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METHODS
-It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the
absorption of glucose from the blood into fat in liver and skeletal muscle cells.
INTRODUCTION:
• These are serially degraded to form the active hormone Insulin and
Connecting peptide (C-Peptide).
• C-peptide has no biological activity, however its estimation in plasma
serves as the useful index for endogenous production of insulin.
• In β-cells, Insulin combines with Zinc to form a complex & stored in
granules.
REGULATION OF INSULIN SECRETION
(a) It decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue and hence lowers the plasma fatty
acid level
(b) it stimulates fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in tissues.
(c) it increases the rate of very-low-density lipoprotein formation in the liver.
(d) it increases the uptake of triglyceride from the blood into adipose tissue and muscle.
(e) it decreases the rate of fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver
(f) it increases the rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver.
(3) Protein Metabolism:
(a) It increases the rate of transport of some amino acids into tissues,
(b) it increases the rate of protein synthesis in muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and other
tissues.
(c) it decreases the rate of protein degradation in muscle (and perhaps other tissues)
(d) it decreases the rate of urea formation.
Review of Analytical Methods.
• Nowadays, immunoassays and chromatographic assays are the primary methods that
have been developed for insulin analysis.
• Generally, immunoassays including:
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
• Chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA).
• Radioimmunoassay (RIA).
((good selectivity towards insulin with less interferences))
Review of Analytical Methods.
• High blood insulin levels cause low blood sugar levels called Hypoglycemia.
• Anxiety • Hunger
• Weight Gain (patient can • Loss of Consciousness
become excessively obese) • Rapid Heart Rate
• Behavior Changes • Sweating
• Clouded Vision
• Confusion
TESTS FOR INSULINOMA DIAGNOSIS