IGS 1521-2012 Japanese Geotechnical Society Standard (JGS 1521-2012) Method for plate load test 1 Scope This standard specifies the method for carrying out a plate load test to determine the bearing characteristics and the deformation characteristics of the ground based on the relationship between the load applied to the loading plato and the displacement. 2 Normative references None 3. Terms and definitions The terms and definitions used in this standard are as follows: 3.1 Bearing characteristics of the ground ‘The ultimate bearing capacity and coefficients of subgrade reaction (K,) in response to plate loading 3.2. Deformation character ‘The deformation modulus (E.), tangent modulus of elasicty (E), and secant modulus of elasticity (E,) resulting from plate loading. Furthermore, it sustained loading is applied inthe test, a creep modulus shal be additionally obtained ics of the ground 3.3 Loading plate ‘Astee! plate placed on the surface of the ground being tested to transmit the load from the loading apparatus to the ground. 3.4 Loading pressure ‘The load per unit area calculated by dividing the load applied to the loading plate by the area of the loading plate, 3.5 Ultimate bearing capacity ‘The loading pressure being applied at the moment of ground failure. 3.6 Coefficient of subgrade reaction (K,) ‘The proportion of the loading plate displacement” with respect to changes in the loading pressure. ‘Note ”: The word “settlement” shall be used in particule to describe cisplacement of the loading plate in the vertically downward direction when the load has been applied inthe vertically downward direction. 3.7 Deformation modulus (Eo) ‘The value calculated to represent from the slope of the straight line that joins the newly loading section of the loading pressure versus displacement curve. (© JGS 2015 ~All rights rasorved@= = JGS 1521-2012 3.8 Tangent modulus of elasticity (&) ‘The value taken from the gragient of the linear portion of the loading pressure versus displacement curve when the maximum load is applied cyclcaly. 3.9 Secant modulus of elasticity (E,) ‘The value taken from the gradient of the straight line connecting the start and end points of the loading pressure versus displacement curve when the maximum load is applied cyclicaly 4 Equipment 41 Configuration of test apparatus ‘The test apparatus shall consist of a loading plate, loading apparatus and measuring instruments, Note: Figures 1 and 2 show examples of test apparatus configuration. 42. Loading plate The loading plate shail be @ circular steet plate with smooth upper and lower surfaces and of sufficient stifness to cause only @ small deflection, negligible compared to the ground surface displacement. The standard loading plate shall be at ieast 300 mm in diameter, and the plate shall be selected according to the required ‘maximum load and the soil and rock properties, hardness, gravel diameter, cracks, and other conditions of the ‘ground surface being tested, Note 1: Aloading plate witha thickness of 25 mm or greater is often used Note 2: The loading plate may be provided with reinforcing ibs. Figure 3 shows an example of a loading plate with reinforcing ribs 4.3 Loading apparatus 43.4 General matters Loading apparatus is a general term used for the equipment that applies the load to the loading plate, For this Purpose, equipment suitable for the location of the test shall be selected. The loading apparatus shall be fixed in place to ensure that no eccentric load is applied to the loading plata, 432 Jack The jack shail be the device that produces the actual load applied to the loading plate. The capacity of the jack shall be at least equal to the maximum test load, while its stroke shall be sufficient to track the ground Gisplacement. The jack shail also be capable of smooth loading and unloading, and it shall be able to maintain a specified load, "Note: Ideally tho jack loeding capacity should be atleast 1.2 times the maximum test load, 433. Support post ‘The support post is the component that transmits the load produced by the jack against the reaction members to the loading plate and loading beam. It shall have sufficient load-bearing capacity and stiffness with respect to the maximum test load. The end surface of the support post shal be perpendicular to its axis. When necessary, the support post, spherical bearing, and bearing plate may be a single component. The spherical bearing and bearing plate shall also have sufficient load-bearing capacity and stiffness with respect to the maximum test. load. [Note:The ideal support post should have a configuration thet is both simple and stable, 2 ©JGS 2015 - All rights reservedInpanese ‘eatechneet Sadety IGS 1524-2012 43.4 Loading beam and reaction members The loading beam and reaction members shall be the components that transfer the load to the support. They shall have sutficient bending, shear, compression, bearing, and buckling strength with respect to the maximum test load, Note 4: When the reaction load 's supported on a surrounding rock mass in an adit, tc. the support plate in the reaction members are generally stuck to @ surface of rock mass with motor paste and other such materials, Note 2: In places other than inside an adit, beams are used to suppor the reaction load by fixing them with physical loads or anchors. 43.5 Reaction force components, The reaction force for jacks shall be supported by reaction force components. When the test is conducted ‘outdoors, anchors or an actual load shall be used to form the reaction structure. When the test is conducted inside a tunnel or other type of adit, the ground shall serve as the reaction structure. a) Actual oad shall be at least 1.2 times the maximum test load. The reaction force components by actual load shall be sufficiently stable with respect to movement and toppling under such a load. b) Tensile resistance by anchor piles shall be at least 1.2 times the maximum test load. The linkage between, the anchor piles and the loading beam shall be sufficiently safe with respect to eccentricity and secondary stresses. Note: When using reaction force components, actual lad and anchors &s provided above may be used together. 4.4 Measuring instruments 44.4 General mattors ‘The measurement instruments shall consist of a loading gauge that measures the load produced by the jack, a displacement gauge that measures the displacement of the loading plate, a reference beam that supports the displacement gauge, and other components. 442° Loading gauge ‘The loading gauge shall have a capacity that is at least equal to the maximum test load. Its accuracy shall be within 42.5 % of the maximum test load. It shall also be able to withstand vibration and temperature variations, etc Note 1: A oad eal or proving rng or the lke is offen used as the loading gauge. Note 2: Ifa load coll is used, it shall be capable of measuring with a precision of 1 %. Note 3: The loading gauge should ideally have a capacty in the range of approximately 1.2 times to 5 times the maximum test los. 443. Displacement gauges Displacement gauges shall have sufficient range with respect to the anticipated displacement in response to the maximum test load. It shall have a precision that enables readings to be displayed down to 0.01 mm or less. It shall also be able to withstand vibration and temperature variations, etc. Note 1: Electical or dial gauges are often used as the displacement gauges. Note 2: For tests to determine the bearing ground characteristics of the ground, the displacement gauges should Ideally have a range of atleast 30 mm. (© IGS 2018 ~All rights reservedJGS 1521-2012 444 Reference beam The reference beam shall be supported on the supports for reference beam and shall have sufficient stiness 0 that no deflection takes place during loading. The supports shall hold the reference beam so that it is not Subject to the detrimental effects of vibration or temperature variations, etc. 44.5 Reference beam support stand The reference beam support stand shall hold the reference beam firmly. They shall be fixed in place so as to Prevent movement during attachment ofthe reference beam Note: When the loading surface is a soil, the reference beam support sland may be highly rig piles driven into the ground and feed in placa, 44.6 Stopwatch or chronometer The stopwatch or chronometer shall be capable of measuring the duration at the test. 5 Test method 5.1 Selection of test area Assuitable point that is representative of the ground to be tested shall be selected by means of a thorough study of the type and scale of the planned structure, the size of the foundation and ground conditions (location of Supporting ground, layer configuration, etc.). When conducting the test inside an adit, the survey tunnel shall have a section of a suitable size Note 1: When tests are cared out at multiple adjacent points, test points should ideally be spaced ata distance of at least three times the dlameter ofthe lcading plate (center-to-center spacing) Note 2: The soected test point should ideally be one where wind, rain. sunlight, groundwater, or other construction work Or the lke do not hamper the work and possibly reduce measurement accuracy. 52 Leveling of test ground and placement of loading plate 5.21 Forloading plate on soil When the loading plate is placed on a sol leveling and placement ofthe loading plate shal be as follows, @) The surface of the test ground shall be leveled over an area at least three times the diameter of the loading plate (as measured from the center of the loading plate). b) The surface condition of the test ground shall be carefully observed prior to loading ©) In order to avoid possible changes to the ground or disturbances, a final leveling operation shall be conducted immediately prior to the test. 4) The loading plate shall be placed so itis in close contact with the test ground surface. Note: In order to increase contact between the loading plate and the test ground, a thin layer of ory sand may be spread ‘over the test ground. @) The surface ofthe test ground shall be protected so that conditions do not change during the test 5.22. Forloading plate on rock mass: When the loading plate is placed on rock mass, leveling and placement of the loading plate shall be as follows, ) Any parts of the rock surface forming the test surface that have been loosened by excavation or otherwise shall be removed, along with any damaged rock. The surface shall be leveled to eliminate significant - © JGS 2015 - All rights reserved:IGS 1521-2012 Irregularities. The extent to be finished should be around 1.5 to 2.0 times larger than the diameter of the loading plate. b) _Unevenness of the test surface should be finished within a few milimeters. Note: In the case the rock mass has cracks, unavenness ofthe test surface may be no more than a few centimeters, ©) The surface condition ofthe test ground shall be carefully observed before loading to determine the status ‘of cracks and s0 on, 4d) In order to ensure close contact between the loading plate and the test surface, coment paste or other facing material shall be applied to the test ground prior to placement of the loading plate, ) The extent of facing shall be the same area as the loading plate. The layer of facing material shall be as thin as possible. 5.3. Installation of test apparatus 5.3.1 Installation of loading apparatus and loading cell ‘The jack, support post, loading cell and other components of the loading apparatus and loading cell shall be installed between the loading plate and the reaction members or reaction force components. The various components of the loading apparatus and loading cell shall be installed and aligned such thatthe centers of al Components are on a single axis, with no slack and no eccentric load on the loading plete. If the test is performed in an orientation other than vertical, a support platform shall be used for the loading apparatus. Note: When installing the loading beam and the reaction ferce components, the surface to which the load is applied shal be aligned paral tothe loading surfece. Care shall be taken to ensure thatthe loading epperatus and the load measuring instrument do nat topple over. 53.2 Installation of reference beam support stand, ‘The reference beam support stand shall be placed at such a distance that they will not be affected by ground displacement in the area around the loading plate as a result of loading [Note:The reference beam support stand are often placed at a distance of atleast three times the diameter ofthe loading plate as measured from the center ofthe loading plat. 5.3.3 Installation of reference beam The reference beam shall serve as the fixed reference point for measurements of displacement, so it shall be fitted to the reference beam support stand by @ method thet inhibits displacement resulting from deflection, vibration, or temperature variations. Note: In the case of a sol, the reference beam support stand are often highly rigid posts driven into the ground. The reference beam is fastened to these supports using clamps. 53.4 Installation of displacement gauges Four or more displacement gauges shall be installed at regular intervals around the edge of the loading plate. The displacement gauges shall be installed perpendicular to the loading plate to enable them to correctly measure the vertical displacement of the loading plate. To account for titing of the loading plate that may occur as a result of the loading plates of glass shall be affixed to the loading plate surface at points where the displacement gauges make contact, or some other measures shall be taken to ensure @ smooth surface extending over an appropriately large area. Note: A magnetic ciamp is often used to faston displacement gauges tothe reference beam, ©.GS 2018 ~All rights served 5Japenese Geotechnical Sedaty JGS 1521-2012 53.5. Installation of reaction force components When a physical load or anchors are used as the reaction force components, the real load pedestals or anchor body shall be installed symmetrically at locations at a distance five ar more times the diameter of the loading Plate as measured from the conter of the loading plate, in order to prevent mutual interference between the loads with respect to the test ground surface and s0 on. If such an arrangement cannot be secured due to site Conditions, this shall be noted in the matters to be reported. Note: Hf, due to site conditions, real load pedestals or anchor body cannot be placed at a distance five or more times the clameter of the loading plate from the center of the loading plate, displacement gauges should ideally be placed near the loading plate and the reference point to enable the status ofthe ground to be checked. 5.4 Loading method Aload control method shall be used to load the loading plate. The loading pattern and the sustain loading time Shall be determined in accordance with the test objectives. In all tosts, preliminary loading shall be carried out Prior to the test in order to improve contact between the ground and the loading plate and to confirm correct ‘operation of the test apparatus. 54.1. Loading pattern The following loading patterns shall be used, either independently or in combination with one another, ‘accordance with the test objectives. Note 1: Figure 4 shows some examples of oading pattems. 2) Loading in stages or cyclic loading in stages shall be used when determining the bearing characteristics of ‘the ground, Note 2: Cyclic loading in stages shall be used when determinations of both the ground beering characteristics and the deformation characteristics of the ground are to be made, For loading patterns that specify the number of times the load is. tobe applied, it's recommended to determine an appropriate pattem in accordance with the quantity and quali ofthe test data tobe obtained, '8) Cyclic monotonic loading, repeated loading with maximum load, or sustained loading shall be used when determining the deformation characteristics of the ground. ©) Sustain loading shall be used when determining the creep characteristics of the ground, Note 3: The sustain loading time (in a creep test) shall be approximately several hours. 542 Load Load settings shall be established as follows. '2) The load used for preliminary loading shall be chosen within a range that does not exceed the first step of each loading pattern. 'b) The maximum test load shall be set in consideration of test point conditions and the design stress of the structure. ‘Note 1: The maximum test load ie often determined from the anticipated ultimate bearing capacity and the loading Pressure (which Is set within the range of one to thrae times the design stress) ©) The maximum test load shall be divided appropriately to obtain the loading increments used in loading in stages, cyclic loading in stages, and cyclic monotonic loading, Note 2: In the case of loading in slages, the maximum load is divided and applied in stages. The maximum test load is ‘often divided equally into five to eight loading stages. 6 © JGS 2015 — All rights reservedJepanese ootechniat nee. ___ sas 1521-2012 Note 3: In the case of cyclic loading in stages, loading is often caried out around three to five times for each of the prescribed loading stages, Note 4: In the case of eyclic monotonic loading, the maximum test load is often divided equally by the number of repetitions for each stage, and the number of repetitions is sat within the range of thee to eight stagos. d) Astute the size of the sustained load shall be the same as the maximum load for testing, 5.43. Loading rate The loading rate shall be as follows, fa) Loading and unloading shall be at a constant rate. The standard values of loading and unloading rate shall be 0.2 MNim*min for soil and soft rock, and 0.5 MNim*/min for hard rock, b) For loading in stages and cyclic loading in stages, the load shall be maintained for a set period of time after the prescribed load has been achieved at each loading stage. Note: In the case of soil, the load is often maintained for a period of approximately 30 minutes for initial loading ‘and approximately 5 minutes at the reloading and unloading stages. In the case of rock mass, the load is often ‘maintained for approximately 5 minutes. ©) In the case of repeated monotonic loading and repeated loading with maximum load, the maximum and minimum loads for each loading and unloading operation shall be maintained for a set period of time. 5.4.4 Measurement interval for load and displacement ‘Appropriate time intervals shall be established for loading and displacement measurements in accoréance with the loading pattern. fa) Loading and displacement measurements during step loading and repeated step loading shall be taken after the prescribed load has been reached at each loading step. As a rule, measurements shall be taken at 0 minute, 1 minute, 2 minutes, and 5 minutes, and thereafter, every § minutes, 5.45 Test completion When one of the following conditions is met, the final unloading step of the test shall begin and the test shail then be concluded. a) When the final stage in the set loading pattern has been reached and the prescribed time of load maintenance has expired. b) If displacement suddenly increases dramatically and it becomes dificult to maintain the load or apply new loading. ©) cracks appear in the surrounding ground and the loading plate has tited significantly, or otherwise if the ‘ground has been judged to have reached the fracture point, Note: The goneral itera in this case shall be displacement of approximately 10% or more of the loading plate diameter, ‘2 dramatic inflection point on the loading pressure versus settlement curve, or similar. 6 Test results 6.1 Method of processing test results when determining the bearing characteristics of the ground 6.41.1 Plotting of test results Based on the measurement results, curves of time versus the loading pressure, time versus settlement, and the loading pressure versus settlement shall be prepared. For cyclic loading tests in stages, in addition to the above, the loading pressure versus residual settlement curve and the unloading curve shall also be prepared. © JGS 2015 — All rights reserved 7@ = IGS 1521-2012 Seviety 61.2 Calculation of coefficient of subgrade reaction The coefficient of subgrade reaction shall be calculated from the loading pressure versus settlement curve Using the following equation, ) Coefficient of subgrade reaction in the case of loading in stages rk where Ke: Coefficient of subgrade reaction in the case of loading in atages (kNim?) Ps Px: Loading pressure (kN/m?) S;, Se Individual settlement (m) However, as 2 rule, p; shall be taken to be the no-load status (loading pressure 0) and py is 1/3 of the ‘maximum loading pressure, b) Coefficient of subgrade reaction for nth cyclic loading stage in the case of cyclic loading in stages Kn: Coefficient of subgrade reaction for nth eyclic loading stage (kN/m®) Ps: Loading pressure at no-load status (kN/m*) Py; Maximum loading pressure in region in which the loading pressure versus settlement ‘elationship is generally a straight ine at the target cyclic loading stages {kNim*) ‘Si’ Sz: Settlement corresponding to p:' and p,’ (m) "Note: Figures 5 and 6 show examples of the loading presoure versus setiement curves. 6.1.3 Assessment of ultimate bearing capacity At the points shown in the figures below, the ground shall be observed to have reached the failure state and the loading pressure at that time shall be taken to be the ultimate bearing capacity. Ifthe multiple failure states are Confirmed, the smallest ofthe loading pressure values shall be taken as the ultimate bearing capacity, Note: If no failure ofthe ground is confirmed even after reaching the maximum test load, the maximum test oad may be ‘veated as the ultimate bearing capacity ) Loading pressure (p,) at the point at which the settlement on the loading pressure versus settlement curve ‘suddenly increases dramatically unti it becomes generally parallel to the settlement axis (Y axis) (In the case of Fig. 7-A) ') fa) cannot be determined clearly, the smaller ofthe following two loading pressures values, as long as the settlement does not exceed 10 % of the loading plate diameter (30 mm in the case of 300 mm), 1) Loading pressure (p,) at the point at which the settlement begins to increase linearly on the loading pressure versus settlement curve (in the case of Fig. 7-B) 8 © JGS 2015 — All rights reservedseer IGS 1521-2012 2) Loading pressure (p,) at the point at which the curve becomes generally parallel to the settlement axis (V axis) on the log P (loading pressure) versus S (settlement) curve where the loading pressure (axis) is logarithmic. (Fig. 8) ©) Where it is difficult to determine either a) or b) and it is confirmed that settlement exceeds 10 % of the loading plate diameter, the loading pressure at the point at which settlement reaches 10 % of the loading plate diameter. 4d) Loading pressure at the point at which there is @ sudden and dramatic change in the state of the loading plate and the surrounding ground and it begins to be difficult to maintain the load or apply a new staged loa. 6.2 Method of preparing test results when determining the deformation characteristics of the ground 6.21 Plotting of test results The loading pressure versus displacement curve shall be prepared based on the results of the loading and displacement measurements. Ifa test with sustain loading (creep test) has been performed, an elapsed time versus displacement curve shall be prepared. 6.2.2 Assessment of deformation characteristics The deformation modulus, tangent modulus of elasticity, and secant modulus of elasticity of rock shall be assessed using the loading pressure versus displacement curve. These assessments of deformation characteristics shall be assessed from as follows. a) The deformation modulus, tangent modulus of elasticity, and secant modulus of elasticity shall be assessed based on elasticity theory for the case in which the load has been applied to a semi-infinite isotropic elastic body surface using a rigid circular plate. b) The deformation modulus shall be assessed from the slope of the straight line ((1)-(1)) joining the new loading sections of the loading pressure versus displacement curve, as shown in Fig. 9, using the following equation. ralt—v?) 2p. 2 as Ep: Deformation modulus (MNin?) 4p: Loading pressure increment of straight ine ((1)(1)) (MN?) 48: Displacement increment of straight line ((1}-(1)) (mm) ve Poisson's ratio a Radius of loading plate (mm) c) The tangent modulus of elasticity and secant modulus of elasticity shall be assessed from the part of the curve at the final cyclic loading stage (hat is, at the maximum load) of loading in stages, as shown in the Joading pressure versus displacement curves in Figs. 10 and 11, using the following equations. The tangent modulus of elasticity shall be determined from the slope of the straight line ((2)(2)') of the: final cyclic loading stage at the maximum load as shown in the loading pressure versus displacement curve, using the following equation, (© JGS 2015 — All rights reserved 9IGS 1521-2012 where E: Tangent modulus of elesticty (MN/m*) 4p: Loading pressure increment of straight line ((2)-(2)') (MNim?) 48: Displacement increment of straight line (2}(2)} (mm) v. Poisson ratio @: Radius of loading plate (mm) ‘The secant modulus of elasticity shall be determined from the slope of the straight line ((3)-3)) connecting the start point and end point of the final cyclic loading stage at maximum loading pressure as shown in the loading pressure versus displacement curve, using the following equation, Ex Secant modulus of elasticity (MNim?’) 4p: Loading pressure increment of straight line ((3)-(3)') (MN/m?) 48: Displacement increment of straight line (3)-(3)') (mm) ve Poisson ratio a Radius of loading plate (mm) 4) Various methods have been proposed for determining the coefficients representing creep characteristics ‘as needed when preparing the results of creep tests. A method of assessing the creep ratio, which is derived rather commonly, is noted here, The creep ratio shall be assessed from the creep displacement and elastic displacement with respect to the sustain loading time in the time versus displacement curve shown in Fig. 12, using the following equation, 6 oak re where Ci Creep ratio &: Creep displacement (mm) 2 Elastic displacement (mm) 7 Reporting The following items of the test results shall be reported. 7.1 Matters to be reported when determining the bearing characteristics in the ground The following items shall be reported, a) Test method The loading plate shape and dimensions, loading method and reaction force components, etc. shall be reported, Note: If no standard method for cyclic loading stages has been used, the relationship between loading cycle and loading ‘stage should be clearly noted. ») Diagrams and tables showing test results 10 © JGS 2015 ~All rights reservedIGS 1521-2012 ©) Coefficient of subgrade reaction d) Ultimate bearing capacity €) Results of observation of test ground and status of groundwater f) Ifthe method used deviates in any way from this standard, give detaits of the method used 9) Other reportable matters 7.2. Matters to be reported when determining ground deformation characteristics ‘The following items shall be reported. 2) Positional diagram of test points Geological conditions at the test area and the locations ofthe test points shall be noted b) Condition of rock at test points The following matters shall be noted with regard to the condition of rock at test points, 41) Type of rock, ithologic character, and conditions of discontinuities of Joints and cracks 2). Ifthe rock mass classification has been conducted: the rock mass classification at test points and the rock mass classification standard that was applied 3) Sketches and photographs of the test surface before and after testing 4) Status of spring water, ete. (as needed) ©) Test method The test apparatus, loading plate dimensions, capacity and precision of load cell and displacement ‘gauges, direction of loading, loading pattern and so on shall be noted. d) Test results, The following tems shall be noted. 1) Loading pressure versus displacement curve 2) Deformation modulus (E;), tangent modulus of elasticity (E), secant modulus of elasticity (E,), and the Poisson's ratio used to assess these values 3) Time versus displacement curve (when a creep test has been conducted) @) Ifthe method used deviates in any way from this standard, give details of the method used. 1) Other reportable matters Note: if other tests that indicate the characteristics ofthe rock mass belng tested have been conducted, the results of those tests should be given as wel, (© JGS 2015 ~ All rights reserved "IGS 1521-2012 12 Loading pate sack Suppor post Loaaing beam oad eat ysical toad ‘anchor ple ‘Anchor fod Displacement gauge Roteronce beam ‘support sana ky Fig. 1 Example of Test Apparatus Configuration (for exterior test) Loading plate disck ‘Suppor post Spherical bearing Bearing pats Reaction mambers oad oat Displacement cauge Feteronce beam Foferance beam support stand ng oan cltnydrautic pump Fig. 2 Example of ’st Apparatus Configuration (for test in an adit) © JGS 2018 ~All rights reserved |Jepanese ‘Geotechnical nem, IGS 1521-2012 4. Stoolplte 105 2. Reinorang tte Foy i Fig. 3 Example of loading plate with reinforcing ribs (for loading plate of ‘steel plate with thickness 25 mm) Lasting stapes Tae si eating presse (Ni) Losing pressure Nin!) Lostng peer Tee rou) Fig. 4 Examples of loading patterns (© JCS 2018 ~All rights reservedopane ‘Geoteciet Sodety IGS 1521-2012 Loading pressure p Settement $ (A) Loading prossure vereus satlement curve ining {ne tral settement at each loading sage Fig, 5 Example of loading pressure versus settlement curve for step loading Loading pressure p stheyte Remark: Example in whieh unloading and reloaing take pace afer every two loa stages Fig. 6 Example of loading pressure versus settlement curve for repeated step loading i © JGS 2015 — All rights reservedJapanese Geotechnical, Sadety IGS 1521-2012 Loading pressure p ma i" Settlement S ¥ ‘ 1 ‘Settement nesses near \ \ 1 \ Fig. 7 Typical loading pressure versus settlement curve and ultimate bearing capacity Loading pressure gp pe tog pS Seaterent S| Fig. 8 Log P (loading pressure) versus S (settlement) curve and ultimate bearing capacity (©UGS 2015 ~All rights reserved 15sapaneze Geotechnical IGS 1521-2012 _ Lacing pressure (MN) Displacement im) Fig. 9 Diagram showing determination of the deformation modulus E> Loading pressure (Nin) = tedng Displacement (rm) Fig. 10 Diagram showing determination of the tangent modulus of elasticity E, 16 (© UGS 2015 ~ Al rights reservedepaness eet IGS 1521-2012 secant nosso hetly Sloe ofa ne Loading presse (Nit) Displacement (rm) Fig, 11 Diagram showing determination of the secant modulus of elasticity E, Repeated loading a the maxinum ood Loading in stages sustain oading ‘em — Fig. 12 Example of time versus displacement curve ©JGS 2015 ~All rights reserved 7