GEC14-LITERATURE

OF THE WORLD
Prepared by:
MARIA CHARNILENE R. PALMA
SLSU CATANAUAN
 Romeo
and
Juliet
by
William Shakespeare
 Introduction to Literature
• Literature comes from the Latin word “LITERA”
which literally means an acquaintance with letters,
the root definition of literature. It is a body of
literary productions, either oral, written or visual,
containing imaginative language that realistically
portrays thoughts, emotions, and experiences of
the human condition.
 Literature
appear to have
originated in
ancient
Mesopotamia
The Sumerian civilization first developed
writing around 3400 B.C., when they
began making markings on clay tablets
in a script known as cuneiform.
Cuneiform
One of the earliest form of writing
 CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
I. STRUCTURE

1.FICTION – is a literary work of IMAGINATIVE narration,

either oral or written, fashioned to entertain and to make the
readers think and more so, to feel.

2. NONFICTION – a literary work of REAL LIFE narration or

expression based on history and facts whose main thrust is an
intellectual appeal to convey facts, theories, and
generalizations, or concepts about a particular topic.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE
II. FORM
1. PROSE – written in the common flow of language
in sentences and paragraphs which give
information, relate events, express ideas, or
present opinions.
2. POETRY – expressed in verse, measure, rhythm,
sound, and imaginative language and creates an
emotional response to an experience, feeling, or fact.
III. Genres
Elements
I. Line
- It may or may not have fixed number of syllables based on

of poetry the type of poem.

II. Stanza
- Group of lines
TYPES OF STANZA
a. Couplet – 2 lines
b. Tercet – 3 lines
c. Terza Rima – 3 stanzas, 3 lines
d. Quatrain – 4 lines
e. Sestet – 6 lines
f. Octet – 8 lines
g. Cinquain – 5 lines
h. Septet – 7 lines
Elements III. Meter
- Measurement of the poem

of poetry 2 ways:
1. Syllables Count
2. Stress and Unstressed Syllables Count

“My Dim Heart”

By Maica Jill N. De Guzman

Si/lent tears/ of/ pain/,

The/ Lord/ en/ters/ my/ dim/ heart/
Re/newed/ strength/ and/ faith/
Elements Types of Meter
a. Accentual Meter – each line has a fixed

of poetry number of stresses, but varies in the total

number of syllables.
b. Syllabic Meter – The term “syllabic verse” is
used to describe a poem in which the meter is
based on counting syllables.
c. Accentual-syllabic Meter - is an extension of
accentual verse which fixes both the number
of stresses and syllables within a line or
stanza.
d. Free Verse – lines are unrhymed and there are
no consistent metrical patterns. But, that
doesn’t mean it is entirely without structure.
Accentual Example:

Meter Baa, baa, black sheep,

Have you any wool?
Yes sir, yes sir,
Three bags full;
Syllabic Example:

Meter
 STRESSED a stressed syllable is the syllable
AND which has more emphasis than the
UNSTRESSED other syllables in a word. And, an
SYLLABLES unstressed syllable is the syllable
which we don’t emphasize.
 For example in the word
‘ahead’, ‘HEAD’ is the stressed
STRESSED syllable and the ‘a’ at the
AND beginning is un-stressed -
UNSTRESSED ‘a.HEAD’. In ‘amended’, ‘MEN’
SYLLABLES
is the stressed syllable the ‘a’
and the ‘ded’ at the end are
unstressed - ‘a.MEN.ded’
 ahead amended radiator abbreviated authoritarian

Example of wonderful although genius incredibly frustrating

stressed appreciate implicit explain allege emphatic

syllables demonstrabl
e
cause because invoke hoodwink

acoustic confront confirm recite devout

exploit beauty beautiful deactivate accuse

1. Words with the Stress on First Syllable

government question office power money

family country service area order
council interest person problem body
father management morning century air
language union paper quality cost
girl future movement city action
issue manager capital table moment
chairman basis record other series
chapter music theory structure reason
1. Words with the Stress on First Syllable

practice president study section subject

own local second possible major
certain likely special little national
large public difficult old social
right only able open human
personal middle early real long
middle ordinary famous nuclear western
soviet regional regular powerful technical
very suitable quiet ancient busy
corporate yellow valuable friendly sensitive
crucial roman communist massive comfortable
2. Words with Stress on Second Syllable

society idea experience decision approach

police community support result account
production example control position committee
research effect report authority award
computer security success performance agreement
material design activity technology employment
commission division provision discussion protection
proportion construction procedure assembly debate
opinion curriculum description consumer republic
2. Words with Stress on Second Syllable

impression location comparison resistance foundation

mistake alternative inquiry priority defendant
awareness regime intelligence convention minority
command consent abuse requirement defendant
identity recovery efficiency liability request
initiative career expression supply existence
review attack advantage solution relief
complexity diagnosis divorce pursuit tribunal
portfolio adviser receiver repair integrity
adventure attraction exclusion embarrassment apartment
imprisonment criterion compliance morality humanity
3. Words with Stress on Third Syllable

volunteer contradict override overlap overthrow

disregard underpin underlie disappoint overrun
intercept overwhelm disapprove recollect overdo
engineer disentangle overflow discontinue apprehend
resurrect contravene supersede rehabilitate intersect
disillusion referee overhaul disconnect acquiesce
disobey coalesce disbelieve intermediate overshadow
overpower disengage decompose disembark overstate
subdivide re-evaluate disallow recapitulate reminisce
overheat overstep disassociate reconnoitre interbreed
3. Words with Stress on Third Syllable

recompense disavow realign disembodied overwork

convalesce overlie interpose disinfect circumnavigate
excommunicate deconstruct decontrol interject disconcert
institutionalize appertain condescend disambiguate interweave
proposition disrespect disabuse dispossess operationalize
disenfranchise dislocate equilibrate countermand barricade
dehydrate overeat overweening overhang deselect
decompress satiate disassemble silhouette overwear
mountaineer overuse overbear disinter intermeddle
dematerialize souvenir misconceive reassume decontrolled
Unstressed Syllable Words List

bit bite Black blade blame

bland blank bleak blind block
blond blood blow blue blunt
board boast boat boil bold
bomb Bond bone Book boom
boost boot check cheek cheer
cheese cheque chest chief child
chip choice choose church cite
claim clash class clause Clay
clean clear clerk cliff climb
cling clock close cloth cloud
club clue dish disk DNA
Unstressed Syllable Words List
DO dock dog door dose
doubt dour Down drab draft
drain draw dream dress drift
drink drive drop drown drug
drunk dry duck duke dull
dumb dump dust ear earl
earn Earth ease gain game
gang gap gas gasp gate
gaunt gay gaze gear gene
get ghost gift girl give
glad glance glass go goal
God gold golf good grab
grade grain grand Grant grasp
Grass grave great Green greet
Grey grim grin grip gross
ground group grow Key kick
Kid kill kind King kiss
kit knee knife knit knock
know lack lad lake lame
lamp Land lane large last
late laugh launch law lay
lead leaf league lean leap
learn lease leave left leg
lend length let Lie life
Unstressed Syllable Words List
Light like limp line link
lip list live mud mum
myth nail name near neat
neck need nerve nest net
New Nice Night No nod
noise norm nose note nude
numb nurse posh Post pot
Pound pour praise pray press
Price pride priest prince print
prize prompt proof proud prove
pub pull pure push put
quaint queen queer quick quote
race raid rail rain raise
range rank rape rare rat
rate roast Rock rod role
roll roof room root rope
rose rough round route row
rub rude rule run Rush
sack sad safe sail sake
Unstressed Syllable Words List
SALT Sand sane save say
scale scan scant scarce scene
scheme school scope score scratch
scream screen sea SEAL search
seat see seed seek seem
seize self sell send sense
shame shape share shed sheep
sheer sheet shelf shell shift
shine ship shirt shit shock
shoe shoot shop shore short
shot shout show shrewd shrill
shrug shut shy sick side
sigh sight sign silk Sin
sing sink Sir sit site
size skill skin skirt sky
slack slam sleek sleep slick
slide slight slim slip slope
slow small smart smash smell
Unstressed Syllable Words List
smile smoke smooth smug snap
snide Snow snug soft soil
sole solve Son Song sore
sort soul sound sour source
South soy space spare sparse
speak speech speed spell spend
sphere spill spin Split spoil
spoilt sport spot spread spring
squad square squeeze staff stage
staid stairs stake stale stance
stand star stare start State
staunch stay steal steam steel
steep stem step stick stiff
still stir stock Stone stop
store storm stout straight strain
strange stream street strength stress
stretch strict strike string strip
stroke strong stuff style suck
Sue suit sum Sun sure
swear sweep Sweet Swift swim
swing switch sword tail take
Accentual Example:

Syllabic
Meter
Free Verse • Example:

“Like a skein of loose silk blown against a wall

She walks by the railing of a path in Kensington Gardens,
And she is dying piece-meal
of a sort of emotional anemia.”
Elements IV. Rhyme
- Likeness of the sounds

of poetry Note: A poem without rhyme is a BLANK VERSE.

Types based on:
1. Position
2. Syllable Count
3. Likeness of Sound
TYPES OF RHYME
a. End Rhyme – Found at the end
b. Internal rhyme – Between two or more words in a
single line
c. Masculine Rhyme – The rhyme consisting of a single
stressed syllable, as in “car” and “far”.
Elements d. Feminine Rhyme – the rhyme consisting of a stressed
syllable followed by an unstressed syllable, as in “mother”

of poetry and “father”.

e. Perfect rhyme – the exact match of sounds in a rhyme,
as in “ask” and “task”
f. Slant rhyme – the imperfect rhyme, also called oblique
rhyme or off rhyme, wherein the sounds are similar but
not exactly the same, as in “port” and “ heart”.
Elements V. Rhythm
- Succession and alternation of rhymes.

of poetry “ Rhyme Scheme” – Rhythmic pattern

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
By: William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud A
That floats on high o’er vales and hills, B
When all at once I saw a crowd, A
A host, of golden daffodils; B
Beside the lake, beneath the trees, C
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. C
Elements VI. Tone

of poetry - The emotion/s conveyed by the poem

- (e.g greatful, inspired)
VII. Theme
- Main idea or the general topic of the
poem
- (e.g love, revenge, inspiration)
VIII. Lesson
- Moral value rendered
 Sounds of a Poem
• Alliteration

ELEMENTS
OF
POETRY
 • Assonance

ELEMENTS
OF
POETRY
 • Consonance

ELEMENTS
OF
POETRY
Sub-Genres of
Poetry
ACTIVITY Research a poetry that is consist
NO. 1 of figurative language.
(ATLEAST 3-5 FIGURES OF
SPEECH)
Note: Highlight the lines with
figurative language and identify
what figure of speech it is.
Figures
of
Speech
 • It is the repeating of
consonant sounds right next
to each other, which creates a
Alliteration memorable or melodic effect.

• Example: She sells seashells

by the seashore.
 • It is a literary technique that places
opposite things or ideas next to one
another in order to draw out their
contrast.
Antithesis
• Example: “It was the best of times, it
was the worst of times . . .”
—Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities
 • Apostrophe as a figure of speech is
when a character addresses someone
or something that isn’t present or
cannot respond. The character might

Apostrophe
speak to someone deceased, an
inanimate object, or a concept.

• Example: “O Romeo, Romeo,

wherefore art thou Romeo?”
—William Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet
 • Circumlocution is the use of a
purposely wordy description. You
can think of it as talking in circles.
• Example: In the Harry Potter series,
Circumlocution most characters don’t say Lord
Voldemort’s name; instead, they
use this circumlocution: “He Who
Must Not Be Named.”
• “Misapplication elimination
device” - eraser
 • An epigram is a clever and memorable
statement. You will find epigrams
in speeches, poetry, and at the front of a
book.
• Example: “No one can make you feel
Epigram inferior without your consent.” —Eleanor
Roosevelt
Other examples:
• “There are no gains without pains.” – Benjamin Franklin.
• “If we don’t end war, war will end us.” – H. G. Wells
• “Live simply, so that others may simply live.” – Mother
Teresa
 • A euphemism is a way to say something in
an understated manner, often to avoid
difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.

Euphemism • Example: Death can be an uncomfortable

subject, so we’ve developed many
euphemisms to avoid confronting it head-
on. Rather than telling a friend that a
relative died, you might say they “kicked
the bucket,” “passed away,” or are “no
longer with us.”
 • Hyperbole is a deliberate
exaggeration that adds emphasis,
urgency, or excitement to a
statement.
Hyperbole
• Example: If I don’t eat soon, I’m
going to die of hunger.
 • Irony is a situation that subverts a
reader’s expectations. It is a figure of
speech in which there is a
contradiction of expectation
Irony between what is said and what is
really meant.
• Example:
“if it were a cold, rainy gray day,
you might say, “What a beautiful
day!”
 • Litotes use a double negative
to create a positive.

Litotes • Example: You’re not wrong.

 • A metaphor is the direct
comparison of dissimilar things
to create more vivid imagery or
Metaphor understanding.
• Example: He was an onion; to
understand him, she had to peel
back the layers.
 • Metonymy is a literary device in
which a word or object stands in for a
closely related word or object.
Metonymy gives a writer more
Metonymy variability with descriptions. In fact,
metonymy means “change of
name.”
• Example: I need to decide if I will
go Greek in college next year. (Greek is
metonymy for sorority or fraternity
membership)
 • Onomatopoeia is a word that
sounds like what it means.

Onomatopoeia • Example: When a character is

exasperated, they might
exclaim, “Sheesh!” That’s both a
word to show exasperation and a
sound that happens when you
sigh loudly.
 • An oxymoron is a figure of speech
pairing two words together that are
opposing and/or contradictory.
Example:
Oxymoron • My sister and I had a friendly fight over the lipstick.
• I think the professor stated his unbiased
opinion regarding the student response.
• You look awfully pretty in that coat.
• Sarah ate the whole piece of pie.
 • A paradox is a figure of speech in
which a statement appears to
contradict itself.
Paradox • Example: “All animals are equal,
but some animals are more
equal than others.”
—George Orwell, Animal Farm
 • Personification is assigning
human attributes to nonhuman
things.
Personification
• Example: The floorboards
groaned under the weight of
each step.
 • A simile compares two dissimilar
things using “like” or “as.” The goal of
simile is to give the reader a more
Simile vivid understanding of something.
• Example: It was the first real day of
summer, and by the time she came
back indoors, she was as red as a
tomato.
 • Synecdoche is a figure of speech
in which, most often, a part of
something is used to refer to its
Synecdoche whole.
• Example: New England won the
game by a touchdown. (Here,
New England means New
England’s football team.)
 Sr. Sentences Answer
ACTIVITY NO. 2 1 The night is as dark as black stone Simile
ANSWER THE 2 The camel is the ship of the desert.
FOLLOWING: 3 O death! Where is your sting?
4 David is as noble as his father.
5 I heard the humming of bees.
6 Experience is the best teacher.
Not to speak about crane even I can
7 pick up the 1000 kilos weight by
my one hand.
8 Life is bittersweet.
9 Grunt, grunt goes the hog.
The trees are our friends who
10
protect us.
Sr. Sentences Answer
11 I did those things that I cannot do.
12 The blanket is as white as snow.
13 We are alone together.
14 She is a cuckoo.
15 This is an open secret.
The sun is playing hide and seek
16
with the clouds.
17 Gloria glared at glasses.
18 Soldiers were lion in the fight.
This watch must have cost millions
19
of dollars.
20 Soldiers fought like a lion.