Final Document Project

Automatic Billing Smart Trolley and Stock Monitoring
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of Requirements for the

Award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
A. Jagadeesh (188A1A0434)
P.V.N. Sai Likitha (198A5A0405)
L. Sravanthi (188A1A0415)
V. Ranga Mohan (188A1A0456)
T. Anusha (188A1A0431)
Under the Esteemed Guidance of

Mr.SK. JOHN, M.Tech
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF

INSTITUTIONSVALLURU-523272
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved By

AICTE, New Delhi) Accredited by NBA and certified
by ISO 9001:2015
2018- 2022
RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
VALLURU-523272
(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved By AICTE, New
Delhi) Accredited by NBA and Certified by ISO 9001:2015
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled ”AUTOMATED BILLING
SMART TROLLEY AND STOCK MONITORING ” is a bonafide record of

project work done Jointly by A.Jagadeesh(188A1A0434), P.V.N Likitha(198A5A0405)
L.Sravanthi (188A1A0415), V.Ranga Mohan(188A1A0456),T.Anusha (188A1A0431)
under my guidance and supervision and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication
Engineering by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,Kakinada during theacademic
Year 2018-2022.
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. SK. JOHN M.Tech Dr. CH. VENUGOPAL REDDY M.E, Ph. D
Assistant Professor Professor & HOD
Dept.of ECE Dept.of ECE
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mr.SK.JOHN, for providing his
invaluable guidance, comments, suggestions, and support throughout the course of the project.
We pay our profound sense of gratitude to our Head of the Department Dr. CH.
VENUGOPAL REDDY for providing an excellent environment in our college and helping
us at all points for achieving our task.
We pay our profound sense of gratitude to our Prinicipal Prof.Dr.A.V.BHASKARA RAO

for providing an excellent environment in ourcollege and helping us at all points for achieving
our task.
We express our sincere thanks to the Management of RISE Krishna Sai Prakasam Group
of Institutions,Valluru for providing a good environment and infrastructure.
Finally we thank all our faculty members, supporting staff of ECE Department and friends for
their kind co-operation and valuable help for the completion of the project.
Project Associates
A. Jagadeesh (188A1A0434)
P.V.N. Sai Likhita (198A5A0405)
L. Sravanthi (188A1A0415)
V. Ranga Mohan (188A1A0456)
T. Anusha (188A1A0431)
INSTITUTIONS
VALLURU-523272
Vision of the To be a premier institution in technical education by creating

Institute professionals of global standards with ethics and social responsibility for
the development of the nation and the mankind.
Impart Outcome Based Education through well qualified anddedicated
faculty.
Provide state-of-the-art infrastructure and facilities

Mission of for application-oriented research.
the Institute Reinforce technical skills with life skills and entrepreneurshipskills.
Promote cutting-edge technologies to produce

industry-ready Professionals.
Facilitate interaction with all stakeholders to fosterideas
and innovation.
Inculcate moral values, professional ethics and social
responsibility
Vision of the To become a center of excellence in Electronics and
Department Communication Engineering to meet the global,
technological and industrialrequirements.
Provide moderntechnical knowledge, professional skills andattitudeto

meet industry needs.
Mission of
Promote innovations through professional training
the and development.
Department
Develop a team with professional ethics and
social responsibility.
INSTITUTIONS
VALLURU-523272
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):
Graduates of the program will be able to

Intensive and extensive engineering knowledge and skill to
PEO1: understand, analyze, design and create novel products andsolutions
in the field of
Core Skills
Signal Processing, Communication Systems, Embedded Systems
and VLSI.
PEO2: Capability to pursue career in industry
Problem Solving orhigher studies with continuous learning.
and Lifelong
Learning
PEO3: Leadership qualities, team spirit, multi-disciplinary approach,
Entrepreneurship character modeling and lifelong learning for asuccessful
Skills professional career.
PEO4: Professional and ethical attitude, effective communicationskills, and

Professionalism sense of responsibility towards society
Program Outcomes(POs):
PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
Problems
PO2 Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences
PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex

engineering problems and design system components or processes that meet the
specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and safety,
and the cultural, societal, and environmentalconsiderations.
PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based

knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis and
interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information .
PO5 Modern Tool Usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations
PO6 The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual
knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the
consequent responsibilities relevant to the Professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and
responsibilities and norms of the engineering practice
PO9 Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and asa member
or leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

with the engineering community and with society at large, suchas, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions
PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

understanding of the engineering and management principles and applythese to
one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinaryenvironments
PO12 Life-long Learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation andability
to engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of
technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s):
A student of the Electronics and Communication Engineering Program will be ableto
PSO1 Design and implementation of complex systems by applying basicconcepts in

Electronics &Communication Engineering to Electronics, Communications,
Signal Processing, VLSI, Embedded Systems (Core Skills).
PSO2 Solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems, using

hardware and software tools, along with analyticalskills to arrive cost effective
and appropriate solutions relevant tothe society (Problem-Solving Skills).
PSO3 Quality in technical subjects for successful higher studies andemployment
(Professional Career).
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INSTITUTIONS::ONGOLE
(Approved by AICTE-NEW DELHI, Affiliated to JNTUK
KAKINADA)NBA Accredited and ISO9001:2015Certified
Institute
NH-16, Valluru-523272, Ongole, Prakasam District, A.P
Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
IV B. Tech II Semester Project Outcomes
Branch/Sec: ECE-1 A.Y:21-22
After completing this course the student must be able to
Course
Outcome
Co. No BTL
After completing this course, the student must be able to
C426.1 Envisaging applications for societal needs Evaluating
C426.2 Develop skills for analysis and synthesis of Creating

practical systems
C426.3 Acquire the use of new tools effectively and creatively Creating
Work in team to carry out analysis and cost-

C426.4 Creating
effective, environmental friendly designs of
engineering systems
Write Technical / Project reports and oral
C426.5 presentation of thework done to an audience Evaluating
C426.6 Demonstrate a product developed Creating

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RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

VALLURU-523272
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Name of the Course : Project Year & : IV Year

Semester II
Academic Year : 2018-2022 Regulation : R16
CO Vs PO Mapping
Course
Outco PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1
mes
(COs) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2
C426.1 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
C426.2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
C426.3 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
C426.4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
C426.5 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
C426.6 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
C426 2.00 2.00 2.83 2.67 3.00 3.00 2.33 2.50 3.00 2.67 2.67 2.67
COVs PSO Mapping
Course
PSO1 PSO2 PSO3
Outcomes(COs)
C426.1 3 3 3
C426.2 3 3 3
C426.3 3 3 3
C426.4 3 3 3
C426.5 2 2 2
C426.6 3 3 3
C426 2.83 2.83 2.83
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CONTENTS
PAGE.NO
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES & TABLES
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSYTEMS
1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems 1

1.2 Types of Embedded Systems 3
1.3 Overview of Embedded system Architecture 5
1.4 Memory Architecture 7
1.5 Features of Embedded systems 11
1.6 Design process 12
1.7 Applications of embedded systems 13
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Review of Literature 16
CHAPTER 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

3.1 Regulated Power Supply 18
3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID 19
3.3 RFID Cards 20
3.4 Keypad 21
3.5 Liquid Crystal Display 22
3.6 Internet o Things (IOT) 23

3.7 Arduino 24
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3.8 Relay 25
3.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 26
CHAPTER 4: ARDUINO
4.1 Introduction to Arduino uno 27
CHAPTER 5: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 Software introduction 38
5.2 Launch Arduino uno 39
CHAPTER 6: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

6.1 Automated billing smart trolley and stock monitoring 44
CHAPTER 7: RESULT & DISCUSSION
7.1 Result 45
7.2 Discussion
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion 46
8.2 Future scope
CHAPTER 9: REFERENCE
9.1 Reference 48
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LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO
1.
FIG.NO FIGURE NAME PAGE.NO
1.1 Block diagram of Embedded System 1
2. 1.2 Types of Embedded System 3
3. 1.3 Embedded System Architecture 6
4. 1.4.1 Harvard Architecture 8
5. 1.4.3 Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture 10
6. 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System 17
7. 3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 19
8. 3.3 RFID Cards 20
9. 3.4 Keypad 21
10. 3.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 22
11. 3.6 Internet of Things (IOT) 23
12. 3.7 Arduino 24
13. 3.8 Relay 25
14. 3.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED) 26
15. 4.1.1 Arduino Uno Overview diagram 29
16. 4.1.2 Arduino Uno Description Diagram 30
17. 5.1 Opening arduino-nightly-windows.zip 38
18. 5.2 Launch Arduino IDE 39
19. 5.2.1 Create a new project file 40

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20. 5.3 Open an existing project example 40

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21. 5.4 Select your serial port
22. 5.5 Function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino 42
IDE toolbar
23. 5.6 Bare minimum code 43
24. 6.1 Schematic diagram for Automated billing smart 44
trolley and stock monitoring
25. 8.1 Automated billing smart trolley and Stock 47
Marketing
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ABSTRACT
This modern world, all people like to use products which is of high technology. People do not want
to waste time and energy by using conventional systems. Rather they preferadvanced devices which is
automated, smart, to finish their work soon. Smart trolley is one such advanced devices which is more
flexible and easy process to complete shopping without any delay. Customers in the store do not want
to wait for long time to pay their bill. In the smart trolley the bill can be paid simultaneously without
waiting in the counter. Once the shopping is over payment is done through online or offline based on
the customer. This flexibility is not provided by the existing trolley. To overcome this, Smart trolley is
preferred. The newly designed smart trolley consists of Arduino UNO, RFID reader and tag, Wi-Fi
module. Apart from this payment feature, smart trolley allows the admin to view the stock details also.
Each product's stock can be monitored and planned accordingly without any extra manual work.
AUTOMATED BILLING SMART TROLLEY AND STOCK
MONITORING
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems:
Embedded
System
Software Hardware
o ALP o Processor
o C o Peripherals
o V o memory
B
Et
Figure 1.1: Block diagram of Embedded System
An embedded system is a system which is going to do a predefined specified task is the

embedded system and is even defined as combination of both software and hardware. A general-
purpose definition of embedded systems is that they are devices used to control, monitor or assist the
operation of equipment, machinery or plant. "Embedded" reflects the fact that they are an integral part
of the system. At the other extreme a general-purpose computer may be used to control the operation
In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that application software.
Department of ECE 1
MONITORING
All embedded systems are including computers or microprocessors. Some of these computers
are however very simple systems as compared with a personal computer.
The very simplest embedded systems are capable of performing only a single function or set of
functions to meet a single predetermined purpose. In more complex systems an application program
that enables the embedded system to be used for a particular purpose in a specific application
determines the functioning of the embedded system. The ability to have programs means that the same
embedded system can be usedfor a variety of different purposes. In some cases a microprocessor may
be designed in such a way that application software for a particular purpose can be added to the basic
software in a second process, after which it is not possible to make further changes. The applications
software on such processors is sometimes referred to as firmware.
The simplest devices consist of a single microprocessor (often called a "chip”), which may itself
be packaged with other chips in a hybrid system or Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Its
input comes from a detector or sensor and its output goes to a switch or activator which (for example)
may start or stop the operation of a machine or, by operating a valve, may control the flow of fuel to an
engine. As the embedded system is the combination of both software and hardware.
Software deals with the languages like ALP, C, and VB etc., and Hardware deals with
Processors, Peripherals, and Memory.
Memory: It is used to store data or address.
Peripherals: These are the external devices connected.
Processor: It is an IC which is used to perform some

task.
In some cases a microprocessor may be designed in such a way that application software for a
particular purpose can be added to the basic software in a second process, after which it is not possible
to make further changes. The applications software on such processors is sometimes referred to as
firmware.
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MONITORING
1.2 Types of Embedded Systems:
Embedded systems can be classified into different types based on
performance,functional requirements and performance of the microcontroller.
Figure1.2: Types of Embedded System

Embedded systems are classified into four categories based on their performance andfunctional
requirements:
 Standalone embedded systems
 Real time embedded systems
 Networked embedded systems
 Mobile embedded systems
 Small scale embedded systems
 Medium scale embedded systems
 Sophisticated embedded systems
1.2.1 Stand Alone Embedded Systems:
Stand Alone embedded systems do not require a host system like a computer, it works by
itself. It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital and processes, calculates and
converts the data and gives the resulting data through the connected device-Which either controls or
drives and displays the connected devices.
Examples for the standalone embedded systems are mp3 players, digital cameras, videogame consoles,
microwave ovens and temperature measurement systems.
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MONITORING
1.2.2 Real Time Embedded Systems:
A real time embedded system is defined as; a system which gives required output in a particular
time. These types of embedded systems follow the time deadlines for completion of a task. Real time
embedded systems are classified into two types such as soft and hard real time systems.
1.2.3 Networked embedded systems:
These types of embedded systems are related to a network to access the resources. The connected
network can be LAN, WAN or the internet. The connection can be any wired or wireless. This type of
embedded system is the fastest growing area in embedded system applications. The embedded web
server is a type of system wherein all embedded devices are connected to a web server and accessed
and controlled by a web browser. Example for the LAN networked embedded system is a home
security system wherein all sensors are connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP.
1.2.4 Mobile Embedded Systems:
Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices like cell phones, mobiles,
digital cameras, mp3 players and personal digital assistants, etc. The basic limitation of these
devices is the other resources and limitation of memory.
1.2.5 Small Scale Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems are designed with a single 8 or 16- bit
microcontrollers that may even be activated by a battery. For developing embedded software for small
scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are an editor, assembler, cross assembler and
integrated development environment (IDE).
1.2.6 Medium Scale Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems design with a single or 16 or 32 bit microcontroller, RISCs
or DSPs. These types of embedded systems have both hardware and software complexities. For
developing embedded software for medium scale embedded systems, the main programming tools are
C, C++, and JAVA, Visual C++, and RTOS, debugger, source code engineering tool, simulator and
IDE.
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MONITORING
1.2.7 Embedded Systems:
These types of embedded systems have enormous hardware and software complexities that may
need ASIPs, IPs, PLAs, scalable or configurable processors. They are used for cutting-edge
applications that need hardware and software Co-design and components which have to assemble
in the final system.
1.3 Overview of Embedded system Architecture:
Every embedded system consists of custom-built hardware built around a Central Processing
Unit (CPU). This hardware also contains memory chips onto which the software is loaded.
Figure 1.3: Embedded System Architecture
1.3.1 Central Processing Unit:
The Central Processing Unit (processor, in short) can be any of the following: microcontroller,
microprocessor or Digital Signal Processing (DSP). A micro-controller is a low-cost processor. Its
main attraction is that on the chip itself, there will be many other components such as memory, serial
communication interface, analog-to-digital converter etc. So, for small applications, a micro-controller
is the best choice as the number of external components required will be very less. On the other hand,
microprocessors are more powerful, but you need to use many external components with them.
DSP is used mainly for applications in which signaling is involved such as audio and video processing
Department of ECE 5
MONITORING
1.3.2 Memory:
The memory is categorized as Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
The content of the RAM will be erased if power is switch off to the chip, where ROM retains the
contents even if the power is switched off. So, the firmware is stored in the ROM. When power is
switched on, the processer reads the ROM. The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources
and limitation of memory.
The program is executed. On the other hand, microprocessors are more powerful, but you
need to use many external components with them. DSP is used mainly for applications in which
signaling is involved such as audio and video processing. authentication and verification are embedded
systems. Encryption devices are nearly 99 percent of the processors that are manufactured end up in
embedded systems.
1.3.3 Input Devices:
Unlike the desktop, the input devices to an embedded system have very limited capability. There
will be no keyboard or a mouse, and hence interacting with the embedded system is no easy task.
Many embedded systems will have a small keypad- you press one key to give a specific command. A
keypad may be used to input only the digits. Many embedded system used in process control do not
have any input device for user interaction. They take inputs from sensors or transducers produce
electrical signals that are in turn fed to other systems.
1.3.4 Output Devices:
The output devices of the embedded systems also have very limited capability. Some embedded
systems will have a few Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) to indicate the health status of the system
modules, or for visual indication of alarms. A small Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) may also be used to
display some important parameters.
1.4 Memory Architecture:
There two different type’s memory architectures there are:

1. Harvard Architecture
2. Von-Neumann Architecture
Department of ECE 6
MONITORING
1.4.1 Harvard Architecture:

Computers have separate memory areas for program instructions and data. There are two or
more internal data buses, which allow simultaneous access to both instructions and data. The CPU
fetches program instructions on the program memory bus.
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal
pathways for instructions and data. The term originated from the Harvard Mark I relay-based
computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide) and data in electro-mechanical
counters. These early machines had limited data storage, entirely contained within the central
processing unit, and provided no access to the instruction storage as data. Programs needed to be
loaded by an operator, the processor could not boot itself.
Figure 1.4.1: Harvard Architecture
1.4.2 Modern uses of the Harvard architecture:
 Digital signal processors (DSPs) generally execute small, highly-optimized audio or video
processing algorithms. They avoid caches because their behavior must be extremely reproducible. The
difficulties of coping with multiple address spaces are of secondary concern to speed of execution. As
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MONITORING
 Microcontrollers are characterized by having small amounts of program (flash memory) and
data (SRAM) memory, with no cache, and take advantage of the Harvard architecture to speed
processing by concurrent instruction and data access. The separate storage means the program and data
memories can have different bit depths, For example using 16-bit wide instructions and 8-bit wide
data. They also mean that instruction pre-fetch can be performed in parallel with other activities.
Examples include, the AVR by Atmel Corp, the PIC by Microchip Technology, Inc.and the ARM
Cortex-M3 processor (not all ARM chips have Harvard architecture).
Even in these cases, it is common to have special instructions to access programmemory as data for
read-only tables, or for reprogramming.
1.4.3 Von-Neumann Architecture:
A computer has a single, common memory space in which both program instructions and
data are stored. There is a single internal data bus that fetches both instructions and data. They cannot
be performed at the same time
The Von Neumann Architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer that
uses a central processing unit (CPU) and a single separate storage structure ("memory") to hold both
instructions and data. It is named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John von
Neumann. Such computers implement a universal Turing machine and have a sequential architecture.
A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps its programmed instructions, as well as
its data, in read-write, random-access memory (RAM). Stored- program computers were advancement
over the program-controlled computers of the 1940s, such as the Colossus and the ENIAC, which were
programmed by setting switches and inserting patch leads to route data and to control signals
between various functional units. In the vast majority of modern computers, the same memory is used
for both data and program instructions. The mechanisms for transferring the data and instructions
between the CPU and memory are, however, considerably more complex than the original von
Neumann architecture. The terms "von Neumann architecture" and "stored-program computer" are
generally used interchangeably, and that usage is followed in this article.
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MONITORING
Figure 1.4.3: Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture.
1.4.4 Basic Difference between Harvard and Von-Neumann Architecture:
 The primary difference between Harvard architecture and the Von Neumann architecture is in
the Von Neumann architecture data and programs are stored in the same memory and managed by the
same information handling system.
Whereas the Harvard architecture stores data and programs in separate memory devices and they
are handled by different subsystems.
 In a computer using the Von-Neumann architecture without cache; the central processing unit
(CPU) can either be reading and instruction or writing/reading data to/from the memory. Both of these
operations cannot occur simultaneously as the data and instructions use the same system bus.
• In a computer using the Von-Neumann architecture without cache; the central processing unit (CPU) can
either be reading and instruction or writing/reading data to/from the memory. Both of these operations
cannot occur simultaneously as the data and instructions use the same system bus a computer using the
Harvard architecture the CPU can both read an In instruction and access data memory at the same time
without cache. This means that a computer with Harvard architecture can potentially be faster for a given
circuit complexity because data access and instruction fetches do not contend for use of a single memory
pathway.
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MONITORING
 Today, the vast majority of computers are designed and built using the Von Neumann
architecture template primarily because of the dynamic capabilities and efficiencies gained in
designing, implementing, operating one memory system as opposed to two. Von Neumann architecture
may be somewhat slower than the contrasting Harvard Architecture for certain specific tasks, but it is
much more flexible and allows for many concepts unavailable to Harvard architecture such as self-
programming, word processing and so on.
 Harvard architectures are typically only used in either specialized systems or for very specific
uses. It is used in specialized digital signal processing (DSP), typically for video and audio processing
products. It is also used in many small microcontrollers usedin electronics applications such as
Advanced RISK Machine (ARM) based products for many vendors. Harvard architecture can
potentially be faster for a given circuit complexity because data access and instruction fetches do not
contend for use of a single memory pathway Embedded systems find applications in every industrial
segment – consumer electronics,transportation, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing
process control and industrial automation, data communication, telecommunication, defense, security.
1.5 Features of Embedded system
 Embedded systems do a very specific task, they cannot be programmed to dodifferent things.
 Embedded systems have very limited resources, particularly the memory. Generally,they do not
have secondary storage devices such as the CDROM or the floppy disk.
Embedded systems have to work against some deadlines. A specific job has to be completed within a
specific time. In some embedded systems, called real-time systems,the deadlines are stringent.
Missing a deadline may cause a catastrophe- loss of life or damage to property
 Embedded systems are constrained for power. As many embedded systems
 Operate through a battery, the power consumption has to be very low.
 Some embedded systems have to operate in extreme environmental conditions suchas very high
temperatures and humidity.
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MONITORING
1.6 Design process:

Embedded system design is a quantitative job. The pillars of the system design methodology
are the separation between function and architecture is an essential step from conception to
implementation. In recent past, the search and industrial community has paid significant attention to
the topic of hardware-software (HW/SW) code sign and has tackled the problem of coordinating the
design of the parts to be implemented as software and the parts to be implemented as hardware
avoiding the HW/SW integration problem marred the electronics system industry so long. In any large
scale embedded systems design methodology, concurrency must be considered as a first class citizen at
all levels of abstraction and in both hardware and software. Formal models & transformations in
system design are used so that verification and synthesis can be applied to advantage in the design
methodology. Simulation tools are used for exploring the design space for validating the
functional and timing behaviors of embedded systems. Hardware can be simulated at different
levels such as electrical circuits, logic gates, RTL, etc., using VHDL description. In some
environments software developmenttools can be coupled with hardware simulators, while in others 05
the software is executed on the simulated hardware. The later approach is feasible only for small parts
of embedded systems. Design of an embedded system using Intel’s 80C188EB chip is shown in the
figure. In order to reduce complexity, the design process is divided in four major steps: specification,
system synthesis, and implementation synthesis and performance evaluation of the prototype.
1.6.1 Specification:
During this part of the design process, the informal requirements of theanalysis are
transformed to formal specification using SDL.
1.6.2 System-Synthesis:
For performing an automatic HW/SW partitioning, the system synthesis step translates the SDL
specification to an internal system model switch contains problem graph& architecture graph. After
system synthesis, the resulting system model is translated back to SDL.
MONITORING
1.6.3 Implementation-Synthesis:
SDL specification is then translated into conventional implementation languages such as

VHDL for hardware modules and C for software parts of the system.
1.6.4 Prototyping:
On a prototyping platform, the implementation of the system under development is

executed with the software parts running on multiprocessor unit and the hardware part running on a
FPGA board known as phoenix, prototype hardware for Embedded Network Interconnect
Accelerators.
1.7 Applications of embedded systems:
1. Consumer Applications
2. Computer Networking
3. Telecommunications
4. Wireless technologies
5. Security
1.7.1 Consumer Applications:
At home we use a number of embedded systems which include digital camera, digital diary,
DVD player, electronic toys, microwave oven, remote controls for TV and air-conditioner, VCO
player, video game consoles, video records etc. Today’s high-tech car has about 20 embedded systems
for transmission control, engine spark control, air- conditioning, navigation etc. Even wristwatches are
now becoming embedded systems. The palmtops are powerful embedded systems using which we can
carry out many general-purpose tasks such as playing games and word processing.
1.7.2 Computer Networking:
Computer Networking products such as Bridges, Routers, Integrated Services Digital

Networks (ISDN), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), X.25 and frame relay switches are embedded
system which implemented the necessary data communication protocols. For example, a router
interconnects two networks. The networks may be running different protocol stacks.
The router’s function is to obtain the data packets from incoming pores, analyze the packets and
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send them towards the destination after doing necessary protocol conversion. Most networking
equipments, other than the end systems (desktop computers) we use to access the networks, are
embedded systems.
1.7.3 Telecommunications:
In the field of telecommunications, the embedded systems can be categorized assubscriber

terminals and network equipment. The subscriber terminals such as key telephones, ISDN phones,
terminal adapters, web camera are embedded systems. Thenetwork equipment includes
multiplexers, multiple access systems, Packet AssemblerDissembler (PADs),
satellite modems etc… IP phone, IP gateway, IP gatekeeper etc… are the latest embedded systems that
are provide very low-cost voice communication over the Internet.
1.7.4 Wireless Technologies:
Advances in mobile communication are paving way for many interesting applications using
embedded systems. The mobile phone is one of the marvels of the last decade of the 20th century. It is
a very powerful embedded system that provides voice communication while we are on the move. The
Personal Digital Assistants and thepalmtops can now be used to access multimedia services over the
internet. Mobile communication infrastructure such as base station controllers, mobile switching
centers are also powerful embedded systems.
1.7.5 Security:
Security of persons and information has always been a major issue. We need to protect our
homes and offices, and also the information we transmit and store. Developing embedded systems for
security applications is one of the most lucrative businesses now-a-days. Security devices at homes,
offices, airports etc… for authentication and verification are embedded systems. Encryption devices
are nearly 99 percent of the processors that are manufactured end up in embedded systems.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE
SURVEY
2.1 Review of Literature:

A. Smart Shopping Cart
In this paper they have made a system model which supports easy shopping. This modelis attached to the
trolley for easy viewing. It consists of RFID reader which is used to scan each product which has the RFID
tag in it. The billing is done in smart trolley itself. The product name and its price will get displayed on
LCD screen.
B. RFID Based shopping Trolley for Supermarket
In this paper it consists of RFID and Arduino. Here the number of product and the productweight will be
displayed, along with the price details. If it does not match with the database then buzzer will beep.
C. Smart Cart using Arduino
Another model consists of RFID, IR sensor, ultrasonic sensor. The reader reads the tagin the product and
the corresponding amount is transferred to the billing desk. They can get the hardcopy of bill from the
desk after payment.
D. Smart Cart with Automatic Billing
In this the author innovate a system which supports smart billing trolley. In that they arerepresenting
the system with the additional functionality, which will calculate and update the customer bill. The
product and the price will be displayed in the LCD screen. They candirectly go the billing desk and
pay the amount. To improve the existing system this shopping cart will generate the shopping bill on
cart itself with the help of RFID reader.
E. Smart trolleys for shopping malls
Now-a-days number of large as well as small shopping malls [5] has increased throughout theglobal due
to the increasing public demand and spending. Constant enhancement is required in the traditional billing
system so as to improve the quality of shopping. To improve the existing system this shopping cart will
generate the shopping bill on cart itself with the help of RFID reader. This system will save the time of
customers and workload of employees in the mall.
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F. Smart cart using automatic billing, product information, product recommendationusing RFID
At the billing desk, the bill which is displayed on the screen will be transferred to the systemsmemory. This
is possible by the module which is present inside the RFID, which transfers the bill wirelessly. The
disadvantages of this system model is that once after displaying the total number of products and price, we
have to enter a key. And after that no addition or deletion of product will happen.
G. Smart shopping cart with automatic billing system through RFID and transmitterand receiver
In malls, there can be a big rush on holidays, weekends especially during on special offersand discount. Due
to purchasing in the shopping mall, now-a- days customer prefer the onlineshopping to get the required items
like Amazon, Flipkart and Snapdeal etc. so to solve this problem this paper proposed the virtual cart, using
which one can overcome the complications of online and offline shopping by ensuring a better experience.
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CHAPTER-3
BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
POWER SUPPLY LCD
RFID IOT
ARDUINO UNO
RED
RELAY
KEYPAD GREEN
RFID CARDS
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Proposed System
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3.1 Regulated Power Supply:
Powered directly from the wall source using AC adaptors. AC adaptors are cheap and easily available at
any electronics store. They are used to power a bunch of electronic gadgets at home, like radios,
answering machines, wireless routers, etc. They also come with mobile phones as chargers. They
convert the high voltage AC in the wall socket to low voltage DC suitable to run the appliances. They
usually provide the output voltage somewhere in the range of +3.3V to +12V DC, and supply current up
too few amperes.
An embedded system consists of many different components that can operate from a wide range of
power supply. But some components, such as Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), Besides, a voltage
regulator also minimizes the power supply noise and provide a sort of protection for the embedded
system from any possible damages due to fluctuating input voltages require a constant voltage supply to
provide an accurate output because they need a reference voltage for converting the analog signal to
digital count. A device, known as voltage regulator, is used for this purpose. It’s job is to convert a
range of input DC voltages to a constant output voltage. Besides, a voltage regulator also minimizes the
power supply noise and provide a sort of protection for the embedded system from any possible
damages due to fluctuating input voltages. The bottom line is that including a voltage regulator in your
design is always good. But some components, such as Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs), require a
constant voltage supply to provide an accurate output because they need a reference voltage for
converting the analog signal to digital count. Its job is to convert a range of input DC voltages to a
constant output voltage. Besides, a voltage regulator also minimizes the power supply noise and provide
a sort of protection for the embedded system from any possible .
3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Figure 3.2 RFID
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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to

automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. An RFID system consists of a tiny radio
transponder, a radio receiver and transmitter. When triggered by an electromagnetic interrogation pulse
from a nearby RFID reader device, the tag transmits digital data, usually an identifying inventory
number, back to the reader. This number can be used to track inventory goods.
Passive tags are powered by energy from the RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags
are powered by a battery and thus can be read at a greater range from the RFID reader, up to
hundreds of meters.
Unlike a barcode, the tag does not need to be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be
embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture
(AIDC).
RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during
production can be used to track its progress through the assembly.
3.3 RFID Cards
Figure 3.3.RFID Cards
A RFID, smart card, also called chip card or an integrated circuit (ICC or IC card), is asmall (typically
a wallet-sized) plastic card with an embedded chip that connects with the security device that requires
the cardholder’s verification of authenticity.
Smart cards work as a physical electronic authorization device used to control who has access to a
resource, such as a physical building or information within a database. The most common example of a
smart card is a debit or credit card.
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3.4 Keypad
Figure 3.4Keypad
Keypad is an analog switching device which is generally available in matrix structure. Itis used
in many embedded system application for allowing the user to perform a necessary task.
3.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Figure 3.5 LCD

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulatedoptical device
that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers. Liquid
crystals do not emit light directly, [1] instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images
in color or monochrome.[2] LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose
computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden.
For instance: preset words, digits, and seven-segment displays, as in a digital clock, are all good
examples of devices with these displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary
images are made from a matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.
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LCDs can either be normally on (positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer
arrangement. For example, a character positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a
background that is the color of the backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black
background with the letters being of the same color.
3.6 Internet of Things (IOT)
Figure 3.6 IOT
The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects)with
sensors, processing ability, software, and other technologies that connect and
exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other
communicationsnetworks. Internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do
not need to be connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network and
be individually addressable.
The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, which including
ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, increasingly powerful embedded systems, and
machine learning. Traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control
systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively
enable the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with
products pertaining to the concept of the "smart home", including devices and appliances (such as
lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that
support one or more common ecosystems, and can be controlled via devices associated with that
ecosystem,such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.
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3.7 Arduino
Figure 3.7 Arduino
Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and community that designs
and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital
devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while software is licensed
under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),
[1]
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially from the official. Arduino board designs use a variety of
microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced tovarious expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards
(for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including
Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The
microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a
standard API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing language
and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE.
3.8. Relay
Figure 3.8 Relay
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Relay modules (or power relay modules) are ubiquitous electronic components. They are an
exceedingly significant component of any home automation project. You will require a relay
module if you use a low voltage microcontroller such as n Arduino to control motors or lighting
circuits. Relay modules are straightforward components. Essentially, they work as switches. Your
average relay module comprises two internal metal contacts. Usually, these contacts do not connect
or touch each other. However, relays include an internal switch connecting these contacts to
complete an electrical circuit that allows current flow.
Relay modules do not work like manual light switches. To illustrate, when you switch on a light,
you must press a button to connect the two metal contacts within it. Inversely, a relay switch uses
electric pulses to turn its internal switch on and off.
3.9 Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Figure 3.9 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding tothe energy of the
photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device. Appearing as practical electronic components in
1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low- intensity infrared (IR) light. Infrared LEDs are used in
remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first
visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Early LEDs were often used as
indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and in seven-segment displays. Recent
developments have produced LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared
wavelengths, with high, low, or intermediate light output, for instance white LEDs .
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CHAPTER-4
ARDUINO
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO UNO:
Arduino is a computer hardware and software company, project, and user

community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products
are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the
manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available
commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself kits.
Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces,
including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs
from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed using a dialect of
features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using traditional compiler tool
chains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on the
Processing language project.
The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of
the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduino of Ivrea, who was the margrave of
the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.
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4.1.1 HISTORY:
The origin of the Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII)
in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a
considerable expense for many students. In 2004, Colombian student Hernando Barragan created
the development platform wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of
Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are known for work on the Processing language.
The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-
engineers. The wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the
microcontroller.
In 2005, Massimo Banzi , with David Mells , another IDII student, and David Cuartielles,
added support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the
work on Wiring, they copied the Wiring source code and renamed it as a separate project,called
Arduino. The wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168
microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program
microcontroller. The wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an
ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program
the microcontroller.
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Figure 4.1.1: Arduino Uno Overview diagram
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Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less-expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community. Adafruit Industries, a New York City supplier of
Arduino boards, parts, and assemblies, estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 officials Arduino
had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.
4.1.2 GENERAL PIN FUNCTIONS:
Figure 4.1.2: Arduino Uno Description Diagram
 LED: There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is
on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
 VIN: The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 20V), the USB connector (5V),
Or the VIN pin of the board (7-20V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the
regulator, and can damage the board.
 3V3: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
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 GND: Ground pins.
 IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the
5V or 3.3V.
 Reset: Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.
4.1.3 SPECIAL PIN FUNCTIONS:
Each of the 14 digital pins and 6 Analog pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pin Mode (), digital Write (), and digital Read () functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must not
be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller. The Uno has 6
analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024
different values).
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

 Serial / UART: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB- to-
TTL Serial chip.
 External Interrupts: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger aninterrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
 PWM (Pulse Width Modulation): 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11 Can provide 8-bitPWM
output with the analog Write() function.
 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).These pins
support SPI communication using the SPI library.
 TWI (Two Wire Interface) / I²C: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. SupportTWI
communication using the Wire library.
 AREF (Analog Reference): Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
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Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. The source code
for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version Nevertheless, an official
Bill of Materials of Arduino boards has never been released by Arduino staff.
Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copy left licenses,
the developers have requested that the name Arduino be exclusive to the official product and not
be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino
name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product.
Several Arduino- compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by
using various names ending in Arduino.
An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-, 16- or 32-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8,
ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560), but other makers' microcontrollers have
been used since 2015. The boards use single-row pinsor female headers that facilitate connections
for programming and incorporation intoother circuits. These may connect with add-on modules
termed shields. Multiple, and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C
serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator. Some designs, such as the Lily Pad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard
voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.
Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading
of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB- to-serial adapter chips
such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip
with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial
Firmware in which is reprogrammable via, its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as
the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Board Uno, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or
cable, Bluetooth or other methods, when used with traditional microcontroller tools instead of the
Arduino IDE; standard AVR in- system programming (ISP) programming is used.
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The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The
Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce
pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O
pins. These pins are on the top ofthe board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-
in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-
compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the
underside of the board that can plug into solder less breadboards.
Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally

equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by
adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and
small robots. Others are electrically equivalent but change the form factor, sometimes retaining
compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying
compatibility.
4.1.4 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT:

A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a compiler that
produces binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development
environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and thenewer Atmel Studio.
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is a cross-
platform application written in the programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the
languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting,
searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides
simple one- click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a
message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation
menus.
A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension Arduino Software (IDE) pre-
1.0 saved sketches with the extension.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides
many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions,
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for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program
stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included
with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program to convert the executable code
into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program
in the board's firmware.
4.1.5 PROGRAMMING:
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software (IDE)). Select "Arduino
Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details,
see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes pre-programmed with
a boot loader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).You
can also bypass the boot loader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit
Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for details.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available
in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFUbootloader, which can be
activated by On Rev1 boards: connecting the solderjumper on the back of the board (near the
map of Italy) and then rese ing the 8U2.On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the
8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader).
A program written with the IDE for Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension Arduino Software (IDE) pre-
1.0 saved sketches with the extension.
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library
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4.1.6 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS:
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating voltage 5V
Input voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input voltage(limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14(of which 6 provide PWM
Analog I/O Pins 6
Dc current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
Dc current for 3.3v Pin 50Ma
Flash memory 32 kb of which 0.5kb

SRAM 2 kb
EEPROM 1KB
Clock Speed 16MHz

Length 68.6mm
Weight 25g
Table3.10.6: Technical specifications of Arduino Uno
4.1.7 USB OVER CURRENT PROTECTION:
The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts
and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides
an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is
applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the shortor overload is
removed.
4.1.8 PHYSICAL CHARECTERISTICS:
The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the
USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the
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board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is
160 mil (“0.16"), not an even multipleof the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
4.1.9 APPLICATIONS:
Arduino Uno comes with a wide range of applications. A larger number of people are
using Arduino boards for developing sensors and instruments that are used in scientific research.
Following are some main applications of the board.
 Embedded System.
 Security and Defense System.
 Digital Electronics and Robotics.
 Parking Lot Counter.
 Weighing Machines.
 Traffic Light Count Down Timer.
 Medical Instrument.
 Emergency Light for Railways.
 Home Automation.
 Industrial Automation.
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CHAPTER-5
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
5.1 SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION:
Arduino IDE Software. You can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download
page on the Arduino Official website. You must select your software, whichis compatible with your
operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). After your file download is complete, unzip the file.
Figure5.1 Opening arduino-nightly-windows.zip
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5.2 LAUNCH ARDUINO UNO:
Launch Arduino IDE. After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the
folder. Inside the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double click the icon to start the IDE.
Figure: 5.2 Launch Arduino IDE

Open your first project. Once the software starts, you have two options:
 Create a new project.

 Open an existing project example.
To create a new project, select File --> New
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Fig: 5.2.1 Create a new project file
Fig: 5.3 Open an existing project example
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Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED
on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list Select your serial
port. Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools ->Serial Port menu. This is likely
to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find
out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears
should be of the Arduino board.
Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
Fig:5.4 Select your serial port

Before explaining how we can upload our program to the board, we must demonstratethe function
of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.
A- Used to check if there is any compilation error.
B- Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.
C- Shortcut used to create a new sketch.
D- Used to directly open one of the example sketch.
E- Used to save your sketch.
F- Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial datato the board.
Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment.
Wait a few seconds; you will see the RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If theupload is
successful, the message "Done uploading" will appear in the status bar.
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Fig 5.5 function of each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar
In this chapter, we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will learn more new
terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open- source. The source code for
the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the
LGPL. Sketch: The first new terminology is the Arduino program called “sketch”. Structure Arduino
programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and constants), and
Functions. In this tutorial, we will learn about the Arduino software program, step by step, and how
we can write the program without any syntax or compilation error. Let us start with the Structure.
Software structure consist of two main functions:
 Setup( ) function
 Loop( ) function
Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the LED
on and off with some time delay. You can select any other example from the list Select your
serial port. Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools ->Serial Port menu. This
is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial
ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino boardand re-open the menu, the entry
that disappears should be of the Arduino board.
MONITORING
Fig: 5.6 Bare minimum code
Data types in C refers to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions ofdifferent
types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in the storage and how the bit
pattern stored is interpreted. The following table provides all thedata types that you will use during
Arduino programming.
MONITORING
CHAPTER-6
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
6.1: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure6.1: Schematic diagram for Automated billing smart trolley and Stock monitoring
MONITORING
CHAPTER-7
RESULT & DISCUSSION

7.1 Result
Once the product is scanned there will be a beep sound to indicate that it is added in thetrolley.
Similarly, the required products are added. If a product is to be removed, then push the remove button
and scanned so that it is removed. Once the buzzer is pressed bill data is sent to the webpage where
the customer can see the products list and pay through online or offline. Simultaneously the admin can
also know about the stock availability
Figure: 7.1 Result
MONITORING
CHAPTER-8
CONCLUSION & FUTURE
SCOPE
8.1 FUTURE SCOPE:

The smart shopping trolley with new technology allows the customers to shop efficiently. This is
designed in such a way that the data of the customer is sent to the counter through wi-fi module,
which reduces standing in long queue in the bill counter, On the other hand admin can monitor the
stocks and plan in advance.
In the future, there can be a keyboard so that money limit can be set by the customerand shop
accordingly. Through technology packing can be done so that home delivery can be made possible.
8.2 CONCLUSION:
Whenever a product is added into the cart, it reads the product and stores the data. After
completion of adding items the customer chooses their payment option and therefore thebill status is
updated at the server of that particular cart. Customers can pay their bill through credit/debit cards near
the cart or through cash at the billing section as automatically bill is generated.
Hence, by using RFID based smart shopping cart and billing system the shopping can bemade easy for
the customers as well low cost and does not need any special tr.
Figure: 8.1 Automated billing smart trolley and Stock monitoring
MONITORING
CHAPTER 9
REFERENCE
9.1 Reference:
1. P.T. Siva , P. Seema, M. Shalini, R. Sindhu Smart Shopping Trolley Using RFID International
Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 118No. 20 2018,3783-3786.
2. Tharindu Athauda, Juan Carlos Lugo Marin, Jonathan Lee, Nemai Karmakar Department of
Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Robust Low-Cost PRFID Based Smart
Shopping Trolley IEEE Journal of Radio FrequencyIdentification DOI
10.1109/JRFID.2018.2866087.
3. K. Gogila Dev, T.A.Kaarthik, K. Nandhini, S. Priya SmartShopping Trolley Using RFID
Based on IoT International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2017.
4. Sarika S. Pandey, Soumya R. Gupta, Meenaz M. Shaikh,Komal M. Rawat, Prof. Pravin
Jangid, Prof. Ragini Mishra Smart Cart Using Arduino and RFID Volume:05 Issue: 03 | Mar-
2018.
5. Vaishali Rane, Krutik Shah, Kaushal Vyas, Sahil Shah, Nishant Upadhyay Smart Trolley
Using RFID Volume: 06Issue: 01 | Jan 2019.
6. Akshay Kumar, Abhinav Gupta, S Balamurugan, S Balajian Marimuthu R Smart Shopping
Cart School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore.
7. Manikandan T, Mohammed Aejaz M. A, Nithin KrishnaN. M, Mohan Kumar A. P,
Manigandan R RFID based Advanced Shopping Trolley for Super Market Journal of Chemical
and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 0974-2115.
8. Mr.P. Chandrasekar, Ms.T. Sangeetha Smart Shopping Cart With Automatic Billing System
Through RFID And ZigBee CICES2014 - S. A. Engineering
College, Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India.
MONITORING
9. Gaikwad Prerna, Kalekar Shital, Shete Renuka, Thora Komal, Nita R. Mhaske Smart Billing
Trolley Using RFIDAnd LIF International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol.6, Issue 9, September 2017.
10. Bindhu, V. "Design and Development of AutomaticMicro Controller based Weather
Forecasting Device."

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Automatic Billing Smart Trolley and Stock Monitoring

Submitted in partial fulfillment of Requirements for the

Under the Esteemed Guidance of

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF

(Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada & Approved By

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

This is to certify that the project work entitled ”AUTOMATED BILLING

SMART TROLLEY AND STOCK MONITORING ” is a bonafide record of

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

We pay our profound sense of gratitude to our Prinicipal Prof.Dr.A.V.BHASKARA RAO

Vision of the To be a premier institution in technical education by creating

Provide state-of-the-art infrastructure and facilities

Promote cutting-edge technologies to produce

Provide moderntechnical knowledge, professional skills andattitudeto

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs):

Graduates of the program will be able to

PEO4: Professional and ethical attitude, effective communicationskills, and

PO1 Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science,engineering

PO3 Design/Development of Solutions: Design solutions for complex

PO4 Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: Use research-based

PO7 Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities

PO11 Project Management and Finance: Demonstrate knowledge and

PSO1 Design and implementation of complex systems by applying basicconcepts in

PSO2 Solve complex Electronics and Communication Engineering problems, using

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF

NH-16, Valluru-523272, Ongole, Prakasam District, A.P

Department of Electronics and Communication

IV B. Tech II Semester Project Outcomes

Branch/Sec: ECE-1 A.Y:21-22

After completing this course the student must be able to

C426.1 Envisaging applications for societal needs Evaluating

C426.2 Develop skills for analysis and synthesis of Creating

Work in team to carry out analysis and cost-

C426.6 Demonstrate a product developed Creating

RISE KRISHNA SAI PRAKASAM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Name of the Course : Project Year & : IV Year

COVs PSO Mapping

1.1 Introduction to Embedded Systems 1

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Review of Literature 16

CHAPTER 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESCRIPTION

3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID 19

3.3 RFID Cards 20

3.5 Liquid Crystal Display 22

3.6 Internet o Things (IOT) 23

4.1 Introduction to Arduino uno 27

CHAPTER 5: SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Software introduction 38

5.2 Launch Arduino uno 39

CHAPTER 6: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

CHAPTER 7: RESULT & DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION& FUTURE SCOPE

8.2 Future scope

1.1 Block diagram of Embedded System 1

2. 1.2 Types of Embedded System 3

3. 1.3 Embedded System Architecture 6

4. 1.4.1 Harvard Architecture 8

5. 1.4.3 Schematic of the Von-Neumann Architecture 10

6. 3.1 Block Diagram of Proposed System 17

7. 3.2 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) 19