07/12/2022

Disease
Measures
Paolo G. Hilado
MSTAT100
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Objectives

1. Explain and differentiate Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology

2. Explain disease measurements such as Prevalence, Incidence, and
Case Fatality.
3. Compute for Prevalence, Incidence, and Case Fatality.
4. Determine the difference between Risk Ratio, Odds Ratio, and Risk
Difference.
5. Compute for Risk Ratio, Odds Ratio, and Risk Difference.
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Tracing the
Disease

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Genetic Epidemiology

• Explore the role of genetic factors together with environmental

contributors to disease, same time giving equal attention to the
differential impact of environmental agents on different backgrounds
(Cohen, 1980)
• A science which deals with the etiology distribution, and controls of
disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in
populations. (Morton & Chung, 1995)

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Molecular Epidemiology

• Explore the exposure to specific substances, biological response,

and use of biomarkers to refine disease categories.

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Disease Measurements on
Highlight

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Morbidity Rate

Rate at which disease occurs in the

population

Expressed as either Prevalence or

Incidence Rate
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Incidence Rate (measure of morbidity)

Proportion of the Population that

has a disease (New Cases)

Incidence = (New Cases) / Population

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Prevalence Rate (measure of morbidity)

Proportion of the Population that has a

disease (Pre-existing and New Cases)

Prevalence = (Pre-existing + New Cases) / Population

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Mortality Rate

Deaths due to a specific disease

per given population

Mortality Rate = No. of Deaths from Disease / Population

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Case Fatality Rate

Deaths due to a specific disease per

total number of individuals with disease

CFR = No. of Deaths from Disease / Total no. with Disease

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Measures of Association

Ratio Measures:
Risk Ratio
Odds Ratio

Absolute Difference Measure:

Risk Difference
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Randomized Controlled Trial

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Ratio Measure: Risk Ratio

3 / 12 = 0.25

0.25 / 0.33 = 0.76

4 / 12 = 0.33

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Ratio Measure: Odds Ratio

3 / 9 = 0.33

0.33 / 0.5 = 0.66

4 / 8 = 0.5

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Absolute Difference Measure:

Risk Difference

3 / 12 = 0.25

0.25 - 0.33 = -0.08

4 / 12 = 0.33

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Computation Exercises

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Incidence Rate (per 100k)

• The population of City A is 401,000. Previous year it has recorded

333 new cases of Disease A with 288 existing cases. What is the
incidence rate?

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Prevalence Rate (Per 100k)

• The population of City A is 401,000. Previous year it has recorded

333 new cases of Disease A with 288 existing cases. What is the
prevalence rate?

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Death Rate (Per 100k)

• The population of City A is 401,000. Previous year it has recorded

333 new cases of Disease A with 288 existing cases. Among those
who are sick, 155 died from the disease. What is the mortality rate?

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Case Fatality Rate (%)

• The population of City A is 401,000. Previous year it has recorded

333 new cases of Disease A with 288 existing cases. Among those
who are sick, 155 died from the disease. What is the case fatality
rate?

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Ratio Measure: Risk Ratio

Given the following data from the treatment and

control group wherein:

refers to those who are well

refers to those who are sick with Disease A

Compute for the Risk Ratio

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Ratio Measure: Odds Ratio

Given the following data from the treatment and

control group wherein:

refers to those who are well

refers to those who are sick with Disease A

Compute for the Odds Ratio

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Absolute Difference Measure:

Risk Difference

Given the following data from the treatment and

control group wherein:

refers to those who are well

refers to those who are sick with Disease A

Compute for the Risk Difference

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