2.2. Complex numbers Definition: A complex number is 2 nu! : 2 =x + yi where x and y are real numbers i= satisfies the equation i? = —1 in this expression and y is the imaginary part of Im(z) = y. The set of all complex nu ot le me ‘ * lex ml If the imaginary part of a COMPICK Ny part is zero, then it is called number is known as purely eal number and | purely imaginary number. e expressed in the form is the imaginary unit that (x + yi). x is the real par the complex number, ie. Re(z) =x and mber is denoted by C. mber that can b NOTE: The two complex number 2, = #1 +s! and Zz = X2 + Yai are 1) 4 =2. & %=%2 and =I 22z=0 @& x=0 and y=0 2.2.1. Conjugate of a complex number ber. Then a complex number obtained Let z = x + yi be a complex numl by changing the sign of imaginary part of the complex number is called the conjugate of z and it is denoted by 2, ie. 2= * F yi. Note that if z= x + yi then the additive inverse of z is —x — yi but conjugate of zis x — yi. Conjugate properties: 1) 2=07=0 2) Z=-z @ Re(z) = 0 3) Z=26 Im(z) = 0 4) 2Z= 22 = (Re(z)}* + (im(@)P 6) 2+Z=2Re(z) and z— Z = 2i lm) GF 22) z 8) G22) = Zt Z; a) Geometrically, the number z = x + yi is the distance between the point (x, y) and the orgin, or the length of the vector representing z. 38Elementary operations on complex number: ‘The two complex z; = x, +y,i and z, = x2 + yoi 1. Addition: 2 +22 = (H+ i) + Oo tei) = (tr + 2) + 1 + Vedi 2. Subtraction: 21 — 22 = (1 + Yi) — ee +2!) = Oa 2) + 01 — adi 3. Multiplication: 24.22 = (Xq + Vai) (Oe + Yel) = (1x2 —VI2) + re + HY2dE 4. Quotient Division : 4 Mtn utni m-yi % tei xz+yYei x —Yoi a (*2t rye) | (yx2- x72). 3 2 2 at 2 2 t +2 x2 +¥2 NOTE: The Quotient = can be found by assuming B=7=a+biand 2 2 then solving for a and b . Algebraic properties: QV) 4 +22 = 22 +2 and 24.2) = Zp.2Z, (commutative law) 2) (+ 22)+23 = 2 + (2 +23) (assistive law ) 3) (21 + 22)23 = 24.23 + 29.23 (distributive law ) 4) 2+0=0tz2=2 (additive identity) 5) zl=12=2 (multiplication identity) 6) z+(-2) =(-z)+2=0 (additive im Dawis 7 =1 (ruultiplica 2.2.2 Modulus of a complex 0! Let 2=x-+yi bea complex number. Thes the positive square root of the sum of square of real part and square of imaginary part is called modulus (absolute value) of z and it is denoted by |z| ic., [zl = x2 + y2 Properties of modulus of a complex number X) le? =@)? +0) 2) Re(z) < |Re(z)| < |z| 3) Im(z) < [Im(z)| < |2| 4) lel = vzz 395) lal = lal 6) |z-z2l = lzil-Iz2l | a) A Fl #0 j | izzl [zal (uiangular inequality) 8) lz +22 < lal + lzel 9) |zy — 221 $ lal + zal 10) |zq + z2] = [211 + lzall 11) [ay ~ 221 2 [eal = [all Example (1): If a point z lies on the unit circle |z| = 1 about the origin, shoy, that |z? — 2| <3 and |z?-2|21. | Solution: We have |z| = 1, and |z? — 2| < [231 +2 =3 (property FY Also |z3 — 2] 2 |lzI? - 2) =1 : (property 1 ) / Example (2); If z is appoint inside the circle center at the origin with radius 2, show that |z3 + 3z? — 2z + 1| < 25 Solution: n since z is an interior point of the given circle, then |z| < 2 and || = |z|" [23 +32? — 2241] <|z2[? + 3lz|? —2|z|+1< 25 2.2.3 Geometric representation of complex number Definition: A complex number z = x + yi can be represented by a unique point P(x,y) in the Cartesian plane referred to a pair of rectangular axes, The complex number (0 + Oi) represent the origin 0 ( 0, 0). A purely real number x, i.e., (x + Oi) is represented by the point (x,0) on x-axis. Therefore, x-axis is called real axis. A purely imaginary number yi, iLe., (0 + yi) is represented by the point (0, y) on y-axis. Therefore, y-axis is called imaginary axis. Similarly, the representation of complex numbers as points in the plane is known as Argand diagram. The plane representing complex numbers as points is called complex plane or Argand plane or Gaussian plane. If two complex numbers z; and z, be represented by the points P and Q in the complex plane, then |z, ~ z,| = PQ 40Example (3): The complex numbers z = x + yi, having two components, their real and imaginary parts, can be represented in Cartesian form or rectangular form. There is several possible representations of this complex number. 1. The Re(z) = x and Im(z) = y, then can be represented as in figure (1). 2. The length, magnitude or modulus of the complex number is the distance from the origin, 0 (the point 0 + Oi) to the point P. This distance is represented by OP =|z|=|x + yil= yx? ty? =r = re =x? +y’, it's a circle with center (0,0) and radius r as in figure (2). 3. Iz =X9 + yoi lz—2ol = V(e- x)? +O —y¥)2 =r = 1 =(x-x,)?+(y—y,)?, it's a circle with center (x5, Yo) and radius r as in figure (3). 4. le-2l> rand |z—z1 Iet+iy-1ti}=1 > |@-D+iy+ Dl =1 = V@-D? +041" = (x tire Itis all points the circle with radius 7 enter (1,—1). (Figure 5) 41i -DI<2 | 2) yeast 3). (Figure 6) iI i ius 7 it is all points the circle with radius Des Figure 6 2.2.4 Polar coordinates ae ee > 0) and @ are the poler coordinates of the point P(x, y) =x + iy, Since corresponding to a nonzero complex number Z ele) — ve read and tin(z) =y = 7 sind. Then the Polar form of z: z=r(cosé + isin®) NOTES: : 1. The number ris the length of the vector z (Figure 72 r=|el= yx? +9? - ¥y z=(sy) Figure 7 2. the number @ is called an argument of z or angle of the complex number Z and written 6 =arg(z) 6 = tan“? 3. the principle value of arg(z) denoted by arg (z ), is defined as the unique value of arg( z) such that — < arg(z) |ReZ| + |Imz| 6) Show that the equation |z — z| = R of a circle, center z» with radius R, can be written as |z|? — 2Re(ZZ,) + |zo| = R? Q7) Show the following Graphs: L|z+2i)=4 2.|z+il<2,|z-i>3. 3.1<|z+2i)<3 4.2<|z+2-i) <3 5. Re(z+ 1) =2,Im(z-i) =4, Q8) Use the polar formula to prove 1.i(1 — V3i)(V3 + i) = 2+ 2v3i Si . so = 142i 2, 741 1+2i 43