‘The Zero Marginal Cost Society’, by Jeremy Rifkin Ri-man,

Machines are about to change what it means to be human. According to

social theorist Jeremy Rifkin, they will undermine our sense of private
property, take away our jobs and turn us into free agents in a new global
“sharing economy”. For good measure, they will also destroy capitalism
before the middle of the 21st century.

If you’re already thinking that The Zero Marginal Cost Society belongs to
the genre of techno-futurism that resorts to extreme predictions to attract
attention, then you’d be right. The value of this book, however, doesn’t lie
in the accuracy of its specific forecasts, but rather in the extrapolations of
current trends that enable Rifkin to reach them. On that measure, this is a
thought-provoking read that pushes some of the most important new
technologies to their logical – and sometimes scary – conclusions. Take the
machines that underpin the book’s central argument.

They will be self-replicating, capable of producing their own spare parts

and propagating themselves indefinitely. They will be powered by an
alternative energy source like the sun, allowing them to run more or less
forever. And they will be connected by the coming “internet of things”, a
self-organising network that will allow them to operate as part of a new
pervasive intelligent infrastructure.

These machines will also be fully automatic and require no human labour
to operate. As a result, they will throw off products at virtually no cost,
save the minimal one of supplying the basic raw materials. This gets to the
heart of Rifkin’s argument. If the marginal cost of producing each
additional item falls to essentially nothing, then everything becomes free.
In their pursuit of profit, businesses will have irrevocably undermined their
own margins: capitalism will have destroyed itself. But don’t despair.
Rising in its place, Rifkin argues, will be a civilisation based on a new and
more fulfilling communitarianism, free of the hang-ups that have
characterised the materialistic individualism of the late capitalist age.

Though only 300 or so pages, this is sometimes a dense book. Besides

detours into subjects such as the economic history of the human race from
earliest times, there are sections that pack in extensive descriptions of some
of the key technologies. They include 3D printing; open-source software;
the internet of things; the sharing economy; the online courses that are
reshaping education; and the artificial intelligence enabling machines to
replace many types of human labour. An extensive bibliography shows that
Rifkin has read widely and compressed the results into his latest tome –
though, to be fair to his previous work, he has also written entire books
himself on several of the themes that converge here. That makes this
something of a grand unifying theory of his thinking over four decades.
Three of Rifkin’s predictions serve to illustrate both the breadth and the
finality of his arguments.

One is that the “sharing economy” (think letting out your spare room on
Airbnb or summoning a car on Uber) will overthrow some of the biggest
companies on the planet. It will only take between 10 and 30 per cent of a
particular market to shift to these self-help networks, argues Rifkin, for the
thin profit margins of giant companies to shrink to nothing. A second
prediction is that a decentralised network of alternative energy sources will
replace the existing vertically integrated, carbon-based energy industry. It
will be made up of “prosumers” generating their own power and networked
together through a smart grid that routes power to where it is needed.

By the middle of this century, says Rifkin, 80 per cent of electricity will be
generated this way – an estimate he claims is conservative. A third trend is
the elimination of work, as the machines take over. According to Rifkin,
workers – and the profitmaking companies that employ them – can look
forward to one last hurrah. This will cover the 40-year period it takes to
build the world’s smart, self-replicating infrastructure. After that, it will be
the end of history for labour: apart from a few people needed to programme
and monitor the machines, it’s all over for the wage slaves and salarymen.

This all sounds ominous. But Rifkin reaches an optimistic conclusion. He

anticipates a world of plenty where individuals will lead more fulfilling
lives than they do now, with their material wants taken care of and their
days of toil at an end. Fulfilment, he argues, will come from building
“social capital”. Freed from the need to earn a living, people will get closer
to the things that really matter: collaborating – and empathising – with
other people. There are obvious quibbles to be had with much of this.

One is that capitalism has proved pretty adaptable so far. When markets are
commoditised and profits evaporate, capitalists have been good at either
monopolising industries or finding new sources of value to build on top of
the commoditised markets of the past. Just because, from the blinkered
present, we can’t see what the markets of the future will be, it doesn’t mean
they won’t exist. A second quibble is with Rifkin’s assumptions about how
human nature will change to accommodate the new realities he describes.
After all, if everything is free, won’t that lead to an even greater
materialism that wrecks the planet for good?
The way Rifkin sees it, replacing scarcity with abundance will spell the
death of materialism. When everything is in plentiful supply, why gather
and hoard? Rather than outright ownership, the humans who populate his
future will be content with access to material goods, many of which will be
shared – just as they are already becoming accustomed to accessing digital
goods in a world of infinite supply.

The millennial generation, as he sees it, is already hankering for this more
collaborative, altruistic society. He also sees an automatic stabilisation that
brings the human race into a permanent equilibrium with the planet. As
living standards rise, birth rates in poorer parts of the world will fall: the
global population will gradually fall back to a sustainable 5bn (though it
isn’t clear why Rifkin picked this level).

Alternative futures seem equally plausible. Wealth and income inequality

could become more accentuated, as a winner-takes-all capitalism takes
hold. The millions emerging from extreme poverty in developing countries
could find themselves in a world of limited opportunity. The loss of
employment may create a permanent – and growing – underclass.

If Rifkin’s predictions have value, however, it is in bringing home the

extent of the technologically induced upheaval that may lie ahead. How we
deal with the consequences is up to us.