Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Beira, 10/06/2019
Introduction
• Definitions of terms
• Why study Public health
• History of epidemiology
• Preventive medicine
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Public Health
• Public Health: “Referees to all organized measures
(whether public or private) to prevent disease, promote
health, and prolong life among the population as a whole”.
Or
• Public health “is the art of applying science in the context
of politics so as to reduce inequalities in health while
ensuring the best health for the greatest number”
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Public Health
As a multidisciplinary field, public health:
• Promote the health of population through organized
community efforts
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Introduction to Epidemiology
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
• Epidemiology is a scientific discipline with sound
methods of scientific inquiry through data-driven and
relies on a systematic and unbiased approach to the
collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. (Is the
basic science of Public health)
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Epidemiologic transition:
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Epidemiologic transition:
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
4 Epidemiologic Transitions
Transition Resulting Change
1 Hunter-gatherer to cities From few epidemics to major
epidemics
2 Immunologic resistance From major epidemics to
& organism change endemic diseases
3 Public health & sanitation From infectious to non-
infection
4 Increased Globalization Resurgence of infectious
diseases
Fifth Phase of the Epidemiologic Transition: The Age of Obesity and Inactivity
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
• Modern demography
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
• Improved nutrition
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
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Introduction to Epidemiology (Cont.)
Pioneers of Epidemiology
• Beginning of epidemiology
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Uses of Epidemiology
Epidemiology is used to develop, target and evaluate
prevention strategies.
Primary prevention: before the person gets the health
outcome (disease) . Example Vaccines.
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Example of research area using
epidemiology
• Infectious • Health policy
disease/health outcome • Health behavior
• Chronic disease/health • Etiology
outcome • Outbreak investigation
• Maternal/child health • Disease surveillance
• Injury and accidents • Screening
• Bio-monitoring
• Environmental
• Molecular
• Occupational • Comparisons of treatment
• Nutrition effects
• Social • Pharmacy/Medicine
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Core epidemiology functions
• Field investigation,
• Analytic studies,
• Policy development
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Core epidemiology functions (cont.)
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Core epidemiology functions (cont.)
• Morbidity and mortality reports
are common sources of
surveillance data for local and
state health departments.
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Core epidemiology functions (cont.)
Field investigation
• Field investigation requiring the coordinated
efforts of dozens of people to characterize the
extent of an epidemic and to identify its cause.
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Core epidemiology functions (cont.)
Analytic studies
• Analytic studies evaluating the credibility of possible
hypotheses started through surveillance and field
investigations.
Linkages
The epidemiologists need to maintain relationships
with staff of other agencies and institutions through
official memoranda of understanding, sharing of
published or on-line information for public health
audiences and outside partners, and informal
networking
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that takes place at professional meetings 27
Core epidemiology functions (cont.)
Policy development
Epidemiologists working in public health regularly
provide input, testimony, and recommendations
regarding disease control strategies, reportable
disease regulations, and health-care policy.
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The Epidemiologic Approach
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