i i ' Archaeology and the Study of Gender MARGARET W. CONKEY JANET D. SPECTOR. wrmopucnion A eis halng tothe function of archacolgy in contemporary scey ha teen ried wih he assertion that argely urecognaeé raion fo cha! (04 tbe epic subtanttion of ational mthlogy (Leone 197129) Thi Ue of echaraogyreinfores values of which we aFe not lvays aware. AS tchaeslogia, we “an propery be acused of bela acolyts tou cl ture," unaware of what we have been dol, and whom we serve (Leone 1973:132, Although Leon has fered undaeata gh wih respec o he relonsip of wchealgy 1 « naonal mytology, We show Bow ae haesogy ‘inary provides subwuatiaton for a paral gender mytology. Tha, the otowing eve of arcuclogy andthe study of geeder shuld make leat tow arcucology bt aubeuatatd set of colurespecite belts sot the teaning of msclie ad fein, out he apie of men and wore, ‘Bout the power raion, and shou tee sppoprate oe in soe We arg hat echaesiogy ke oer vation! disciplines viewed hough tne leat of fin crlam, hat been nether objective nor ache onthe sje of gener. Funbermoe, because archaelopss Ick ae exp rane2 anne ctr st. cton ovk oF concealing und resenting gener and—more widely seh ‘De, we hve dew op ratework ht sini el vedi ou ON, ‘xl mew forthe choc say of peri ewe ug wen tvs nd ere gene ace, ender ope ‘tet ope spr. el hn peated ger ive ts al em, pon tha acl ton eho (Sn capa oe ol Sz ae ue te ‘Soy as ort sl 0 he cari ut dh ret The of ey thse cy ge [ew The a no pubes fd wis ste Mab or Finny ox ro be Acti Re” a "Ger Aree tcme ol e Foruten Tce or "Sct Aruogenet nd hsgence of Fand Proctor, mare ena. “Gener Srecr nd Cie Chg We hnow of scucgca tk nv on sata ‘Soc ci hate un ne upd nte pn on ed a ‘Sonus! sa nh en pet mem at lg were hw we con ha Ti ns mt mo tcl ave tad anything sat ender sate peter torn phoma We. i ape fhe ace “Sion stholsopa ort vue othe sete are often mrp in ie evi wg te ty sence Pete Cay eum nd mae ep soo he meng ‘chm coney ats rer fw These menage cee) Sry tts pee npn Thon pan sd cate nin, Sot dncon soe ofthe ret on gk by fen shh src nd me nroply Hee we gg vay Of een ad ‘Sci pn sha ec lip espns By acc Sica y teeming comet scepled etieo aige Wh at Seema sctuogy wi one ew way ug eat rc any att ‘ine soci acon oe Hoder 182, 98D 1982) bt a, mp a | 4 Ww we r pate ey ee hope ting the bjt of ener in the in of ahaaoge ms hop an es eo ees [A Feast CRUE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Anarocentrlem In Anthropology ‘he shenoncnn of ner hist sean by a mean ees wchclgy or ania tater of ea ete ita een Te te lec ethno eer socung cho! wo be 7H). Ae ‘tn hey on cho ep ad 0 he ‘hnopnsdencptone he Nx andomtandg carl erty seguir eognpicaly eed mat wre formu wb ‘Seyi cog rwei weoe Beso pone o expen’ achuolgel da al he tins te etc and mebedsapca Ses and rte othe mology tt vera echo terete vl dtr iebed e wae Slog Altaugh schcloytsegrerly canton abot sinpstic of tetrpic lope: ha hastot been wth ea he jet pnd, Frnemares wetcalogts conc exw or daning open eer ied yy and wecpogy ion 97H nly eee re as ben # ‘St urge pring a wc {hen hve nr ptisptd immo re ep. chert gaan oF Bv Shoe “cpt cae eins ins ontop have dined snl dete evi ol mince yh ea Mieco 1975 Ral wh Lanpber 1974). There geal rene stot hoe cmon the nd eet ad lic mao fh nd tout te by eo oa ‘Seay ove prunes on ete of elec rea die emuhunion pies tin oor we the whe ecto! Sucre antic eof gn ees io sep pees htop sn and gene yr. It Jes and err Inca if inal etees snp en or own suis abst ee. tw undeingeforstowandexpicing cbt vera or eat ne ‘Sey eceped ga of mpg whe the eine ing a4 sean com no a 8. 08 contin esr! a no, Onin ‘SET pmtewe amas an emis deed om ur on ere SS laser acon eee en “emea or a fre cher, Mie yy poets i ne a Fines, con. ern zaps ands. Given it Fare oF vivenal gener chow a ering hl many niopoogts dest ney sare tel deeranas forget “iterencer and forthe symmetial elans between males and fel, Bi ‘socal roles and social postion tree Sachs 1979). * ‘scone of sdroseniaf antepogy i ut. Sed from the fit Many sever, thal fae a wa ih gee os thane of lenulc ge E Arener 197). The mae penpetve ‘Bieter sparse ae eure, wre he female view pny fpoenyed oie othe pro soc eke roger. ‘cue cemord wa of clu, woman se fe ered pinyin tems ot They do pt do eran ings ates do ot Fy do ot bea bits or Frei crain soi etwors hat me 4) ‘Simin we veal, cecal ana and eso ech mon te i sfice’ nce of doing he sue htery of eiflere tannomic ns, tary cvienporny mchcsogs do the cre hry of diferent sb "Roce blr wih he ystems pci practiced in archacloy ithe rnehaogea probe of cle, There's senton ween neo ‘tuoi! dts me have to work ni the ery rd pecs th ae ‘amined te tscms pnpectve. The ahaclgil rans that we Uta re nope of so mach esr bea tht we have Itcevn begun finde yo ea al even st fhe bar om te “uivene te dec lod of cl norton hat every wit Bea ‘Kip 199, we sod vot be red te ele lack ces we alm eweing red ese ta lack rust tee. earmoe The wc of amps of te syn apart fos on changes win evuin sn de opel cresting eso he. To, [Sete aproach proms aire wetneiogy Teco n WACK ‘Del od pola frmatone change sent boop to fe. ial, ese ach of he pst ede ha eg he meri cole of put human etna hh compres he al ofthe ace ‘Sopeat recon’ puve ein arn ie. Busi eaten fer i, he nomer and bone of oa owes ipl erain boel iaes rede ene Toner, bo tnnrahically a arene Jstton of ch seins Tenure em, pote en be eke a 8 yous ‘acer ay hve mt tly ponder cbr ita ‘Sony Std soi ston athe 982) Houde (98D), fr exam titshoshon hom women in wees Ear eget soci pions yO ‘Be Wraeored poner rng fe far oth lei wc. Aehtetur icnresmay abe vigwed ute mesa trp wih sci tn ay te ane: heen Cpe sy {108} om nn hose tare he Tec ew with om sangeet we mre a es eed a oe, t hth ipton of fo roto connections ina tan ‘itt srt tere of rmaton scange dele oi eto Ua e979 "so, Andee (1975) us rgd that er ae her odes fc 19 be guns, ci ther hee ng ron the onto ape linagoiy eee thr ms of yoko ie (eg. Davi 97) wt ‘eyed thn tne el on sytem ad foetal thal Annetsagen that thee ter model for ebngaphy may tes he ppd By tet of ster of sto tal beta, derail dee mpc of tn Roce clraife tht kth mati un pi money. eee atSehaclogsn ne eek heir detion of hese pete and develop tong concep uae tates wenn 0 Beary oc symoone chariot Ths purely te ce shag ‘Teme cona wo the ly of genet an. moe brea, whan ‘Zriuig wo develop an deat tenyof bon soil ad cate ie that frost Ue behind our rexech and nerpetstons. We widest one of tee Mamie cer of eat hear bling i he fal secon of th review, ‘in osname pose apc othe whuelny of gener, ‘An Analytica! Framework forthe Archaeology of Gender ‘ne must eomiing genera proach Lo he achocogy of gee caoarcnclopel er echnrcal one. The power he thooecaclopes SIRS chcoloieu theory ug ar Benson wna vate of ‘Reece uanecs compars Ree 199 ih Hoe 1H), Varo le rena prconersafchcarnsogy eg Binet 19808: Dees 172115) Cnpnnte nus dno ser gre penal inte contin ‘Tmo hat me weed te te material and enmateral wo. However, “loyngenonshacloglel approaches ihe cae of ender comple) fepersnensn an essence andres showin ieee Yellen [97h andes above by thethereteal ede preferences ‘hu hee een gon “be nt tnt in enrig om etioachasogl pps to ener a tite eeoeetlton of nde dyin Ths oe on why we cm “uzun an' oragh compeebomion contemporary Fein earch bt secsetgy Cerny te oun mat ben tery of it Me hate cy mrtowieges peers variant nent geen. the Tonle mae mnteseone fhe arangenet and above ewan ich muerte onder arcocologeaysceule h a 9 Tr peings atey ate and etc) only er wrngement {hat ny wher soctcuul peomens ‘we lute ete bow ate st eo age wry Sa bjs of sechacogica ingyen, wae renelation of ee ances yeld imate mths gles forth charg of ems Sne Speco (19, THR) hs designed an aly amet tha SORE sl ele to orgie acres fener br ed atria “ung ling prev eal nema bout omc rae nex Ing inary secondary wien sores Ti called » kieran freer ni ‘soe ey Yo i shut ad erect Ie mtr pnmetr of gender ranger ech omy Of wo. ones, ondayera ares nd llows ovate aed engine seen a man dito fab. We hope hat wt ui coe ‘Sot appeaon he meer we co gun marae eowiedg ot Stream ener amangemsn te fos expuanng bred vars ow sch vorliymigt be exes in te weeps reve, A uhh wk-aifeematon amesort stilntheformave stage of ee fetta hc been applied ely ned clu content wong exing ‘Site coon (ee Spec 19,1982) is pseted Here aa eon ov tnt of approach 0 he aceboy of gee Te tk-fereanton fort hgh’ ness of mae ad feale sciy pers, The tampon sein hs nena sth wht pope said ney ae scl temp, a meal orgie achieved iy an ence deca oe pes an sar of es end the "COW wat tn the cherlogca rea The framework fees ateton on {ew ieee pet of tk proronce te socal tempor Ya nd ‘Shera dimerins of nth ts undraten bys av OP "foi he ames oe ft siete ts prone by people 83 sive eingtrk aoited with sone cient ed oc Rete muociued with the payial maiernce ofthe gO, eng {Sratucion ani repair of blings, ees, ad te maul of ra {Soar an a eoited wih sca maitre group at hve Sete nth regroderon, ia ie, beat sd ie ed raoop ‘Moto Toe catego re eae fe env, bet ch nou Thos ter move comprenanave conception of tks. Too fen, soi of ‘Rin pmern ron abr fine aeons ey ano ‘i setsence or echt. “Got ans hve Sec Keni, oe evr he ter paras of ta estocnact The sc dmenon tes fren dens hes A, emia elatshie (og eps i group. nekin repo wk pe Terme At any ave ten, who pres he tsk? How ar ene ones ‘Sheldon inerecting te Content fhe specifies telng exes? DS ape wa in up nde? fe mete wd ple oe [erbring these tsk? Avent oqo thi tye of ky Sibel toourges ie pose 0 sa rostral aia. ‘Tore ery ny ative way rane eo ef he se tuto each tent ba picasa of te ask term a8 we ti forthe i! dynes, Te sc ness of tk eon hols weiCotne as pecely os pile er fan wine gentle Sop(eg commana, iia ero hat ay ak nor dt of tak he en mpct of tk ieretation 9 he ei ithe epor dmens fertrmance sero comer bon ear Sha ine of the mt oye he tke prfoed ad hw nies ech me it ‘tact These we eal uci ten seg nn the em | eos Hur ms othr ley »comilerble age pois “he the dinension of xt iferean The np meno ak ifeeition ents where ech as i etre thi ne cotet fpr ste ype ending one specie ‘Rovuoneecstlmen sytem bmg exami) Alteton dave hs hat ty be ply dete con fo ters that ay be pore nv Beans! Some wae says tae place wit eweling or rosa cera tay fee Otek rele restive ima spate, Ain it “meron of tt cifeentaton bes plone i ems of underndig “tiny in gender sytene—foekanpe, tence in the oily peter tse ef pce by men and waren within sn eee cales—and a et ‘Tomicrtnting pune velasoips between gender arangements 2 a Sheccopeal te formaion poceses and se wut (ie Ket 1980 fra open iq of oor predetermined notes hese enor. Firmly. the tascMeetinton framework ets atetion the ete imemona of evi tern, French ak et oe cents the fnnteals scted wit tk prornance. Mates, oie, and ices ‘ie poeced eed, tamfomes inthe couse owe diet hind at frosts of tn pvarnancee One fuer examines ha mails wed ‘he Sone materi ne proued arg tt prferne comisent ‘Bove fom th locaton fe? Ave there et putrid nares Imncral? Iti tha esof fveiain eat we might be ea “Speman way about ssniten ti illerece between ales ud teal i {rm ote ne of ad Knowledge sot cera mesa, if pen, ad ont Tha purer he ce ane ease athe sel pangs ‘SComerve ae ough ts extence by cura cssfinions and Gimp) ‘Sorat Knowledge fhe makes a sea The ture cary more compl ‘Sted and yrame the Simply wetyng on af ols Wih males A other wih fees "Te ek dilerenton approach enables those achicogs Stes in snr somidersmomber reed gueion, sme cetered os frbering {ir general understanding of gol ot base and Tandon import et of human Ie and he quent mote pei reed tthe wae tibpat exweston of pndr angen I Ct se, te appre o- ‘evaded and gic means examining an comune act efter, ah ender cmp or we Sree nat) ponent Kosch of he e-ditereniaon #7 cee ag of cede, ey rater. knowtege of the in. Tens ture wnaon pref tien and wore, These wea abet ‘Tne atonal achcigsl oles and weed ies ‘reat he amet coset apie ae allows wha seem ogee ‘ail Mepencts Ulin. wa ew sae of ths Ope me MY Epes ppm he rng sco wih sicintundenig 10 Teepe enebigesin ere of gen. The tk Framework dors Bein mee ene nyt fr mee comple and vale tan prvi) Tag the uskhfeentatin new lows wtf ecch gee court ald conte any consructonoF ede Bory, (Range ihe appr species ange of question foe me ih cue Se aa canes tere we can document the inode of ew 3 Sear Tichology, we conto the pe fen sto Tented woven hen he evs exiting tw ste. Woe abort (Ctr ay tbe ee whne moby ptosis? wot sched ing pate a diferentation framework vis des ot nc a ape oC pee Mos impute whl he tos beween aera Sut ap nny wes css at bo Me tte tnt cA es he soa es ety of erage tom emer cf tli tak ‘teem ave eid or te carcino eng proc seceayte Wid Thoe mats me tun she fash of Ser en Emchpurry eagle or src contest hey re al renee fanart cones ra en reeset he Enea proses th eo Bevotnat ant oh) ou of sects, The daa ofthe chao ‘Ren! tno is ivestiping cgueesgntconce a» evNece vo ender Hartston. he as-dieretat farewen oncom We 18, SouE CONCLUSIONS Wee i a en egal inet with coience he aches reo sere dt hes cn be ned fray wef of Frenne We: Atfangh gee hineaton ht has et el an ehbly ben covered by archeslogints who ak thereto Iramewort ods, seven or gender have mt ben ase in chaclopi (terete, Ae we ave sown, the sales methodol bares he Atehrslopal problem of women Hayden 177) havent ep aya lone om covet on fase tout oles ued nis ot {Ske eae hares promt acssopi tod pe a esgic ‘ict hm fer Ts rr nthe econo “We we we avocing tht etch aban cece reed scx scion ani eae th wih hn that ele ee apni {En athngh ne dcr tthe thoi and ere eseaing Vinee ea outa ow mach re competing waco. We ten demain tween yt ct wee male oa fe Itede nceruin lor einmed cri tk, nor at schelog sw renplsd ah so (cE Wes 96 tas mw erp appr fe “One thing We ee png tha here ae cern assumptions sou hese hei th unde chee! reac and hese suman tht frst bce wn voor night of eet fein serch The og {so der behav te an nately puro st ote ape Spa cur yt in whih arharlgie Rave lays bee nese ‘Aches wi ave 1 anders ent Jac at sre eel we ae Ste ureons ant asx sobvstence system hat reef ure, bse 0 a “Stren nr, ass pevomene he omer and rl of ‘trl sername any aseptic ston nn mgt ari {rms in a examin str webcast estos. We hope {fmt even wl ine more cee! eweenes of he ole fatale [foo inemploying onl popetaang gender werner and ance ees re. We hope se ht ebsgtcan realize ow he ut ofthe baie ‘hating os gender eangemenr ed ely He wo eae ora ‘nthe ot hie the wt ete ne colin cies of uch ‘vce than for bret Sts Yo sere the rebcolgel ead fn the rt. On th the and wile it do ecg th tht chcted by contemporary acoptiel cots wih) cites hen baiting that queso ate phenology (ea, emp) and ‘Seuln! try fp Ie rncy of stems), and (2) Be develpent of ets porn oe actalin esearch ul: none to begin ese [erate most question te al dae scaly, sas Sipietan forme the te schasogy a gene oer yates erenences ‘tne be Sey Ateneo Yr iy Som Pp. 1 ha evo ag in 212838 oe rte ne af wesm rman eh pen ned he Sent Se an ‘Cioe Cannon ee ftom Sr nar me ws se lif my te TWA sev ni of ver aches, Te eye of ein a eae Sno ncn. Se SENT Catiage,Ungind Crore Unter PP = PNT ae: ema a of Me a cy, smcuscion mo naan orameen 3 ‘rast beds Ra eS wo fei enn use eo ee Ye 8 ser Pe fii ney of ee Nee Yok: Diy Soe a a Ose he pt wet Kg iain ip poe Ant Mes "99 geo ie anne Nw a: ann Uo cn eed is tg ag of ii nc ne nine ond dis ag perp New Yk Pag So race oy Ore Wey, Sae Ane, enh ly eis ett sin nti Creer keene ay nsestye Rac he Nia sacTm pte on ne ie a2 ‘Spel Somme. Se Msn ny 612-2 ioe in, emi. a ne em ann nts Sal mie ic i te ts nS ton ° See arty er anteater at Hn svi et ke sah Aerie al of Seg 78) 8-008, i ore a re a oy See a a ort gs Cone Cb Un nen alan er Pew cn Ahn) ome tgs ra nA 9” Te ctil Romer ne You Core Oey Pr. Pp. im tetas To ar ce ha mean mera tee Terao tae a Finda fe Dt! tpl HOS Samat rn tf en eet te elndiy Rated Bowe Chenge Aa 9 33 eS na The ef egy utr 9 Sovtapon The ago Noe 21-6cect tant nt reed by WB. Ln Oe Chong Ae. Ph 30-0 Sera aT ant Menon ai nies, aes Cd Tia Solem mops ety aa carr Se epi ‘Snir Weaning: a oy cn ot Pera Sich echepe sty 8 3 Ray ts mil wea I Caer anf {Soom Rese me S TAT” Males fees. fies, Nah Shame, Mas: Oy Pi trys ely, 0, rn, Deen of he toon Sime are ety eco A. prs TaN wt Coy Caney ony ee ea nr om rn rh ety end Ee 0-18 Foi ahh ae stg an. 40034, 1 a, taal ar a, Com: Unrey Pe ieee of Won, Nw Ye Senn Dy. Mh Rea ris Pail 7 oy Yb hoe MA en Nee Yt Ct Utanty Ps Trot The ed ny of ae oi Sf nel Cer om ep nk mye A of eH Yk Ae mp eal mr oman fw day, Coie ioe mes ae yn salty ae Maer yout a Cag ome Ue 58h comm che anh gi Seni HA 13,98 snout comty mo usa acre (0 Syme hip se Coho ale Mal Sc, Bo {7m Theseus aren vrclng he nd a pn hy ihe of A ‘Bt, Sos-20 ve meget mrt Ste oe ‘Est lace ne pg by hao oe tA ine of Are ars: 4) Fine WH Fm wcraeaor ma ne snr oroneen 37 nt Api wc nk te i ce Sl en re eet hoe Yr Mey Bese Pp 8 Fe ang «sh i epg, Mant Dee “8 an ony Me vm euch yf ncn Pe eee ia ncn ep, ape ner Sent sein oan eae oa Sega at Caetges pce een ee SaNS Fanaa amen Co we ere stein tin x Car fr ee mya eisai Pay Mm ee ie a ie sie BE rey Bt eb Lehr“att Mone of nn en of rn a: iy Ts ek a ae met suid see, nen, Pion Un win Rs Ra st Tae mr ty rf sai any ‘Rta Recah Fei (Be. Weg ape ae BB cA Po nee yt a eniny ec d vaea Epp ‘haa db 1 a Ce om ty na enn ym ate ri fg Se Ne Ce pao omy Com foe Canenty Pe PS cons Bal Ne ee Comer ractPer ocan mal mei nice ei eo, Wagon Be Too Many Types: ‘An Overview of Sedentary Prestate Societies in the Americas GARY FEINMAN SUL NEITZEL wrmoDueTION ‘Overhe past 40 years atropolopc! sts of clare change have ese con te origin of apa an the ae of the ste. Recent, social aint hve secopind int ithe development of herachicl goverment, ack! ‘Suen, tad soil satifenton it be explewed, thee te exon of fore of soil feria and pola Teadeshp mat be verso [Ase comequence, there ha been an increasing inert in vores that Crganzationlly intermediate between moble hunter-gatherer nd bureair aii caper we Foc on ethnographic sd eshte information f ihe New Word o examin pete sodnary sits. Preliminary cones onerning the fnge of variably im ths semple of exes are presented