‘loaner Materias 4 (2022) 100061 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect, an Cleaner Materials journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clema Influence of nano-TiO.2, nano-Fe,03, nanoclay and nano-CaCO; on the properties of cement/geopolymer concrete = Jamal A, Abdalla’**, Blessen Skariah Thomas", Rami A. Hawileh*, Jian Yang", Bharat Bhushan Jindal °, Erandi Ariyachandra‘ Deparment fC Bering, Clie of Beg. Amaran Unter of Shara, 26656, United Arab irae Sena Ky Leto Dg Mace of Badr nsec Sh of Nar Acre, an Gt eS an Teng ney, Saga Sse Key abraary of Ocean Beri, Shara ao Tor Uns, Sharp! 20240, PR ha “Saha of Ch Buineerthe Unbety of Boning, Bomingam B15 2TT. UR “Scho of Cin gee Sit Mara Vsti De Unies, Kare, Jamra & Kai, Pda ‘cho of Bal rome, Wes Spey Uri, Poth NSW 2751, Ausra AnticLe info AnstRact tere a ee lw npn ty of cay pcg apa iw Evans mia bt cone beet Gearnes nbd tee ee be en Satdins snmp me ae sean i esha prn oe oe ee ame eyo dos oe oo ‘mance enhances in cement/geopolymerconerete, Many significant correlations associated with the reinforce Nef wom of expen muses ag mane Oy nanePe0r mnciymeaa, tod saoeexOs we om to, trnane pec nh Ges pees nissan econ td aby are — cea as amas Neca parae at te bss se dog the aw eon ‘he feast of using the mnomateralsin cement concrete, with the required properties of bung mater als 1s also expected that this review provides beter insight into wsing nanomaterials in concrete for the ben (ft of academic and fundamental research and promotes its racial application inthe construction industry. contents 1. taeducton 2 2 Scope ofthe literature review 2 ‘3. Nanomaterials in coment/goopeljmer concrete 3 a1. Nanoday 3 SAL. Bec of nanoclay 6 the properties of eanceete 3 32 Nane-cacos am 5 321. Effect of nano CaCO, on the properties of concrete 5 33. Nano-e;0, ? 83.1. Hie of nano‘e;0y on the properties of concrete ? 34.1. Elect of Nano- TIO; onthe properties of canerete ere 10 4. Combinations of various nanomaterials, 2 Discusion. 2 {© Comparison of property enhancements among nanomaterial adaiives 2B * comeponding autor ma eda nbliniscda LA, Abalin, -ntps//doiorg/10.1016/.cema.2022,100061 Received 4 November 2021; Revised 13 February 2022; Accepted 5 March 2022 2772:3976/% 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Tad ‘This isan open acess artle under the CC BY license (tp://reativecomonsor/icenses/y/4.07).JA. Abdali eta har Mail 4(222) 100081 Nomenclature Abbreviations GAH Calcumaluminate-hydrate CASH Calciumaluminate-slicate-hydrate GSH Calcumsilicatehydrate NT Carbon nanotube EDS —_Energy-disprsive X-ray spectra GO Graphene oxide 11Z Interfacial transition 2one NA Nano-aluminum oxide (nano-Al,0:) NC Nanoclay’ NF Nano-hematite (nano-Fes03) NS Nanosilicon dioxide (nano-S10,) NT Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TI0,) NZ Nano-zine peroxide (nanoZn0,) RA Recycled aggregate RHA Rice husk ash SCC SelEeompacting concrete SCM Supplementary cementitious material SEM Scanning electron microscopy UHPG Ultra high-performance concrete UPV Ultrasonic pulse velocity w/> Water to binder ratio wets Weight percentage XRD X-ray difraction 7. Conclusions Acknowledgments. References 15 1. Introduction Ordinary Portland cement, produced at around 4-5 billion tons, ‘annually, is the costliest ingredient in cement concrete. It has been ‘estimated that one ton of cement was produced per year for every ‘human being (Andrew, 2018). The annual global produetion rate of ‘concrete has been estimated to be 25-20 billion tons, and itis respon sible for 89%-9% of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emis sions. Reducing CO, emissions has attained prime importance around the globe, and minimizing Portland cement consumption has ‘been identified as a major factor towards this goal, The need for high strength concrete propelled the demand for higher cement con tent, further increasing greenhouse gas emissions. However, research Jn using nanomaterials to improve cement-based materials! mechant- ‘al and durability properties has gained significant momentum. The partial replacement of Portland cement with nanomaterials sueh as ‘carbon nanotubes (CNTS), nano SiO; (NS), nano-AL,O, (NA), graphene ‘oxide (GO), nano-TiO, (NT), nanoclay (NC), nano-Zn0, (NZ), nano- ‘CaCOs, and nano-Fe,03 (NF) reduces carbon dioxide liberation while ‘enhancing the mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete (Sumesh etal, 2017; Nothasri eta, 2017). ‘The increasing demand for lirahighperformance concrete (OHPC) in the early millennium paved the way for nanotechnology application in cement concrete, Nano-engineered concrete has been, ‘developed as an alternative to silica fume concrete (which was conven tionally used in the production of UHPC for better strength and durs- Dility) because ofits limited availabilty and high cost. Nanostlica was first designed to mimic the characteristics of silica, which later led to the utilization of various other nanomaterials in cement based mater als (Nothasri et al, 2017; Sumesh etal, 2017). ‘Nanoscience and engineering in concrete technology deal with the ‘characterization of the nano-scale structure of eementitious materials, ‘and analyze how it influences maero:seale performance. Nano: ‘engincered concrete can be fabricated by incorporating nanomaterials ‘or nanotubes to achieve controlled novel properties These properties include self-cleansing, healing and sensing capabilities, enhanced ‘mechanical properties, high electrical resistivity, and better resistance to chloride, sulfate, and acid media (Sancher and Sobolev, 2010). [Nanomaterials significantly influence the mechanical properties because of their filler effects, high pozzolanic activity, nucleation ‘effects, and nanoparticle size. The optimal quantity improves the prop erties significantly, while excess inclusion can cause agglomeration and negatively affect the concrete (Heikal and Ibrahim, 2016; Sadeghi-Nik etal, 2017). The following subsections explain the pro ution methods and applications of commonly used nanomaterials. 2, Scope of the literature review ‘The foremost aim of this literature review is to access and evaluate the published literature on the influence of various nanomaterials, including nano-Ti03, nano-Fez0s, nanoclay/metakaolin, and nano- (CaCOs. The survey addresses the fresh properties, microstructure, mechanical, and durability characteristics, exploring the latest research developments, Four nanomaterials are commonly used in dif ferent studies, and their optimum dosages are identified and given in Fig 1. The comparison of the physical properties ofthe four nanoms- terials considered in the current study is provided in Table 1. The influences of various types of nanomaterials on the attributes of con- crete are critically reviewed in the following paragraphs. Comparisons ofthe properties and performance of conerete using different nanoma- terials are given, followed by a summary and conclusion. Fig 1. Optimum replacement percentages of varios nanomaterialsJA. Abdali eta har Mail 4(222) 100081 ‘Table 1 Physial properties of various nanomaterials considered in the current study. ‘Moial Pury Average Spice Density ——_olune density Appearance ole Tefeeace ineret fees ee) Wao, usa woh a0am ——=0 SB q/em) 035 yen? Spherical White Nitin ea, (2015) Nenore,0, 989 wo =Som 68 25q/em? 05-1.204/em Spherical Brown toorage Adonis etal 2018) Nenoeky 999 Venn 48-140752 —26,/em"_ 025-068 g/cm" Terahodon Offi 2m ea, (2020) Nenocaco, 295 20-10mm 15-40, 253giem? 04068 gem Cubicor white Bani et a, Ase ea (2020) esa 3. Nanomaterials in cement/geopolymer concrete 3.1. Nanoclay Clays are fine-grained rocks/soll having limitless applications because of their physical and chemical attributes. Since prehistoric ‘times clays have been wsed in ceramics, agriculture, pottery, chem ‘als, construction materials, and lvl engineering applications (Morene-Maroto and Alonso-Azcirate, 2018). According to sedimen- tologists, clay particles are less than 4 ym, while geologists use 2 ym ‘and colloidal chemists use 1 ym as the erterion (Guggenheim and ‘Martin, 1995). Nanoclays are erystalatice layered mineral silicates ‘consisting of two-dimensional Isnm-thick layers made up of two tetra Ihedral silica sheets fused to an edge-shaped octahedral sheet of alu- mina or magnesia. Giannelis et al,, 1999; Huang, 2018; Bergaya ‘and Lagaly, 2013). Clay nanocomposites are in the smectite family of clays and have gained wide attention due to their low cost, wide availability, Improved gas barrier, and mechanical and thermal ‘characteristics. Recently, nanoclays have been widely utilized in cement-based ‘materials a¢ a nanofiller due to their average particle size, roughly 1000 times finer than cement grains. Commonly used nanoclays are nano-kaolin [Al,Si,0=(0H04] and nano-montmorillonite [(Ca,Naes- Al,(Si, Al),O (OH). Nano halloysite (Al,Si,0,(0H),] is a new type ‘of nanoclay similar to kaolin with a hollow nanotube crystal morpho: ogy (Giannelis et al, 1999; Ghodke et al, 2016; Varga, 2007; Farzadnia etal, 2013; Pique and Vazquez, 2013), Nanaclay can be ‘considered a pozzolanie material because its major components ate sl- ica (44.989- 47.896) and alumina (35.8%-41.89%), accounting for over 70% of the total composition. Innano-metakeolin, silica varies from 45.5% to 89.6% and alumina from18.9% to 42.9%, respectively. Itcan react with cleium hydroxide leading to the formation of CS-H and C-A-H gels which can improve the mechanical and durability properties ofthe cementitious matrices (viu et al, 2021; Zhan et al,, 2020), Caleination of nanoclay at {600-800 °C results in the curtailment of the particle size leading to crystal structure destruction and amorphous phase formation, and the product is known as nano-metakaolin (Siebl et al, 2009; Jiang ft al, 2019). The temperature for calcination plays a vital role in ‘enhancing the reactivity of nanoclay. The optimum temperature for calcination of nano-hallaysite and metakaolin was identified as 750 to obtain the best pozzolanic activity (Abo-ElEnein et al, 2014 Allalow etal, 2019). Incorporating nanoclay and metakaolin (calcined nanoclay) can, ‘enhance the hydration process of cement-based materials. twas noted by Fan etal, (2015) that the increase in the quantity of nanoclay grad- ually reduced the quantity of calcium hydroxide, while the X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks of CSH notably increased. Similarly, Fiakamy et al. (2015) noted a decrease in calcium hydroxide from 16,8% to 12.1%, while the amorphous phases increased from 70.1% 10 74.8%, It was noted by Hcikal and Ibrahim (2016) that the incorpo- ration of 64% calcined nanoclay increased the quantity of chemically ‘combined water by 35%, 339, 34%6, and 294% at 3,7, 28, and 90 days, respectively, while an excess of nanoclay ean cause agglomeration, reduce the quantity of combined water, and hinder the hydration pro: cess. XRD and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of nanoclay are shown in Fig. 2. ‘The microstructure of the cementitious mixture is improved by adding nanoclay and calcined clay. Fon et al. (2016) observed that the addition of 1% nanoclay generated a surplus quantity of needle- like and fibrous C-S-H that intermixed to form a uniform and dense microstructure. The individual C-S-H erystals,ettringite, and loose C- SH gels were not visible as they were in the control cement mortar samples. The pore structure of cement paste was refined on account of the pozzolanie and filer effect of the nanoclay. Fan etal, (2014) observed that incorporating 19% nanoclay reduced the total prosity by 19%% and the average pore size by 2196. Similar observations by an and Zhang (2014) stated that the hydration reaction of calcined clay is much higher than the non-calcined types. The porosity of con- crete containing 1%, 3%, and 5% calcined clay was reduced by 97%, ‘98%, and 89%, respectively, compared with the control concrete, 31.1 Effect of nanoclay on the properies of conerete ‘The workability of cement-based materials decreases when adding both caleined and non-caleined nanoclays and is significantly affected by higher dosages. As noted by Fan etal (2014), the water required for standard consistency increases gradually to 133.25, 147.11, 149.07, 154.11, 157.85, and 162.07 kg with the incorporation of 0%, 1%, 38, 58, 7%, and 9% nanoclay, respectively, on account of| Its high specific surface area. The inclusion of 9% nano-metakaolin reduced the concrete slump by 15.7% (Nothasti et al, 2016). Sim larly, Heikal and Ibrahim (2016) noted that adding 19%, 4%, and 8% caleined nanoclay redueed the initial setting time by 5%, 119%, and 24%, respectively, while the final setting time was reduced by 9%, 16%, and 22% respectively. Nanoclay and calcined nanoclay significantly influence the ‘mechanical properties because of high pozzolanic activity, nucleation effects, and nanoparticle size. The optimal quantity improves the prop- erties significantly, while excess inclusion can negatively affect the concrete. Excess nanomaterials ean agglomerate, hindering the hydra- {don process while also incapacitating the bonds between the aggregate and cement matrix (Lizo et al, 2004; Heilal and Ibrahim, 2016; Sadeghi-Nik et al, 2017). Ultrasonic dispersion can disintegrate the agglomeration as mentioned by Named etal. (2019), who noted an enhancement in the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength by 52%, 28%, and 35%, respectively, In contrast with 18%, 10%, and 15% (non-ultrasonic treated nanoclay) ata 7.5% dosage. "Nano-metakaolin exhibited litte influence on the early strength characteristics of ultea‘high performance concrete (Norhisr! et 2016). It was noted by Morsy et al. (2014) that the compressive strength was enhanced by 15%, 349%, and 19%, and the flexural strength by 6%, 29%, and 1936 with the addition of 2.5%, 7.5%, and 10% calcined nanoclay (nano-metakaolin), respectively. A similar observation by Tiakamy et al. (201%) noted that ealeined nanoclay provides compressive strength increased by 39%, 35%, and 26% when compared to the 31%, 23%, and 1736 (ofthe normal nanoclay), respec- Lively, at 195, 235, and 3% dosages. The optimal dosage for non- caleined nanoclay was observed to be around 5%-7.5%, while that ofthe calcined nanoclay was between 0.5% and 236. The compressive strength of the mortar specimens having 6% nano-metakaolinson tte $e EE ia i i = = ai = : : 20 (degree) har Mail 4(222) 100081 Fig. 2.8) Xray difracton, and b) scanning eletron microscope images of nanoclay (Langaroud ct al, 2019) Increased by 119% at 28 days, while the combination of 6% nano- ‘metakaolin and 0,02% carbon nanotubes improved it by 299% because ‘of the bridging effect and better dispersion of nanomaterials. ‘The toughness and elastic modulus of nanoclay conerete was inves ‘gated by various researchers. Langarou et al. (2018) added 3% nan ‘clay to four types of conerete individually, including 15% siiea fume, "45% blast furnace slag, 15% rice husk ash, and 20% fly ash, partially ‘substituting the binder by weight. It was noted that the inclusion of 36 ‘nanoclay improved the elastic modulus respectively by 0.8%, 2%, 5.4%, and 7.7% when compared to the control blends. The elastic modulus of the reactive powder concrete improved by 12.27% ‘21,8896 with the incorporation of 29-3 nano-metakaolin (Habeeb et al, 2019). Similar research by Alharbi et al. (2021) pointed out a 25% increment in the elastic modulus when 3% ealeined clay was ‘added to a reactive powder concrete. According to research published by Hakamy et al. (20152), the fracture toughness of concrete was ‘enhanced by 31% when incorporating 1% nanoclay and by 40% when incorporating 1% calcined clay. Another study by Hakamy et al (2015) noted a 3896 enhancement in fracture toughness with the ut- lization of 1% calcined nanoclay because of its pozzolanic acti ‘and pore fling effect. Langarousl etal, (2018) noted a reduction inthe water absorption, ‘and penetration of concrete when it included 1%, 29, and 39% nan ‘clay. The intial water absorption was trimmed by 60.4%, 40.6%, ‘and 65.6%, respectively, while the inal water absorption was corre: spondingly reduced by 20.2%, 11.0%, and 53.2%, When 336 nano clay ‘was added to the four types of concrete individually, including 15% silica fume, 45% blast furnace slag, 154% rice husk ash, and 30% fly ‘ash partially substituting the binder by weight, the final water absorp tion was reduced by 47.8%, 30.9196, 7.5% and 11.82%, respectively. ‘The water penetration of concrete that included 1%, 2%, and 296 nan- ‘clay decreased by 42.9%, 42.9%, and 64.3%, respectively, compared to the control specimen. Ibrahem (2013) observed similar results ‘reporting 16.6%, 21.7996, and 25.6% improvements respectively when Including 39, 5%, and 10% nano-metakaolin, Langaroud et al. (2018) measured an enhancement in the electi- ‘al resistivity of eonerete when including nanoclay. The electrical resistivity of specimens incorporating 1%, 2%, and 39% (at 90 days ‘of curing) was enhanced by 122.1%, 96.7%, and 189%, respectively, ‘caused by the reduction of interconnecting pore structures bythe por 2zolanic reactivity ofthe nanoclay. Langaroudi and Mohammadi (2018) ‘observed severe scaling and surface deterioration of a control speci- men after 150 cycles of freeze and thaw, while the nanoclay specimens were slightly scaled and less affected. The 300 freeze-thaw eyeles led to a drastic deterioration in the control specimen; however, the nan- ‘clay specimen was less severely aected, The control concrete expe enced 18.64% mass loss, 72% compressive strength loss, and a 45% reduction in the dynamic modulus of elasticity, Concrete incorporating 1%, 2%, and 3% nanoclay underwent 13.14%, 9.0%, and 3.969% mass loss; 47%, 52%, and 3086 compressive strength loss; and 28.5%, 25.3%, and 15.5% reductions in the dynamic modulus of elasticity, respectively, Similar results were also observed by Fan etal (2015). Resistance to acid atack was investigated by Fan etal. (2016), who reported a 179% reduction in the compressive strength with the incor poration of 3% nanoclay after 60 days of exposure (Fig. 3). Similar studies by Disb etal. (2019) pointed out thatthe compressive strength loss, weight loss, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) were reduced respectively by 20.196, 18.9%, and 31.2% for the 3% calcined nano clay concrete when compared with the control specimen after 150 days of exposure in sulfuric acid solution. Conerete specimens incorporating 196, 3%, 6%, and 9% nano-metakaolin reduced the weight loss caused by magnesium sulfate attack by 11.4%, 20.73%, 32.5%, and 41.4%, respectively, and the expansion strain was reduced by 4.9%, 17.0%, 21.3%, and 26.0%, respectively, when compared with the control specimen. Some researchers investigated the resistance of nanoclay concrete to chloride penetration, concluding that nanoclay-incorporated and calcined nanoclay: incorporated concrete is highly resistant, He and Shi (2008) pointed out that the chloride diffusion coefficient of mor- tars incorporating 19 hydrophilic nano-montmorlionite (clay-hi) and hydrophobic nano-montmorillonte (clay-ho) was reduced by 166% and 76%, respectively, when compared with the control mortar. Guo et al. (2018) pointed out that te chloride permeability coefficient of mortar containing 4% nano-metakaolin improved by 18.939%- 31.05% at 7-28 days compared to the reference specimen. Fan and ‘Zvang, (2014) noted that the chloride penetration reduced by 27%, 29%, 53%, 31%, and 23% respectively at nanoclay contents of 1%, 396, 59%, 796, and 99%. A similar observation by Langaroudi et al. (2028) noted the lowest chloride migration coefficient when 3% nan- clay was incorporated, Shrinkage in nanoclay concrete may vary with diferent nanoclay types because their morphology and chemical compositions may nots- bly inluence it (Wi et al, 2021). It was demonstrated by Polat e (2015) tha the autogenous shrinkage was reduced by 43% for mortar incorporating 1.3% nanoclay and by 40% for 3% nanoclay incorpore tion compared with the control specimen. A similar claim was made by Lee etal. (2018), who noted that the maximum crack width, average crack width, average crack length, and total crack area of mortar eon- taining 0.25% nanoclay were respectively 23.9%, 41.9%, 48.8%, and 69.3% lower than fora control specimen. ‘The behavior of nanoclay conerete at high temperatures was inves- LUgated by rshidat and AISaleh (2018) It was noted that the compres-JA. Abdali eta har Mail 4(222) 100081 Deis Curing age / days (a) 7. a. 8 0 © ‘Condionng ages dys (b) Fig. 8. (2) Compressive strength los, (D) Mass os of concrete with nanoclay afer exposure to acid media (Pon cl, 2016 sive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength improved for con- ‘rete containing 2% nanoclay after exposure to high temperatures (ig, 4. Ata temperature of 600°, the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength were enhanced by 15%, 2796, and 106% compared with a control specimen. Chazy et al. (2015) noted ‘an enhancement in the compressive strength of the conerete contain ing 5% and 10% nano-metakaolin by 1.56% and 11.55%, respectively, ‘at 200 °G, while it was reduced by 42.71% and 30.56%, respectively, ‘at 800 °C. Similar results were also noted by Al-Khafaj et a. (2016). 3.2, Nano-CaC0y Calcium carbonate (CaCO.) is one of the most abundant and eco nomically viable naturally occurring minerals, extensively wed by var- fous industries asa filler material while also helping to improve some ‘composite material mechanical characteristic. I is generally obtained from limestone, chalk, and marble and is also produced artificially by the reaction of Ca with CO. Mineral calcium carbonate is crushed, ‘ground, sieved, and re-crystallized into nano-CaCOs. The application ‘of nano-CaC0; lies broadly in paints, paper making, sealants, medi cine, plastics, and the food industry (Pera et al, 1999; Lin et al, 2008; Souza et al., 2008; Yang et al, 2020). i jl 10 4 otc 3° ai ne 3 a (a) (b) SS =, el =. b ‘The use of micro limestone mainly enables the filler effect, densify. ing the microstructure. Nano-limestone can accelerate the hydration of, cementitious materials because of nucleation effets and filler charac: teristies (Lothenbach et al, 2008; Kumar eta, 2013; Leta, 2016). It ‘wae pointed out by Reteeae eta. (2021) thatthe incorporation of 296 rnano-CaCOs into cement reduces the CO, content. Traditional Port land cement contained 0.96 kg CO> a/kg of cement, while Portland cement incorporating 2 wt% of nano-CaCOs had only 0.3 kg COs. kg cement, 2 69% reduction. ‘Wu et l. (2021) noted that the major constituents of nano-CaCO, are CaO and CO,, at 54.77% and 43.39%, respectively (Fig. 5). Remain- Ing constituents are 1.23% SOs, 0.25% FeO, 0.183% MgO, 0.12% SiO,, and traces of Al,Os and NaO at 0.09% and 0.06% respectively (Ca(OH), has been used as a natural stabilizer for CaCOs, enabling the production of rice-lke hollow nane-CaCO; without any agglomeration (Ulkeryildiz etal, 2016) A high modulus at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) around the coarse aggregate from the addition of NC was observed in a nano-indentation tes, revealing thatthe pozzolaniereac- tons generated additional C-$-H gels (Hosan et al, 2021), ‘3.2.1 Effect of nano-CaC0, on the properties of concrete ‘The addition of 19 nano-CaCOs significantly reduced the volume of permeable voids by 46% after 28 days of curing. In the ease of high (©) Fig 4, Residual properties of nanoclay concrete: (a compressive stength, (b) flexural strength, () tensile strength (isi and AlSaleh, 2018,JA. Abdali eta har Mail 4(222) 100081 F 12000) 3 = ow) U At Fig. 5. 5) SEM image, and b) XRD patter of nano-CaC0s (Weal, 2021). ‘volume fly ash concrete (40%), the volume of permeable voids was reduced by 30% and 46%, respectively, at 28 and 90 days of curing haikt and Supt, 2014), ‘Wu et al (2016) observed a reduetion in porosity from 15.2% to 12.5% when the nano-CaCO, quantity was increased frem 036 to 3.296. Meanwhile, the porosity increased from 125% to 17.9% when the nano-CaCO, quantity increased from 3.296 to 6.496, twas noted by Wu etal. (2016) that the heat of hydra- tion was modified with the addition of NC. The control blend dormant period was observed to be around 13 h and was reduced to 9h because ‘of the chemical effects (lution and nucleation) and pore-filing char- ‘acteristics of the NC. Hosan and Shaikh (2020) did not observe signif- Fant changes in the calcium hydroxide peaks in high-volume slag pastes and high-volume slag fly ash paste containing NC during X- ray diffraction analysis. Enhanced intensity of ettringite, calcium ‘lumino-hydrate, calelum carbonate, and caleium silicate hydrate ‘as observed, “Microstructural characteristics, as observed by mercury intrusion, porosimetry, indicate that the addition of nanoparticles considerably reduces porosity Ding etal, 2020). The cumulative mereury volume lntruding in control concrete was 0.0412 ens*/g, while that ofthe con: ‘rete including 196, 2%, 39, and 4% NC was 0.0365, 0.0254, 0.0189, and 0.0101 cm/s, respectively (Khotbehsara et al, 2018). Similar results were observed by Wu etal (2078a), who noted thatthe poros ity of the control specimen was 15.2%, which reduced to 12% with 3.2% of NC content. The incorporation inereased the porosity by 17.5% for 4.8% NC and 18.3% for 6.4% NC, as high NC content may lead to agglomeration, The incorporation of NC refined the mid- ‘dle capillary pores (50-100 nm size), increasing the volume of meso pores (10-50 nm) by 60%. ‘The workability of concrete incorporating NC decreased with increasing content, as observed by Shaikh and Supit (2014). Thestump ‘value was reduced from 140 mm for the contro! blend to 135 and 120 mm, respectively, for mixtures containing 1% and 2% NC. Liv ‘tl (2012) noted thatthe intial and final setting times of the emer: titious matrix gradually reduced with increasing nano-CaCO, content. ‘The control blend’s inital setting time, final setting time, and flowabil- lty were 200, 260, and 163 mm, respectively. These were reduced to 187, 232, and 137 mm for 1% nano-CaCOs; 139, 221, and 130 mm for 2% nano-CaCOy; and 130, 207, and 120 mm for 3% nano-CaCs. In contradiction to the above findings, Camilett et al. (2013) observed Jmproved flowability with increased NC In an ultra-high performance ‘Wu et al. (2021) observed a 9% improvement in the compressive ‘strength, a 208 improvement in flexural strength, and a 419% improve: ‘ment inthe bond strength when 3.2% nano-CaCO, was used Leta (2015, 2018a) noted that 3% isthe optimum content, improving com- pressive strength by 396-1996 and flexural strength by 119%-289%, The pull-out strength improved by 200%, and the fiber-matrix bond strength improved by 45%, as observed by Wu etal. (2018). It was noted by Lit et al (2012) that the optimum content of nano-CaCO, ‘was 1%-2%, Beyond this level, the mechanical properties ‘were reduced (Fig. 6). Maximum flexural strength (108.4% and 108.3% higher than control at 7 and 28 days, respectively) was observed for 196 nano-CaCOs, while the maximum compressive strength was noted at 2% NC (111.296 and 108.6% higher than control at 7 and 28 days, respectively). Similarly, Assaei etal. (2020) noted improved flexural tensile strengths of 3.09, 4.30, and 4.21 MPa, respectively, for 196, 2%, and 3%NC geopolymer concrete compared with 2.71 MPa forthe con. trol concrete. Similar results were also observed by Cosentino eal (2020), Sw et sl. (2016) noted that ultra-high performance concrete Incorporating 3% nano-CaCO, exhibited 60% higher spliting tensile strength than nanosilica concrete specimens. ‘The water sorptivity of mortars and concrete containing 1% NC experienced 19% and 60% reductions from the control at 28 and 90 days, respectively, as newly formed C-SH gels filled the concrete capillary pores. The addition of NC densified the microstructure, enhancing the concrete density by refining the pores (Shaikh and Supt, 2014). The eapillary water absorption of concrete containing 296 NC was reduced by 61% (Fig. 7), and 3% NC concrete gave the lowest water absorption (65%-70% improvement), as observed by Khotbehsara etal (2018). ‘The shrinkage ofa cementitious blend incorporating NC was stud: fed by Liu etl. (2012). 1 was established that the eary age shrinkage of cement paste incorporating 1% nano-CaCO, was only 1/3 that of the contro paste, while It became twice the control when the NC con- tent was 2%, Camilett tal. (2013) noted 18% reduced shrinkage and 39% lower mass loss for specimens containing 5% NC. The resonance Frequency increased with the addition of NC, as observed by Banicr cr al. (2020), as 1% NC improved the resonance frequency by 10%. “The resonance frequency ofthe control was 3012 Hz, whereas inclad- lng 19 NC improved the resonance frequency to 3330 Hz, and 2% NC hhad a 3015 Fiz resonance frequency. In contradiction to the results above, Li etal. (2016) pointed out that ultra-high performance con- crete containing 2% NC with water to binder ratios of 0.15 and 0.18 exhibited 168% and 29% higher autogenous shrinkage than the control concrete, At 72 h, the autogenous shrinkage increased by 7.56% and 16.87%, with 1% and 2% NC added, Similar results were also reported by Hosan and Shatkh (2021). Shaikh and Supit (2014) noted that the chloride penetration charges passed through control concrete were respectively 3442 andA. Abdali oo a _ mms uo 1 2 3 Content of NO har Mail 4(222) 100081 100, b mu ms 1 zy Content of NC Fig. 6. ») Variation in fenural strength, and b) compressive strength of conrete with nano-CaC0 (i a, 2012, apc eerste 8) 7. Capillary water sbsorpton of concrete containing various nanomate sal (Kotbedsars etal. 2018) 2916 C at 28 and 90 days. With the addition of 1% NC, the chloride penetrations were reported as 2749 and 1475 , respectively, at 28 ‘and 90 days, indicating corresponding improvements of 20% and 50%. The lower passed charges indicate high resistance to chloride ‘penetration, The chloride difusion coefficients of control and 1% NC ‘concrete were 4.1 x 101? and 1.07 x 10"? m/sec, respectively, about a 73% reduction. Shaikh end Supit (2015) further noted that Chloride permeabilities at 28 and 90 days were reduced by 11.8% ‘and 7.7% respectively. By contrast, the chloride diffusion coefficient ‘at 60 days was reduced by 32.69% compared with the control concrete (Herath et al, 2020), ‘The behavior of concrete subjected to acid attack was stadied by Banikle etal. (2020), who reported that the mass loss of the control specimen after the acid attack was 7.8% compared with 5.3% for mor- tar containing 2036 blast furnace slag (Fig. 8). With 19% NC, the mass los was 3.6%, Khotbehsara etal. (2018) demonstrated that the elect ‘al resistivity of control concrete was very ow, indicating a high pos sibility of corrosion. The control specimen resistivity was 7.2 ko-em, ‘while that of the 4% NC conerete was 25 kO-cm, an improvement of up to 257% compared tothe reference ‘Wu et al. (2016) studied properties at high temperatures, noting no ‘obvious changes up to 450-550 °C. When the temperature was Increased to 600-700 ‘C, decomposition of CaCO; was observed, ‘which inereased further with an increasing quantity of CaCOs, Sali ‘tal, (2020) observed similar results while noting an 83% reduction in the sum of cement weight loss at 600-800 °C when 1% NC was Incorporated. Bankir et al. (2020) observed thatthe thermal conduc tivity ofa control mortar sample was 1.23 W/m-K, while that of sam- ples containing 1% and 2% NC were 1.79 and 1.17 W/mK, respectively. Including 20% blast furnace slag reduced the thermal conductivity to 1.01 W/m-K. 33, Nano-Fe:05 Nano-Fe;0; (NP), also known as nano-hematite, improves the prop- erties of cement-based materials because of ts nano-flling effec, bet ter dispersion ability, acceleration of CS-H formation, and porosity reduction. The investigations carried out by i et al. (2004, 2004a) were the frst reported in the literature on the use of nano-Fe,0, (NF) particles in cement-based materials. It was identified that the cement mortar, when mixed with NF, turns into a smart structural ‘material that can sel: monitor the stress with improved diagnostic abil ity. The reaction between Fe,O3 and Ca(OH); leads to the formation of lavite compound having void filling characteristics similar to etrin- gite (Amin etal, 2013). Te reaction of nano-ferric oxide with calcium hydroxide generates nano-reinforcing materials that densify the con- rete microstructure (Hieikal etal. 2021), Conerete composite ineorpo- rating 2% NF exhibited the highest gamma radiation shielding capacity compared with ordinary Portland cement concrete (Abo Enein etal, 2018); an energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS) image is given in Fig. 9. The inclusion of NF facilitates additional nucleation sites for CS-H, accelerating the growth of hydration produets in the pores/oids within the concrete materials (Feng eta, 2020) “The addition of NF refines the pore stricture and increases the vis cosity of the cement matrix, The most probable pore diameter decreased from 14 nm in the control specimen to 13 nm for 3% NF and 11.9 nm for 4% NF. The median volume diameter improved from 2.2 nm for the control {0 19.7 and 14.5 nm for 3% and 4% NF, respec tively. The addition of up to 4% NF ean accelerate the hydration of| cement and enhance the rate of exhausted heat (Khoshaklagh et a, 2012), NF acts asa filler and activates the cement hydration, reducing the Ca(OH), crystals. The large pores observed inthe contol specimen became filled in the NF-modified samples, making a compact microstructure indicating the rapid formation of CS-H gels (adandoust et al, 2015). 4.31, fee of nano-Fe,0. nthe properties of concrete ‘The fresh properties of concrete incorporating NF were investi gated by Madandoust etal. (2015). The control mixtures’ slump and funnel flows were 24.5 cm and 8.5 5, respectively. The slump flow of concrete incorporating 1%, 2%, 3%, 49, and 5% NF were respec tively 24, 24, 245, 25 and 25.5 em, while the v-funnel flow values were 9.4, 10.5, 98, 85 and 7.8 s. It was noted that the vfunnel flowJA. Abdali eta ‘Compresiv Seng MPs) har Mail 4(222) 100081 Fig. 8. Purity 99.09 % Fig. 9. EDS image of nano‘ (NF) (Abo-ELEncin, 2018), values gradually decreased with an increasing quantity of NP. Similar observations were made by Joshaghani et al. (2020), who noted improved vfunnel and box values for up to 3% NF in self: ‘compacting concrete. Feng et al. (2020) noted a 34.54 increase in the slump flow with the incorporation of 2% NF, while the compres sive and tensile strength substantially improved with 196 fer, a= shown in Fig. 10. Generally, the high surface area of the nanoparticles ‘absorbs more water and increases the water demand in the mixture, requiring a igh dosage superplasticter (Joshaghan etal, 2020) ‘A significant reduction in microcracks and a compact microstruc: ture was noted by Feng etal. (2020) when incorporating 2% NF ds. tributed uniformly. While incorporating NF up to 2% provided an (om) Substation rte of NF Vote to SF ‘Compressive suength of acid atacked specimen before and efter the aed attack (Bank eta, 2020) excellent filing effect, exceeding 2% led to nanoparticle agglomera- tion, subsequent porosity enhancement, and quality degradation of the conerete, Including NF converts the loose needlesike micro: structural particles of the binder materials to a compact integrated morphology, whieh ean arrest cracks (Ghavaniow et al, 2020; Kani etal, 2021). Li et al (2004, 2004a) reported that compressive strength Improved by 26% and 14.5% for the addition of 3% and 5% NF, respectively, while the flexural tensile strength improved by 17.8% and 23% respectively. Olli and Sahin (2011) noted the compressive strength of control concrete as 65 MPa, while that of the concrete incorporating 0.5 wt%, 1.25 wit, and 2.5 wi% NF was respectively 746, 67.6, ad 694 MPa, Khoshaklsgh eal (2012) noted the best compressive strength at 4% NP, The compressive strength of the con- trol self compacting concrete (SCC) was 31.6 MPa at 28 days (71.83% Improvement), while that ifthe concrete incorporating 3% and 44 NF were 48.2 and 54.3 MPa, respectively. ‘Nazart and Rishi (2011) observed an increasing trend in the split ting tensile strength when incorporating nano-FesOs (NF) particles ‘The splitting tensile strength of the water cured and lime water cured control specimens were respectively 2.3 and 1.9 MPa, The strengths of water cured specimens containing 0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 1.5 wi%, and 2 wt 4 NF particles were respectively 27, 3.2, 3.0, and 2.3, while that of the lime water cured specimen were 3.0, 3.1, 3, and 3.9 MPa, respec tively. Khoshakhagh et al. (2012) noted a better performance of 3.1 MPa with 4% NF than the 1.6 MPa of the control specimen Velen of MSE Fig. 10, 2) Workbily, b) compressive strength and) spliting tensile strength of NF concrete (Feng etal, 2020).JA. Abdali eta (03.750 improvement). Khoshalkhlagh et sl. (2012) also noted better Aexural strength performance of7.4 MPa with 4% NF when compared ‘with the 4.2 MPa ofthe control specimen (76.19% improvement). The addition of 0.5% NF increased the strength by 2496, while the inclu sion of 1 wide improved it by 55% (Nazari et al,, 2010; Oltulu et al, 2011). Similar observations by Kani et al. (2021) noted flexural tensile ‘strengths enhanced by 134%, 158%, and 142%, respectively, for spec- mens incorporating 2%, 3%, and 4% NF. ‘Nazari and Riahi (2011) observed a trend of water absorption, reduetion when incorporating the nano-Fe,Os (NF) particles. The water absorption ofthe water cured and lime water cured control spec: Jimens were respectively 4.80% and 4.9236. The water absorption of ‘water cured specimens containing 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2 wt%6 NF par- ticles were respectively 0.92, 1.17, 1.40, and 1.71, while the corre sponding values for the lime water cured specimens were 0.85, 0.95, 1.03, and 1.15, respectively. Khoshaklagh etal. (2012) observed that the water absorption of the control specimen was 3.89%, while that of the specimens including 3% and 4% NP were 1.29% and 1,0296, respectively The absorption decreased by 73.77% with 4% NE, Similar ‘observations were made by Joshaghani et al. (2020), who noted a 64% reduction with 5% NE. ‘The capillary permeability of mortars containing NF was studied by ‘oltul and Sahin (2011), It was noted that conerete capillary perme: ability incorporating 0.5 wis, 1.25 wits, and 2.5 wide NF was reduced by 26%, 13%, and 63, respectively. In comparison, the capillary per ‘meabilties for mortars containing combined nano-silica and NF at 05 wits, 1.25 wits, and 2.5 with were reduced by 12%, 14%, and 7%, respectively. The probability of corrosion is reduced with an ‘enhancement in the electrical resistivity. Madandoust etal. (2015) noticed a much lower electrical resistivity value of 7.2 kom for the ‘control specimen, which increased to the range of 18 (150%), 22 (214.3%), and 15.4 kO-cm (113.8%) with the inclusion of 1%, 2%, ‘and 3% NF, respectively. Similar studies by Joshaghan\ etal. (2020) Ihave pointed out a substantial inerease in the electrical resistivity of concrete at 28 and 91 days, especially at lower water to binder (/ ) ratios, ‘The behavior of NF concrete subjected to sulfate attack was studied by Fetal el. (2021), who utilized two types of NF (processed at 300 ‘and 450 °C in an electric furnace for 2h). As observed in Pig. 11, the 50 har Mail 4(222) 100081 compressive strength of specimens containing 0.5% and 1% NF (pro cessed at 300 °C) was higher than that ofthe control concrete. All con- crete specimens containing 450 °C NF (0.5%-2 wt%6) were higher than the control specimens. The rapid chloride permeability ofthe control specimen was 2900 C, which was reduced by 449% with the inclusion of 2 wit NF (Madandoust etal, 2015). Braganca etal. (2016) noted enhanced resistance to sulfate attack as nano-magnetite reacts with calelum hydroxide to form the Feettringite phase that reduces porosity. ‘The behavior of NF mortar specimens at elevated temperatures of 110-650 °C was investigated by Khoshaltlagh et al. (2012), who noticed an enhanced weight loss for specimens containing NF. The control specimen underwent a 10.6% weightloss, while the specimens containing 39,436, and 59% NF had respective weight losses of 11.7%, 11.6%, and 11.3%. In contradiction, Abo-El-Enein et al. (2018) reported that the NF concrete exhibited better performance when exposed to 600 °C temperatures, The compressive strength reduction was 20% and 18% (249% and 26% less) forthe concrete containing 296 and 3% NE, respectively, compared with 4496 for the control con- ‘rete. Greater reductions for NF concrete were noted at 800 °C, wich were 73% and 74%6 for 2% and 39% NF, respectively, compared with (69% for the control concrete 34, Nano-TO; Nano-sized titanium dioxide (TIO), 2 semiconductor photo- catalyst, is one of the most extensively investigated nanomaterials. “The photo-catalysis characteristic of ttanlum dioxide was fist identi- fied by Fujshima and Honda. I splits water into hydrogen and oxygen by UV light energy-instigated electrocatalysis utilizing TIO, as @ photo-anode in an electrochemical cell. This process is popularly known as the Honda-Fujishima effect (Paul and isi, 2018: Sanalkumae and Yang, 2021), Nano-TiOs (NT) Isa versatile material widely used asthe white pigment in paints and cosmetics, glas, wall paper materials, cement-based materials, and ceramic tiles. Its utiliza Udon asa decorative coating in construction material helps protect from sunlight and pollution, while its incorporation in pavement materials enables the decomposition of vehicleindueced gases (Chen et al, 2012; Shchelokova etal, 2021). 50 “ ® a Fao a g ¢ 3 3 230 ae g30 a a & ye 450°C 3 as Y u —— 2 i nro B20 i. Ow : ca = a) Be wen Smee trae sat T T 1 ar T T 1 0 20 “ « ° 20 “0 0 Curing age, days Curing age, days ig. 11. Compressive strength ofa sulfate atacked NF specimen, where NFO sth contol, NF (1-4) contains respectively 0.5%, 1%, 1.59, and 296 NF (ella etal, 2020).JA. Abdali eta “The photocatalytic property of nano-TiO, can help decompose gas ‘cous pollutants, enhancing and optimizing the performance of con- crete (eng etal, 2012). The Xray difraction (XRD) of NT exhibits ‘a smooth hump confirming the amorphous phase, suitable for use in ‘cementitious matrices (Pig. 12). The peaks labeled ‘R’ and ‘A’ denote rutile and anatase phases (Daniyal et a, 2019). The frst available research on nane-TiO, (NT) conerete was carried out by Li et al (2006) from the Harbin Institute of Technology, China. The abrasion resistance of concrete that included 19% nano-TiO, provided better results than polypropylene and nano-silca. The concrete mixtures incorporating 5% NT exhibited super hydrophilicity at almost zero ‘water contact angle after 2h of direct sunlight exposure, and the sur- face reflectance recovered after 1h of direct sunlight exposure (Ganalkumar and Yang, 2021). NT particles exhibit no pozzolani reaction, acting as non-reactive fine filles to refine pore structures. NT can accelerate cement hydra- tion, providing additional nucleation sites and increasing water ‘demand with reduced setting time. The main peak heat of hydration ‘occurs early with enhanced intensity, while the duration of occurrence ‘decreases compared to the control specimen (Cen etal, 2012). twas ‘observed by Xu et al. (2020) that for reeycled aggregate (RA) concrete ‘at 0.35 w/b and an aggregate to binder ratio of 3, when 50% of the virgin aggregate is replaced by RA, the addition of 5% fly ash and (03 optimal quantity of NT, the harmful pollutant nitrogen oxide (NO) was degraded by 70%, indicating a highly durable photocat lytic performance, The utilization of NT in recycled agaregate con- 400 A208 —Fe203 To 1200 1000 800 600 400 Counts 200 . 0 0 3 "28, degree 40 har Mail 4(222) 100081 crete can reduce the quantity of carbon dioxide, as mentioned in Fig. 13 by Moro etal. (2020). Karthikeyan and Dhinakaran (2018) dis cussed thatthe optimum quantity of NT was 0.5 wi% with 9.596 silica fumes and 0.5 vols steel fibers. 2.4.1, Bffec of Nano- TIO; onthe properties of concrete Joshaghani etal. (2020) and Jalal etal, (2013) reported that the high surface area of NT and its tendency to absorb more water caused reduction in simp flow. Acceptable workability was observed at 3% INT while incorporating 59% NT drastically reduced workability (and showed more viscous behavior, which further affected the rheological properties ofthe selicompacting concrete, The concrete was filled in the molds without any induced vibrations, and the presence of NT improved the consistency, reducing the segregation and bleeding of, concrete. The fluidity of the cement mortar decreased by 219% and 40% with the inclusion of 5% and 10% NT, respectively, significantly improving with the addition of superplastcizer and slag (Meng, et al, 2012). ‘The microstructural properties of NT concrete were studied by Peng Water aberpton ‘Code penewain —Cabonation Sale aac he ack NanoTiO; 2iS4reducion wih 44 NT 769% improvement Inprvedretnce to Wight got improved by 329%, 25795 (Gaal eral 2013) weak NT Ccetoration by 7%, compressive stent os inproved by proversent athe Caleta, 2012) Gand a ord compressive snd he (Satya, 2020) rengh a 56 NT usm, 2016) Cantal eal, 2019) Neno-Re0} AP redueion with 54 NF mnt 625% esearch gp “The campresivesvengh of pecimens —“Rescareh gap (Gonhaghen! ta, 2020) Inprovement ne omaig 05 and 16 NF (processed at ‘ide migration 500°C) war bigher thas that of he contol oshaghat ea, (stl eta, 2020, 20) Nenocky 59.2% reduction with $s anoclay, 59% teducton In Reseach sup {1.4 reduction wit 9 mano 17% reduction in (Cangarud etl, 2018) “horde penetration rmeatin comprenive wih 5 ia etal, 2019) Seng os with Fen and Zhang 2014) Sine, Ganeeal, 2016) Nanoaco, The allry wae abortion of The clanide (6.5% improvement in = Research Emp 122% redcton ‘Heconcreecontaing NC wat permenlity a¢.28 nthe carbonation with 3 ‘it 1 Nan duced by 61% (ott cay 50 days ede by NC ico. mo. tama 77% Gieeal, 2020) Gankireea, (Gin and ait, sam, 25) ‘Table 4 ‘Other durability properties of nanomaterials, Propeniee> Snag Mesure ‘Bovoied toupee cate ree and aw norte reesity ‘Nano; 0.6 lower dinkage was NF pices ila empty pace anda 23706 eabunced weight lew ot 100% ‘About SO dtm in oto inthe NT cette eysaliatin cents ecleum-110-650'Cfr SWNT (Farscla enhacement the mas os of 18 NT (Ghonpog eee, 2018). Ryde improving the sructire et, 2013) witha NT conercte afer 800 {nd te material properties. (Bohs eta, freeze-thaw eyes Gene at,2018) 28) (Gaping 2, 2018) Nenoe;0, Resch sap ‘The aon of NF reine the pre The cmpesivesuength eduction 214394 Reseach snp fcr end increte the vcs of ne 24 and 26% efor the enhancement Secement matin (Kaoshisaeh concrete cntining2and 34NF at wih 26 NE eat, 2012) ore, Medandoue (io Enea ta 208) tal, 2015) Nanochy ‘The togerau shikage of Thepor structure of eament pase got At600"G the compressive strength, 189% 14.64 retuced mass ‘move ceporating tno toed on acount ofthe pocalaae tele sent sd Renal enhancement km, 42 cl ‘Beotmaodayrelued and ilerellet ofthe nana cay fos sngth ar eahance! by 158, with 38 mana: comprenive eet repectidy sJend40% eal, 2018) Zr and 106% with 2 NC ay. (burst at 39 sao ay (ott eal, 2015) (ide andAlSaeh, 2018). Stal, 2021) angola Mame, 2018) NanoC2CO, 8% ceduedstintage forthe The poraty of he cont species 4ralucton inthe sma wight 257% 19.48 eto ets specimens conasing SNC was 18.2% which reduced to 12% To of coment 600-80 ‘C when improvement 1-2 a NC (Cie cea 200°) eth 32 OF NC coment ene wth #eNC Gun etal, 2020) (eal, 20185) Sh et a, 2020) Gootbedsare cal, 2018)JA. Abdali eta ‘ions can eliminate mos ofthe drawbacks. The main barrier to the ‘sucessful utlization of nanomaterials is dispersion, which various researchers successfully overcame. The comparison chart clarifies {the overall work done and opens the door for further studies to fill the research gaps. More focused research needs to be conducted in, this area, which seems to be a promising and vital conteibution, towards construction industry sustainability. ‘Acknowledgments ‘Support for the research presented inthis paper was provided by iad Sadek, Endowed Chair in Civil Engineering of the American University of Sharjah, and is gratefully acknowledged. The views ‘and conclusions in this study, whether expressed or implied, are those ‘of the authors and should not be interpreted as those of the supporting instirution. References ‘Abo ELEzeo, SA, ELsny Fl, ELGamal SM, Amin MS, Ramada, DM. 2018, ‘ama enon slg ie resistance and physlenchemlea chucks of Porand cement pte modied wit sutesled Fe208 and 290 nanoparticles. (Const Bll Mater. 10 (173) 687-708, ‘Abo Ena, SA. Amin MS, een, FL, Hana. bay, TAL, Hatem, Me 1M, 2014 Pocnanc and yim tivity of nano metallia HBRC J 10 2), Atha, ALK, Abbas. WA, ALMithadan 8, 201. 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LL 2 Zong b Zeng Yar Xy Han Ot, 2017 Rete powder concrete reinforced with mano O3-coatd 103 Cons Bul. Mae. 1 (148), He, X, Sh, 2008 Cre pereabity and microstruc of Perdand cement ‘nor incorporstng sana Trap. Rex Ree. 2070), 1221 Heda A, Za8, BLE, Ibrahim SM, 202. Chrartereaton, tion, daly of te Fe203 campo ements bjeted wo sul a eos ed Cons. Bub. acer 1 (369) 121310. etal At, fb, NS, 2016. Hyaton, microstructure and phase composion of compet coment containing nanoclay. Cont. Bul Mater. 1012), 19-27 Herat Ganscar, Lam, iW, Sete 2020. Peformance f high volume Ty ach conate cpeing snes A rstate rte review. Court Bua tr 20, (258) 120606, Host A, Shah FU, 2020 Inloece of mao-CA003 ation on the eompresive seengh and micratroctre of high volume sing ad igh ven sap mh ded pee Bul. ng. (27) 200828 Haas, Ay Sih, Fy 2021" Congreve strength development and darby ropes of high lune slg an slg sh Hendd ences tang ano {iOS J Mater es. Teel 1 (10), 1310-1522. haraiesntin f intra anton rae (2) of high vee slag alg Ay sh blended coneetesentaiming nano S102 a nao CxCOS. Cons. Ball. Mater, a9) 1213 Huang. W. ly’ nenopoes. Nenopapers 2018 Jen 1 gp. $686). Wiliam Anew os = ates Ibe, AME The efit of no meakalin mati on ome pope of onrete ‘Diyala jural of engineering cen. 2013 Mar 130050. Ibid, May AlSaeh bt, 2018 Thermal performance snd fe ressance of ately motied cements utes, Cont, Bul. Mater 20 (189), 213-219A. Abdali oat Jnl, Fuh, Mad, M2013 Hees of yah and 7102 nanopars on ‘Pesogs, mechani miconrocrl steal proper of gh enh ‘Siempacing comacte Meck Mater 1860, 11-27 tang Ci Bio 5 LR Ly CH 015 Reach popes on the splat of o-etakotn I cee edmatra, Bul hi Ceram, So 9, 361-3867 Josaghanl A, Blot Masa, Ocala, 302s of oa "HOR nasoAla0o, aod nano fe203 oh theology, scan a draity Proper of slcmonndngsoncre (SCC Au expec ay. Cons Bae Mer 10, 2s) 1144 xan EN, Ran, Aly Alby Aan SH, Ghai, SH, 202. Te cs of ‘aco Fe203 cn the mechani, physical od mlcontricre of cements ‘cnet Const Ral Mate (es) LAST. arthcjn, 8, Dninaara, 2018 tfc of aie 1102 ad sta ne 08 Bey smear osha, var A Ke 212 of F203 naopates on water ey isin mace ih igh epg ocr, WM Mpa BM, Naser, Oba, T Ja F Mbsen 2018 tect of S02, #0 and GCOS nanoparer on water Pano and Skvaity proper of sleompacing one conning ht Experimenta bento nd ANE preltrs.Cona Bul Natr 5 (158), 823-8 ar A Oo THiS, Toms, D,Dose. LJ Pemande PN, ‘Sent. 21d. Simple mths to eats the lfsnce of inexone ler 0c ‘eacion and proper ev In cenanous mate Com- Cone, Compo. 20 1 5K S, Ki, K), Woo, Won, 7 2018 Shaka charac tnd eng seconery of sanoaueriscencat comptes Capo. Se 18 {nny 5.568 tae KY, Ghng, PX, Feng, YN, Yang, CC, 2004. A stl on charac of ntl weston zoel ont Ce Coc. Re 34 (6), 97-98. 1, Hy thang, Ma, Ou, JP, 200 Abas esto ore naling Dao- rics or pavement. eat 260 (11-12), 12621298 1, Hy Mae, 120, Youn J, Oty 3004, Micorce femet mortar with no ries Campo Bg 35 (2), 15-168. uu, We Huang 2, 24, Ty SO, C. Duan, VCH, Shab, SP, 2016. tance of Diolmetoe on te hijdaton, mechani seg, ahd autogeois Sinage tf teahigh erismance once Mate. Eng 28 0), 0901508, 16 zhang. Wang. HD 208 nnn rbot cre "Caan ofatcave one by increrting tan C08, Nantel Rv. Sah, oe icam. Un, Ws Che, H, Chan, CM, Wu 2008. Hih pac ohne payroptee/ 8 snp id ern ects 1, Wy tang 2, CaF San, 2 Sh 1, 2015 les of aso and nan Timestne’on fowabity and’ mechanical proper of l-hih-perfomanee fener mn Cons Bl Mer 1 (5), 900374 ls, chen I IMR, Wong. 2012 ie fan C09 0 proper of eet ite trey eta G6), 91-356. oteck Ace vou, G, Gale, Sener K, 2008. nunc of ese oa "hc haton of Foran cemens Cem Ce. Res 38 (8), 68-95 Maat, Ry Mac, ont, Namnen, My 2015, An experimental ShtoFeaou snd mneGu0. Coa. bud Mane (9.44500 Menge Te Yo. Ye Qian, than, Ql 2012 ect of sano-TI02 a the mechsial propre of cement mortar Cont Bud. Mate (2), og ston, Ma, HO 2021 eral estan of ano 7102 moe Ay cement bal aw carbon composite Cons Bal Mae 8, (270) 12147, ‘Mor, Pando, Vi Sehage Mr Vey lincbeM 20a, N02 snopes Tiacaeon te ernest pevoratos of ul an recycled morte AE {cn eee vont Ase: 1 (6) 10649. Moreo-iro, Alo Ascrae, 201. What sy? A ew defison of nyt on lay an inc oe mont widened ol aeon ‘pate App Cay 5 1 1), 57 9. dios om the hyn chance of yt en comet moa Therm Aa. aon 16 @), 645-852 Nutini, Maia, R;Dehampanh, Sy dlp, S. MbananadR, Nea Ts [2018 Gama ay cng proper fare oer conaing New 42 Rade Pye Chem 1060) 157-107 avr, A, i 1 Rik Shame, SF Khao, A, 2010; Benet of F208 stbopare is conte ig tnt An Se 6 (8, 102-106, Nari, A Ma S201 Computed ao eels of 208 nanoparticles torte om warrenty wh gh ce a Ni, PCy Angra V, Kong 8, Ques, 7S Radic, CR it, QF Sei 20 ven of 02, Toz and Fea03 panapaies on he rope fy sk bende eet ocr. Cnsr Ba Mater, 9,25) SS. Nain, iA Menapoue 5. Dehomgensh, Mobonmad R. 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Symi tlc appeared te ya eons onpeatre ‘=O mecha pepe cnet pute med wi aoc cuhont. nepal Mc ob (2) 12077 Santen Sobel, K, 2010, Natecodog in concrete reve Cos ul nes 34), S827. su Nn 2 eg ptm ne ed Soi Smt Sv 01 Mech and ny reper og vole ek vA one conning cis cbt CC) taopate Con il. Mate 1,00), 39 soa. Spi S201, chide indeed coin diy of igh lume fy nk conc cnminng opr, Cons, Bala 0 (94 28-25 Shela, EA Taka, VV Teer, AV. asker, AG 0, Sys ‘s chratestn of 802.162 spar andthe he eng Sleming omen compontes, Core Mate 0, 12268. 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The reparation of bao clr aroma aan ‘iste hadning acca fn mare wt by iscsi enent to dy Sty op es fcc ee a 0 cc a a, ” ler Maris 4(2022) 100061 ‘hang, $1, QL.X0, Gon, 8, Ren J, Che, 3, Chi, Wang XC, 2921 fet ofa Dovel ibid TiO2 graphene compote on caning mechanical and day Shoracertie of salssctinnd sg mortar Cntr ull, Mater. 15, (275), aise. ‘hang, Ry Geng X, Hou, Ye, 2, 2015. tence of ano-T102 on he proper of ectntesed mata Hyaton and dying Sakae. Cost. Bul. Mate 15, (Gn, 35-4. ‘han Pa, He, 28 Ma, 2M, Liang, CF Zhang, XX, Abram, AA, Shi J 2020. Tiesto of nanoetaasin cence hve Bul Pg, 10128,