth of approximately 3000 m, Number of species ave found in temperate latitudes and even into Polar waters, Distribation: Aleyonium is cosmopolitan, but chiefly found in temperate and cold sea waters and specially form long Islnd! Sound to Gulf of St. Lawrence and form low water to approximately 80 fathoms Comments (1) Commonty called as soft coral. (@) Colony consists of » base, stalk and a massive thick Feshy and leathery lobes or leathery benches (@) Feshy mas scaled a eoenonchyma from which only coral ends of the polyps project. ) Unally the proximal pant of the eolony is devoid of anthocodia ad is called serie. In his animal anthocodia fre strewn all over the itl por. () Bach polyp consis & pinnate tentacles. © Spicules are found throughost the mesogloes hich limpars selity to coenenchyme (2) Fettilization is external (@) Life hisery includes 2 free-swimming planual larva which becomes sedentary and forms colony by budding entiation: Since the specimen contains star-shaped polyps in proximal part only hence it is Aleyonum. 44, Hartea Classification : Same asin Aleyonium. Habit and habitat : Horta is » marine solitary al ‘Actinozoa with strongly polyp-like shape. Distribution : tis found in sallow water Comments (Body is elongated and cynical. (2) Amerior end contains $ pinnately branched tentacles sroond mouth Pe 4, Hare, Study of Museum Specimens (3) 1 has simple organization and is supposed to be persistent larval form {@) Stcletom has inegular deposits of calcium carbonate inthe form of spicules deposited in mesogloca (S) Other strctues seen ae manubrium, gullet, mesenteries and spicules, [dentifcation : Since specimen has & pinatly branched tentacles and all above characters and hence it ‘Harta Spalee bere Mave been Toend §0 exist since \retaccoes pence. (9) Verical section shows mouth of expanded polyp having plnntely branched tentacles und thecn Tdentifieatin Since the skletoncotins vera! rola es and ll shove sharacters and Rene He eiopore [6 Gorgonia | Tae pe, gato oa Habit cad habitat Gorgon Is» colon form inubig all eas rm ie mak w over $000 meters ‘Mos of them are iter Sone prefer warmer sexs. Slow water fom hive fan ite scare. Deep Fe 4 Goris A. Cope pom, A pti mg ea fr bach in ll deton. I fams ove ofthe cie sractons of he suburine gardens of Sao topical and subropcl wales (Pg. 20) Dissibution : Fou in South AMaic and West Inds, Indo-Pacific can, Malay Archipelago, Berd ‘nd Bahar ‘comments (1) Commonty called as Sea fan. tone graceful frm at sof colouration cost one of the eek tacos of “abenrine gardens, (2) Itforms ext yellowish or fedsharborescent branches ino pane cone by cots connections ins feathery manner and easton of te body becomes fae (©) Branches av uniee by mameour creams, foming network wih methes 2 9 5 mm wis, Base ofthe cay is expanded 1 fom Had st organ cabled 8 pedal disk st on (5) Polyps or anthocodia emerge from branches and conn 8 lane tenile, mou, gsroveslar city. 3 guste amen and mesenteric, (6) Polyps occur in rows and on wo sis cay Of the stem and is ranches. In magnified porns bles for pops ae sen. (Skelton coms of holike marl called Gorgonin embed io mesoglea. An axl el extened ‘Brougout the colony and itr ranches Axial rol consist of medulla abd cone. Gorgon it rciacous consisting of trsie amino (a) Sees we septa Special features Gorgon i very familar museum specimen du w is farahped bay. The did ‘skecton I oflen dane as omament. Sa fan has power of regenerate. It en form ae antocodia ‘when branes ae Bokea ff. The heavy han cused 0 gorpnian bd by storm i eple entation: Since the specimen contains fan shaped body tall above characters and Hea its magiara. Eo cee <€ pdfcoffee.com.. Q & Sty of Musca Spcinens 53, Metridium ES"nceenn waste i mmo pte il a ‘Meridia 2 are sie, tightly colour, salty, Nowe o Disebtion I hrgest and ae of te commons sea anemones co the Aue cas 1 Labalor fom low water Burk wo apotimatly OD atoms, Pacific cost and Eu Comments. () Commenty cal Serene, (2) Body ss) on “ejndnea, adlly — mayan eee @) Hy of the anal i Git fat 3 ‘eps-Onl dk column std pedal dia (6) Ol dak is expanded at at ink called 2 capital which is cro ih Seve marge ota around mouth (6) Coumn frms mor pa of he boy and fe diferetstel imo. 2 pate (©) upper delicate thin walled caplsim fn Th) lower thick walled capa (6) Cantu an seapos ae put by 2 (ove calod 35 fom (2) Wal ofthe seapus perforated by small yeas Pedal ise (9) heels: Sexes separ (1) Acta pte Py bg and ee entiation Since the specimen contin base, seas, colar, captulam a ll above parts and hence its Metrum. 54, Metridium in Y. Comment (2) ln sctons ferent regions ofthe body such ss capitan, colar oma, sca, obs and pedal di, crown of nematocyt beating tees, sphincter and tir ticles are oem (2) Mout opens ito gaseovasclresity Uwough actloopharynx ce sphanoglyp. zm) Sia of Mises Specnes « () Gastrorasclar cavity dived eae Ino vera paris by ix pain gmn ‘of meseterle famente caer (5) Poverty mesic flanens rac a once tae ent (6) In sections gonads ae sen on ‘meron sone mesenteric Mamentt oe HPL cay eee (Ober sivctues en ate marginal pon ten oma. oral soma, parietal sp! Saree famicle, "retractle smsces, franeverse mosclatre of wept ad sep niu maces WAY G — 6 pis of esti ames and ms 7 a A above fetes, ence ft VS. Meridm [EE Adama + Showing Commensam |PrP etree nee peer eee eer eee eer the sd mete roe forms eon a Sy of Museum Spcinens “ Special features : Red coral is very peeious snd of get commercial vais, i is exemvely wed in Neeley I alo called sb "red monga” Coa fsbo along tbe Alcan aed alan cont ‘estan : Since the colony as rdschawed sles wit whi ect dere polyp al all shove chris, hence ie Coraliom, [ 48. Pennatula | eet aed colonial acto foun i ep seu wate nny nd yt, 20 10 60 wrter (Fi 1) of St. Livmeace, to Cacinn ‘ommon ip Europe abd especialy feand in Nowkandand 10 Nomsket Comments ("Comment called a 8 pen oF se feather. (2) ial is ashy conssing of & vey longed” inary xl Priyp wtich gies numeroes Secondary bisteral polyps (@) Body divide 0 presi sulk or poluncle devoid of ving sceondary polyp. (4 Cent tio rach poses ferns « peduncle wih an ead a (©) Asevony cacti teu. tral ening 4 series of 8 to 12 stvooos or polyps. Each Do as 8 plate tetas (© Bao laf tt ingle Tow of antincda of which the otenost ane ie te oldest and eae the hs side and oes ae bedded success tonars sen se of the sem. The Ft polyp budled comes he en pop (Skeleton compres of long Bomy unbranched sai supporting rachis cay. Racin is dep ro ga Pane A ie Sg ae ee (8) Gastrnoadsarefstng 200s, wile phono ee water ‘sent The nipbosorcoss have pbeonogyphs stich minain (©) Sexes see seperte (dimorphic) and gametes develop in astoaids dealieaton :Sice the species conte rachis wit ata ances eareg ply ap all bove character ad hence its Penna (8. Peres Diaribution : Comme a Bare Comment (0) Common called as Sea pen (2) Which esky body ie compose ofan elongated primary xl yp and sever secondary aera polyps oinating frm i (6) Lata polyps oe Basher of pinay consented steely (4 Pues cna evra! gatronois or siphonozbeids ce polyps cr anthacala, (5) Peduncl elongated and thickened Teentieation © Since te specimen consns long pedicle, compactmv Non Carlin to North Masacosct (@) Coleny cons of osly paced thesae and poting roy. (2) Polyps ois) of the colony ae ditict and sepated by scleraspta from the selon 9 the colony. (Gy Polyps ae sally white, pinkish or eis and emai expanded 4) Oral dis consis mouth, which is surounded by 4 double ring ‘of tnticles which ace covered with memalyst Wars and ips PE 64 Aer On ap een, ih « memateyst knob. (5) Lange polyps hve ve cycles of etcis moly 12 larger tnals aerating with 12 smaller one (6) Auronpidonae Toei on cosacears, all fh and tits of me (0) Zoovanbalse sre aba a ihe gsederms of be polyp ‘entiation Sine the esny costs of ley placed eae. peti polyps and all tove characte ence iti Asangi, 65. Dendrophylia ‘Cuscton : Same as Madrypre ‘inom ‘Habit and hala? Dendrphyla isa marae, cons compound col Distribution + Found in topical and sb rope water Eetoey (Animal street ae (2) Corsaro ait im clove contact with one atater bat oe tee be (6) Colitis eiginte fom 2 common cleo sem, (®) Stom or coemeacyne i ena by ealioon ofthe corsa. (5) Each conllt or polyp consine a ceully paced most, cy sounded by hot of sal teks. (©) Repradaction by basing Taentieation Since dhe colony has wee-ke orlite and all hove ‘hance hee it Deno ee nes 66. Fungia Ctasiation + Same 8 in Madrepors ‘Camara abt and abit ? Pungia is slay und marine cor (i. 6) Distrbation + Ite foun warm sex, peer inthe Cul af Calor, () Commonty inown a5 Mashroom coral (2) i found ines from 5 mm 25 cm i mete (@) is discoid mstroom-staped. with Upper corner and lower oncave surfaces having theca (4 Dinos somite conti mameros sepa connected together by {eaareous rd, own a yap (9) Adak oral coin Sng lps pp wis mers ten, (8) Arima es lose onthe Botorn of senor fastened below By 8 (2 Siphonogiyphs sxe abst (@) Life his iss cup-shaped plana wich metamorphose ino ‘dle. Fangia continue 10 give of rdiany buds toughout Ue (9) Tas long fossil hisery. i onigiaed In Teiary peed and i ving sucess. entiation: Since th spines is mushroom sap. bas whith sept and all hove characte, hence ite Fungi, Instructions Make comparative chats of all the actneoans studied by you PHYLUM-CTENOPHORA 67. Cestum (1) Commoaly called as "Venus belt x girdle temas among th comb ee. (2) Proce of mene compression is foand 0 su ee ht hay pated ‘laine ban, messung approsmaely 15 (2) Teanpret body shiney wth vee, Bue or green colo. (4) Four sab etaar comb eons ae elongated to'run along the ene abo lge of the Sankey. Tess ae reduced 1 ts of flameces,Habit and habit: Afarypore i cola, sbi’ ad marae col ips ae clanfom, cylin, clogated and witht foreign ter on tie ices (4) Temes 48 10 o (3) Meventeres cost of micro snd mico-mesetries ‘Sering fom al er enbascans a ving charter (6) Single siphonogyph presen. (2) Animals may be skal oFeoouned (9) sew reprosion ts place by simple Budding fom 9 Zoe pr entiation : Since the colony is cameced by stolons ind has all sbove charters and hence it Acropora) Yen tn mvs mane fe Soon para | 60, Madrepora ( Claation : ‘umes +e el, ite nf ence Ditton: Is found so West Ins tod Fra Comments o a ® ® ° © o © ‘Commoaly called as Born coral. 1 plays import fee in conte formation. Coloay branched, being cher Oaele rate or tick. Branching les towards the priphery. Coley is ply pores oe scuse covered by perare Colony cosas of ideal cps ce coralites for polyps in coensure. ‘he covalteie screed by Sal den of polyps and composed of calcium earonate, Polyps Io Hike fewer Terminal and later! polyps poses § and 12 ‘ernie repectvely, and ee withow central comet wort of canal Special featres: The colony incenes in size ty growth and boding of the pobps Teentieation + Since the enimal comaine corlia and all sbovesbuacters and ence it i Madrepoe o ® ° « © o 61, Meandrii Meandrina forms incring masse, gmc slony conising of round mates of Tinestone measwingepprnimasy 28 meets in diameter and weighing several fons ta 3 Distrito + Ir found in Wet Indes and arid Comments andra or Meondre is clled st bean coral. The log, cere groves runing ple wit exh ‘her resemble convoiions of human brain snd hens te name ban co ich mari formed a eu of seman of several gears of ap Sure ofthe colony is made up of numerous sina gen which are the sets and groove During. vig conten, the polyps remaie onfhent, mingled and kt et called at onfoent corals, pec ot ocean separate aps ba ver ff tem become ite having, common fnge of ienacles and cova fs and Mouth of mixed polyps rain separ Confer ely cota da) tine, while they femalp extended at igh leaton: Sine te specimen contains sides ‘tad gmoves ike mammalian tin ant all Above shuntrs and ence iti Meandrina 62, AstracaOe Pere eee eee eee eee ee ee (G) Namerous eyes are preset on the margin of tbe heal and sides of se Body (@) Purple, sack yellow, ove and grey colored stipes are very dite near the neck (5). Body romana twisted (©) ‘Tis Plnaria bas stripes over the dona surface also and a creping sole om te venta sic, (O) Reproduction geealy semua. Ie never becomes sexaal intemperate imate and it propagates hy fragment (8) Bpatum adrenium breeds sexually (@) subject desiccation, recovers water Toss provided the loss does not exceed 45% of is ‘entifcation + Since he specimen contias 4 semblreular ead and all sbove features, tence i ‘Bipatin 74. Fasciola hepatica : Sheep Flukeworm (Cision = mnn—-Pathnies + Ont gt wc, Nua aves Ordero—Dhnen = Nene co ue une bn Touty——rensie a pt “Fasciola hepatica is found in te bile ducts of Her and bry passages of ‘ase, dog, leas, man. monkey der and Aangaoo. In sics they ae seeh powaing ie dacs and liver substance Distribution It has cosmopolitan dstibetion throughout sheepeaking ars. In US.A. and In ‘endeml. Human Fascias has been reported from Venersla. Syria, Chia, Cab, Ageing, Hongury, Rumania and France 20) ‘Sud of Masa Specinens « Comments = (0) Cammonty known a sheep liver Dake. (2) ete potreenos and pathogenic paras, (8) Body is leat lite, doroventally Naened measuring 18 49 SI mm in length and 4 t0 18 mm in ‘eat. Fasciola gigonie is larger than F. hepatica. @) Amerior ead ie priced lat a conal projection calcd cephalle cone. (5) There i & smal ventallyplced mouth the anterior exit, surunded by oral sucker. (6) im boxh F. pgamion and F. hepatica,» litle Behind the mouth sod oral socker isan athesve ‘cetabutm ot venta! sucker. Bewoon oral sucker and venta sicker iv gomopore, Excrery pore is Yound at posterior extremity. (©) Lifecycle involves two hots, Sexp 2 dinve hos sc Linnea as Intermediate bos. Life | 58 Study of Museum Specimens Classification : Same as in Coeloplana. GoM nero Ctenoplana = —— Habit and habitat : Ctenoplana is marine solitary, right side planktonic ctenophore. tentacle . tentacle lateral filam: Distribution : It is found along the coasts of comb rows — sheath ” ents Indo-China and Japan. Comments : (1) It is an aberrent ctenophore first discovered by Korotneff (1886) and later worked by Willey (1896), Dawyboff (1929) and Komai (1934). (2) Body consists of flattened oval, central thick portion and two rounded, thin lobes in the sagittal plane. gastrovascular (3) It measures 5 to 8 mm in the tentacular plane canal and coloured dorsally, mostly olive-green, Peripheral brown or reddish. It reproduces asexually. gevrevensar (4) Between the lobes of the anterior notch, there canal is a long tentacle giving irregular side branches. Main tentacle arise from base covered by tentacular sheath. right tobe of body (5) There are 8 short comb rows of several plates connected to statocyst by ciliated furrows. (6) Oral surface is characterised by everted pharynx, gastrovascular canal and peripheral network of gastrovascular canals. (7) Anus present on left lobe. (8) It reproduces asexually. Special features : At the time of discovery of Cfenoplana and Coeloplana they were considered by some zoologists as connecting links between coelenterates and flatworms; but their structural details show that they are simply modified creeping ctenophores. Identification : Besides above characters, main tentacle has several side branches and hence it is Ctenoplana. Classification : Same as in Coeloplana. 70. Tjalfiella Genus............. Tjalfiella Habit and habitat : Tjalfiella is another flattened, creeping, practically sessile ctenophore (Fig. 70). Distribution : It is found in Greenland on the pennatulid Umbellula. Comments : (1) Body is flattened in the oral aboral direction and elongated in the tentacular axis with a simple tentacle with a base. (2) Each end is upturned and fused at the edges to form a tube or ‘chimney’, through tentacle extension. (3) Chimney is continued with pharyngeal cavity. (4) Statocyst is found on the upper surface. (5) Polar fields, ciliated furrows and combs rows are absent. (6) Gastrovascular canals are continued into the chimney, Study of Museum Specimens 59 statocyst chimney for gastrovascular tentacies canal tentacular