1 Ibi & stored in digital format. The data stored should be easily accessible depending upon its sensitivity and future use. + Computer feeding of data should preferably be in GIS or HTML. formats + Public Exhibition of listed heritage properties should be of help for better public awareness. + Publications/ Newspaper advertisements/CD Rom ete. can be used for seeking public opinions. + Heritage walks of identified priority heritages zones/areas also encourage sensitivity towards heritage issues. ll, MEASURED DRAWINGS Measured drawings are one of the most commonly used forms of architectural documentation, they are also the most expensive due to the involvement of skilled persons, survey equipment and the length of time it takes to produce them. They can be produced for many reasons: + tobe used as the basis for planning, restoration or conservation work + for academics or scholars to understand the significance of a structure + to document a structure facing imminent demolition or relocation * to aid in the normal maintenance of a structure + asa record for protection against catastrophic loss + for public records information or interpretation. The types of subjects recorded with measured drawings are widely varied. Measured drawings can vary from simple line drawings showing spatial layouts of a residence, to an elaborately detailed drawing of a carved door-frame. TYPES OF DRAWINGS Sketch Drawings are an alternative to measured drawings when a structure does not warrant measured drawings, or when time or money is not available to produce measured drawings. Sketch plans do not have to be accurately scaled, but they should show elements in proper proportion to each other. Sketches may include the primary and typical floor plans, site plans, and, less frequently, sections and details. Sketches of floor plans ean a key locations for photographs. Sketch plans should always include basic dimensions, approximate scale, a north arrow, the name of the delineator, and the date. Elevations are generally better shown Sketch Drwaing Zanskar in photographs. Monastry documentation 2 fae AH INTACHDivay Gurra 31 Scaled Drawings, intended to provide the basis for restoration, will require extensive dimensions and annotations to record the necessary historical and conditional information, while drawings intended for maintenance purposes may require little more than material indications and dimensions for calculating gross areas needing treatment, Measured drawings produced as mitigation are the “last rites” for a structure slated for demolition, recording for future generations all its salient features. Drawings intended to serve as protection from catastrophic loss must be detailed enough to allow the exact replication ofa highly significant structure should that structure be destroyed. WHAT ARE MEASURED DRAWINGS? Measured drawings are line drawings that follow standard drafting conventions to portray, a three-dimensional structure in two dimensions. The results can be shown in many different ways like hand or CAD drawings, 3D visualization and models. Measured drawings are generally produced many years after a structure was originally built and portray conditions at the time of documentation, including the additions, alterations, and deletions that have occurred over time on the original. Hidden elements, exploded views, sequences of construction, and functional processes can also be portrayed in a drawing. Measured drawings are based primarily on physical evidence obtained directly from the structure through its measurements using equipment such as tapes, rods and electronic distance measurer (EDM), but may also rely on other sources of information like old drawings, photographs etc. Historic records, whether written, drawn or photographed can provide evidence of former conditions and may help to interpret the physical fabric of a building. Historic records, especially of old drawings, should be studied carefully to make sure they are reliable and accurate, and fulfill the needs of a planned and measured drawing survey. Measured drawings survey may also be augmented by other techniques designed to document details such as photo grammetry, rectified and stereo photography, total station, 3D laser-scan etc. The advantages and limitations of each of these processes should be understood before they are employed for documentation. Measured drawings require varying levels of detail and annotation depending on their ultimate use. It is important to establish the purpose and objective of measured drawings before they are undertaken and the following questions should be kept in mind: 1. What drawings best explain and illustrate the significant features of the site?2. What kind of detail is required in the drawings? This will determine the scale of the drawing. 3. How many dimensions and annotations are necessary? 4. What level of accuracy is needed in the measurements? 5, What sheet size should be used before printing the drawing ? Do not mix sheet sizes in a single set of drawings. 6. How will this drawing be useful for undertaking conservation/ restoration works. A MEASURED DRAWING SET SHOULD CONTAIN THE FOLLOWING: Site Plan ‘The site plan includes enough of the surrounding area to establish the setting for the structure or object being recorded. This will also contain information on the designed or natural landscape of the site. Recommended scale for this is 1:250 or 1:500. Plans Plans are the most essential element of measured drawings. They cannot be documented adequately in photographs. Plan drawings are horizontal cuts through a structure that portray the arrangement and progression of spaces, they also often incorporate ceiling and floor details. Plans are cut at a consistent height. The convention is to cut through at sill level of openings such as doors and windows. Plans are arranged in a logical progression, from the bottom up (the lowest level comes first, the highest level last). All plans should be drawn at the same scale so that the relationship between levels is constant. Where similar floor plans are repeated many times, as in tall buildings or row houses, typical floor plans can be drawn and annotated to note small differences among them. Roof plans provide information about the arrangement and massing of a structure, particularly for large buildings and complexes. They are generally included at a smal] scale on the site plan. The recommended scale for this is 1:100. Elevations Elevation drawings show facades, room elevations, and other vertical elements of a structure. For buildings, the front facade is the most commonly drawn because it is usually the most important. Secondary facades can sometimes be adequately recorded with photography. In such Ground Plan Mani Mandir, INTACHa a ee ae rere CE instances, dimensional information can be obtained from plans and section drawings. The recommended scale for this is the same as that of plans, 100. However, at times, it becomes necessary to enlarge them to 1:50 to show more details. Sections Section drawings are vertical cuts through a structure that show the vertical arrangement of spaces and objects. What you see in a section drawing of a building is a series of room elevations in accurate relation to one another but separated by walls, floors, and ceilings. The locations of section cuts are indicated on each floor plan so that they can be related. Section drawings are useful because they provide vertical information-floor-to-floor heights, ion of spaces. The Section courtyard Gohar Mahal, INTACH ceiling heights, roof height, and the vertical progres recommended scale for this is 1:50. Details Detailed drawings explain how objects fit or work together and generally focus on architectural, construction or decorative aspects of the building. A door or window detail may include a plan, interior and exterior elevations, and jamb detail, lintel, and sill sections with material specifications. Large-scale drawings are also appropriate for depicting complex objects, such as construction and fixing details, that cannot be delineated adequately on a small scale. Other objects such as carvings or moldings can also be recorded adequately with photographs using a scale stick. The recommended scale depend upon the details to be shown and can vary from 1:25 — 1:1, however all CAD drawings are generated on 1:1 scale, they can be plotted on desired scale Interpretive Drawings An interpretive drawing cross-references and integrates material by putting together details that may otherwise appear separately in accompanying written data, photographs, or standard measured drawings. Interpretive drawings help the user to see significant relationships and features that may be impossible to present effectively with other documentary me Interpretive drawings can be produced in various ways. One way is to annotate a measured drawing in order to explain information that may not be apparent from the delineation, e.g. the water circulation system of a fountain baradari. Also the most efficient way to explain the evolution of a site is to produce a drawing that portrays the chronological development of the site. Restoration Elevation, Mani Mandir INTACH 200334 IDENTIFICATION AND DOCUMENTATION oF Bum HERITAGE IN INDIA Other drawings Several types of drawings are effective, depending on what kind of information is to be presented. Isometric or perspective views showing the relationship between components in space can often clarify physical connections, relative sizes, functioning parts, structural systems or other factors when surrounding obstructions are graphically stripped away. Such drawings may also be used to carefully restore or re-create a site from surviving documentary or on-site information, especially when no other representation of the site in its intact condition is known to exist. Isometric cut aways or exploded views are ideal ‘ways to show how something is made internally or assembled from various parts. All such drawings should be copiously annotated, but should not duplicate information more effectively left to written descriptions or to photography. GATHERING INFORMATION FIELD NOTES The assembled raw materials for producing measured drawings constitute field notes and dimensions. Field notes are a valuable primary resource because they contain all the detailed information on methodology, dimensions, and notes made at the time of documentation, ‘The quality of the field work has a considerable impact on the quality of the completed documentation. Therefore field work must be thought out in advance to organize recording efficiently and to minimize mistakes. Field notes must be comprehensive as well as indicate information neatly so that others can understand them. PROCURING MEASUREMENTS Dimensions for measured drawings normally come from three sources: (i) Historic Documents (ii) Photographs (iii) Hand measurements MEASURING TIPS A few points are important to remember in making hand measurements. = It cannot be assumed that rooms or buildings are square or that floors are level. Taking diagonal measurements and checking levels will allow you to determine if there is any distortion. = Establish datum lines and planes as points of reference for the ‘measurements.Divay Gurra 35 ~ Cumulative measurements are more accurate than consecutive ‘measurements because they use a common zero point and thus do not require the tape to be relocated after each measurement. - Hold the tape taut when making measurements. Temperature, tension, and wind can affect the accuracy of taped measurements by causing the tape to stretch, shrink, or sag. - Know where the zero point is on the tape. It is not always at the end. - Horizontal distances must be measured with the tape held level. - Use a plumb line to measure points displaced vertically. - Triangulate to features on inclined or curved surfaces from fixed points. - Remember that the minimum distance from a point to a line is always in a direction perpendicular to the line, so that if you set the end of a tape at the point and swing it near the line, the minimum measurement is the true dimension. Similarly, the distance from a point to a plane follows the same geometric rule. ~ Use the utmost care in transcribing dimensions. Use a standardized system of notation to reduce the chance of error. For instance, the dimension 1 ‘-8" is similar to 18" both visually and literally. - The use of surveying instruments and other measuring tools can both speed up measuring and increase accuracy. OBTAINING MEASUREMENTS mensions for measured drawings normally come from three sources: documents, photographs, and hand measurements. Its generally observed that the final measured drawings will seek information from all the three sources. Historic Documents: Measurements in this case may come from original drawings, old views, published accounts, previous surveys, specifications, etc. The documenter must verify the accuracy of the information against the structure itself. Many a time the municipalities, patwaries, local archives and libraries have historic maps of cities and some important public buildings, moreover there may be written records available of construction of certain buildings like labour registers etc. These can serve as useful resource data for documentation. Hand Measurement: These are produced by surveying and measuring angles and distances by electronic survey instruments or by measuring and then counting repetitive materials. The tools for measurement by hand vary in