Muhammad Ali

Jinnah University,
Karachi

Department Of Computer Science

Fall 2022

Operating System Lab

Instructor Sajid Ali

 LAB 01 Linux Installation and Commands

Objective: After completing this lab, students should be able to understand:

How to install guest OS o Steps to

install VMware Basic Linux
commands

Guest OS/Host OS

Virtualization aficionados perhaps know Guest OS/Host OS as classic or hosted virtualization. This
type of virtualization relies on an existing operating system (the host operating system), a third-party
virtualization software solution, and creation of various guest operating systems. Each guest runs on
the host using shared resources donated to it by the host.

Guests usually consist of one or more virtual disk files and a VM definition file. VMs are centrally
managed by a host application that sees and manages each VM as a separate application.

Guest systems are fully virtualized in this scenario and have no knowledge of their virtual status.
Guests assume they are standalone systems with their own hardware. They are also not aware of
other guests on the system

Examples of Virtualization Packages are

• VMware
• Oracle VM Virtual Box Microsoft Hyper-V
• etc

Run Multiple OSs on a Single PC Using VMware

1. Secure and Isolate Environments
2. Develop and Test for Any Platform
VMware Workstation allows you to run multiple operating systems at once on the same Windows or
Linux PC. Create real Linux and Windows VMs and other desktop, server, and tablet environments,
complete with configurable virtual
networking and network condition
simulation, for use in code development,
solution architecting, application testing,
product demonstrations and
more.

Steps to Install VMware

1. Run the Setup file.

2. Welcome Screen appears.

Click Next to continue Installation

3. Accept License Agreement.

4. Choose destination for
VMware and
click Next

5. Set User Experience

Settings and Click
Next.
6. Select Shortcut Options and Click Next.
Steps To
Create a
Guest

Operating System Using Virtualization Package

Ubuntu tour and Basic commands
1. top

The top command is the traditional way to view your system’s resource usage and see the
processes that are taking up the most system resources. Top displays a list of processes, with the
ones using the most CPU at the top.

2. htop

The htop command is an improved top. It’s not installed by default on most Linux
distributions — here’s the command you’ll need to install it on Ubuntu:

sudo apt-get install htop

3. ps

The ps command lists running processes. The following command lists all processes running
on your system:

ps -A

This may be too many processes to read at one time, so you can pipe the output through
the less command to scroll through them at your own pace:

ps -A | less

Press q to exit when you’re done.

You could also pipe the output through grep to search for a specific process without using any
other commands. The following command would search for the Firefox process:

ps -A | grep firefox

4. pstree

The pstree command is another way of visualizing processes. It displays them in tree format.
So, for example, your X server and graphical environment would appear under the display
manager that spawned them.
5. kill

The kill command can kill a process, given its process ID. You can get this information from
the ps -A, top or pgrep commands.
kill PID

Technically speaking, the kill command can send any signal to a process. You can use kill -
KILL or kill -9 instead to kill a stubborn process.

6. pgrep

Given a search term, pgrep returns the process IDs that match it. For example, you could use
the following command to find Firefox’s PID:

pgrep firefox

7. pkill & killall

The pkill and killall commands can kill a process, given its name. Use either command to kill
Firefox:

pkill firefox killall firefox

8. Renice

The renice command changes the nice value of an already running process. The nice value
determines what priority the process runs with. A value of -19 is very high priority, while a value
of 19 is very low priority. A value of 0 is the default priority.

The renice command requires a process’s PID. The following command makes a process run
with very low priority:

renice 19 PID

If you’re making a process run at a higher priority, you’ll require root permissions. On Ubuntu,
use sudo for that:
 sudo renice -19 #

9. xkill

The xkill command is a way of easily killing graphical programs. Run it and your cursor will
turn into an x sign. Click a program’s window to kill that program. If you don’t want to kill a
program, you can back out of xkill by right-clicking instead.