1. Look at the pictures below.

Which of them present the “print media” and the “electronic

media”.

When were these media invented? Match the columns.

1. Internet a. Europe, century XVI

2. newspaper b. Britain, 1925
3. television c. the USA, 1973
4. radio d. China, century VIII
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 5 magazine e. Scotland, 1876
6. telephone f. Russia, 1895

2. The words/phrases below relate to the media. Mark with the

asterisk (*) the boxes to show which of them might appear on
television (TV), on the radio (R), in a magazine (M), and/or in
a newspaper (N)? What could we expect to see/ read/ hear in
each of them?
TV R M N TV R M N
commercial * * live coverage
documentary news bulletin
talk show advert
film soap opera
problem page sports highlights
editorial serial
product weather forecast
review
game show gossip column

3. The following boxes include various kinds of television and

radio, newspapers and magazines. For each medium, add any
further types you know.
Television Magazines
 Local channels  Weekly news
 State-run TV  Women’s magazines
 Commercial channels  Comics
 Satellite/cable  Teenage magazines
 …………………  General interest
 …………………  …………………
 …………………  …………………
 …………………  …………………
 …………………  ………………....
 …………………  …………………

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Radio Newspapers
 Local radio  Quality daily
 National radio  Tabloid
 Music stations  Local
 Talk radio  …………………
 …………………  …………………
 …………………  …………………
 …………………  …………………

4. Use the ideas in the box and the vocabulary from the
previous exercise to answer the following questions. Add any
further ideas of your own.
 Which of the types of the media listed above do you prefer? Why?
 Do you choose different media for different purposes (e.g. information,
entertainment)? Why?
 more exciting  better  more up-to-  more
 more relaxing coverage date educational
 takes less  more  more variety
effort analytical

e.g.: I’d far rather listen to music on local radio stations because they’re
more up-to-date than music programmes on TV. I also read music
magazines because they tend to be more analytical than…

Literature Corner

5. Read the biography of A.J. Cronin and an

extract from his famous novel “THE
NORTHERN LIGHT”.
Archibald Joseph Cronin, a noted British novelist, was born in 1896,
in Scotland. Educated at Dumbarton Academy, he went to Glasgow
University to study medicine. After the First World War he graduated from
the university and held a number of hospital appointments. Overwork
made him give up medicine for a literary career. In 1931 Cronin published
his first novel – Hatter’s Castle. He gave to British pre-war literature most

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outstanding social novels – The Stars Look Down (1935), The Citadel
(1937). The world movement for peace provided a new impetus to
Cronin’s creativeness. The hero of the novel The Northern Light (1958)
speaks with anguish about the dire consequences the militaristic policies
of the ruling classes might have on the future of England.
The underlying subject of The Northern Light is the dramatic
struggle of Page, editor of a democratic provincial newspaper against the
monopolist Somerville, who wants to expand his “newspaper empire”.
Aware of his great responsibility to his readers, Page does not want
his newspaper to become a “mixture of sex, sensation, and scandalous
gossip”.

Page was at the office early. Instead of going directly upstairs he went
into a well-lit room where most of news staff worked.
“What’s in from Egypt?” Henry asked, when they had said good morning.
“The Canal’s still blocked,” Fenwick answered. “The Americans can’t
get permission to raise the cement barges. King Saud had a talk with
Eisenhower. Nasser’s still throwing his weight about… the Israelis won’t
budge. We’re getting short of oil.”
Page listened in silence.
“What’s the home news?”
“There’s a gruesome story in from Belfast. Double murder and
suicide… wife, lover, and husband, all with their throats cut.”
The details, which Henry ran through, were frankly horrible.
“Spike it”, he said.
“ A paragraph on the back page?” Fenwick suggested.
“ No, not a line.”
He went up the winding stone staircase to his office. Miss Moffatt, his
secretary, was practically indispensable, doing all sorts of odd and
important jobs without the slightest fuss. This
morning her manner was decidedly “off”.
Henry sensed at once that she had something
on her mind.
“He’s been on the phone again.”
“ Who?”
“ Somerville.”
Henry looked at her in surprise. “What did he
want?”
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“He wants to buy the Light.”
“Well…” Henry said, at last, “even if you’re right it makes no odds. He
may want to buy. But I certainly don’t want to sell.”
When he had dealt with the correspondence he passed along the corridor
to the room where, every morning at ten, he held conference with his staff
to plan the next day’s news coverage and features. Malcolm Maitland, his
chief assistant editor, was already there, talking with Harley Slade, who
managed the art department; and as he entered, Poole, the sports editor,
came in behind him with Horace Balmer, the advertising manager.
As they sat down at the long polished table, Henry had a sudden
impulse to mention the Somerville affair, but feeling this to be weakness
on his part, he refrained. They began to discuss the format of the paper.
The policy of the Northern Light had long been summarized in the
phrase which could be found at the head of page one: “All the news that’s
fit to read”. Set inflexibly against sensationalism, the paper had built up,
over five generations, a reputation for integrity, fair-mindedness, and
sound news presentation. It had become more or less a tradition in the
district. Today, inevitably, the main news interest centered in the Middle
East. Page and his staff went into this at length, worked through the
national and county issues, came down finally to that subject of perennial
interest – the weather. Within an hour, after they had all spoken freely, an
agreement was reached and it was possible to give some definite shape to
the paper.
While the others went off, Malcolm Maitland walked along the corridor
with Henry. Maitland was a man whose opinion Page profoundly
respected.
“There’re so many problems.” They were discussing a topic for the
leading article, and Henry spoke irritably, depressed and more than usually
on edge.
Maitland nodded. “It seems we’re deeper in the hole than ever.”
“If only we could get rid of our apathy. We are in a bit of a mess all
right.”
Maitland paused outside Page’s door, gave him a sidelong glance,
touched with understanding humor.
As the door closed Miss Moffatt said:
“ It’s London again.”
“Not Somerville!” Henry exclaimed involuntarily, and was immediately
ashamed of himself.
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 ‘No. It’s from Mighill House. A Mr. Jones.’
After an instant’s pause he said:
“Put him through.”
“Mr. Henry Page? This is Trevor Jones, Sir Ithiel Mighill’s confidential
secretary. Mr. Page, Sir Ithiel would like you to meet him in London… or
at his country house in Sussex. At your earliest convenience.”
Instinctively Henry guessed what was to come.
“I’m afraid I can’t spare the time.”
“Sir Ithiel would be happy to send his personal plane to fetch you.”
“No, it’s impossible.”
“I assure you, Mr. Page, it would be to your advantage to come.”
“Why?”
“Sir Ithiel understands that the Northern Light is on the market. He
particularly wishes you to do nothing until he has talked with you.”
Henry’s throat tightened with sudden anger. He cut the connection
abruptly. What on earth was it all about? Why should two of the most
powerful press magnates in the country suddenly turn their eyes towards a
small provincial paper? Although, in his concern, he probed every
possibility, he could find no reasonable answer to either question.

Comprehension Check
6. Define if the statements are true or false.
1. When Page arrived at the office he went directly upstairs.
2. Home news went to press immediately.
3. That morning Miss Moffat, his secretary, did not produce any
particular impression on Page.
4. Page was in many minds as to whether to sell The Northern Light
or not.
5. Conferences with the staff were regularly held at 10.
6. Henry was inclined to mention the Somerville affair.
7. The Northern Light was concerned with all kinds of gossip, crime
and sex.
8. Page could always rely on Malcolm Maitland’s opinion.

7. Match the beginnings of the sentences with the endings.

1. Nasser’s still throwing a) it makes no odds.
2. We are getting short b) more than usually on edge.
3. He went up c) all sorts of odd jobs.
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 4. Moffat was practically
5. She had something
6. We are deeper
7. It would be
8. If only we could get rid
9. We are in a bit
10. Moffatt was doing
11. Henry spoke
12. Even if you are right
13. Henry came down
14. I can’t spare
d) in the hole than ever.
e) to that subject of perennial interest.
f) to your advantage.
g) indispensable.
h) the time.
i) of oil.
j) on her mind.
k) the winding staircase.
l) of a mess.
m) of our apathy.
n) his weight about.

8. Decide which answer A, B or C best completes each

sentence.
1) Foreign news was from
a. America.
b. Europe.
c. Africa.
2) Nasser’s still throwing his weight about
a. Australia.
b. Middle East.
c. Asia.
3) A story about murder and suicide
a. received a lot of coverage.
b. hit the headlines.
c. did not go to press.
4) Somerville’s call
a. was of great importance to Henry.
b. perplexed Henry with renewed force.
c. filled him with relief and confidence.
5) The Northern Light built up a reputation of
a. the most sensational gutter paper.
b. sound news presentation.
c. having references to royalty and popular figures.
6) Henry spoke irritably, more than usually
a. worried.
b. self-contained.
c. on edge.
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 9. Answer the questions.
1. What news came from Egypt?
2. Why didn’t Henry give a line to the story from Belfast?
3. What did Henry sense at once when he entered his office?
4. Why did he feel vaguely worried?
5. Why didn’t Henry mention the Somerville affair?
6. What was the Northern Light concerned with?
7. What reputation had the paper built up over five generations?
8. Whose opinion did Henry profoundly respect?
9. What problem troubled Henry most of all when he received another
call from London?

Vocabulary Focus
10. Match the English word combinations with their
Ukrainian equivalents.
1) to throw one’s weight
about/ around
2) to get short of smth
3) a winding staircase
4) to be indispensable
5) odd jobs
6) to have smth on one’s mind
7) to make no odds
8) the subject of perennial
interest
9) to be in the hole
10) to get rid of smth
11) to be in a mess
12) at smb’s convenience
13) to smb’s advantage
14) to be on edge
a) не мати значення
b) думати про щось
c) домінувати, правити
d) позбавитися чогось
e) бути у скрутному становищі
f) на чиюсь користь
g) бути роздратованим
h) як і коли буде зручно
i) предмет постійного/ вічного
зацікавлення
j) відчувати брак чогось
k) випадкова робота/
випадкові доручення
l) бути у скруті, бути брудним
m) кручені/ гвинтові сходи
n) бути незамінним

11. Paraphrase the following sentences using the word

combinations from the previous exercise.
1. At the end of the week he ran out of money.
2. Jack London had to make his living doing all sorts of occasional jobs.
3. No doubt they are domineering in this region.
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4. But it makes little difference now.
5. Westward travel was limited to the spiral Indian trails.
6. Henry sensed that the secretary was troubled about something which
she felt she ought to deal with.
7. He is in trouble again.
8. I’m sure everything will be done for your benefit.
9. How can we manage to make this visitor leave?
10. Let’s make an appointment when it suits you.
11. She was on the point of losing her temper.
12. Air, food and water are absolutely essential to life.

12. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. She was here the other day, throwing her weight about as if she was
Hedy Lamarr and Kathrine Hepburn rolled in one.
2. You may feel that all I have asked is that you should spy upon people to
my advantage.
3. I never saw such a thing as potato-scraping for making a fellow in a
mess.
4. Jack doubted if it would be at Julia’s convenience to meet on the day of
her departure.
5. It’s a veritable picture of an old country inn with awkward stairs and
winding passages.
6. He is very nervous and the least excitement puts him on edge.
7. It makes no odds whether she’ll take up painting or music.
8. The secretary may have something on her mind all day.
9. This habit is very difficult to get rid of.
10. The world is getting short of mutual understanding and assistance.
11. The paper is said to be in the hole as it receives no subsidies.
12. Your nurse is indispensable. She is always round the corner.

13. Translate into English.

1. До віддаленої вежі можна дістатися лише старовинними
гвинтовими сходами.
2. В кімнаті Джона був такий гармидер, що його сестра не втрималася
і, скориставшись його відсутністю, влаштувала там генеральне
прибирання.
3. Вікторія постійно відчувала нестачу грошей, вона ледь зводила
кінці з кінцями (to make both ends meet).
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4. Цікаво, про що ти думаєш? Ти якийсь стурбований.
5. Немає значення, куди вирушити в подорож. Будь-яка мандрівка
розширює наш світогляд.
6. Припиніть тиснути на журналістів своїм авторитетом, наша газета
має репутацію видання, що об’єктивно висвітлює факти.
7. Тобі буде корисно відмовитися від паління і нездорової їжі.
8. Тобі слід позбутися негарної звички втручатися в чужі справи.
9. Передзвоніть мені, коли вам буде зручно.
10. Моя секретарка – просто незамінна, вона завжди готова виконати
будь-яке доручення.

14. Study the dictionary entry of the word advantage.

Find the meanings of the words and word combinations from
the box in the list below.
an advantage to have/ win an advantage (over)
to have the advantage of to take advantage of smth
to take advantage of smb to smb’s advantage
to turn smth to advantage to advantage
1. to be profitable or helpful to smb
2. in a way that shows its good points
3. to be in a better position because of smth
4. something useful or helpful
5. to make use of smth
6. to make the most of something
7. to turn smb round one’s finger, to trick smb
8. to have a better position or opportunity

15. Match the phrases with their translations.

1. to advantage
2. to smb’s advantage
3. to take advantage of smth
4. to have an advantage over smb
5. to turn smth to advantage
6. advantage
7. to have the advantage of smth
8. to take advantage of smb
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a) перевага, вигода, користь
b) перехитрити когось
c) мати вигоду з чогось
d) використати в своїх
інтересах
e) у вигідному світлі
f) комусь на користь
g) скористатися чимось
h) мати перевагу над кимось
16. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. The picture shows to good advantage in this light.
2. Thank you, I’ll take advantage of your offer.
3. He would have turned his brains to advantage.
4. Living in a big city has a lot of advantages.
5. You are sure to have a moral advantage over the group.
6. How did you manage to take advantage of your rival?
7. He did nothing to his master’s advantage.

17. Translate into English.

1) У сучасному світі високих технологій переваги вищої освіти
очевидні.
2) Він має перевагу над іншими кандидатами на цю посаду у
туристичній фірмі, оскільки він багато подорожував.
3) Давайте скористаємось шансом поїхати до Лондону та відвідати
музей воскових фігур.
4) Ваша перевага в тому, що ви вільно володієте англійською мовою.
5) Це була дуже проста сукня, але вона чудово підкреслювала її
чарівну фігуру.
6) Не було сумнівів в тому, що я легко зможу перехитрити свого
суперника.
7) Чому б нам не скористатися цією нагодою у власних інтересах?

Grammar Focus
18. Define the functions of the Infinitives and complexes with
the Infinitives.
1. She gave him time to go through the letters.
2. I’ll be happy if he is good enough to permit them to call upon him.
3. In order to collect himself Henry said: “Go over that again.”
4. He wants to buy the “Light”.
5. He had an impulse to mention the affair.
6. They began to discuss the format of the papers.
7. There were local events to be reported.
8. It was possible to give some shape to the paper.
9. He wishes you to do nothing.
10. There are so many things to be said.
11. Sir Ithiel would like you to meet him in London.

11
 12. He may want to buy it.
13. I can’t spare the time.
14. Feeling this to be weakness on his part, Henry refrained.

19. Change the sentences using complexes with the

Infinitive.
1. The chief assistant editor considered that the paper was in a bit of a
mess.
2. They saw that he went up the winding staircase.
3. Henry couldn’t bear that Somerville threw his weight about.
4. The paper reported that the Canal was still blocked.
5. It is likely that the country will get short of oil.
6. It was expected that the “Light” would win an advantage.
7. It was necessary that they should get rid of their apathy.
8. It is said that the secretary is indispensable.
9. Page felt that this was weakness on his part.

20. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box.
at (3) on(2) in (2) to (1) into(1) of(3)
1. We are getting short _______ money.
2. There was something________ her mind.
3. He looked _______ her _______surprise.
4. It would be weakness_______ his part.
5. His paper had built up a reputation_______ integrity.
6. Page and his staff went_______ this_______ length.
7. We are_______ a bit of a mess.
8. It could be _______ your advantage.
9. If only we could get rid ______ our apathy.
10. Come______ your earliest convenience.

21. Scan the passage in search of Infinitives. Comment on

their functions.
“He’s an articled clerk. He seems to know his job. He can’t get over
the way our accounts are kept. He told me he never expected a theatre to
be run on such businesslike lines. He says the way some of those firms in
the city keep their accounts is enough to turn your hair grey.” Julia smiled

12
at the complacency on her husband’s handsome face. “He’s a young man
of tact.”
“He finishes today. I thought we might take him back with us and
give him a spot of lunch. He’s quite a gentleman.”
“Is that a sufficient reason to ask him to lunch?” Michael did not
notice the faint irony of her tone.
“I won’t ask him if you don’t want him. I merely thought it would be
a treat for him. He admires you tremendously. He’s been to see the play
three times. He’s crazy to be introduced to you.” Michael touched a button
and in a moment his secretary came in. (from Theatre by S. Maugham)

22. Match the following proverbs in the left column with their
Ukrainian equivalents in the right one. Define the functions of
the infinitives. Make up situations using the proverbs and
sayings.
1. It’s ill to waken sleeping a) Курям на сміх.
dogs. b) Почекай поки зрозумієш,
2. You cannot judge a tree by куди вітер дує.
its bark. c) Коли гармати заговорили,
3. A blind man would be glad сперечатись пізно.
to see. d) Не буди лиха, поки лихо
4. A hard nut to crack. спить.
5. It’s enough to make a cat e) Горіх не по зубам.
laugh. f) Зовнішність оманлива.
6. Wait for the cat to jump. g) Побачимо, сказав сліпий.
7. When guns speak it’s too
late to argue.

23. Read the jokes and suggest a suitable headline for each of
them. Comment on the functions of the Infinitives.
‘I met a ghost once, as I was cycling down a lonely country lane at
midnight. Not only did I see him plainly, but I heard him speak.’
‘What did he say to you?’
‘How do I know? I never studied dead languages.’

Peggy – ‘I want to help you, dad. I shall get the dressmaker to teach
me to cut out gowns.’
13
 Dad – ‘I don’t want you to go that far, Peg, but you might cut out
cigarettes and taxi bills.’

The quickest way to break a bad habit is to drop it.

The best way to keep your friends is not to give them away.

SPEAKING
• The Media
• News: Gathering and Delivering
• The British Press
• Newspaper Headline Language
• The media: print
• The British Broadcasting
• The Internet and e-mail
• Mass Media in Ukraine

24. What do ordinary people who read newspapers and watch

TV programmes think of them?
A youth newspaper in Britain decided to hold an opinion poll to learn
what young people think of newspapers and TV programmes. Scan
the opinions and choose a person whose ideas you support or find
interesting. Be ready to report to the group on why you have chosen
this very person and why you find his ideas rather sound.

Torsten (Germany): I think the media are out of control. They don’t just
report the news any more – they create it, too. I mean, the TV news isn’t
shorter on a day when hardly anything happens, is it? They make
everything seem so dramatic, too. Look at newspaper headlines – they
always use words like “Crisis!”, “Triumph!”, “Disaster!” And what
happens two or three days later? Everyone’s forgotten about that story and
moved on to the next one. It’s crazy.

Cindy (America): In my opinion, today’s younger generation is the best-

informed ever. We’re really lucky. And why do we know so much?..
because of the media. OK – not all papers and programmes are good, I
14
admit, but so what? You don’t have to read or watch the bad ones. It’s like
an information supermarket… you go in, look at what’s available and
choose what you want.

Alfredo (Spain): I feel sorry for people who work in the media, I really do.
They get the blame for everything. After all, they’re only doing their job,
aren’t they? It’s not their fault if the world’s a mess. What they do is
difficult and people should realize that instead of complaining all the time.

Barbara (Ireland): My view of the media?.. I think it’s become a

Frankenstein’s monster. I mean, all you have to do is to turn on the TV to
see that. All right, there are a few interesting programmes, but eighty per
cent of it is totally pathetic. Quiz shows, adverts, soap operas, awful
American comedies… And tabloid newspapers are no better. They’re like
comics for grown-ups. But maybe that’s what people want. I don’t know.
All I can say is, it’s definitely not what I want.

Marie-Louise (France): To be honest, I don’t pay much attention to the

media. My parents and some of my friends say I should, but I don’t really
see the point. If I could do something about all the awful disasters in the
news, then maybe. I can’t, though, so why should I depress myself for no
good reason? Instead I just get on with my life and try to have fun.
Because that’s what really matters, isn’t it?

Guy (Britain): I’m a big fan of the news media. I think they do a fantastic
job – especially on the really important stories. Take the end of the Cold
War, for example. Thanks to journalists and TV reporters the whole world
was able to see it happen, day by day. They’re good at covering issues like
the environment, too. In fact, that’s one reason why the Green movement
is so strong today. Everybody’s read about it and seen the TV pictures.

Charlie (Australia): Money. That’s what the media is all about. MONEY.
The people who run newspapers and TV stations need to make a profit. So
what do they do? They print stories and make programmes which will be
popular. Not good necessarily, or original or even honest, but popular. It’s
like eating junk food all the time – except what the media gives us is junk
TV and junk journalism.

15
Hiroko (Japan): I use the media in different ways at different times. It
depends on my mood. Sometimes I want to watch a serious current affairs
programme. Other times I want to escape from reality and read about pop
stars in a teen magazine. I don’t think there’s anything wrong with that –
it’s a fact of life. I like the media because they allow me to do both.

Which idea do you stick to? Do you have your personal

opinion which is different from the opinions expressed?

Comment on the quotation:

“I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set, I
go to the other room and read a book.” Groucho Marx

 Vocabulary
25. Think of some examples of these forms of media in your
country. Which are the most popular at the moment? Do you
read/ watch them yourself? Which are your favourites? How
often can you read/ watch them?
print media national daily papers television commercials
electronic media fashion magazines soap operas
tabloid newspapers the Internet television news bulletins
quality newspapers weather bulletins television documentaries
rural paper violent crime series real life dramas
metropolitan daily games shows cartoons

26. In groups, discuss which of these comments might be made

about each of the forms of the media mentioned above.
Explain your reasons if necessary.
 their approach tends to be very sensational and sometimes
irresponsible
 the reporting is very biased
 the reporting is usually objective and accurate
 they can be very misleading
 they are harmless fun
 the information they provide is usually reliable
16
  they are mainly aimed at women/ men/ children
 they can influence the way people think and behave
 they raise important issues sometimes
 they make people more aware of what’s going on in the world
 they can cause a lot of harm
 they can be very entertaining
 they really annoy me sometimes

27. Read the text, translate it into Ukrainian. Be ready to

discuss it.
Mass Media

What is mass communications? This word combination is generally

used to designate any process by which a
person or a group communicates with the
masses. It also describes four chief media
employed in the process – the newspaper,
the magazine, radio, and television. These
media can be called the "media of mass
communications", the "vehicles of mass
communications", or "the mass media". The
newspapers and magazines are often termed the "print media" while
radio and television are called the "electronic media".
All the mass media are concerned with news. It may be news of the
moment, or what has just happened, or is in the process of happening. This
is the kind of news usually treated by daily papers. Or it may be news of
lasting interest for a general or a particular audience, as is the case with
weekly papers and magazines.
The idea of what is news has changed and developed enormously
with the mass readership of newspapers. To define "news" is a baffling
task. An all-inclusive definition is impossible because news is a relative
matter, varying sharply
1) from one paper to another,
2) from one time to another,
3) from one locality to another.
How the idea of news varies from one paper to another can be made
clear by placing the tabloid (popular paper) against the quality
17
newspaper. In the tabloid there are many stories that never appear in the
quality paper – such as accounts of family squabbles, gossip about
semifamous personalities. Conversely, the conservative daily carries
many stories generally ignored by the tabloid – such as detailed analysis of
the stock market, etc.
How news varies from one time to another can be seen by checking
the stories in some newspaper for an extended period. On days when
newsworthy items are scarce a routine neighbourhood banquet becomes
news. On other days, like the morning after a national election, a similar
banquet doesn't merit even a short.
How "news" varies from one place to another is evident from a
comparison of the stories in a rural paper with those in a metropolitan
daily. In the rural area a small house fire is news. In the metropolitan area
a dozen similar fires are ignored.
Despite these insurmountable obstacles to establish an all-
inclusive definition, journalists are in fairly common agreement that the
following five qualities characterize news stories:
First, news is any printable story which will interest the readers.
Second, news is always completely true, or it is at least a set of facts
that have been presented by the reporter as true. The news-teller may not
resort to conjecture or supposition: he is limited to the cold facts of the
story, told without emotion, prejudice, or personal opinion.
Third, news has a quality of recency about it. The old statement "as
out of date as yesterday's newspaper" is still a reliable indication of the
emphasis placed on the recency.
Fourth, news has an element of proximity about it. People,
generally speaking, are most interested in events that are near them in
space, time and general background.
Fifth, news must have some element of the unusual about it. The
unusual aspect brightens the newspaper page. Its importance is to be seen
in the old saw: "If a dog bites a man, it's not news; but if a man bites a dog,
it is news".
In any consideration of these five qualities that characterize "news"
one caution is important. The caution that there can be no "chemistry" of
the news story because newspapers do not emphasize the qualities
uniformly.

18
28. Answer the questions.
1. What is mass communications?
2. What is often termed "the print media", "the electronic media"?
3. Why is it a baffling task to define "news"?
4. What information do the tabloid / popular papers have?
5. What information can we find in the quality newspapers?
6. How does news vary?
7. What five qualities characterize news stories?

Language Focus
29. Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. to designate a process 9. stock market
2. print media 10. to be scarce
3. electronic media 11. metropolitan daily
4. readership 12. rural paper
5. baffling task 13. to establish an all-inclusive definition
6. tabloid / popular 14. to resort to conjecture or supposition
paper
7. quality newspaper 15. recency
8. squabble 16. proximity

30. Translate into English.

Засоби масової інформації; описувати/визначати процес;
називати головні засоби масової інформації; стосуватися новин;
висвітлюватися щоденними газетами; новини, що тривалий час
викликають зацікавлення; коло читачів; повне/ всеохоплююче
визначення; тижневі газети; швидко змінюватись; порівнювати
бульварну газету з якісною; маловідома особистість; новини, варті
висвітлення; рідкісний; не заслуговувати на увагу; сільська газетa;
нездоланні перешкоди; прийти до спільної згоди; вдаватися до
припущень; навпаки; упередженість; обмежуватися об’єктивними
фактами; робити акцент на чомусь; важке завдання; мати справу з
чимось; сімейні чвари; значно відрізнятися; фондова біржа; новизна;
наближеність; одноманітно.

19
31. Translate into Ukrainian.
to designate a process; to communicate with masses; to employ chief
media; vehicles of mass communication; print media; to be concerned with
news; to be treated by a daily paper; news of the moment; news of lasting
interest; mass readership; a baffling task; to vary sharply; family
squabbles; newsworthy items; to be scarce; an all-inclusive definition; a
news-teller; to resort to conjecture/ supposition; to be limited to cold facts;
without prejudice; a caution; to emphasize uniformly; to be in fairly
common agreement; insurmountable obstacles; to place emphasis on;
semi-famous personalities; stock market; not to merit even a short;
proximity; recency; enormously; conversely.

32. Match two columns to form word combinations.

1. to designate a. the quality newspaper
2. to establish b. agreement
3. insurmountable c. proximity
4. the quality of d. an all-inclusive definition
5. to gossip about e. tasks
6. to be in fairly common f. family squabbles
7. an element of g. conjecture/supposition
8. a mass readership of h. audience
9. to place the tabloid against i. cold facts
10. a particular j. semi-famous personalities
11. accounts of k. recency
12. newsworthy l. newspapers
13 to be concerned with m. obstacles
14. to resort to n. any process
15 to be limited to o. items
16. baffling p. news

33. Complete the sentences using active vocabulary from the

text.
1. I don’t really read stories about stock markets I prefer………
2. It’s unfair that we are bombarded by dull stories about………
3. I usually read daily papers because they write about…….
4. Some element of the unusual in any news story can……
5. Reporters may present the coverage of unimportant events if ……….
6. A news-teller is not allowed to……..
20
7. Journalists are cautioned that there can’t be any……..
8. All the mass media are concerned with news which can be……
9. In a rural newspaper you can find a lot of material……..
10. A news presenter is limited to the cold facts that is why……

34. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian and

explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold.
1. Government departments often found themselves competing for scarce
resources.
2. Oh, for goodness sake, stop squabbling, you two!
3. What baffles me is how few of them can spell.
4. In this chapter we examine how the female nude became a crucial
element in the formation of art designated modern.
5. During the war, things like clothes and shoes were scarce.
6. The crime remained unique, and lawmakers were still squabbling over
the ramifications.
7. The exact nature of black holes continues to baffle scientists.
8. The city's school system, among the worst of a bad lot through the
state, is full of squabbling.
9. The compound cell is then designated by a combination of the
abbreviations applied to the original separate cells.
10. Entirely reliable facts, other than those here mentioned, are scarce.

35. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the

topical vocabulary making any necessary changes.

to baffle to squabble to be scarce to designate

to be designated

1. After the war, food and clothing were _____________.

2. The disease has ______________doctors, who are unable to treat it.
3. Three of the children are ________ ____to you as special students.
4. Cheap, clean hotel rooms are __________ in this city, especially in the
summer.
5. The kids always ____________about who should do the dishes.
6. $6 million has been ____________to make road safety improvements
on Pacheco Pass.
7. The mysterious phenomenon of long marriage ____________him.
21
8. Water is always _______________in these parts.
9. Fidel has _____________his brother Raul, now head of the armed
forces, as his successor.
10. Now moderate and conservative Republicans are __________ over the
interpretation.
11. What _________me is how anyone could escape from the jail in broad
daylight.
12. One of the queues was _________for people with an EC passport.

SPEAKING
36. Work in pairs and discuss with your parner the following
points: what news is, why we need news, what its five qualities
are and how you understand them.

37. Read the text and find words in the text which mean the
following.
1) short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news
bulletins and articles
2) people trying to influence what other people think about a particular
issue
3) space
4) meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press
5) regularly checking
6) want to reach a wider audience
7) express their opinions
8) present a story in a particular way
9) give a formal announcement to the press
10) time of year, summer in the UK, when there is not much happening
and trivial stories end up on the front page
11) collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)
12) making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news

Gathering the news

Journalists gather news in a number of
different ways. They may get stories from pressure
groups which want to air their views in public.
22
They seek publicity for their opinions and may hold press conferences or
may issue a statement / press release. A person who especially wishes to
attract news attention will try to include a sound bite in what they say. It
is particularly hard for journalists to get material in the silly season.
Journalists also get stories by tapping useful sources and by
monitoring international news agencies like Reuters. The more important
a story is, the more column inches it will be given in the newspaper.
Journalists of different political persuasions often put their own gloss/
spin on a story and some journalists gather stories by muck-raking.

38. Match the two parts of the collocations used in the text
above.
1. air groups
2. issue conference
3. muck bite
4. press season
5. pressure raking
6. silly sources
7. sound a statement
8. tap your views

39. Translate into Ukrainian.

pressure groups, to air one’s views, to seek publicity, to hold press
conferences, to issue a statement, press release, a sound bite, silly season,
to tap useful sources, column inches, to put one’s own gloss/spin on a
story, muck-raking, to monitor news agencies.

40. Read and comment on the following text.

Delivering the news
A rag is an informal word for a newspaper and
it suggests that it is not of very high quality. The
gutter press is a disapproving term used about the
kind of newspapers and magazines that are more
interested in crime and sex than serious news. A
glossy is an expensive magazine printed on good quality paper.
Journalists produce copy, which has to be ready for a deadline.
When everything is ready the newspaper goes to press. A very important
23
story that comes in after going to press may find its way into a stop press
column. A very new newspaper or story can be said to be hot off the
press.
A story that is only to be found in one newspaper is an exclusive. A
scoop is a story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the
others. A major story can be said to hit the headlines on the day it is
published. At that time the story breaks or becomes public knowledge. If
it is an important story it will receive a lot of coverage or space in the
press. A newspaper may be taken to court for libel or defamation of
character if it publishes an untrue story that harms a person's reputation.
If you are doing research into a news event, you may want to get hold of
some previous issues of newspapers, or back copies, and you may wish to
make a folder of cuttings from the papers about the event.

41. Answer the questions using active vocabulary.

1. Would you write to a chief editor asking for a job on 'his rag'? Why/
Why not?
2. What sources are used by journalists when they gather news?
3. What work is done by journalists before the story goes to press?
4. Can a journalist or a newspaper be taken to court?
5. What do you think about newspapers if you refer to them as the gutter
press?
6. What is it very important for journalists not to miss?
7. Can you give an example of a famous fashion glossy?
8. What two words might describe the kind of story that a journalist
dreams of getting?
9. What two expressions refer to the moment of publication of a big story?
10. Which two crimes are mentioned in the text and what do they consist
of?
11. What might a film star keep in her scrapbook of press cuttings?

42. Translate the following phrases into Ukrainian.

A rag, the gutter press, a glossy, a copy, a deadline, to go to press, a
stop press column, to be hot off the press, a scoop, an exclusive, to hit the
headlines, the story breaks, to receive a lot of coverage, libel, defamation
of character, back copies, cuttings.

24
43. Find English equivalents for the following words and
phrases.
Ілюстрований журнал; бульварна преса; використовувати відповідні
джерела; сенсаційна новина (в газеті); зробити заяву; кількість рядків
у газеті; контролювати; ключова фраза; час парламентських канікул;
вирізки з газет; обговорювати свої погляди; прагнути популярності;
попередні видання; розслідувати і викривати темні махінації;
пропонувати свою інтерпретацію сюжету; про це писали усі газети;
група, що впливає на громадську думку; обмова; письмовий наклеп;
висвітлення події; матеріал, надрукований тільки в одній газеті;
найсвіжіша інформація; екстренне повідомлення в газеті; граничний
строк виходу газети.

44. Complete the sentences.

1. The famous couple have issued a press ……………… explaining
why the wedding is off.
2. The story is hot off the ……………………
3. Of all the newspapers, The Guardian devoted most column
…………….. to the story.
4. If you order a back……………of the April 2011 issue of the
magazine, you’ll have a complete set.
5. The Prime Minister is very good at producing a sound …………….
for any occasion.
6. The President was abroad when the story about him hit the
newspaper ………………. .
7. The football match was delayed by a couple of hours so the results
only made it to the ……………. press column.
8. The Minister is going to sue the paper for defamation of ………… .
9. The gutter …………….. goes in for a lot of ………..-raking in its
quest for stories about celebrities and royalty.

45. Find the words which correspond to the definitions.

1. an expensive magazine printed on shiny good-quality paper
2. the crime of publishing an untrue negative story about someone
3. the time by which material to be published has to be ready
4. a special story which only one newspaper manages to publish
5. material produced by journalists or advertisers for publication
6. a colloquial and negative word for a tabloid newspaper
25
 7. an old issue of a magazine or newspaper
8. people who work together to try to influence the government
9. a brief memorable extract from a politician’s statement quoted on TV
or radio
10. a different expression for the crime in item 2

46. Circle the correct underlined word.

1. The Prime Minister will be doing/making/having a statement later
today.
2. Politicians love to get the chance to issue/provide/air their views in
public.
3. All newspapers put/take/give their own spin on a story.
4. Journalists have to observe/notice/monitor news agencies for interesting
stories for their papers.
5. The silly/stupid/foolish season is the time of year when politicians and
other public figures are on holiday and there tends to be little serious
news for newspapers to write about.

47. Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings.

1) A press conference was held
at
2) Inevitably the story received
3) The newspaper has to go to
4) The actor collected all the
press
5) All politicians want to put
their
6) The Managing Director will
issue
7) I know some useful sources
8) The actor was out of the
country
9) The charity is seeking
10) I think the scandal will
become
a) a lot of coverage.
b) gloss on events.
c) that you could tap for
your story.
d) the end of the summit
meeting.
e) when the story broke.
f) press by 9 p.m.
g) publicity for its fund-
raising events.
h) cuttings where he was
mentioned.
i) public knowledge soon.
j) a statement this
afternoon.

26
48. Find the odd word.
1. seek look for search obtain
2. agencies inches column line
3. story item press news
4. libel coverage defamation misleading
5. tap issue release publish
6. cuttings deadline copies scoops
7. exclusive gutter press glossy rags
8. issue tap monitor muck-rake
9. headlines articles editorials features
10. a scoop an exclusive a statement hot off the
press
49. Translate into English.
1. Про сенсаційні новини можна дізнатися з екстренних повідомлень
в газеті.
2. Для цієї статті редактор виділив декілька колонок на першій
шпальті.
3. Про журналіста, який ревно розслідував та викривав темні
махінації відомого банкіра, писали усі газети.
4. Робота бульварної преси побудована таким чином, щоб
найсвіжіша інформація негайно йшла до друку.
5. Популярний співак зробив заяву на прес-конференції, що в газеті
опубліковано наклеп на нього, і звернувся до її керівництва з
проханням перевіряти інформацію і використовувати відповідні
джерела.
6. Керівництво цього ілюстрованого журналу схвалює, коли
репортери пропонують свою інтерпретацію сюжету.
7. Попередні видання не містили цікавої інформації, тому що тоді був
мертвий сезон у політиці.
8. Цей терористичний акт був широко висвітлений в усіх
періодичних виданнях.

50. Fill in the gaps using active vocabulary.

I started my career as a journalist working as a reporter on the local
.............................................. (1)in my home town. The first thing I had to
do was to take over the role of agony aunt. This was quite difficult for an
eighteen-year-old boy straight out of school! Still, I managed to produce
enough ............................................... (2) and in time for my first
27
............................................... (3). When that first column of mine
............................................... (4) to press, I felt extremely relieved and
was so proud that I stayed up all night so that I could get half a dozen
copies ............................................ (5) off the press for all the members of
my family! I still have a copy of that first article of mine in a folder where
I keep .......................................... (6) of all the work that I am especially
proud of.

51. Rewrite these sentences so that they mean the same thing
using the word in brackets.
1. Every newspaper inevitably gives its own particular view of events.
(spin)
2. I have to find some articles from some previous editions of The Times.
(back)
3. Read all about the royal divorce! Only just published. (hot)
4. The floods took up more space in the papers than any other story this
week. (column)
5. Politicians are always ready and willing to give their opinions to the
press. (air)
6. The story about the scandal surrounding her uncle broke on her wedding
day. (hit)
7. Any newspaper does all it can to prevent being sued for libel.
(character)
8. Muck-raking is a characteristic activity of an inferior kind of newspaper.
(press)

52. Read the text. In pairs, discuss the talking points.

From the History of the Press.

Millions of people from around the world buy a newspaper every
day. Some people read a broadsheet for its analysis of world events. Others
just flick through a tabloid for the latest celebrity gossip or to glance at the
horoscopes or TV listings. Whatever the reason, your paper can provide
you with all sorts of useful entertaining information. In the past,
newspapers played an even more important role, as they helped to improve
literacy and encouraged people to fight for freedom and human rights.

28
 The concept of newspapers can be traced as far
back as ancient Rome, where each day handwritten
notes would be put up around the city and its
provinces. They would give news about government
decisions, important marriages, births, deaths, and
even the results of gladiatorial contests. Printed
reports of news events started to appear in the 16th
century, and by the late 18th century newspapers
were common in Europe and the USA. In fact, many newspapers which
are still going strong today, like the Observer and the Times in London,
date back to that period. As printing technology has improved, newspapers
have been able to increase circulation, and now individual newspapers can
sell millions of copies. Even with the introduction and development of
other media, such as TV and radio, newspapers still play an important part
in our lives.

400th birthday of the newspaper

53. Re-arrange the words below to make ten crossword
questions.
1. Berlin / in / recently / What / opened / has /? (8,6) What has opened
in Berlin recently?
2. War of the Worlds / wrote / Who /? (1,1,5)
3. the / owns / Who / pie shop /? (6,8)
4. launched / Who / the / space probe /? (4)
5. has / India / started / in / just / season / Which /? (7)
6. Who / Jennifer Garner / just / has / married /? (3,6)
7. American city / to / Which / wanted / the 2012 Olympic Games / host
/?(3,4)
8. Live 8’s / What / the / name / is / of / organizer /? (3,6)
9. What / with / style / is / Luther Vandross / associated / of / music /?
(4)
10. C8 conference / organised / Who / the /? (6)

J
1
2
3
29
 4
5

C
6
7
8
9
10
S

54. Read the news stories to find the answers to the questions.
Write the answers in the grid provided to find the name of the
man who produced the world’s first newspaper.

NEWS IN BRIEF
The best medicine
A laughter school has opened in Berlin after a survey revealed that
Germans only laugh for six minutes a day (compared with nineteen
minutes for Italians). Susanne Maier, laughter therapist and owner of the
school, took the idea from a doctor in India who uses laughter yoga as a
way of relieving stress and improving the quality of life.

A tight fit
A thief in Romania has been caught red-handed after his attempt to rob a
pie shop went wrong. After stealing the shop’s money, the 29-year-old
couldn’t resist helping himself to some pies on the way out. The thief, who
weighs 140 kilos, then tried to climb through the window but got stuck. He
was still there the following morning when shop-owner Vasile Mandache
arrived for work.

Passengers saved
354 people in India have been saved after being trapped in a train hit by
flood waters. The passengers had been up to their necks in water for two
days, only able to communicate with officials through a single cell phone.
30
As India’s monsoon season has only just begun, the government warned
people to expect more floods.

Olympics venue
After a close contest, the International Olympic Committee have decided
that London will host the 2012 Olympic Games. The other teams bidding
were Paris, New York, Madrid and Moscow.

Probe hits comet

A probe the size of a washing machine, launched by NASA, has hit its
target (at 23,000 miles an hour), the comet Temple One. The impact has
been compared with a mosquito flying into a jumbo jet. Scientists hope the
pictures of the inside of the comet will give them more information about
how the solar system was formed millions of years ago.

Spielberg movie
Sci-fi thriller War of the Worlds, which stars Tom Cruise, took $101.7
million in its first five days in the US, and $204.2 million worldwide since
its release. The film, an adaptation of an H.G. Wells novel, cost a reported
$135 million to make. It has received positive reviews and is expected to
be one of the major hits of 2005.

C8 youngsters
Young people from the poorest and richest nations have gathered in
Scotland to host a junior version of the G8 summit. Organised by Unicef,
the event aims to discuss issues like poverty, HIV/Aids and education. One
of the delegates, eleven-year-old Aminata Palmer from Sierra Leone, said
“I want the G8 leaders to help stop suffering among children in the world.
People are suffering – especially in my country.”

Soul singer dies

Soul singer Luther Vandross has died at the age of 54, two years after
suffering a major stroke. During his career he sold 25 million albums and
sang with top stars like David Bowie, Michael Jackson and Aretha
Franklin. Vandross had suffered for years from diabetes and hypertension
as well as battling fluctuations in his weight.

31
Live 8 success
The Live 8 rock concerts were last night hailed a great success. Organiser
Bob Geldof said that the concerts had been ‘full of hope and possibility
and life’. The concerts were held in ten cities around the world including,
London, Philadelphia, Paris, Berlin, Johannesburg, Moscow, Rome and
Tokyo. They were designed to put pressure on the G8 leaders meeting in
Scotland on 6th July when considering Africa’s future.

Ben and Jen

Hollywood actors Ben Affleck and Jennifer Garner have revealed they are
married and expecting their first child. The couple met when they both
appeared in the film Pearl Harbour but only started dating in July 2004.

55. Listening.
a) Listen to the interview with Hugh Stephenson, Professor of
Journalism at City University, London. Put down the numbers
he gives when speaking about the following papers.
Morning papers
Sunday papers
Evening papers
Regional morning papers
Weekly papers

b) Answer the questions.

1. How were the popular papers invented?
2. Which were the first British newspapers?
3. Why does regional press make a great deal of money?
4. What is “vanity publishing”?
5. How did Mr. Rupert Murdoch make his newspaper into a profitable
business?
6. Which in interviewer’s opinion are the best newspapers?
7. Where can “the cheap journalism” be found?
8. What does the political colour of a newspaper in Britain depend on?

56. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я вважаю, що не існує фінансових зв’язків між політичними
партіями та пресою.
32
2. Дехто засновує газети заради престижу або щоб здобути
можливість політичного впливу на аудиторію.
3. Британці дуже полюбляють читати пресу: майже кожен британець
читає по одній газеті щодня.
4. Якщо власнику газети не подобається робота головного редактора,
він може його звільнити.
5. Місцеві газети головним чином висвітлюють події місцевого
значення.
6. Такі газети як “Таймс” та “Файненшл Таймс” не мають
конкурентів.
7. У порівнянні з іншими країнами, в Британії існує велика кількість
національних газет.
8. Бульварна преса має широке коло читачів.

57. Read the text, translate it into Ukrainian. Be ready to

discuss it.
THE BRITISH PRESS
In Britain there are two distinct kinds of newspapers and most
Britons read them sun or rain. They are quality newspapers (serious
papers or broadsheets) and tabloids (the gutter press, the popular press or
the yellow press).
The quality newspapers are large in size and have detailed articles on
both national and international current affairs. These are the Daily
Telegraph, the Times, the Guardian, the
Independent, the Financial Times and the
Observer.
The tabloids are smaller in size, have
more pictures, shorter articles, often about
private lives of celebrities and any kind of
scoop. These are the Daily express, the Daily
Mail, the Daily Star, the Sun, the Today and
the Daily Mirror.
There are over 120 daily and Sunday
newspapers and over 1,100 weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain.
They cover both local news as well as national and international stories.
These newspapers include certain specialized newspapers with circulation
limited not by regions but by interest, for instance, business, sporting and
religious newspapers, and newspapers in foreign languages.
33
 Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, as they often
have a colour supplement.
Unlike most of its European counterparts the
British press receives no subsidies and relatively
few tax and postal concessions. Registered
newspapers receive a concession on postal rates
and "per word" rates for international press
telegrams and photo telegrams.
Newspapers are almost always financially
independent of any political party, but this doesn't mean that they do
not follow any specific political line. Most newspapers either left-wing or
right-wing express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper
according to their political beliefs.
The British press is subject to the general law on publications
according to the requirements of which all the newspapers and periodicals
must be registered. There are no specific press laws but certain statutes
include sections which apply to the press. They relate to restrictions on
the reporting of certain types of court proceedings; restrictions on the
publications of advertisements which are governed by Acts dealing with
the publication of false or misleading descriptions of goods and services
and with fraud, and advertisements of remedies for certain diseases, which
are covered by public health legislation.
Of particular relevance to the press are such laws as those on
contempt of court, official secrets, libel and defamation. A newspaper
may not publish comments on the conduct of judicial proceedings which
are likely to prejudice their reputation for fairness.
The obtaining and publication of information from state and official
sources of a confidential or security nature is affected by the official
secret legislation.

58. Answer the questions.

1. What are two main kinds of newspapers in Britain? What are their major
points of difference?
2. How many daily and Sunday newspapers are there in Britain? What
factors determine the range of British newspapers?
3. Is there any financial help given to the British press by the government?
4. Is there any link between British newspapers and political parties?

34
5. What legal documents regulate activities of the British press? What
restrictions do they impose?
6. Are there any specific laws on the press and information?

59. Explain the meanings of the followings words and word

combinations in English. Provide possible synonyms.
1. circulation 14. court/judicial proceedings
2. counterparts 15. libel and defamation
3. to receive subsidies 16. fraud
4. tax and postal concessions 17. current affairs
5. celebrities 18. contempt of court
6. scoop 19. to apply to press
7. official secret legislation 20. general law on publications
8. restrictions 21. sun or rain
9. to be financially independent 22. colour supplement
10. political beliefs 23. to be of particular relevance
11. postal rates 24. to be subject to
12. to prejudice reputation 25. рublic health legislation
13. advertisement 26. tabloids

60. Translate the following words and word combinations into

English.
Обман/шахрайство; судові процеси/слухання; тираж; аналоги; наклеп
та обмова особистості; підпорядковуватися; сенсація; бути фінансово
незалежним; політичні переконання; неповага до суду; податкові та
поштові пільги; загальний закон “Про друковані видання”; бульварна/
жовта преса; поточні справи/події; ставити під сумнів/шкодити
репутації; поштові тарифи; отримувати субсидії; відомі особистості;
за будь-якої погоди/ що б там не сталося; мати особливе значення для
преси; ілюстрований додаток; обмеження; реклама; закон “Про
державну таємницю”.

61. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words from the
box making any necessary changes.
tabloid concession prejudice readership
contempt conjecture counterpart fraud
restriction circulation libel and defamation

35
1. They are hoping that the paper will have quite a wide _________.
2. Witnesses who cooperate with __________ in return for money often
find themselves subject to criticism if they are called into court.
3. Women still have to overcome many __________to gain equality.
4. My results show that this ____________ was, in fact, correct.
5. That sort of behaviour is simply beneath __________ .
6. Asian pupils complained of racial ___________at school.
7. Under the previous administration, rich landowners were given a
generous tax _________ .
8. Belgian officials are discussing the ways to solve the economic crisis in
Europe with their French __________ .
9. The _________ of the Times fell when the price increased to 45 p.
10. Chambars & Co sued the newspaper for _____________.
11.She realised later that the insurance scheme was a complete
__________.

62. Find topical vocabulary items among the jumbled letters.

Hyptviolentketpbiasedpotydesignatekortinsurmountablegoitpproximityber
ahlydubiousdtodnscarceoptydmplunpublicitygegtglosskprylibelhusmsubsi
dyloptnrelevancegoiynlegislationiprmcirculationkertyafraudf

63. Translate the text into English. Retell it.

Преса
У Великобританії видається більше національних та
регіональних щоденних газет у розрахунку на одну людину, ніж у
будь-якій іншій країні. Середній загальний тираж національних газет
складає понад 14 мільйонів примірників у будні та 16 мільйонів у
неділю. У Великобританії друкується десять національних ранкових
щоденних газет, п'ять із яких є "якісними", дві – "середніми" та три –
"популярними". Дев'ять національних недільних газет
розподіляються на чотири "якісні", дві "середні" та три "популярні".
Є також майже 100 щоденних та тижневих регіональних газет, багато
недільних газет та понад 7700 періодичних видань. Близько 800 газет,
більшість із яких виходять раз на тиждень, розповсюджуються
безкоштовно та фінансуються за рахунок реклами, і їхній тижневий
тираж зараз складає 33 мільйони примірників.

36
 Не існує ніякого державного контролю та
цензури преси, яка відображає різноманітні
політичні погляди, інтереси та підтримує певний
освітній рівень. Газети завжди фінансово
незалежні від політичних партій. Коли в газетах
висловлюються чіткі погляди або в
редакторському коментарі явно відображені
політичні вподобання, це, зазвичай, є
результатом певних власницьких або інших непартійних інтересів.

64. Choose the right answer.

1. I don't think this newspaper cartoon is very funny, but I like the …
under it.
a) caption b) label c) message d) text
2. When you go out, will you get me ….. of "Newsweek"?
a) a copy b) an edition c) a paper d) a publication
3. A ….. from the local newspaper asked for details of the accident.
a) broadcaster b) newsagent c) reporter d) salesman
4. The press couldn't speak to the Ministry employees: they had to wait for
a statement from the Government ….. .
a) messenger b) reporter c) speaker d) spokesman
5. Although there is no official censorship in our country, the press is still
….. the laws of the land.
a) accountable to b) controlled by c) restrained by d) subject to
6. I read a newspaper every day to keep ….. with current affairs.
a) contemporary b) modern c) present-day d) up-to-date
7. There is very interesting ….. about cancer in the paper.
a) article b) documentary c) news d) programme
8. A newspaper ….. normally makes the final decision about the paper's
contents.
a) editor b) journalist c) reporter d) publisher
9. Dear Sirs, I am writing in response to your ….. for a sales clerk in
yesterday's "Business Man".
a) advertisement b) annoucement c) propaganda d) publicity
10. Our newspaper increased its ….. by eighty thousand copies.
a) amount b) circulation c) numbers d) quantity
11. Could I have a copy of the ….. issue of the "National Geographic",
please?
37
a) actual b) circulating c) latest d) recent
12. He took out a(n) ….. to "The Times".
a) conscription b) inscription c) prescription d) subscription
13. You must look in the ….. section of the newspaper to find what films
are showing.
a) diversion b) entertainment c) recreation d) variety
14. Every morning I do the crossword ….. in the newspaper.
a) problem b) puzzle c) question d) test
15. Many newspapers are holding lotteries to ….. sales.
a) advertise b) progress c) promote d) publicise

Video Club.
65. You will watch an episode about a celebrity correspondent.
Before you watch answer some questions.
• What renowned news anchors do you know?
• Do you find the job of a correspondent dangerous? Why/Why not?
• Are you satisfied with the quality of Ukrainian news programmes?

66. Watch a piece of news from the BBC World Service. Note
the following information to complete the chart.
Country
Subject matter
Background

67. Watch again. For questions 1 – 6 choose the best answer A,

B, or C.
1. Walter Croncite set a standard
A. for TV programmes.
B. for millions of Americans.
C. for TV anchormen.
2. He began broadcasting
A. before World War I.
B. during World War II.
C. after World War II.

38
 3. He joined CBS in
A. 1960s.
B. 1950s.
C. 1970s.
4. He was sure that America
A. could not win the Vietnam War.
B. would win the Vietnam War.
C. was defeated in the Vietnam War.
5. President Johnson decided
A. to dismiss Walter Croncite.
B. to campaign for a second term.
C. not to seek for reelection.
6. When Walter Croncite retired he
A. was quoted.
B. became president.
C. wrote his sea adventures.

68. Discuss the following.

• Do news anchors influence news they report on or not?
• What features should a person have to become a successful
correspondent?
• Do the mass media form public opinion anyhow?

69. Many TV newsreaders and correspondents are well known

in their country and abroad. Sometimes people recognise them
in the street and ask for autographs. Radio broadcasters are not
so popular, because, perhaps, they are “invisible” – the audience
can only listen to their voices. But when there was no radio these
voices were so close to many people. Jurij Levitan was called
“the voice of the era”. What do know about him? Translate the
text about this distinguished person from Ukrainian into
English.
Юрій Левітан
Голос Юрія Левітана став голосом епохи. Люди чекали цього
голосу з динаміків так, як чекали з війни своїх синів, чоловіків,
братів. Для мільйонів людей він був символом надії.
39
 Юрій Борисович Левітан народився 2
жовтня 1914 року у Владимирі. У 1932 році
в Москві у Радіокомітеті була створена
Головна Редакція Інформації, для роботи в
якій був оголошений набір в дикторську
групу. Випадково побачивши оголошення,
18-тирічний Ю. Левітан отримав шанс –
Левітана взяли на радіо черговим по
станції. Вдень він готував працівникам
станції чай, а ввечері опановував професію
диктора. За 2 місяці Левітану довірили роботу в нічних технічних
ефірах, де його й помітив Сталін. Генеральному секретареві сподобався
голос юнака, і він наказав, щоб наступного дня його виступ на з’їзді
читав саме цей диктор. Вчорашній стажер читав промову впродовж 5
годин без зупинки, жодного разу не схибивши. Після цього Сталін
наказав, щоб надалі всі його виступи та інші важливі тексти читав на
радіо саме Левітан. Таким чином 19-тирічним юнаком Юрій Левітан
став головним диктором Радянського Союзу.
Юрій Левітан став дуже відомим у роки Великої Вітчизняної
Війни. Він читав звіти з фронту та матеріали “Від радянського
інформбюро”. Саме його голосом 9 травня 1945 року світ почув про
кінець війни.
Гітлер вважав Ю. Левітана ворогом №1, за його голову було
обіцяно 250 тисяч марок, а спецгрупа СС готувалась спочатку до його
викрадення, а потім до ліквідації. Левітану виділили охорону, й
розпустили чутки про його загибель – на щастя, небагато людей
знали його в обличчя.
Після війни Юрій Левітан продовжував працювати головним
диктором Радянського Союзу, повідомляючи про найважливіші
державні справи. Йому першому серед дикторів було присвоєно
звання народного артиста СРСР. Він озвучував кінохроніку, читав
закадрові тексти до художніх фільмів про війну, записав для історії
повідомлення інформбюро, адже під час війни цього не робили.
Усього Юрій Левітан провів 60 тисяч передач.
Він помер 4 серпня 1983 року у віці 66 років. Похований на
Новодєвічем цвинтарі у Москві.

40
70. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the
text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

THE MEDIA: PRINT

Typical sections found in newspapers and magazines
"One thing I always read in the paper is the obituaries; it's so
interesting to read about the lives of well-known people. I also usually
read the leader (or editorial); it helps me form my opinion on things.
Although national newspapers give you all the important news, I find that
if you just want to sell your car or something, the classified ads in a local
paper is the best place. But at the weekend I just love the Sunday papers.
Most British Sunday papers have supplements with articles on travel,
food and fashion and so on, and that keeps me occupied for hours. Last
week there was a feature on new technology in one of them; it was
fascinating. My teenage daughter prefers magazines, especially the agony
columns. I just can't imagine writing to an agony aunt. It amazes me how
people are prepared to discuss their most intimate problems publicly".

71. Language focus

Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. obituaries 5. feature
2. leader (or editorial) 6. agony columns
3. classified ads 7. agony aunt
4. supplements

72. Without looking at the previous exercise test your memory

for words that mean ...
1. the small advertisements in different categories found in newspapers
2. a person you write to at a magazine to discuss intimate emotional
problems
3. the section of a newspaper which has tributes to people who have just
died
4. an article in a newspaper which gives the editor's opinion
5. a separate magazine that comes free with a newspaper an article or set
of articles devoted to a special theme
41
73. Read and study the vocabulary. Translate the examples
into Ukrainian.

Some types of printed material

name description/definition example sentence
pamphlet small book with a soft cover, The Conservative Party
dealing with a specific topic, published a pamphlet on the
often political future of private education.
leaflet single sheet or folded sheets I picked up a leaflet about the
of paper giving information museum when I was in town.
about something
brochure small, thin book like a Do you have any brochures
magazine, which gives about Caribbean holidays?
information, often about
travel, or a company, etc.
prospectus small, thin book like a Before you choose a
magazine, which gives university, you should send
information about a school, away for some prospectuses.
college or university, or a
company
flyer single sheet giving I was given a flyer about a
information about some new nightclub which is
event, special offer, etc., opening next month.
often given out in the street
booklet small thin book with a soft The tourist office has a free
cover, often giving booklet of local walks.
information about something
manual book of detailed instructions This computer manual is
how to use something impossible to understand!

74. Sort this group of eight vocabulary items into two sets of
four, one connected with books, the other with magazines. Use
a dictionary if necessary.
edition quarterly spine jacket subscription foreword
issue binder

75. Fill the gaps in these sentences with appropriate words.

42
1. I've decided to do my own car maintenance, so I've bought the
......................... for my particular model.
2. Someone was giving out............................... in the town centre today
about a demonstration that's going to take place on Saturday.
3. I love looking through holiday ............................. and dreaming about
flying off to exotic places.
4. I never read political...............................; they're so boring.
5. This ...... ......................... gives the opening times for the art gallery.
6. I've got this really useful................................. with details of all the local
sights.
7. I've read the ..............................and I like that university; I think I'll
apply.

 NEWSPAPER SECTIONS

76. Match the given newspaper sections to their contents

presented below.
obituary editorial caption weather forecast
gossip sport report parliamentary headline
column report
gardening recipe television horoscope
tips preview
new car auction report travel and
report holidays

(a) The word is that Clinton Ross, 32, playboy son of US steel billionaire
Dwight Ross, has left his girlfriend, actress Lee-Ann Van Post, 26, and is
now in Europe.
(b) Prince Edward (left) enjoys a joke with actor Sam Cool (centre).
(c) PREMIER TO PROBE RIDDLE OF 'SPIES IN MINISTRY'
(d) He received a number of international literary awards, culminating in
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986. He leaves a widow and two sons.
(e) Today is a good day to do business but a bad one for romance. Don't
take members of the opposite sex too seriously today.
(f) Our front page today gives details of the government's new economic
proposals. Our readers may think, as we do, that these measures are too
little and too late. We say to the government, not for the first time, it is
time ...
43
(g) Mix two egg yolks with butter in a frying-pan over a low gas. Add
sugar and then...
(h) A pair of silver George II candlesticks fetched £17,000. Bidding was
slow for Victorian oil paintings but a landscape by Somers went for
£55,000.
(i) Robson equalised with a header from five yards just before the half-
time whistle.
(j) The cheapest bucket-shop air-return to Hong Kong is now about £480
and Hong Kong is a good base to visit Macao, China and Taiwan. The best
season is …
(k) Mr Richard Caulder (West Hull, Labour) asked if the Minister of
Transport could inform MPs of train-fare concessions for pensioners.
However, the Speaker declared that...
(l) Now is the time to plant roses. Put trees in at least 2' apart, and cover
roots with 6" of soil.
(m) A hard-hitting documentary series starts tonight at 10 p.m. Viewers
might be shocked at scenes of...
(n) Road holding and fuel consumption are good but otherwise the
performance lacks zip.
(o) A 7.2-magnitude earthquake has hit eastern Turkey, causing deaths and
injuries as buildings collapsed. The quake hit just north-east of the city of
Van, where Anatolia news agency said at least 50 people were injured.
Strong aftershocks have hit the region.

77. Match the newspaper headlines to the sections.

Poland hit by more bad weather UK news
Mobile phone company makes bid for rival World news
Russian satellites launched politics
Poor results force England’s cricket captain to business
quit
Cancer screening benefits praised education
A MAGICAL PERFORMANCE Sports
TV standards falling science/technology
UK backs peace plan entertainment
SOTH-EAST ASAN LEADERS MEET FOR Health
NEW TALKS
Education spending key to next election reviews

44
78. Can you think of any other sections? Which is your
favourite section of the newspaper? Why? Which do you never
read?
E.g. I like reading the sports section the most.
I never read the politics section. I’m not interested in it.

79. The people are reading the newspaper. What section are
they reading: entertainment? business? sports? local news?
horoscopes? international news?
1. The World Health Organisation will hold a meeting to discuss the
effects of tobacco on public health.
2. This is definitely one of the best films to come out of Hollywood this
year.
3. The recent increase in oil prices has had a negative effect on the stock
market.
4. A new sports and entertainment complex is to be built next to
Brentwood shopping centre.
5. Manchester United won the FA Cup.
6. Gemini: Not a good day to make a financial investment. You will hear
from an old friend, but do not mistake friendship for romance.

80.Name some more newspaper sections.

Newspaper headline language

81. How to Write Headlines for News

Articles
A headline is a short, clear summary of the
information presented in a newspaper article.
To write headlines correctly, certain rules
must be followed.
a) use the present simple tense to describe
events which have occurred very recently.
Earthquake hits L.A., for example, means
the earthquake has just happened, probably in
the last twenty-four hours;

45
b) omit the verb “be” when using the passive voice to describe a past
event. Write: President defeated or Lost boy found not: President was
defeated or Lost boy was found;
c) write “to be + past participle” when using the passive voice to describe a
future event, as in: Hospital to be opened by Queen (= A hospital is
going to be opened by the Queen.) when using the active voice to describe
a future event, write the full infinitive (to be) only, as in Queen to open
hospital (= The Queen is going to open a hospital);
d) omit articles (a, an, the) as in Child trapped in rubble (= A child was
trapped in rubble);
e) put nouns one after the other as in London factory explosion injures
27 (which means that an explosion in a factory located in London resulted
in twenty-seven people being injured;
f) avoid using prepositions (words like under, over, across, through).
Write: Unidentified virus spreads rather than An unidentified virus has
spread across the country);
g) use abbreviations like US, UN, NATO. Write: UFO sighted not: An
unidentified flying object was seen.

82. Read and study the features of headline languages for

further exercises and discussions.
Here are some typical examples of headlines from tabloid newspapers
with comments on their use of language.[popular papers with smaller pages
than more serious papers]

EXPERT REVEALS NEW MOBILE DANGERS

• Articles, prepositions and auxiliary verbs are often omitted from

headlines.
• This use of the present simple instead of the past tense makes the story
sound more immediate.
• The use of language is often ambiguous. It is not entirely clear, for
example, what mobile refers to here. It is actually about the dangers of
mobile phone use but it could have referred to dangers that can move in
some way. Readers have to look at the story in order to find out.
• Words with dramatic associations such as danger are often used.

46
TV STAR TRAGIC TARGET FOR MYSTERY GUNMAN

This story is about how a well-known television actor was shot by an

unknown killer.
• Tabloid newspapers like to use references to royalty or popular figures
like film or pop stars or sports personalities in order to attract readers'
attention.
• Alliteration such as TV Star Tragic Target is often used to attract the eye
in headlines and to make them sound more memorable.
• Newspapers sometimes use 'shorthand' words such as 'gunman' in order to
express an idea or image as briefly and as vividly as possible.

Violent words
Violent and militaristic words are often used in newspaper headlines,
especially in tabloid newspapers, in order to make stories seem more
dramatic.
EU acts to crush terror of the thugs
Palace besieged by journalists
Crackdown on soccer lout
Typhoon rips through town

83. Headline English

a. What will the stories under these newspaper headlines
probably be about?
Example: MAJOR CLASH AT FORD
A significant conflict at a Ford motor factory.
1. KEY ADVISOR QUITS
2. FACTORY BLAST RIDDLE
3. STAR IN GEMS ORDEAL
4. PM AXES AID
5. MPs BACK TAX PROBE

b. Find a word from each headline which matches one of the

words in the box in meaning.
Example: TAX PROBE REVEALS FRAUD probe = investigation
1. NEW INTEREST RATES BOOST SAVINGS
2. FILM STAR TO WED VICAR
47
3. MORE STRIFE AT FACTORY
4. BY-PASS PLANS GET GO-AHEAD
5. STORMS HIT REGION
6. BLAZE AT LOCAL SCHOOL
7. MOTHER’S PLEA FOR HELP
8. HUSBAND’S FINAL VOW
9. PRISONER’S SECRET PLOY
10. NEW BID TO CONQUER EVEREST
affect approval attempt clever activity conflict
encourage fire investigation marry promise
request

c. Explain the meanings of the underlined words in the

headlines 1-8, then answer 9.
Example: MAJOR CLASH AT FORD clash: dispute or conflict
1. PEACE MOVES AT RISK
2. TV POLL EXPOSED
3. MERGER TALKS FAIL
4. COURTROOM DRAMA ENDS
5. IBM HEAD TO GO
6. SON OUSTS DAD
7. PRINCE PLEDGES SUPPORT
8. JOBS THREAT AT FACTORY
9. Why are these words used in headlines?

84. Try to rewrite the following sentences into headlines

applying the theory above.
1. The prisoner’s protest at the Tryall jail has ended.
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Banks are planning to introduce security cameras at cashpoint machines.
…………………………………………………………………………
3. A tanker overturned, spilling its cargo of heating oil on the M11
motorway.
…………………………………………………………………………
4. Nutritionists have condemned new slimming drugs as very harmful.
…………………………………………………………………………
5. The London School of Economics has won an award for being the best
business school.
48
…………………………………………………………………………
6. The Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries has made a deal to
fix oil prices.
…………………………………………………………………………
7. The Zolosis factory was blamed for failing to protect workers against
unsafe chemical levels.
…………………………………………………………………………
8. Contaminated baby food of various brands has caused a scare in the city
of Redding.
…………………………………………………………………………
9. The director of the car company will be charged with fraud.
…………………………………………………………………………

85. Look at the following headlines and expand them into

proper sentences.
1. Queen’s lost jewels found
2. Collision kills five
3. Manchester wins cup
4. Explosion destroys factory
5. Prince to wed
6. Dustmen’s strike over
7. Election called by PM
8. 7.5 quake kills 5000
9. Scandal threatens government
10. Hospital to be closed
11. War declared
12. Storm destroys corn crop
13. Terrorist drama ends peacefully
14. Clinton, Pope to meet
15. UN Warning: starvation in Africa

86. Discussion.
a.Work with a partner. Complete the headlines below
using the words in the box.
Do you believe them? divide them into facts, half-truths and myths.
world failure countries crime
warming species deforestation toll
a CO emissions to blame for global____________
49
b It’s official – 83% of company mergers end
in________________
c G7 __________ account for 67% of global GDP
d Cost of __________ - 120 million km of trees disappear every
year
e Latest police figures show rise in violent _______ amongst
under-25s
f Free market economics bring prosperity to developing _______
g 110 ___________ become extinct every day
h Spread of famine – annual death ________ climbs to 40m.

b. Listen to the surprising facts behind the headlines. Take

notes and discuss your reactions after listening to each one.
It’s good news that … It’s reassuring to hear that …
I’m astonished that … I had no idea that … It’s debatable
whether … I can hardly believe that … It’s not what I’ve
heard.
I’m appalled that … I think it’s scandalous that …

The language of statistics

c. Match the words and phrases below to summarise the
information in b. All the expressions were in the recording.

a) Contrary to I. not the case that, 1) in a recent study, which puts

popular II. to be some truth the figure at 83%.
b) Nor is there III. opinion 2) that the G7 earn 67% of
c) It’s impossible IV. thought global GDP.
d) But there does V. any real evidence 3) the planet is not getting
seem VI. to quote significantly warmer.
e) It’s a sobering VII. the matter 4) that global warming is
f) It’s simply VIII. vary widely caused by heavy industry
g) Statistically IX. truth is 5) as some claim, the number of
h) Surveys X. perspective, trees has halved.
i) The truth of XI. speaking, 6) an exact figure for the
j) Estimates XII. show that number of mergers that fall.
k) The shocking 7) 90% of them are happy, self-
l) To put that confident individuals
50
 in 8) today’s teenagers are
committing fewer crimes
9) is that IMF loans have not
helped a single country
10) that 40 million people die
from hunger every year.
11) as to exactly how many
species there are.
it’s the equivalent of 300
jets crashing every day.

88. Media Matters

Scan the extracts and decide which of the headlines – Control,

Censorship, Equality, and Balance – corresponds to each
passage.

“TV News” looked at some of the dilemmas in television journalism. Here,

we examine four issues of vital importance to the entire information
industry. But they’re not just crucial debates for people who work in TV,
radio, and the press. They concern media consumers, too…and that means
EVERYBODY.

1……………………………………
News is often about conflict – just
think of the situations in Russia,
Northern Ireland, South Africa or
the Middle East. Then there are less
dramatic conflicts. Examples of
these include the battles between
strikers and their employers or the
police and angry demonstrators.
But whether a news story is global
or local, it usually involves an
argument. The question is – do the
media report both sides of the
problem in a balanced way?
In many cases the answer is “yes”.
51
2………………………………
How free are the media? Well – it
varies from country to country. In
some cases (e. g. Sweden and
America) there are very few limits
on what journalists can report. Other
governments are slightly less liberal.
In Britain, for example, there is an
“Official Secrets Act”. This means
that it’s against the law to report
certain sensitive information about
defence and intelligence matters.
And then there’s a third group of
countries which control their media
very strictly. In cases like this,
TV, radio and broad sheet
newspapers generally focus on the
facts and try to be fair. But when it
comes to tabloid papers, the picture
is very different. Their reports can
contain strong opinions. They
support one side of the conflict and
attack the other. This approach is
popular with millions of tabloid
readers because it’s fun to read
about heroes and villains.
Unfortunately, though, the truth is
rarely black and white – it’s usually
grey.
3…………………………………
Newspapers and TV stations are
expensive – only the very rich can
afford to buy and run them. Even
fewer can afford to manage a media
empire – but two men who can are
Rupert Murdoch (the USA) and
Silvio Berlusconi (Italy). Some
people believe that “media moguls”
like these have too much power and
are only interested in profit, not
good quality papers or programmes.
Others claim the opposite – that rich
owners are good for the information
industry. Why? Because they invest
in new technology and create more
choice for the consumer.
52
broadcasters and journalists who
break the law are frequently sent to
prison or sometimes even killed.
Lack of freedom is a serious
journalistic issue, but it’s not the
only one in the censorship debate.
On the other side of the coin, some
people believe journalists have too
much freedom. The argument here
is that newspapers often invade
people’s private lives and print
sensational stories which are untrue.
Should this be allowed to happen?
4………………………………
How do the media represent women
– fairly or unfairly? And what about
ethnic or religious minorities,
children, old people or the disabled?
How much time and space are their
views given by the media?
These days it is a very important
issue. We live in complex societies
with lots of different groups – a fact
which can’t be ignored. The
problem is that for a long time the
media did ignore it.
Things have improved a lot in the
last ten years – for example, there
are more women in top media jobs
these days and more programmes
and papers for ethnic viewers and
readers. But even so, many minority
groups think there’s still a long way
to go.
89. a) Read the text, translate it into Ukrainian. Retell the text.

THE BRITISH BROADCASTING

All British broadcasting is based on the
tradition that it is a public service accountable to
the people through Parliament. Two public
bodies - The British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC) and the Independent Broadcasting
Authority (IBA) – provide television and radio
services; they work to broad requirements
and objectives placed on them by Parliament.
The Home Secretary regulates broadcasting
generally, is answerable to Parliament on broad
policy questions, and may issue directions on a number of
technical and other matters.
Television viewing is by far the most popular leisure pastime in
Britain. Average viewing time per person is nearly 24 hours a week.
Households with television must buy a licence each year; they cost £12 for
black and white and £ 34 for colour.
The constitution and finances of the BBC are governed by the Royal
Charter and a Licence and Agreement. The Corporation of 12 governors
(each appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Government and
including separate governors for Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), is
responsible for all aspects of broadcasting.
Committees advise them on a wide range of
matters including the social effects of television,
religious broadcasting, music, agriculture, schools
broadcasting, further education, programmes for
immigrants, science and engineering and
charitable appeals. The governors appoint the Director General who is
chairman of the BBC's board of management.
The IBA's constitution and finances are governed by statute. Its
members (three of whom have responsibility for Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland) are appointed by the Home Secretary. The IBA does not
produce radio or television programmes; these are provided by commercial
programme companies. Its main functions are to appoint the companies,
supervise programme arrangements, control advertising and build, own
and operate transmitting stations. The chief executive officer of the IBA,
53
the Director General, is supported by
headquarters and regional office staff
covering all technical and administrative
services.
Fifteen television programme companies
hold contracts to provide television
programmes in the 14 independent television
regions.
In consultation with the IBA, each company plans the content of the
programmes to be broadcast in its area. These are produced by the
company itself and by other programme companies or purchased from
elsewhere.
Four television channels are in operation. Through coordinated
planning on its two services the BBC caters simultaneously for people of
different interests. BBC-1 presents more programmes of general interest,
such as light entertainment, sport, current affair, children's programmes,
while BBC-2 places greater emphasis on minority interests, providing a
larger element of documentaries, travel programmes, serious drama,
music, and international films.
BBC radio has four national channels. Radio 1 provides a
programme of pop music, while radio 2 provides light entertainment and
music as well as being the principal channel for the coverage of sport.
Radio 3 provides mainly classical music and in the evening also offers
adult education programmes. Radio 4 is the main speech programme,
providing the principal news and information service.
The BBC External Services broadcast by radio to most countries
overseas, using English and many other languages. The language in which
the External Services broadcast and the length of time each is on the air are
prescribed by the Government. Radio for overseas is also produced by the
radio services of the Central Office of Information (COI).

90. Answer the questions.

1. What are the main British broadcasting bodies that provide television
and radio services?
2. What is the most popular leisure pastime in Britain?
3. What governmental offices govern and supervise the work of radio and
television?

54
4. What are the functions of the IBA and the commercial programme
companies? How do they cooperate?
5. How is the BBC governed? Who is responsible for all aspects of its
broadcasting?

Language focus
91. Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. to be accountable to 6. to be supported by headquarters
2. to provide television and radio 7. to cater simultaneously for people
services of different interests
3. to work to broad requirements 8. to place greater emphasis on
and objectives placed on them 9. to be prescribed by the
by Parliament. Government
4. to be governed by 10. to be answerable to
5. to issue directions 11. the BBC's board of management

92. Translate into English.

Громадська служба; звітувати перед Парламентом; надавати
телевізійні послуги; міністр внутрішніх справ; керувати
телевізійними та радіо станціями; давати вказівки; перегляд
телевізійних програм; популярний вид дозвілля; купувати ліцензію;
Королівська Хартія; ліцензія та договір; губернатор; за порадою; бути
відповідальним за щось; сфери мовлення; благодійні звернення;
призначати на посаду; статутзаконодавчий акт парламенту;
комерційна компанія; здійснювати контроль над створенням програм;
трансляційна станція; головний виконавчий директор компанії; зміст
програми; піклуватись про; розважальний канал; поточні справи;
висвітлення новин спорту; освітня програма для дорослих; бути в
ефірі; давати вказівки щодо мови передачі; купувати програми;
освітні програми для дорослих.

93. Match the phrases in the columns to form word

combinations.
1. a public a. pastime
2. broadcasting b. management
55
 3. provide c. services
4. broad d. entertainment
5. leisure e. services
6. average f. interests
7. external g. television and radio services
8. a board of h. viewing time
9. administrative i. service
10. light j. education
11. coverage of k. policy questions
12. length of l. authority
13. charitable m. sport
14. further n. time
15. minority o. appeals

94. Match the words with their definitions.

1. broadcasting a. relating to giving help to the poor
2. to regulate b. the way in which something is organized
3. a licence c. to control an activity or process especially by
4. to appoint rules
5. charitable d. relating to foreign countries
6. statute e. to provide a particular group of people with
the things they need or want
7. to supervise f. to be in charge of an activity or person and
8.programmes make sure that things are done in the correct
arrangement way
9. headquarters g. the main building or offices used by a large
company or organization;
10. to cater for h. an official document giving you permission
11. coverage to own or to do something
12. external service i. the business of making television and radio
programmes
j. when a subject or event is reported on
television or radio , or in newspapers
k. to choose someone for a position or a job
l. a law passed by a parliament, council etc. and
formally written down.

95. Complete the sentences referring to the previous text.

56
1.The Home Secretary is answerable to……….
2.Television viewing is………
3.Committees advise companies on…………..
4.The wide range of programmes includes………….
5.Their main duties are to supervise programme arrangements and to…
6.He is supported by headquarters and………..
7.The content of programmes to be broadcast is planned by……..
8. Radio I provides a programme of……..
9. The length of time and the language for broadcasting is prescribed by…
10. If a company does not produce television or radio programmes, they
should be…………
11.This radio station works for minority interests providing……………
12. British people do not only comprise a large readership but they are
fond of different TV programmes spending………….

96. Check your knowledge of the text. Write 1 for the BBC
and 2 for the IBA.
1)_______ it is governed by the Royal Charter
2)_______ it is governed by statute
3)_______ they hold contracts on TV programmes
4)_______ it presents programmes of general interests
5)_______ it doesn’t produce television programmes
6)_______ the company plans the content of programmes
7)_______ the Queen appoints governors
8)_______ the chief executive officer is supported by the headquarters
9)_______ it has four national channels
10)______ it provides the principal news
11)______ its members are appointed by the Home Secretary
12)______ radio broadcasting to most countries overseas.

97. Translate into English.

1. Структура та фінансування ВВС регулюються королівським
уставом (хартією) та ліцензією.
2. Міністр внутрішніх справ у загальних рисах регламентує
радіомовлення та звітує перед Парламентом з питань загальної
політики.
3. Дві громадські організації, ВВС та ІВА, надають телевізійні та
радіо послуги.
57
4. Комітети консультують з приводу широкого кола питань, що
включає соціальний вплив телебачення, програми подальшої освіти
та благодійні звернення.
5. Британське радіомовлення – це громадська служба, яка звітує
перед Парламентом.
6. Головна функція ІВА – призначати компанії, які створюють радіо
та телепрограми, наглядати за впорядкуванням програм,
контролювати рекламу та керувати трансляційними станціями.
7. Компанія планує зміст програм, які будуть транслюватися в цьому
районі.
8. ВВС працює для одночасного задоволення потреб людей із різними
інтересами.
9. ВВС-2 робить більший акцент на програми, які викликають
зацікавленість у національних меншин.
10. Мова передач та тривалість кожної з них в ефірі визначається
урядом.

98 .Translate into English.

Бі-Бі-Сі
Бі-Бі-Сі керує двома національними телевізійними каналами, що
доповнюють один одного – Бі-Бі-Сі 1 та Бі-Бі-Сі 2, які працюють в
ефірі з ранку до пізньої ночі. Радіомережа Бі-Бі-Сі обслуговує
аудиторію в 28 мільйонів слухачів на тиждень та забезпечує
мовлення п'яти національних мереж. Бі-Бі-Сі має 37 місцевих
радіостанцій, що обслуговують Англію та Нормандські острови, а
також регіональні та громадські радіослужби в Шотландії, Уельсі та
Північній Ірландії.
Всесвітня служба радіо Бі-Бі-Сі транслює програми англійською
мовою та 40 іншими мовами світу. Кількість постійних слухачів її в
усьому світі складає 133 мільйони. У 1994-95 роках Всесвітнє
телебачення Бі-Бі-Сі мало ліцензію більш, ніж на 14500 годин
мовлення на 80 країн світу, завдяки чому Бі-Бі-Сі стала найбільшим у
Європі експортером програм. Вона також має канал розважальних
програм для передплатників у континентальній Європі та канал, що
транслює новини арабською мовою.
Внутрішня служба Бі-Бі-Сі фінансується майже повністю за
рахунок продажу щорічних телевізійних ліцензій. Платної реклами не
58
існує. Всесвітня радіослужба Бі-Бі-Сі фінансується урядовими
грантами, тоді як Всесвітня служба телебачення Бі-Бі-Сі існує за
рахунок самофінансування.

SPEAKING
99. Make up a dialogue using active vocabulary.
a.You have come to Britain to obtain information about the arrangements
of radio and television broadcasting.
Prepare questions to ask the British colleagues.

b.You are British specialists working in broadcasting. Get ready to speak

about how you operate radio and TV channels.
c. Role-play. Read the following joke and act it out with your partner.
Newsboy: “Great mystery! – Fifty victims! Paper, sir?”
Passer-by: “Here, boy, I’ll take one.” (after reading a moment) “Say, boy,
there is nothing of that kind on this paper. Where is it?”
Newsboy: “That’s the mystery, sir. You are the fifty-first victim.”

TELEVISION IN OUR LIFE

Lead-in: Television. Being developed not so long
ago, it is nowadays a part of every family’s life.
For some people it is a kind of a member of
family. It was found out that a TV-set is one of the first things people try
to take away when fire starts. What’s the role of television in your life?
Do you consider it useful or not?

100. Comment on the following quotation.

Television: Chewing gum for the eyes. (Frank Lloyd Wright)

101. Read the text below to get to know the researchers’ point
of view.
Harmful or not?
Experts are at war over whether watching television is harmful to the
development of a child. Researchers in the United States claim TV
59
deprives youngsters of the social contact they need for mental and
physical development and recommend that children under the age of two
should not watch it at all.
But British scientists say other factors, such as home background, social
environment are far more significant to individual growth. A seven year
project in the south Atlantic island of St. Helena - where TV was only
introduced in 1995 – concludes that four years' TV has had no
behavioural effects on young viewers.
Research leader Tony Charlton, professor of psychology at Cheltenham
and Gloucester College of Higher Education, said: “All children are
vulnerable, but some are more vulnerable than others. It can depend on
what they watch but more importantly on parenting and community. We
often use TV as a whipping boy but used prudently it has an enormous
educational potential. Our findings challenge claims that TV makes
young viewers violent. Learning violence from the TV becomes a problem
only when family, community and school influences fail to check and
control young viewers.
"Adults, not the TV, are responsible for
youngsters' good behaviour or lack of it." However,
Prof. Charlton did concede that TV can affect
concentration levels in children under the age of
two.
Child psychologists and television experts
criticised the latest study in the US by the American Academy of
Paediatrics, which claimed that even innocent programmes have
unfavourable long-term effects and that exposure to computers games,
feature films and the Internet pose health risks to children.
Dr. Brian Young, lecturer in psychology at Exeter University, said: "TV
is one of many elements in the information mix. We live in a world of
information and there's no point in trying to remove children from it. This
is not a problem with television, it's a problem with parenting. There is a
temptation for parents to use the TV as a babysitter. But the way to deal
with children is to allow them to watch programmes appropriate to their
age group and then talk about them. The parent becomes a buffer in a
very positive way."
Anna Home, who commissioned The Teletubbies when head of BBC
children's programmes, said: "Children need a balanced diet and of course

60
TV should not be treated as the only provider. This criticism comes in
cycles and it's very easy to blame TV for society's ills."
Child psychologist Dr Anne Sheppard added: "Some programmes, like
Teletubbies and Sesame Street, can have a real educational benefit.
Children should not be plonked in front of the television for hours on
end, but stopping them from watching television altogether could be
considered a form of deprivation."

102. Comprehension Check

Define if the statements are true or false.
➢Experts from different countries agree that watching television is
harmful to the development of a child.
➢Home background and social environment are of great importance
for individual growth.
➢Television has an enormous educational potential.
➢Though family and school are checking and controlling young
viewers, learning violence from TV is still a great problem.
➢Adults are the least responsible for good behaviour of the children.
➢US researchers claim TV has unfavourable long-term effects.
➢As we live in a world of information, we have to keep children away
from it as long as possible.
➢TV is the best babysitter.
➢It is TV that is to blame for society’s ills.

103. Find out the meanings of the word-combinations in bold

in the text. Explain them in English and give their Ukrainian
equivalents.

104. Discuss with the partner.

There are two points of view presented in the text. Which one do you
support? Do you agree with the American scientists that watching TV has
unfavourable long-term effects? Can you give any examples from your
own experience? Or do you think the way the British researchers do –
that TV has an enormous educational potential used prudently?
Why/Why not?
61
105. Discuss the problem described in the text above in two
groups. One group are researches from the USA who claim TV
poses health risks to children. The others agree that TV has a
great educational potential if used properly. Make use of the
following expressions.
to deprive of the social contact; to have behavioural effects on smb; to be
vulnerable; to fail to check and control; to have an enormous educational
potential; to use prudently; to depend on parenting; to challenge claims; to
affect concentration levels; to have unfavourable long-term effects; to pose
health risks to children; to use TV as a babysitter; to become a buffer; to
have an educational benefit

106. As you can see from the text above, some people are sure
that if used properly, television is one of the best educational
tools. Do you agree with it? Are there any educational
programmes you were fond of as a child? Would you like to
have such in English?

107. Comment on the following quotation.

What the mass media offer is not popular art, but entertainment which is
intended to be consumed like food, forgotten, and replaced by a new dish.
(W. H. Auden)

INTERNET HAS NO BORDERS

Lead-in: Have you ever had an experience with

electronic communications? Certainly, you have. But
have you ever thought of what exactly the Internet
is? Do you know when and where this technology
was developed?

108. Comment on the following quotation.

62
A computer lets you make more mistakes faster than any invention in
human history with the possible exceptions of handguns and tequila.
(Mitch Ratliffe)

109. Read the text below to find out more about the technology you use
every day.
What exactly is the Internet?
Research on dividing information into packets
and switching them from computer to computer
began in the 1960s. The U.S. Department of
Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) funded a research project that created a
packet switching network known as the ARPANET.
ARPA also funded research projects that produced
two satellite networks. In the 1970s ARPA was
faced with a dilemma: each of its networks had advantages for some
situations, but each network was incompatible with the others. ARPA
focused research on ways that networks could be interconnected, and the
Internet was envisioned and created to be an interconnection of networks.
The Internet technology was developed principally by American
computer scientists Vinton Cerf in 1973 as part of an ARPA project
managed by American engineer Robert Kahn.
In 1989 many of these technologies were combined to create the World
Wide Web. Initially designed to aid communication among physicists who
worked in widely separated locations, the Web became immensely popular
and eventually replaced other tools. Also during the 1980s, the U.S.
government began to lift restrictions on who could use the Internet, and
commercialization of the Internet began. In the early 1990s, with the users
no longer restricted to the scientific or military communities, the Internet
quickly expanded to include universities, companies of all sizes, libraries,
public and private schools, local and state governments, individuals, and
families.
A sprawling and loosely organized computer communications network
made up of many smaller networks patched together, Internet is owned and
controlled by no single entity.
Several technical challenges must be overcome if the Internet is to
continue growing at the current phenomenal rate. The primary challenge
63
is to create enough capacity to accommodate increases in traffic. Internet
traffic is increasing as more people become Internet users and existing
users send ever greater amounts of data.
The Post-industrial Age is the information age, and the means to
acquire, store, manipulate and use information will lead to success and
power. That is why electronic transfer of information is so important to
education. Moreover, since electronic communications are global, this
technology creates many opportunities for cultural and linguistic
exchange, impacting on language education and our roles as language
teachers and cultural ambassadors.

110. Comprehension Check

Complete the sentences with the correct answer.
1. The Internet technology was developed by
A. American computer scientists
B. English physicists
C. Russian researchers
2.Commercialization of the Internet began
A. in 1989
B. during the 1980s
C. in the late 1990s
3.The Internet is owned and controlled by
A. no single entity
B. the scientific and military communities
C. the physicists
4. If the Internet continues growing, the primary challenge is to
A. to raise restrictions
B. expand information
C. to create enough capacity for traffic
5. The World Wide Web was created in
A. 1980
B. 1989
C. 1999

64
6. The US Government began to
A. to impose restrictions
B. to lift restrictions
C. to ban restrictions

111. Find the English equivalents in the text above and make
sentences of your own using them.
Знімати обмеження на користування інтернетом; передача інформації
між комп’ютерами; швидко поширюватись; подолати технічні
перешкоди/труднощі; збільшення обсягу інформації, яка передається;
зіткнутись з дилемою; першочергове завдання; бути несумісним;
створювати багато можливостей для культурного та лінгвістичного
обміну.

112. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with the suitable words
from the previous exercise.
1.To create the Internet technology the researches had to
____________________.
2.The Internet becomes extremely popular in our country and
__________ so ____________ that today almost every company has its
own site.
3.With the ___________________ servers are often down.
4.E-commerce is the result of _____________________ as initially the
Internet was designed for military and scientific purposes.
5.When the first computers were invented it was next to impossible to
imagine ___________________.
6._____________________ of this research is developing wireless
Internet technologies.
7.I always _____________________while buying modern appliances:
whether to buy powerful and fashionable one or the same but of simple
design.
8.As the Internet becomes a global phenomenon, one of its main
functions is _______________________.
9.It’s better to buy both a computer and a printer manufactured by the
same company as they could _____________________.

65
113. Discuss in class.
• What was the reason for the Internet to be initially owned and
controlled only by governmental agencies, to your mind? Is this kind
of control possible nowadays?
• Why is the Internet important for education? Does it play a great role
in your education?
• Can a person get information about other country via the Internet?
Could it be compared to live communication with foreigners?

114. Work in groups.

One group are heavy Internet users and list all the
advantages of the Internet, the other – its
disadvantages as they strongly believe that the
Internet only harms people and society. Try to
convince your opponents of your point of view,
giving advantages/disadvantages of your arguments.

115. Make a plan of the text. You are participating in a

students’ conference on electronic communications. Write a
report about the history of the Internet based on your plan of
the text.

116. Answer the questions.

1. What is the Internet for you? How often do you surf
the Web? What for?
2. Have you ever thought whether it is safe to
communicate with your friends in chat rooms or on
social sites?
3. Have you ever thought that this information can be used to harm you?

The Internet and e-mail

117. Read the information to get a general

idea of pros and cons of the Internet use.
66
Here is a list of some possible advantages (pros) and disadvantages (cons)
of the Internet
Pros Cons
e-mail, instant messaging, chat ISP charges can be high for heavy
rooms, newsgroups users
e-commerce (e.g. the Internet downloading and uploading times
banking, travel booking) can be slow
ability to send files as spam can be annoying
attachments
fun of just browsing and surfing cookies track your activities on the
the Web Web
ability to transmit graphic many sites contain pornography and
images and sound files offensive material

Language focus
118. Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. instant messaging 7. graphic images
2. chat rooms 8. downloading and uploading
3. newsgroups 9. spam
4. e-commerce 10. cookies
5. browsing 11. offensive material
6. surfing 12. ISP

119. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian and learn the

words and word combinations on E-mail and Internet
communications.
I've bookmarked the CNN home page as I use it regularly to get the
latest news. [put it in a list of websites I can access immediately]
If you subscribe to newsgroups, you often get hundreds of messages.
[become a member of]
Some ISPs allow you to screen out unwanted mail.[prevent from
reaching you]
Our server [central computer that distributes e-mail and other
services to a group of users] at work was down [not working] yesterday so
I didn't get your message till today.
67
 Someone hacked into our company server and destroyed all our
files. [accessed it illegally]
Do you have good anti-virus software? It's worth updating it
frequently. [protection against computer viruses]
She must have changed her e-mail address - the e-mail I sent her
bounced. [came back to me]
That file you sent me as an attachment was unreadable. The text was
completely garbled. [just a series of meaningless letters and numbers]

120. Translate the following words and phrases into English.

Iнтернет-бізнес; комп`ютерна графіка; непотрібна інформація, що
примусово розсилається абонентам електронної пошти; повернутись;
робити закладку; сервер; приєднуватися до; миттєвий зв’язок;
провайдер послуг в Інтернеті; за і проти; відправка файлів;
перекручувати; проникнути до комп’ютерної мережі без дозволу;
сторінка з новинами; завантаження; образливий матеріал;
переглядати веб-сайти; не працювати; пароль; блукати сайтами у
пошуках інформації; чат; ігнорувати; антивірусна програма;
прикріплені файли.

121. Match the words and phrases on the left with the
explanations on the right.
1. attachment Internet site where people with common interests can
e-mail each other online
2. cookie unwanted web pages (e.g. advertisements) sent to
you via the Internet
3. spam company that gives you access to the Internet and
offers news pages, shopping, etc.
4. chat room program sent to your computer from the Internet,
used to follow your activities
5. ISP file sent at the same time as an e-mail message

122. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Було з’ясовано, що декілька комп’ютерів університету штату
Техас постраждали від нападу хакерів.
2. Фахівець порадив мені цю програму, щоб запобігти отриманню
листів зі спамом, тому що вони містять образливий матеріал.

68
 3. Прикріплені файли у листі професора Джонсона містили
фотографії з місця проведення комп’ютерної виставки.
4. Електронний лист повернувся назад, тому що сервер на той час не
працював.
5. Мій друг попросив надсилати СМС-повідомлення латинськими
літерами, так як повідомлення російською мовою перекручуються
(приходять у вигляді безглуздих літер і цифр).
6. Коли я переглядав веб-сайти, вирішив зайти до чату і запитати, як
швидше завантажувати музичні файли.
7. Поки триває відправка файлів, я можу переглянути сторінки з
новинами.
8. Я часто відвідую сайт журналу “Новий маркетинг”, тому вирішив
внести його в список закладок.
9. Останнім часом з’ясувалося, що Інтернет-бізнес є збитковим і на
сьогоднішній день усі очікують остаточного краху цього
порівняно нового типу бізнесу.
10. Одразу після придбання комп’ютера необхідно встановити
сучасну антивірусну програму, щоб запобігти псуванню
програмного забезпечення.

123. Use the correct words to fill in the gaps in these sentences.
You are given a paraphrase of the meaning in brackets.
1. I sent a photo of my house by e-mail to my friend in Canada, but it took
ages to…….......................... (transfer from here to there) and I spent 20
minutes .................................. (connected to the Internet).
2. I've had your message in my .................................... (a place where
unread e-mails are stored) for two days but haven't had time to read it
yet.
3. I had a lot of trouble trying to ................................... (add to the
programs already on my computer) that new software I bought.
4. How do I ............................. (restore something accidentally rubbed out)
on this computer?
5. I write my e-mails ................................... (while disconnected from the
Internet) and then connect to send them.

 Speaking

124. Do the quiz and discuss your answers with a partner.

69
 THE INTERNET/AND YOU

How long have you been using e-mail and the

Internet? How much have they changed your
life?
1. How often do you check your e-mail?
2. How many messages do you send or
receive each day?
3. How quickly do you find what you want
on the Web?
4. Which search engines do you use?
5. What are your favourite Internet sites?
6. What's the most unusual site that you've ever visited?
7. Are there any companies whose sites you find particularly good or bad?
8. Have you ever logged on to a chat room?
9. If so, do the people you meet there have similar interests to yours?
10. Do you know anyone who's met someone through the Internet?
11. Should the Internet, which is now used by millions of children
worldwide, be subject to censorship laws? Should these laws be
international?

Internet Addiction

125. Read the text and be ready to discuss

the talking points.
Last week, in a private rehabilitation clinic outside Edinburgh, Leo
Edwards, a sixteen-year-old schoolboy, was going through severe
withdrawal symptoms. His body often shook violently and uncontrollably,
and at mealtimes he regularly threw cups and plates around the dining
room. The boy’s addiction had nothing to do with alcohol, drugs, gambling
or food. His problem was ‘Net obsession’ – an over-dependency on the
Internet.
An international group of psychologists has recently suggested that
anyone who surfs the Internet for long periods is clinically ill and needs
medical treatment. According to their report, Internet addicts should be
treated in the same way as alcoholics, drug addicts, compulsive gamblers
and people with eating disorders.

70
 Leo Edwards is not an isolated case. Russell Hopkins, aged fifteen,
from Gateshead in north-east England, is a typical online addict. Every day
after school, and after dinner until three or four in the morning, he will be
found in his room surfing the Net or playing computer games. By the end
of the day he will have spent more than six hours online. Understandably,
his parents are extremely worried. Not only has his school work suffered,
but Russell’s addiction has also destroyed his social life and his spare time
interests. For instance, he has just dropped out of his school’s basketball
team in order to spend more time at his computer. Instead of spending next
weekend having a good time out with friends, he’ll be spending it indoors
surfing the Internet.
Russell has recently joined an Internet online support group. It may
seem ironic that many of the support groups for Internet addicts are online
but at least Russell has sought help. Not everyone does. Dr Ann Hoffman,
who runs an online support group, says ’People don’t realise that being
online for more than four hours a day amounts to addiction and that they
have a serious problem. I predict that the number of people who join
online support groups will have risen dramatically within three years.’

126. Answer the questions.

1. How did Leo respond to withdrawal from the Internet?
2. What do some psychologists compare Internet addicts to?
3. How is Russell a typical Internet addict?
4. What two things has he stopped doing?
5. What does Dr Hoffman predict?

127. Discuss the questions.

Do you think that Internet addiction is possible?
How would you stop or prevent this kind of addiction?

Video Club
128. You will watch an episode about a notorious hacker.
Before you watch answer the following questions.
• What is the difference between computer programmers and
computer hackers?
• Do you think hacking can be malicious?

71
129. Watch a piece of news from the BBC World Service. Note
the following information to complete the chart.
Country
Subject matter
Background

130. Watch again and decide if the statements 1 – 8 are true or

false.
1. Gary McKinnon succeeded in avoiding extradition to the USA.
2. The damage he caused costs $700 000.
3. Gary didn’t display any emotions during hearing.
4. His mother was devastated.
5. Gary McKinnon hacked into 95 computers.
6. He pleaded not guilty.
7. The British public condemns his actions.
8. Gary McKinnon’s lawyers are planning a further appeal.

131. Discuss the following.

• What is your attitude to hackers? Do you consider them men of genius
or criminals?
• Under current circumstances should a country have special anti-hacking
defence departments to protect its systems? Is Ukraine put at risk of
hacking?

132. Read the text below and look carefully at each line. Some
of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should
not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick by the number on
the separate answer sheet. If a line has a word which should
not be there, write the word on the separate answer sheet.
There are two examples at the beginning (0 and 00).

Why I dislike computers

0 Almost everyone says that computers are wonderful and that ˅
72
they are
00 changing our own lives for the better by making everything own
faster and
1 more reliable, but I’m not so much sure that this is the case.
2 The other day I was standing in a large department store until
3 waiting to pay for a couple of films for my camera when the
assistant
4 announced that the computer which controlled the till it had
stopped
5 working. I didn’t think this was a big problem and I set myself
off to
6 find another counter, but of course, all the machines are one part
of
7 the same system. So there we were: a shop full of customers,
money
8 at the ready, waiting to make our purchases, but it was quite
clear that
9 none out of the assistants knew what to do. They weren’t
allowed to
10 take our money and give to customers a written receipt,
because the
11 sales wouldn’t then have been recorded on the computer
system.
12 In the end, like with many other people, I left my shopping on
the
13 counter and walked out. Don’t you think so that’s ridiculous? It
would
14 never have happened before computers, and that, for me, is all
the
15 problem: we are beginning to depend on these machines for so
16 completely that we simply can’t manage without them any
more.

133. Role-play
Read an English joke and act it out with your groupmates.
73
A young writer sent a number of manuscripts to a celebrated newspaper
columnist. The manuscripts came back with this curt note: “The only
channel I can consciously recommend as the greatest outlet for articles of
this type is the English Channel”.

134. Express your opinion.

Computers are so widespread nowadays that there is hardly a family
without a computer at home. As a result, children are a bit obsessed with
computer games, but what do you know about the middle-aged? Is it easy
to learn dealing with computer when you are 30? Are computer games
necessary for people of this age-group? Give examples to support your
point of view.

135. Read the extract from a letter and try to explain the
idioms in bold.
… a few months ago we decided to buy some new computers for the office
as we’d had the old ones for a while and they were 1) on their last legs.
Because of the cost, however, it was something we’d been keeping 2) on
the back burner for a while. Then last month we lost a lot of valuable
data because many of them were 3) on the blink, so we agreed we
couldn’t postpone things any longer.
I really hadn’t realized what a big job it was going to be! The old
computers 4) weighed a ton – it took two of us to carry each one
downstairs – and we had to rip out all the old wiring. However, we had
been thinking of rearranging the office layout for some time, so in fact, we
managed to 5) kill two birds with one stone.
We had quite a few 6) teething troubles with the new computers,
but this was mainly my fault. The company that sold them to us sent a man
round to explain the 7) nuts and bolts of the new system to me so that we
could 8) go on line. His instructions on how to operate the new computers
seemed 9) as clear as a bell when he explained everything to me, but of
course, I got totally confused when trying to pass on the information to the
rest of the staff! As a result, I had to ask him to come back to go through it
all again – rather embarrassing I must say!
Anyway, everything’s working properly now and l’m amazed at
how much better they are than our old ones. I’ve had great fun 10) surfing
the Net and sending E-mail to everyone …
74
136. Match the items with the idioms from the previous
exercise.

a to be very heavy f postponed till a later time

b to look up information on the g to fulfil two purposes with one
Internet to see what is available single action
c basic practical details h into a central computer network
d not working properly i very easy to hear/understand
e difficulties that occur in the j about to fail due to
early stages of sth age/exhaustion/poor health, etc.

137. Fill in the gaps with the phrases from the list.

nuts and bolts, on the blink, weighed a ton, the back burner, last legs

1 It took four people to carry to desk because it ……………….. .

2 Mr Keen explained the …………..of his political campaign to
supporters.
3 This typewriter is so old it hardly works. It’s on its …………… .
4 My washing-machine’s ……………….again – I’ll have to call the
repair man.
5 We’ll have to put this issue on……………….for the moment as
we’ve got more pressing matters to deal with.

138. Rewrite the following statements using the words in

brackets. Do not change these words in any way.
1. I had to browse for information on the Internet for hours before I
finally found what I was looking for. (surf)
2. The library computers are connected to a central computer, so you
have access to a lot of information. (line)
3. The construction of Wickway shopping centre had a few problems in
the early stages, but they were eventually sorted out. (teething)
4. The instructions on the side of the fax machine were very easily
understood. (bell)
5. I wanted to brighten up the flat and reduce the draught from the
windows, so I did both at once by hanging up curtains. (birds)
75
139. Read the text. Is the headline ambiguous enough to
understand what the text is concerned with?

A Brave New World

Imagine a computer more powerful than the human brain, that can
programme itself and even think for itself. Exciting?
Terrifying? Whatever your reaction to this prospect,
you may have little choice about the outcome. The
new generation of computers is on its way and most
experts believe that by the year 2020 the current will
have been replaced by living computers.
Scientists have had considerable success with
this latest technological breakthrough. Believe it or
not, the work stated with leeches, small worm-like creatures, whose nerve
cells were used in experiments. These nerve cells, or neurons as they are
known, perform the same function as human neurons. They are the basic
thinking blocks that our brains use to solve problems. In the living
computer, researchers connect the neurons to a computer and then link the
cells together. The result is a computer that will be able to think for itself.
The future uses of this technology are endless. For example,
scientists will have the ability to help blind people to see and deaf people
to hear again, by connecting bionic ears and eyes to their brains. It could
also mean the end of problems with government departments, no more
mix-ups with your documents because of human error. With computers
that think for themselves, your file will be ready at the press of a button.
However, many people are afraid of such technology. They wonder if
they will lose their jobs to the new generation of computers. They fear that
a situation like the film Matrix could develop, in which computers control
our minds and our world.
It seems that we are rapidly heading for a ‘brave new world’. By the
time the next generation of children have grown up, our lives and our
world will have changed in ways beyond our imagination. Nonetheless, the
future is still in human hands. It is up to us how we use this new
technology. We must make sure that living computers work for the benefit
of humankind and do not result in a threat to our very existence.

140. Answer the questions choosing the proper answer.

76
1 What does the writer think will 4 How did scientists make the
have happened by the year first form of the living
2020? computer?
A There will be no more A They used neurons from
computers. leeches.
B There will be a new kind of B They used neurons from
computer. worms.
C People will have powerful C They used the human brain.
brains.
2 What does “they” in line 12 5 How does the writer think this
refer to? technology will help deaf and
blind people?
A people’s brains A by linking their cells together
B scientists B by giving them bionic ears
C nerve cells and eyes
C by turning them into bionic
people
3 What are neurons? 6 What does the writer think
about the future?
A nerve cells A computers already control it
B leeches B scientists control it
C blocks C it’s in our hands

INFORMATION AGE

141. Comment on the quotations.

There is nothing so deceptive as an obvious
fact. (Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the Adventues
of Sherlock Holmes)

142. Work with a partner and discuss

the following questions.
Is it important in your job to have access to the most up-to-date
information? Why (not)?
• Where do you get most of the information you need to do your
job?
• Which of the following sources of information are the most
reliable?
77
 the Internet, newspapers, magazines, trade/academic journals,
TV news company reports, specialist news agencies like Reuters,
opinion polls and surveys, end-of-year accounts, market research,
TV viewing figures, government statistics, scientific studies,
the grapevine

143. You are going to read an extract from Great Myths of

Business by the journalist and self-made millionaire
William Dais. First match the following words and
expressions with what they mean.
a a mixed blessing d have a vested interest in
b a spin doctor e hearsay
c get the wrong end of f a myth
the stick

1. something believed by many but in fact untrue

2. completely misunderstand something
3. something that has disadvantages as well as advantages
4. something you’ve heard people say which may or may not be
true
5. someone whose job is to make people or organisations look as
good as
6. possible want things to happen in a particular way because it will
benefit you

144. Now read the extract. How far do you go along with
the argument it’s presenting?

Information –
A mixed blessing
any people seem to find it difficult to accept that the
information they get may be unreliable. It does not come out of
nowhere: someone, somewhere, has had to put it together. That
someone may have got the wrong end of the stick, or made use
of hearsay, or deliberately set out to mislead.
78
 Public relations people, for example, often put out press
releases, which are little more than sales promotion. They can
easily create a false impression.
Information is slanted, twisted, misrepresented. Achievements
may be exaggerated and awkward facts may be suppressed. In
politics, ‘spin doctors’ are experts in dissembling. In business
too, there are many specialists who have a vested interest in
ensuring that everything a company does is presented in a
favourable way.
My own profession is not without blame. Journalists
frequently print stories which turn out to be inaccurate and TV
programmes give a distorted picture of what is happening in
various parts of the world. It is dangerous to read newspapers
casually. That’s how the germ of a myth is planted. The next
thing you know, it has grown into a fact. A glance at a headline,
a swift scan of the introduction, a note of the picture caption, and
you are on your way to a firmly held misconception.

145. Look back at the text and find there the words or
expressions meaning the following.
a make someone believe something which is untrue
b embarrassing pieces of information
c hidden from the public
d present something inaccurately
e a wrong belief or opinion

146. Translate the following text into English.

Українці випередили програмістів зі 100 країн.
Українські програмісти є одними з лідерів у всесвітньому
студентському конкурсі програмних проектів Microsoft Imagine Cup-
2008, який завершився цього тижня в Парижі. Перше місце в
номінації “Алгоритми” посів аспірант університету ім. Шевченко
Роман Кошляк. Перемога принесла йому вісім тисяч доларів.
Комп’ютерний геній зміг покращити свій минулорічний результат –
тоді він став срібним призером.
Також українці змогли завоювати і третє місце у командному
заліку. Харківська команда Dream Team у битві програмістів “Проект
79
Хошимі” отримала бронзу та приз у три тисячі доларів. Основною
темою змагання цього року було програмування віртуальних роботів.
Загалом, у конкурсі взяли участь понад 210 000 студентів зі 100 країн
світу.

147. Read the text, translate it into Ukrainian. Be

ready to discuss it.
Mass Media in Ukraine

Among the invariable prerequisites of a modern

democratic community are freedom of the press,
guarantees of undeterred activities of journalists and publishers and
free public access to printed matter, radio and television programmes.
Ukraine's mass media include television, information agencies, press
centres, press services, government departments and agencies for contacts
with the press. There are newspapers and magazines for readers of all ages,
professions and levels of training. There are various periodicals based on
particular interests. For instance, the newspaper Silske Zhyttya (Rural Life)
is addressed mainly to rural residents, The Medical Newspaper – to
medical workers, and a lot of newspapers and magazines are published
especially for teachers of schools, colleges and universities, for
businessmen, etc. Today’s Ukrainian periodicals are independent and the
state guarantees their economic independence. Nowadays Ukraine
numbers over 4,000 editions varying in forms of ownership, genre, type
and periodicity.
Over the period of its independence Ukraine has achieved
numerous accomplishments in democratizing mass media by adjusting
to the free market rule, introducing electronic press, and educating
critically thoughtful journalists. The country adopted the constitution and
several laws that guarantee freedom of speech,
information, and press, and protection from
censorship.
The Verkhovna Rada passed several laws,
which determined the governing structure of the
mass media and created legal foundations for
their work. The laws on “TV and Radio
Broadcasting”, “On Information”, “On Means of
Printed Information (Press)”, “On State Support
80
of Media and Social Security of Journalists”, “On Copyright and Related
Rights”.
The press is generally known as the "fourth estate". In various
periods of its existence and depending on the political system, the mass
media has always maintained certain relations with those public and
political structures which were actually in control of most spheres in the
life of society.
Nobody can doubt the role of the press in present-day life. It is
extremely important. People in our country are active readers of
newspapers and magazines. A lot of them subscribe to various papers
and journals which are delivered to their homes. Vechirniy Kyiv is a local
independent paper and its circulation is very big because this newspaper
informs the readers of local and national events.There are also such
magazines as Vitchyzna, Vsesvit, nespapers The News from Ukraine, The
Kyiv Post,and The Digest which are published in English. Their contents
deal with very burning problems of our present-day life and history,
sometimes they are amusing and entertaining and touch upon cultural
and sport events.
There is a wide network of TV and radio
broadcasting in our country. Television is now
increasingly being used to analize the socio-
economic progress taking place in Ukraine. It
focuses more on reports, discussions, commentaries
and dialogues with viewers. They discuss ways of
improving the Ukrainian economy and solving
social problems.
The national radio-television network of
Ukraine is made up of government-run and non-
government-run companies. Ukraine is a member
of the International Telecommunication Union and
an active participant in the Intervision network,
created under ITU auspices. The state TV and Radio Company operates
two channels and includes editorial services specializing in political
analysis, public-political programmes, current information, youth and sport
programmes and several creative unions and their channels. The
increasingly popular non-government TV companies are Inter TV, Studio
1+1, STB, Novy Kanal, ICTV, 5 Kanal, etc.

81
 Ukrainian journalists use their professional skills and experience to
raise the national media's analytical, informative, aesthetic standard
to the international level. Professional journalists are associated in the
National Press club, a public politically non-affiliated organization.
The Press Centre of the Ministry of the Foreign Affairs of Ukraine is
involved in a variety of activities aimed at facilitating the
implementation of international documents in the sphere of information
and data exchanges.

148. Answer the questions.

1. What is the period of Ukraine’s independence characterized by?
2. What are the invariable prerequisites of a modern democratic
community?
3. What do Ukraine’s mass media include?
4. What laws determine the governing structure of the mass media?
5. Why is the press known as the “fourth estate”?
6. Are Ukrainians avid readers of newspapers and magazines?
7. What is the main role of television?
8. What do Ukrainian journalists do to raise the national media’s analytical
informative, aesthetic standard to the international level?
9. How are television and radio companies run in Ukraine?
10. What is your favorite newspaper, magazine, radio and TV programme?
11. What TV and radio programmes are the most popular in Ukraine?

149. Explain the meaning the following words and word

combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. invariable prerequisites
2. undeterred activities
3. free public access to printed matter
4. copyright
5. “the forth estate”
6. to achieve numerous accomplishments
7. politically non-affiliated organization
8. to facilitate the implementation of documents
9. to touch upon events
10. government-run companies
11. current information
82
12. under the auspices
13. forms of ownership
14. burning problems

150. Translate the words and word combinations into English.

Hезмінні передумови; вільна діяльність журналістів та видавців;
вільний доступ до друкованої продукції; ”четверта влада”; зберігати
певні відносини з політичними організаціями; підвищувати рівень
засобів масової інформації; політично незалежна організація; сприяти
реалізації міжнародних документів; авторське право; приймати закон;
пеpіодичне видання; житель сільської місцевості; підписуватись на
газети; дотепні/смішні програми; бути членом Національного Прес-
клубу; нараховувати більш ніж 4000 видань; жанр; теле-радіо
трансляція; форми власності; сприяти впровадженню документів;
естетичний рівень.

151. Match the words to make word combinations.

1. to pass a. the implementation of documents
2. to maintain b. undeterred activities
3. to be associated in c. media standards
4. free public d. prerequisites
5. politicially e. standard
6. legal f. certain relations
7. to create g. burning problems
8. invariable h. accomplishments
9. to raise i. under the auspices
10. to achieve j. non-affiliated organization
11. to facilitate k. access
12. to guarantee l. foundation
13. aesthetic m. laws
14. to deal with n. the National Press club

152. Find the appropriate word for the definition.

1. __________ to make it easier for a progress or activity to happen.
2. __________ something successful or impressive that is achieved after a
lot of effort and hard work.
3. __________ connected with beauty and the study of beauty.

83
4. __________ when a smaller group or organization is not part of a large
one.
5. __________(fomal) something that is necessary before something else
can happen or be done.
6. __________ to make something continue in the same way or at the same
standard as before.
7.__________the practice or system of censoring something.
8. __________ to change something slightly to improve it or make it more
suitable for a particular purpose.
9. __________ the process of taking actions or making changes that you
officially decided should happen.
10. ___________ a system of lines, tubes, wires that cross each other and
are connected to each other.

153. Choose the correct answer.

1. Quizz programmes on TV can _____ people’s knowledge of different
subjects.
a) organize b) facilitate c) back up
2. All his life he was striving to be successful in business and his major
______ was the company he created.
a) attachments b) prospectus c) accomplishment
3. One of the responsibilities of the editor is to _____ the edition going.
a) promote b) exercise c) operate
4. There were a lot of ______ for successful implementation of this
document.
a) foundation b) ground c) prerequisites
5. They usually present current ______ in the evening news programme on
channel 5.
a) items b) information c) stories
6. Many ______ companies are involved in raising money to support this
edition going.
a) foundation b) resources c) non-government-run
7. This channel ______ current information.
a) caters b) touches upon c) informs
8. Programmes on various discoveries, cosmic space, planets, the world of
animals _____ our knowledge.
a) raise b) express c) communicate

84
154. Translate into English.
1. Вимоги щодо підвищення інформаційного рівня друкованої
продукції залишаються незмінною передумовою подальшого
розвитку видавничої діяльності.
2. За період незалежності Україна отримала чимало здобутків,
оскільки вона пристосовувала засоби масової інформації до вимог
вільного ринку.
3. Засоби масової інформації повинні бути фінансово незалежними
від різних організацій та структур як урядових, так і приватних.
4. Ніхто не має права втручатися в діяльність журналістів з боку
владних організацій.
5. Телевізійні та радіо компанії намагаються отримати прибутки,
пропонуючи новаторські ідеї, створюючи шоу, серіали та розважальні
програми, які задовольняють потреби широкого загалу.
6. Багато українських газет та журналів належать політичним
партіям, які їх фінансують.
7. Згідно з законодавством, українським журналістам не дозволяється
друкувати інформацію, отриману конфіденційно.
8. Журналісти, чиї свободи були обмежені протягом двадцятого
століття ідеологічним контролем з боку центральних та місцевих
комітетів, отримали гарантії щодо можливості виражeння своєї точки
зору.
9. Більшість телевізійних каналів висвітлюють актуальні політичні,
економічні та соціальні проблеми, пропонуючи до уваги глядачів
політичні програми, ток-шоу, дискусії із залученням громадян
України.

SPEAKING
155. Roleplay an interview with a foreign visitor in which he
will share his opinion on the Ukrainian mass media.

Grammar Focus
156. Define the functions of the Infinitives in the sentences
below.
1. The news-teller may not resort to conjecture or supposition.
2. Their task was to designate the boundaries of the region.
3. It is necessary to tap useful sources.

85
 4. It is the story to hit the headlines.
5. The story is important enough to find its way into a stop press
column.
6. He decided to attract readers’ attention by including a sound bite in
the article.
7. To tell the truth, you have got hold of some back copies.
8. He wrote to a chief editor to ask him for a job on his rag.
9. BBC-1 began to present more programmes of general interest.
10. Someone hacked into our company’s computer as if to destroy our
files.
11. The aim is to raise the national media’s analytical, informative,
aesthetic standards to the international level.
12. The journalist was glad to have got free access to printed matter.

157. Define the Complexes with the Infinitive in the following

sentences.
1. We believe this magazine to be an example of a famous fashion
glossy.
2. Everybody wanted the speaker to come down to brass tacks.
3. It is important for pensioners to get special concessions on buses and
trains.
4. We are anxious for this channel to place greater emphasis on minority
interests.
5. It is just the paper for me to subscribe.
6. If you subscribe to newspapers, you are certain to get hundreds of
messages.
7. Some ISP’s let the users screen out unwanted mail.
8. They happened to install update anti-virus software.
9. He seemed to have written to an agony aunt.
10. It is interesting for me to read the obituaries about the lives of well-
known people.
11. I find the classified ads to be very helpful if you want to sell
something.
12. They are expected to subscribe to chat rooms.

158. Change the following sentences using Complexes with the

Infinitive.
1. It is said that the news has a quality of recency about it.
86
2. It is reported that the news-teller has resorted to conjecture and
supposition.
3. It is known that journalists get stories by tapping useful sources.
4. It is believed that you have put your own spin on the story.
5. It appeared that the journalist had included a sound bite in what he had
written.
6. We consider that this paper is of very high quality.
7. They expect that the copy is ready for a deadline.
8. The editor finds that the story is hot off the press.
9. It is necessary that the article should hit the headlines.
10. It happened that the journalist had been taken to court for libel and
defamation of character.
11. It’s advisable that newspapers should be independent of any political
party.
12.It is stated that the British press is subject to the general law on
publications.

159. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

1. All the mass media are concerned _____ news.
2. The news-teller may not resort ____ conjecture or supposition.
3. News has the quality of recency ____ it.
4. Journalists may not put their gloss ____a story.
5. The British press is subject ____ the general law____ publications.
6. Certain statutes include sections which apply ____ the press.
7. All British broadcasting is accountable ____ people.
8. The BBC places greater emphasis ____ minority interests.
9. The BBC caters ____ people of different interests.
10. Journalists should have free public access ____ printed matter.
11. The law of Ukraine ____ “Information”.

1. In 1928 the French scientist Claude Schauffer

made one of the greatest discoveries – the
discovery of the Syrian ancient town Ugarit. It
was here that he kissed the land that gave the
world the first alphabet in history. The most
valuable finding was in the room of scribes at the court. It was a small glass
board with 30 marks, all of them consonant sounds (14-15 c. B.C.). It is the

87
most priceless exhibit of the Damascus National Museum. Greeks added
vowels to consonants and thus the alphabet reached Europe.
2. Kyrylo and Mefodiy, two brothers from Greece, laid the foundation of Slav
written language. Kyrylo created one of the two most ancient Slav
dictionaries, called Glagolitsa or Kyrylytsa, by adding some letters from the
Greek alphabet. Kyrylytsa was used by Slavs who preached orthodoxy.
Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Byelorussian languages take their origin from
Kyrylytsa through the Russian civil script.
3. Ivan Fedorov, the founder of typing in Russia and Ukraine, worked in
Lviv in 1572-1575, where in 1574 he published the first Ukrainian books –
“Apostle” and “ABC-book”.
4. The first papers were issued in China in the 8 th century, in Europe – in
the 16th century, in Ukraine – in 1749: it was “Lviv Messenger” in the
Polish language. The first paper in Ukrainian was issued in 1896 and was
called “Vpered”, the first Soviet Ukrainian paper “Visnyk” – in 1917. In
Soviet Ukraine the most popular papers were “Pravda of Ukraine”,
“Robitnycha paper”, “Silski visti” with circulation over 23 mln. copies.
Nowadays Ukrainian papers are popular abroad – “Life and World” in
Canada, “New Life” in Czech Republic.
5. The first typewriter appeared in 1867 in America.
6. The first radio-set was founded by O. C. Popov in 1895.
7. A Scotsman, John Baird, transmitted the first television picture on 25
October, 1925. The first thing on TV was a cat. In 1927 Baird transmitted
pictures from London to Glasgow. In 1928 he sent pictures to Paris and
also produced the first colour TV pictures.
8. Lord Reith was the founder of the BBC. He was a British administrator
who was the first general manager of the BBC (1922-1927) and its first
Director General (1927-1938). He had a great influence on the
development of broadcasting in the UK and was known for his high
standards and for believing that radio and television should educate,
inform and entertain.
9. In Kyiv the first TV programmes were transmitted in 1951.
10. In spite of advanced technologies, Internet users still claim they are not
getting the speed they are paying for.
11. The first bilingual dictionary of the language of the
Assyrians and Babylonians was published in 1480.
12. The first mouse was used by Apple computers in
1983.
88
Lead-in
1. Look at the pictures of the world celebrities. What
countries do they present? Match the columns.
1. England a. Charlie Chaplin
2. Ukraine b. Marlen Dietrich
3. USA c. Sarah Siddons
4. Germany d. Mariya Zankovetska

89
2. Comment on the quotation.
I regard the theatre as the greatest of all art forms, the most immediate
way in which a human being can share with another the sense of what it is
to be a human being. (Oscar Wilde)

Literature Corner

3. Read the biography of O. Wilde and an

extract from his famous novel “The Picture of
Dorian Gray”.
The work of Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900) played a prominent part in
the complex and contradictory literary life of Britain at the end of the 19th
century. The son of a well-known surgeon and a talented poetess, Oscar
Wilde graduated from Trinity College in Dublin and continued his
education at Oxford University. When still a student the writer-to-be
mourned the lack of beauty in the world around him. Wilde’s protest
against the non-poetic nature of the world accounted for his ideals and
artistic search. Of main importance in Wilde’s life and works was the urge
to beautify reality. Wilde called for the creation of an imaginary, non-real
world, for beautiful inventions which would form the only refuge for an
intellectual from the unhappiness of everyday life.
“The Picture of Dorian Gray” was written in 1891. This work of
fiction embraces extremely important problems of life – the relations of art
and reality and the moral content of human existence. The three
protagonists form the very essence of the plot – the honest and sincere
artist Basil is in combat with the aristocrat Lord Henry for the soul of
handsome young Dorian.

For some reason or other, the house was

crowded that night, and the fat manager who
met them at the door was beaming from ear to
ear with an oily, tremulous smile. He escorted
them to their box talking at the top of his
voice. Dorian Gray loathed him more than
ever. Lord Henry, upon the other hand, rather
liked him. At least he declared he did, and insisted on shaking him by the
hand. Hallward amused himself with watching the faces in the pit. The

90
heat was terribly oppressive. The youths in the gallery had taken off their
coats and waistcoats and hung them over the side. They talked to each
other across the theatre, and shared their oranges with the girls who sat
beside them. Some women were laughing in the pit.
“What a place to find one’s divinity in!” said Lord Henry.
“Yes!” answered Dorian Grey. “It was here I found her, and she is
divine beyond all living things”.
A quarter of an hour afterwards, amidst an extraordinary turmoil of
applause, Sibyl Vane stepped onto the stage. Yes, she was certainly lovely
to look at - one of the loveliest creatures, Lord Henry thought, that he had
ever seen. There was something of the fawn in her shy grace and startled
eyes. She stepped back a few paces, and her lips seemed to tremble. Basil
Hallward leaped to his feet and began to applaud. Motionless, and as one
in a dream, sat Dorian Gray, gazing at her. Lord Henry peered through his
glasses, murmuring “Charming! charming!”
The scene was the hall of Capulet’s house. The band, such as it was,
struck up a few bars of music, and the dance began. Sibyl Vane moved like
a creature from a finer world. Her body swayed, while she danced, as a
plant sways in the water. Yet she was curiously listless. She showed no
sign of joy when her eyes rested on Romeo. The voice was exquisite, but
from the point of view of tone it was absolutely false. It was wrong in
colour. It took away all the life from the verse. It made the passion unreal.
Dorian Gray grew pale as he watched her. He was puzzled and
anxious. Neither of his friends dared to say anything to him. She seemed to
them to be absolutely incompetent. They were horribly disappointed.
Yet they felt that the true test of any Juliet is the balcony scene of the
second act. They waited for that. If she failed there, there was nothing in
her.
She looked charming as she came out in the moonlight. That would
not be denied. But the staginess of her acting was unbearable, and grew
worse as she went on. Her gestures became absurdly artificial.
She spoke the words as though they conveyed no meaning to her. It
was not nervousness. Indeed, so far from being nervous, she was
absolutely self-contained. It was simply bad art. She was a complete
failure.
Even the common, uneducated audience of the pit and gallery lost
their interest in the play. They got restless, and began to talk loudly and to
whistle.
91
 When the second act was over there came a storm of hisses, and Lord
Henry got up from his chair and put on his coat. “She is quite beautiful,
Dorian,” he said, “but she can’t act.”
“I am going to see the play through,” answered the lad, in a hard,
bitter voice. “I am awfully sorry that I have made you waste an evening,
Harry. I apologise to you both.”
“My dear Dorian, I should think Miss Vase was ill,” interrupted
Hallward. “We will come some other night.”
“I wish she were ill,” he rejoined. “But she seems to me to be simply
callous and cold. She has entirely altered. Last night she was a great artist.
This evening she is merely a commonplace, mediocre actress.”
A few moments afterwards the footlights flared up, and the curtain
rose on the third act. Dorian Gray went back to his seat. He looked pale,
and proud, and indifferent. The play dragged on, and seemed interminable.
Half of the audience went out, laughing. The whole thing was a fiasco.

Comprehension Check
4. Define the statements as true or false.
1. The fat manager had a great appeal to Dorian’s eye and mind.
2. The heat was unbearable in the house.
3. Dorian worshipped Sibyl Vane beyond all living creatures.
4. There was dead silence when Sibyl appeared on the stage.
5. Dorian’s friends could hardly take their eyes off her.
6. Sibyl’s voice, from the point of view of tone, was like a divine
melody.
7. Dorian continued to watch her with wonder and delight.
8. The balcony scene was a hit.
9. Lord Henry and Hallward left the theatre after the second act.
10. The third act produced a memorable impression on Dorian.

5. Match the beginnings with the endings.

1. The manager was a. beyond all living things.
beaming b. Sibyl stepped onto the stage.
2. He escorted them to their c. there came a storm of hisses.
box d. when her eyes rested on
3. Hallward amused himself Romeo.
4. She is divine e. and seemed interminable.
5. Amidst an extraordinary f. talking at the top of his
92
 turmoil of applause voice.
6. Basil leaped g. unbearable.
7. As one in a dream, sat h. with a tremulous smile.
Dorian i. with watching the faces in
8. Sibyl showed no sign of the pit.
joy j. to his feet and began to
9. But her acting was applaud.
10. The play dragged on k. gazing at Sibyl.
11. When the second act was
over

6. Decide which answer A, B or C best completes the sentence.

1. The manager escorted them to their box
a. without uttering a word.
b. talking at the top of his voice.
c. looking concerned.
2. Sibyl stepped onto the stage amidst
a. dead silence.
b. a turmoil of applause.
c. a storm of hissis and whistles.
3. She was curiously
a. nervous.
b. listless.
c. reserved.
4. Sibyl seemed to them absolutely
a. charming.
b. talented.
c. incompetent.
5. The true test of any Juliet is
a. a garden scene.
b. a balcony scene.
c. an interior scene.
6. The common audience
a. gave Sibyl a standing ovation.
b. displayed no interest in the play.
c. left after the second act.
7. The last act was played to
a. almost empty benches.
93
 b. half of the audience.
c. the crowded house.
7. Answer the questions.
1. How many spectators were there in the house when Dorian and his
friends arrived?
2. How did each of them treat the manager?
3. Why did the youths take off their coats?
4. What was Dorian’s feeling of Sibyl?
5. What did Henry think when Sibyl appeared on the stage?
6. How did Basil greet her?
7. What was her dance like?
8. What was absolutely false about Sibyl?
9. Why was Dorian puzzled?
10. How did Sibyl present those wonderful lines?
11. What happened when the second act was over?
12. Why did Henry and Basil leave the house?
Vocabulary focus
8. Match the English word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents.
1. to beam with a smile a. бути божественним
2. to talk at the top of one’s b. бути спантеличеним
voice c. бути нестерпним
3. to be divine d. говорити голосно
4. turmoil of applause e. посередня актриса
5. to leap to one’s feet f. бути нескінченним
6. to gaze at smb. g. радісно посміхатися
7. to rest one’s eyes on h. грім аплодисментів
smb.\smth. i. зупинити погляд на комусь
8. to be puzzled j. пильно дивитися на когось
9. to be unbearable k. підхопитися на ноги
10. a commonplace actress
11. to be interminable

9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the word

combinations from the previous exercise.
1. His friend used to talk too loudly.
94
 2. Your question perplexed me. I don’t know how to answer it.
3. It’s a very beautiful name given to you by God. It has a music of its
own.
4. He rose to his feet and began to applaud.
5. His look fell on the man in the box.
6. I lost interest in the play. The main part was performed by an
ordinary actor.
7. The girl blushed when she noticed the stranger’s fixed look.
8. There was a storm of applause after the first act.
9. His face was brimming with smiles when he ran into a school friend.
10. Nobody could tolerate his rudeness.
11. The film was tedious, too long.

10. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. She sat with her elbows resting on the table.
2. That interminable debate bored me to death.
3. Travelling by air is now a commonplace.
4. She was the most beautiful woman he had ever gazed at.
5. I find his rudeness unbearable.
6. Everybody was puzzled by the news.
7. It was impossible to bear that oppressive heat.
8. I wonder why she is beaming with satisfaction.

11. Translate into English.

1. Дівчина виглядала спантеличеною, коли її погляд зупинився на
незнайомому обличчі.
2. Почувши новину, він підхопився зі свого крісла і почав якомога
голосніше роздавати накази слугам.
3. Вся команда засяяла посмішками, адже це була остаточна
перемога.
4. Він був до нестями закоханий у її божественну посмішку і
прекрасні очі, що завжди випромінювали радість і тепло.
5. З якою насолодою він розглядав перші ряди партеру, уявляючи
себе серед усіх тих розкішно вдягнутих людей.
6. Того літа очікували нестерпної спеки, натомість дощ був більш
звичним явищем, аніж сонце.
7. Публіка не любила цю посередню актрису. Вона до смерті
набридла глядачам.
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 8. Спектакль тягнувся нескінченно і коли опустили завісу, зал
вибухнув громом аплодисментів на радощах, що все нарешті
закінчилось.

Vocabulary Notes
12. Study the dictionary entry of the word “point”.

13. Find the meanings of the words and word combinations

from the box in the list below.
1. the point of smth 8. a turning point
2. the point is 9. to make a point of doing smth
3. point 10. to agree/disagree on some points
4. to the point 11. one’s weak/ strong point
5. point of view 12. what’s the point in doing sth
6. to speak to the point 13.at this point
7. to be off the point 14. to be on the point of doing sth

a. the essential part in a story, speech

b. a small dot
c. the sharp end, tip of a pin, knife, needle, etc.
d. to consider smth as essential
e. relevant to the subject
f. to be about to do smth
g. purpose in doing smth
h. to agree on some questions
i. at a precise moment or place
j. special quality
k. not to be essential
l. to touch on essential, relevant matter
m. critical moment, time
n. position from which smth is viewed

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14. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. There was a turning point in the negotiations yesterday.
2. When it came to the point, he was a poor hand at helping people.
3. There is little point in protesting.
4. No sooner had they sat down, that he went straight to the point.
5. However hard she listened she was bound to miss the point.
6. There is no point in carrying your troubles home.
7. Grammar is his strong point.
8. Does he make a point of always pretending to forget me?
9. I must speak to the point or not at all.
10. She was on the point of crying.

15. Translate into English.

1. Яка мета вашого візиту?
2. Не бігайте околяса, переходьте відразу до суті справи.
3. Вони й не сподівалися, що їм вдасться досягти згоди по
кожному пункту договору.
4. Справа в тому, що ваші пропозиції щодо нової вистави дещо
недоречні.
5. Дозвольте мені вказати на деякі слабкі місця у вашій статті.
6. Я слухала уважно, щоб не пропустити головної ідеї.
7. Ми взяли собі за правило бігати вранці.
8. Ця випадкова зустріч стала поворотним моментом у її житті.
9. Немає сенсу обговорювати це питання зараз.
10. В цей момент піднялася завіса і почалася увертюра.

Grammar Focus
16. Define the functions of the Gerund.
1. At least he declared he did and insisted on shaking him by the hand.
2. Hallward amused himself with watching the faces in the pit.
3. The staginess of her acting was unbearable.
4. The words conveyed no meaning to her.
5. So far from being nervous, she was absolutely self-contained.

17. Change the sentences using Gerundial complexes.

1. Henry suggested that they should leave the theatre.

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 2. Dorian could not stand when the manager was talking at the top of
his voice.
3. Dorian had no idea why Sibyl was self-contained.
4. Dorian was sorry that Sibyl’s gestures became absurdly artificial.
5. He remembered that Sibyl moved like a creature from a finer world.

18. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions.

1. The manager was beaming from ear ____ ear ____ a tremulous
smile.
2. He escorted them to the box, talking _____ the top of his voice.
3. Lord Henry insisted _______ shaking hands with him.
4. Sibyl Vane stepped _______ the stage.
5. She was lovely to look _______ .
6. Basil leaped _______ his feet.
7. Dorian sat gazing _______ her.
8. She showed no sign _____ joy when her eyes rested ___ Romeo.
9. The words were spoken _______ an artificial manner.
10. The tone was wrong _______ colour.
11. The gallery had lost interest _______ the play.

19. Scan the passage in search of Gerunds. Comment on their

functions.
Jimmie was taking a short holiday which he spent in going every
night to the theatre in one town after another. At the end of the piece he
went round to see Julia. They had no sooner sat down to table than he went
straight to the point.
“I never slept a wink all night for thinking of you,” he said.
“This is very sudden. Is your proposal honourable or
dishonourable?”
“I’ve been in this game for 25 years. I’ve been a call-boy, a stage-
hand, a stage-manager, an actor, a publicity man, damn it, I’ve even been a
critic. I’ve lived in the theatre since I was a kid just out of a board school,
and what I don’t know about acting isn’t worth knowing. I think you’re a
genius.”
“It’s sweet of you to say so.”
“That’s all I can get.”
“You are satisfied to go on playing those sort of parts for ever?
You’ll get stuck in them and the public won’t take you in anything else.”
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 “I know I want experience. I’d have to think it over, of course. I
wouldn’t mind coming to you for a reason.”

20. Match the following proverbs in the left column with their
halves in the right one. Comment on the functions of the
Gerunds.
1. Between two evils a. without saying.
2. By doing nothing b. is worth doing well.
3. Saying and doing c. is shooting without
4. It goes aiming.
5. It is good fishing d. crying over spilt milk.
6. It is no use e. go hand in hand.
7. Gossiping and lying f. without breaking eggs.
8. Doing is better g. mustn’t mind getting
9. What is worth doing wet.
10. To make an omelette h. it’s not worth
10. Appetite comes choosing.
11. He who would catch fish i. in eating.
12. Fasting comes j. are two things.
13. Speaking without thinking k. after feasting.
l. in troubled waters.
n) we learn to do ill.
m) than saying.

21. Give English equivalents to the following Ukrainian

proverbs. In pairs make up situations using them.
1. Слізьми горю не зарадиш.
2. Сьогодні бенкетувати, а завтра старцювати. (Коли густо, а коли й
пусто).
3. Ліс рубають – тріски летять. (Де борошно – там і порошно.)
4. Хрін від редьки не солодший. (Не варто обирати з двох лих).
5. Без діла псується сила.
6. Само собою зрозуміло.
7. Щоб рибу їсти, треба в воду лізти.
8. Апетит приходить під час їжі.
9. Легко ловити рибу у каламутній воді.
10. Якщо вже щось робити, то робити як слід.
11. Світ не клином зійшовся.

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 12. Говорити, не думаючи, все одно, що стріляти, не прицілюючись.
13. Не так швидко справа робиться, як слово мовиться.
14. Менше говори – більше діла твори.
22. Read the jokes and comment on the functions of the
Gerunds. Act them out in pairs.
❖ One of Kembles made his first appearance on the stage as an opera
singer. His voice was, however, so bad that at a rehearsal the conductor of
the orchestra called out: ‘Mr. Kemble! Mr. Kemble! You are murdering
the music!’
‘My dear sir,’ was the quiet rejoinder, ‘it is far better to murder it
outright, than to keep on beating it as you do.’
❖ A composer once brought a manuscript to Rossini, who, on listening,
every minute took off his hat and put it on again. The composer asked
whether he was so warm.
‘No,’ said Rossini, ‘but I am in the habit of taking off my hat whenever I
meet an old acquaintance, and there are so many I remember in your
composition, that I have continually to bow.’
❖ ‘Doctor, how is a man to tell a mushroom from a toadstool?’
‘By eating it. If you live, it’s a mushroom; if you die, it’s a
toadstool.’

• History of Theatre in Great Britain

• A Visit to the Theatre
• The performance arts: reviews and
critiques
• The Ukrainian Theatre
• The Ukrainian Theatre. My
Favourite Playwright/Actor/Actress

 Speaking
23. Comment on the following quotation.
“All the world’s a stage. And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances”
/W.Shakespeare “As You Like It”/

24. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the
text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.
100
 HISTORY OF THEATRE
IN GREAT BRITAIN
THE ELIZABETHAN THEATRE

Although plays of one sort and

another had been acted for many
generations, no permanent playhouse
was erected in England until 1576. In
the 1570's the Lord Mayor and
Aldermen of the City of London and
the players were constantly at
variance. As a result James Burbage,
then the leader of the great Earl of
Leicester's players, decided that he
would erect a playhouse outside the
jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor,
where the players would no longer be hindered by the authorities.
Accordingly in 1576 he built the Theatre in Shoreditch, at that time a
suburb of London. The experiment was successful, and by 1592 there were
two more playhouses in London, the Curtain /also in Shoreditch/, and the
Rose on the south bank of the river, near Southwark Cathedral.
Elizabethan players were accustomed to act on a variety of stages; in
the great hall of a nobleman's house, or one of the Queen's palaces, in town
halls and in yards, as well as their own theatre.
The public playhouse for which most of Shakespeare's plays were
written was a small and intimate affair. The outside measurement of
the Fortune Theatre, which was built in 1600 to rival the new Globe, was
but eighty feet square. Playhouses were usually circular or octagonal, with
three tiers of galleries looking down upon the yard or pit, which was open
to the sky. The stage jutted out into the yard so that the actors came
forward into the midst of their audience. Over
the stage there was a roof, and on either side
doors by which the characters entered or
disappeared. Over the back of the stage ran a
gallery or upper stage which was used whenever
an upper scene was needed, as when Romeo
climbs up to Juliet's bedroom, or the citizens of
Angiers address King John from the walls. The space beneath this upper

101
stage was known as the tiring house; it was concealed from the audience
by a curtain which would be drawn back to reveal an inner stage, for such
scenes as the witches' cave in Macbeth, Prospero's cell or Juliet's tomb.
There was no general curtain concealing the whole stage, so that all
scenes on the main stage began with an entrance and ended with an exit.
Thus in tragedies the dead must be carried away. There was no scenery,
and therefore no limit to the number of scenes, for a scene came to an end
when the characters left the stage. When it was necessary for the exact
locality of a scene to be known, then Shakespeare indicated it in the
dialogue; otherwise a simple property or a garment was sufficient; a chair
or stool showed an indoor scene, a man wearing riding boots was a
messenger, a king wearing armour was on the battlefield, or the like. Such
simplicity was on the whole an advantage; the spectator was not
distracted by the setting and Shakespeare was able to use as many scenes
as he wished. The action passed by very quickly: a play of 2500 lines of
verse could be acted in two hours. Moreover, since the actor was so close
to his audience, the slightest subtlety of voice and gesture was easily
appreciated.
The company was the fellowship of players, who were all partners
and sharers. There were usually ten to fifteen full members, with three or
four boys, and some paid servants. Shakespeare had therefore to write for
his team. The chief actor in the company was James Burbage, who first
distinguished himself as Richard III; for him Shakespeare wrote his great
tragic parts. An important member of the company was the clown or low
comedian. From 1594 to 1600 the company's clown was Will Kemp; he
was succeeded by Robert Armin. No women were allowed to appear on
the stage, and all women's parts were taken by boys.

25. Answer the questions.

1. When did James Burbage decide to erect a playhouse? Why?
2. What was the name of the first playhouse?
3. Was the experiment successful?
4. Where were Elizabethan players accustomed to act?
5. When was the Fortune Theatre built?
6. How did the first theatres look?
7. How did the actors play on the stage at that time?
8. What do you know about the fellowship of players?
9. Were women allowed to appear on the stage?
10.Did the stage resemble the present day one?
102
Language focus
26. Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in the situations of your
own.
• to be at variance • to come forward into the
• to hinder midst of their audience
• outside measurement • to conceal
• outside the jurisdiction • to distract
• to be a small and intimate • subtlety
affair • to be appreciated
• rival • to be sufficient
• octagonal • to distinguish oneself as
• to jut out • to be succeeded by

27. Translate the following words and word combinations into

English.
Постійно діючий театр, споруджувати/зводити театр, увесь час
сваритися/сперечатися, поза сферою впливу мера/ що не входить до
повноважень мера, заважати/перешкоджати чомусь, звикнути грати
на різноманітних сценах, таємниче дійство, конкурувати, яруси
балконів, амфітеатр, сцена, виступати вперед (про сцену), виходити
всередину глядацького залу, дійові особи, глядачі, гримувальна,
відкривати сцену, закривати сцену, декорації, трагедія, визначати
сцену в діалозі, вбрання, відволікатися, зміна або витонченість
голосу, відзначитися/ прославитися завдяки ролі, блазень, клоун,
приходити на зміну комусь.

28. Match the words to form word combinations.

1. intimate a. the stage
2. tiers b. garment
3. the back of c. at variance
4. fellowship d. house
5. sufficient e. measurement
6. subtlety f. the jurisdiction
7. to reveal g. into the yard
8. tiring h. of galleries
9. tragic i. of voice

103
 10. outside j. stage
11. outside k. the inner stage
12. upper l. of players
13. to be constantly m. parts
14. to come forward n. affair
15. to jut out o.into the midst of the audience

29. Find meaningful words.

Foenybhinderkudbegcjurisdictionvcepfjbaccustomedpenhgnoblemanbsym
vjplayhouseadvoiynmoctagonalnerlkgesceneplihgesturerbeopedistractednp
okesubtletylokedappreciatednutedsucceededtl

30. Fill in the missing letters.

er-ct, var--nce, au---rities, in--mate, af---r, gal---ies, meas---ment,
re---l, au---nce, conc--l, e—t, suff----nt, simpl---ty, adv---age,
spect---or, se---ng, g--ture, disti----sh, g—ment, v--se, prop--ty

31. Find the proper word for each definition.

_________ as much as is needed for a particular purpose; enough
_________ the quality of being simple
_________ to do something so well that people notice you and remember
you
_________ a detail that is important but difficult to notice
_________ to show something that was previously hidden
_________ to hide something carefully
_________ the right to use the official power to do something
_________ to stick up or out further than the other things around it
_________ to compete with someone or something that is as good or
important
_________ to be the next person to take a position or job after someone
else
_________ to direct someone attention to someone or something to make
it clear

32. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the

topical vocabulary making any necessary changes.

to conceal to hinder subtlety jurisdiction

104
 sufficient to reveal simplicity to be accustomed
rival to distinguish variance to get distracted
1) C
ustoms officers found a kilogram of cocaine that Smith __________
inside his suitcase.
2) A little __________ in forecast numbers may be anticipated as a
consequence.
3) A medical examination may ___________ evidence of dietary
deficiencies.
4) It became clear that the relevant government ministers __________
deliberately ________ the progress of the necessary bill.
5) Some of the ___________of the language are lost in translation.
6) It was decided that there was ________ evidence to convict Marconi.
7) It's not within our____________ to tell people what to do in the privacy
of their own homes.
8) We ____________to using audio to present examples of language in
use.
9) The new aeroplane would____________ its competitors in terms of
noise, range and versatility.
10) I'd love to tell you what he did with it but I must not __________
from the task.
11) Mona wrote with a beautiful ____________ of style.
12) The factor that ___________ this company from the competition is
customer service.

33. Explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold and

translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
1. The shadows concealed her as she crept up to the house.
2. A wide-brimmed hat concealed her graying hair.
3. He managed to conceal the fact that he had been in prison and so got a
job as a security officer.
4. He may be prosecuted for revealing secrets about the security agency.
5. Carter's face was blank, revealing no emotion.
6. Separate holidays and weekends apart reveal more clearly than any
words the state of their marriage.
7. The way he spoke in the bar afterwards revealed prejudice and
bitterness that I had never suspected.
8. His career has been hindered by injury.
9. The high cost of the vaccine has severely hindered its use.
105
10. We can only prosecute if there is sufficient evidence.
11. The money should be sufficient for one month's travel.
12. Give yourself sufficient time to get really stuck into your matter.
13. The committee has jurisdiction over all tax measures.
14. The courts said the claim raised "political questions" that were outside
its jurisdiction.
15. We were accustomed to working together.
16. Tradition and culture are often at variance with the needs of modern
living.
17. The prince built a vast palace, rivalling Versailles in size and opulence.
18. Don't distract your father while he's driving.
19. To distract myself, I was playing a little game wherein I tried to
determine which apparatus I hated most.
20. The design was beautiful in its simplicity.
21. That's why the vast majority of users are attracted to Microsoft
Windows by its very simplicity.
22. I couldn't distinguish the words, but his tone was clear.

34. Translate into English.

1. Хоча п’єси різних жанрів були поставлені багатьма поколіннями
акторів, постійно діючого театру в Англії не існувало аж до
1576 року.
2. Актори епохи Єлизавети звикли грати на різноманітних сценах:
у величезних маєтках знаті та в залі королівського палацу.
3. Зазвичай театри були круглими або восьмикутними з трьома
ярусами балконів, які виходили у двір.
4. Над сценою височів дах, а по обидва її боки були двері, через які
актори входили та виходили на сцену.
5. Загальної завіси, яка б закривала всю сцену, не було, і тому всі
акти починалися входом і завершувались виходом акторів.
6. Щоб повідомити глядачу про конкретне місце дії, Шекспір
зазначав його в діалозі.
7. В більшості випадків замість декорацій було достатньо простого
реквізиту або елементів вбрання.
8. Загалом, така простота була навіть корисною: увагу глядача не
відволікало художнє оформленням сцени, це давало Шекспірові
можливість використовувати у виставі стільки сцен, скільки він
бажав.

106
 9. Оскільки актори знаходились так близько до глядачів, аудиторія
легко розрізняла найменші зміни голосу і жестів.
10. Трупа мала назву “Спілка акторів”; вони були партнерами та
співвласниками театру.
11. Жінкам було заборонено з’являтися на сцені, тому всі жіночі
ролі виконували юнаки.

 Listening
STRATFORD-UPON-AVON AND SHAKESPEARE

35. Write whether the following statements are true or false.

1. William Shakespeare was born and died on the same date.
2. William's father had a profession of a glover.
3. Shakespeare was very young when he started earning his living.
4. The “dark lady” whom he wrote his poems to was his wife.
5. Shakespeare was baptized and buried in the same church.
6. After returning home he continued writing plays for the theatre.

36. Answer the following questions.

1. How many plays and sonnets did Shakespeare write?
2. How many brothers and sisters did he have?
3. What was William doing in London?
4. Whom did he write his poems to?
5. What was William's life after returning home?
6. What are “half-timbered houses”?

37. Listen to the first paragraph once again and complete the
gaps.
23 April is ... day when ... fans all .... the world . ... the birth .... death of
William ..., who wrote ... least 37 ... and 154 .... , and many ... poems.
Many ... believe that ... was born ... that he ... on the ... date, but ... records
prove ... he died ... 23 April ... , there is ... to prove
when he ... born. The ... we can … is that … was
baptized ... 26 April ... . But it's ... nice idea ...
celebrate both ... birth and ... death on ... same day -
... is also ... Day. St. George... the national ... of
England (... Greece).

107
38. Translate into English.

Вільям Шекспір
В історії Великобританії багато знаменитих імен. Ім'я Вільяма
Шекспіра — одне з них.
Вільям Шекспір, великий англійський поет і драматург,
народився в 1564 році в місті Стратфорд-на-Ейвоні. У той час в
Англії не було театрів.
Групи акторів переїжджали з міста в місто, показуючи вистави
на вулиці. Іноді актори заїжджали й у Стратфорд-на-Ейвоні. Хлопчик
приходив дивитися всі їхні вистави, і вони дуже подобалися йому.
Він хотів стати актором. Час від часу він писав невеликі п'єски і
ставив їх зі своїми друзями.
Коли йому виповнився 21 рік, Вільям вирушив до Лондону.
Там він приєднався до акторської трупи. Спочатку Шекспір тільки
допомагав акторам, а потім почав писати п'єси для них. Незабаром
п'єси Шекспіра почали ставити все частіше й частіше, і вони стали
знаменитими.
Театр, де працював Шекспір, називався «Глобус». Це був
перший професійний театр.
П'єси Шекспіра знають усі. Найвідоміші з них — «Отелло»,
«Гамлет», «Ромео і Джульєтта», «Король Лір».
Шекспір показував справжнє життя і стосунки між людьми.
Теми його творів – любов і смерть, дружба і зрадництво, відданість.
П'єси Шекспіра завжди будуть актуальними і цікавими для людей.

39. Discuss with your partner the arrangement of a typical

Elizabethan theatre. Find its major elements and define their
functions.

108
40. Read and translate the text.
What do you know about great actors/actresses of the past? The following
text is about one of them – it is a lifestory of a famous
British actress Sarah Siddons.
Sarah Siddons
Kemble is the name of a family of English actors of
whom the most famous were Sarah Siddons (1755-1831)
and her brother John Philip Kemble (1757-1823), the
eldest of the twelve children of Roger Kemble (1721-1802), a strolling
player and manager, who in 1753 married an actress, Sarah Wood.
Acting was only just becoming a respectable profession for a woman
and initially parents disapproved of Sarah’s choice of profession.
She had early theatrical experience in her father’s travelling company,
and at 18 she married William Siddons, an actor. Her family life was not
fortunate; she gave birth to seven children but outlived five of them, and
her marriage to William Siddons became strained and ended in an informal
separation.
In 1774 Siddons had her first success as Belvidera
in Thomas Otway’s Venice Preserved. This brought
her to the attention of David Garrick and she was
engaged by him for a Drury Lane performance in
1775-76, which failed owing to her inexperience as
well as other circumstances. And she received a note
from the manager of Drury Lane stating that her
services would not be required. In 1782, after
appearances in the provinces had greatly increased her

109
powers, her success was instant and indisputable.
Her fame grew in such roles as Queen Katharine, Desdemona, as
Volumnia to the Coriolanus of John Philip Kemble, her brother, with
whom she starred. In the role of Lady Macbeth, which she first played in
1785 and which was her farewell performance in 1812, she was
unequalled. Siddon’s warm, rich voice and majestic presence held
audiences in awe. She was tall and had a striking figure, brilliant beauty,
powerfully expressive eyes, and solemn dignity of demeanour which
enabled her to claim the character as her own.
It was the beginning of twenty years in which she was the undisputed
queen of Drury Lane. Her celebrity status has been called “mythical” and
“monumental”, and by the mid-1780s Siddons was established as a
cultural icon. She mixed with the literary and social elites of London
society.
In 1820s she left Drury Lane and subsequently appeared from time to
time on the stage of the rival establishment, Covent Garden. It was there,
on 29th June, 1812, that she gave perhaps the most extraordinary farewell
performance in theatre history. She was playing her most famous role,
Lady Macbeth, and the audience refused to allow the play continue after
the end of the sleepwalking scene. Eventually, after tumultuous applause
from the pit, the curtain reopened and Siddons was discovered sitting in
her own clothes and character – whereupon she made an emotional
farewell speech to the audience lasting eight minutes.
Mrs. Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812, but
occasionally appeared on special occasions. Her last appearance was on 9 th
June, 1819.
Though she shunned publicity, she won the praise of the poets and
critics of her day. Her portrait was painted by Gainsborough and by
Reynolds, the latter representing her as The Tragic Muse. Her statue, by
Chantrey, is in Westminster Abbey.

41. Answer the questions.

➢ Where was Sarah Siddons born?
➢ What did her parents do?
➢ How many children were there in the family?
➢ How many of them were actors?
➢ Why were Sarah’s parents against her going on stage?
➢ What was Sarah famous for?
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 ➢ Was her first theatrical experience at Drury Lane a success?
➢ What did she do when her services were not requested?
➢ What brought her instant success after provincial performance?
➢ What held her audiences in awe?

42. Match the collocations.

A. to be brought a. in awe
B. to retire b. performance
C. to hold audiences c. applause
D. dignity d. to the attention
E. mix with e. of smb’s choice
F. farewell f. publicity
G.tumultuous g. from the stage
H. to disapprove h. of demeanour
I. instant i. the elites of London society
J. to shun j. success

43. Match the phrases with their translations.

1) a strolling player a) привернути чиюсь увагу
2) to disapprove of smb’s choice b) спілкуватись з кимось
3) to be brought to the attention of sb c) бути неперевершеним
4) to engage sb d) викликати чиєсь благоговіння
5) instant success e) уникати прилюдності
6) to be unequalled f) не схвалювати чийсь вибір
7) to hold smb in awe g) прощальна вистава
8) to be fortunate h) бурхливі оплески
9) dignity of demeanour i) миттєвий успіх
10) to mix with sb j) залишити сцену
11) farewell performance k) гідність поведінки
12) tumultuous applause l) бродячий актор
13) to retire from the stage m)наймати на роботу
14) to shun publicity n) бути вдалим/щасливим

44. Scan the text to get a general idea of the theatre.

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 THE GLOBE THEATRE
Great changes took place in social life of England during the reign of
Queen Elizabeth I /1558-1603/. England turned from a secondary
European power, which unofficially participated in piracy on high-
seas, into a first-rate naval power after defeating
the Great Spanish Armada in 1588.
The victory brought England power, wealth
and rise in culture. It was the time of the English
Renaissance, and sometimes it is called "the age
of Shakespeare". First playhouses in England
appeared at that time. Until then troupes of
professional players toured the country and staged
their plays for the wealthy nobles.
Shakespeare already then a famous actor and playwright with other
professional actors and managers decided to build their own playhouse.
"Theatre" was the name of the first playhouse built by Burbage, a
carpenter and an actor in 1576 and pulled down in 1583 because the
landowner did not wish to renew the contract.
The actors including Shakespeare helped the architect to design the
new playhouse which was called the "Globe". It was built in Maiden Lane
near the Thames which has become the theatrical district of London since
that time. The name of the playhouse "Globe" was not accidental. It was a
many-cornered building, circular in form inside and without a roof as
performances could only be held in day light. It had three balconies
around the walls with a small thatched roof over the gallery with the
stage protruding some 30 feet /10 meters/. In front of the entrance was a
signboard with Hercules bearing the globe upon his shoulders.
The plays were announced well in advance on bills placed on posts
all over the city but the performances could only be held if the weather
permitted. Flags were hoisted to show that the play would be held and the
flags were pulled down if the performance was cancelled. The plays were
held as a rule in the afternoon. Wealthy and noted people would send their
servants two or three hours before the play began to occupy good seats for
them. While waiting for the play to begin the public amused itself by
eating apples, nuts in autumn, pies and fried fish in winter and drinking
ale, smoking, playing cards or dice and having a good time. Women
seldom went to see a play but when they did, they wore a mask or came in
man's clothing.

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 The playhouse was open 5 days a week. On Sundays all the forms of
amusement were prohibited by the church and Thursdays play-acting was
forbidden by the Queen to give the bear-baiting or cock-fighting a
chance to make good business. The Queen
also was very fond of bear-baiting herself
and wanted the nobles to be present.
The stage did not resemble the
present day one at all. There were no
curtains to open, or close the play, all
acting was performed by men, the roles of
women were done by boy actors. There
was no scenery, a placard with the word
"Verona", for example, was enough for the audience to understand where
the action was taking place.
The actors moved freely along the stage fulfilling their solo or
monologue with much dramatism. The dramatist had to use his
imagination and make the audience use theirs.
The great role Shakespeare's plays had on the English audience had
no limits. He had written a lot of dramas, comedies and tragedies.
Hundreds of his sayings have become part of the English language to this
very day.
The "Globe" Playhouse is a part of the history of the English theatre.
The playhouse itself was destroyed during the Great Fire in 1666 and in its
place stands a brewery but the district of Maiden Lane and Drury Lane is
still the heart of the theatrical life in London. Shakespearian plays are still
loved by Londoners. But now new forms, modern theatres depict the
great playwright's wit and thought on ultra modern stages, yet, it is
difficult to say if it has brought more brightness into the hearts of the
audience. The season of Shakespeare's plays which is held annually at the
Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon has become so
established that it now carries the reputation of an English tradition.

45. Answer the questions.

1. What changes took place in England from 1558 to 1603?
2. What was the other name for the English Renaissance?
3. Why did the actors decide to build a new playhouse?
4. What district was chosen for the theatre?
5. What was the name of the theatre?
6. What were the specific features of the playhouse?
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7. Why were plays announced in advance?
8. What did the public do before the play?
9. Why was the playhouse open 5 days a week?
10. Did the stage look like the present day one?
11. How did the actors play on the stage?
12. Why is the “Globe” playhouse a part of the history of the English
theatre?

Language focus
46. Explain the meaning of the following words and word
combinations in English.
1. to turn from a secondary European 11. to depict the great
power into a first-rate naval power playwright's wit and thought
2. to participate in piracy on high-seas 12. to hoist
3. the English Renaissance 13 to resemble
4. to renew the contract 14. a brewery
5. a small thatched roof 15. to protrude
6. during the reign 16. to wear a mask
7. a first–rate naval power 17. to announce in advance
8. to hold in day light 18. bear-baiting
9. to pull down 19. cock-fighting
10. to be accidental 20. to fulfil a solo

47. Translate into English.

Під час правління; займатися піратством у відкритому морі;
процвітаюча морська держава; розгромити Армаду; відродження;
трупа професійних акторів; гастролювати; ставити/інсценувати п’єси;
зносити театр; поновити контракт; театральний район Лондону; не
бути випадковим; багатокутна споруда; проводитися в денний час;
повідомити заздалегідь; солом’яний дах; виступати вперед (про
сцену); вивіска; афіша; підіймати прапор; відміняти виставу;
розважатися; носити маски; цькування ведмедів; бої півнів;
виконувати соло або монолог; драматург; відображати дотепність
автора; броварня; підтримувати репутацію англійських традицій.

48. Transcribe the following words.

renaissance, thatched, cancelled, bear-baiting, audience, brewery, scenery,
Drury Lane, memorial.

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49. Match the two parts to form word combinations.
1.to turn from a secondary power a. the stage
2.to participate in piracy b. with much dramatism
3.to defeat c. roof
4.the time d.with Hercules bearing a globe
5.to renew e. were hoisted/pulled down
6.to be held f. was cancelled
7. a thatched g. amused itself
8.a signboard h. were prohibited
9.to announce in advance i. a chance
10.flags j. on high seas
11.the performance k. the contract
12.the public l. of an English tradition
13.the forms of amusement m. into a first-rate naval power
14.to give the bear-baiting n. on bills
15.to fulfil a solo o. in day light
16.to resemble p. of the English renaissance
17.to depict q. the Great Spanish Armada
18.to carry the reputation r. the great playwright’s wit and
thought

50. Translate into English.

Найчастіше біографія великого драматурга починається з
цитування відомих слів Стівенсона, одного з перших за часом
серйозних шекспірознавців:
"Все, що відомо з певною мірою вірогідності відносно Шекспіра
– це те, що він народився у Стратфорді на Авоні, там одружився, там
з'явилися діти, поїхав до Лондона, де був спочатку актором, писав
поеми та драми, повернувся до Стратфорда, склав заповіт, помер і
був похований".
Якби ми навіть знали кожну подію життя Шекспіра у
Стратфорді, де він перебував весь той період, коли складається
духовна сутність людини, це ані на крок не наблизило б нас до
розуміння великої загадки народження такої величі обдарування у
таких звичайних життєвих умовах.

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  Speaking
What role does theatre play in your life?
51. Read the text and describe the theatre building.
THEATRE BUILDING
A theatre is a building where plays, operas or ballets are performed.
It has a stage for the actors and an auditorium for the audience. Thus the
auditorium is the part of a theatre where the audience sits.
The stage is raised several feet above the floor of the auditorium. At
the sides of the stage are wings. The curtain separates the stage from the
auditorium. The curtain is dropped or lowered between the scenes or arts
of a play (an opera). While the curtain is down, the workers on the stage
(called "stage hands") can change the scenery and prepare the stage for
the next part of the performance. Several doors separate the foyer from
the seating area.
Each person in a large audience can see the actors on the stage
without discomfort as the back of the auditorium is several feet higher than
the front part, so that the seats are on slope.
Above the ground floor there are generally several curved balconies
with even steeper slopes of seats.
Seats in the stalls are those near the stage on the ground floor.
Seats in the first rows of the stalls are called orchestra stalls.
Seats behind the stalls are known as the pit. This is the worst part of
the English theatre.

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 Next comes the dress circle, i.e. rows of seats higher up above the
stalls and further back in the theatre.
Above the dress circle, a little higher up, there is the balcony or
upper circle, as it is often called. Highest of all is the gallery.
Then there are also boxes in each tier of the theatre.

52. Fill in the missing words.

1. A theatre is a building where ___________ are performed.
2. It has ___________ and ____________ for the audience.
3. The stage is raised several feet ____________of the auditorium.
4. At the sides of the stage are ______________
5. __________separates the stage from the ___________.
6. The curtain is dropped or lowered between _______or ______of a play.
7. Above the ground floor there are generally several _______ with even
steeper slopes of ___________.
8. Seats in the first rows of the stalls are called ___________.
9. Seats behind the stalls are known as ____________.
10. Next comes __________, i.e. rows of seats higher up above the stalls
and further back in the theatre.
11. Above__________, a little higher up, there is ________or
_________, as it is often called.

53. Translate the following words and expressions into

English.
партер прем'єра
бельетаж генеральна репетиція
гальорка вечірня вистава
амфітеатр виходити на оплески
соліст трупа, яка гастролює
куліси на репетиції
суфлер виконавці ролей
гардероб другорядні дійові особи
декорація головна роль
рампа художник-декоратор
гра купити квиток в театральній
трупа касі

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54. Look at the picture below and write the correct numbers
near the corresponding words.

acrobat director curtain

actor footlights wings
actress gallery usher
aisle juggler stalls
box comedian stage
circle compere spotlight
clown conductor magician

55. Notice how in the sentences below you can guess the word
you are looking for from other related words, for example,
'applauded' in the first sentence. Underline words like this and
add them to your lists of vocabulary.
1. The ......... all applauded when she came onto the stage.
2. What film is on at the . . . . . . . . this week?
3. I watched a concert given by a famous symphony……….. .
4. I always get a seat in the…………………. when I go to the theatre.
I can see much better from up there.
5. There was just one … … … on the singer. The rest of the stage was
in darkness.
6. I didn't think the .. …………he told was at all funny.
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7. The ................ apologized to viewers for the delay.
8. The dress-..... …….was terrible. Let's hope the first night will be much
better.
9. The ......... …. in the newspaper said it was the best film of the year.
10. After ten hours in the recording…………… the group were finally
satisfied.
11. The director asked the……………to change some of the lines in the
first part of the film.
12.When the leading man became ill, his………….. had to take his place.
13. As soon as the lights went up for the………………, the children
rushed to the front to buy ice creams.
14. Not all .....…………….singers are large, you know!
15. I've got us two seats in………………D, near the front.
16. In the final ... ……of the film, the hero rode off into the sunset.
17. A.................. …..broke as she was playing her violin.
18.That piano sounds out of……………………to me!
28. Her latest…………..contains a new extended version of her hit record.

56. Indicate in the picture below the listed parts of a theatre.

Write the correct numbers next to the name of each part.
… aisle ... box … curtain ... footlights ...gallery
... spotlight ... stage ... stalls ...wings

57. Match each part of a theatre on the left with its definition
on the right.
1. AISLE a) ticket office
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2. BACKSTAGE b) the hall at the entrance to a theatre
3. BALCONY c) the way between the seats in a theatre
4. BOX d) a line of seats for people side by side
5. BOX OFFICE e) the seats on the ground floor
6. CIRCLE f) sunken area in front of the stage where an
7. FOYER orchestra may play
8. GALLERY (GODS) g) the part of a theatre where people can sit above
9. ORCHESTRA PIT the ground level
10. ROW h) one of the upper parts in a theatre, in which the
11. STAGE seats are arranged in part of a circle around the
12. STALLS building
i) the highest upper floor in a theatre
j) a small room in a theatre, on either side, from
which a small group of people can watch the play
k) the raised area in a theatre where actors
perform
l) the area out of sight of the audience

58. Match each part of a stage on the left with its definitions
on the right.
1. BACKCLOTH a) something built and provided with furniture,
2. BACKSTAGE scenery, etc, to represent the scene of the action
3. CURTAIN of a play
4. DOWNSTAGE b) a painted cloth hung across the back of the
5. DRESSING stage
ROOM c) at or towards the back of the stage
6. FOOTLIGHTS d) at or towards the front of the stage
7. SCENERY e) behind the stage, especially in the dressing
8. SET rooms of the actors
9. SPOTLIGHT f) a room behind the stage where an actor can
10. TRAPDOOR get ready for his performance
11. UPSTAGE g) the sides of a stage, where an actor is hidden
12. WINGS from view
h) a sheet of heavy material drawn or lowered
across the front of the stage
i) a row of lights along the front of the floor of a
stage
j) a lamp with a movable narrow beam
k) the set of painted backgrounds and other
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 objects used on a stage
l) a small door, covering an opening in the floor
on a stage

59. Choose the correct answer.

1. He ….. on stage for only one scene.
a) appeared b) emerged c) entered d) erupted
2. He played the lead in a …..production of "Macbeth".
a) memorable b) memorised c) recalled d) reminded
3. Her ….. as a tragedian took her to every part of the world.
a) fame b) glory c) renown d) status
4. Halfway through the first act, the leading man forgot his ….. .
a) declamations b) lines c) parts d) speeches
5. He soon made a …… for himself on the stage.
a) fame b) popularity c) reputation d) regard
6. When he forgot his lines the ….. whispered them from the side of the
stage.
a) messenger b) prompter c) pusher d) reminder
7. Public figures, such as actors, are often reluctant to talk about their …..
lives.
a) individual b) particular c) personal d) private
8. I doubt if I will be ….. enough to play tomorrow.
a) fit b) healthy c) recovered d) sound
9. Miss Best was proud to be ….. out for special praise for her
performance.
a) distinguished b) selected c) separated d) singled
10. Don't ….. shouting for ability as a dramatic actor.
a) identify b) imagine c) mislead d) mistake
11. For the first night's performance the ….. had to be called in to
take the part because the leading lady was ill.
a) deputy b) reserve c) substitute d) understudy
12. The highlight of his acting career was the opportunity to play the …. of
Hamlet.
a) characterisation b) part c) personage d) play
13. The actors have to …..before they appear in front of the strong lights
on stage.
a) cover up b) do up c) make up d) paint up
14. He gave the best performance of his acting career in the ….of Othello.
a) action b) personage c) role d) theme
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15. That comedian is very good at …. ; he can take off the President
perfectly.
a) duplications b) impressions c) reproductions d) similarities

60. Match the people on the left with a definition on the right.
1. CAST a) the main bad character in a play
2. HAM b) a set of actors in a play
3. HERO c) a company of dancers, members of a circus
4. HEROINE
5. STAND-IN
d) the most important male part in a play
6. STAR e) a famous actor or actress
7. STUNT MAN f) an actor who learns an important part in a play so as
8. TROUPE to be able to take the place of the actor who plays
9. UNDERSTUDY that part if necessary
10. VILLAIN g) a person who takes the part of an actor at dangerous
points in a film
h) the most important female part in a play
i) a person who does dangerous acts in a film so that
the actor does not have to take risks
j) an actor who acts artificially, unnaturally

61. Which of the following would you expect to see.

a) in a circus
b) in a theatre
c) in a nightclub

Some fit into more than one category.

Audience midget
fire-eater understudy
sword-swallower compere
clown ringmaster
leading lady usher
tightrope walker dancer
comedian stripper

62. THEATRE. Fill in the defined words.

1 _ _T
2 _ _ H_ _ _ _ _ _
3____ E___
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 4 _ _ _ _ A_ _ _
5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _T
6_____R_____
7___E _

1. part of a play (3)

2. practising a play (9)
3. people watching a play (8)
4. handclapping after the play (8)
5. author of plays (10)
6. the showing of the play (11)
7. person who shows people to their seats in a theatre (5)

63. Read the text trying to absorb the language of the theatre
and stage contained in the text.
CONFESSIONS OF A WOULD-BE ACTOR
After playing Joseph in a nativity play at the age of five and a half, -
I can still remember the three lines I had – my theatrical career really
took off. I was chosen to be the back end of the pantomime horse in our
shool end-of-term Chrismas show. Success there, or rather lack of it – the
horse's seams came apart soon after our first entrance – led to my being
given the job of stagehand for all future productions. Even scenery
falling over in the middle of an Italian light opera and last-minute panic
over themissing set for an ancient Greek tragedy failed to persuade our
drama teacher that I would be less of a risk on stage than off. (That, in
fact, is not strictly true. I did have a walk-on part once in a French
bedroom farce – as an apparently dumb police constable – but to
everyone's horror I tried to exit with the wrong character at the end of the
wrong scene, stage left instead of stage right.)

On leaving school, I joined an amateur dramatic society, full of

enthusiasm but rather short on experience, technique and timing. For
some years, I was restricted to bit parts in sketches, satirical revues and
one or two slapstick comedies. My finest hour came when I had to stand
in for a member of the cast who had been taken ill – I was the general
male understudy – and take the part of the villain in a Victorian
melodrama; lost of overacting and asides to the audience. I had only a
very short rehearsal beforehand and I thought my performance was

123
reasonably competent. The producer, however, suggested that I took up
some less public hobby, like pottery or rug-making.

Not deterred, I joined a repertory company as stage and costumes

manager, also responsible for props and make-up. And I was their
prompter as well. During my time with them I wrote a number of scripts,
most of wich were rejected, but one of which was accepted and performed.
It turned out to be the most terrible flop. I didn't do much acting there –
just one part, if I remember rightly, in the chorus of a musical, a revival
of West Side Story. Nobody 'discovered' me. What I had aways wanted
was to play the hero in something like Romeo and Juliet or to have a
leading part in an Oscar Wilde comedy of manners. When I turned fifty,
however, I began to accept that it was probably not going to happen.

You can imagine my surprise and delight, then, when some nights
ago I learned that I had landed the title role in Shakespeare's classic play
Macbeth with the Royal Shakespeare Company. I couldn't believe my
luck. Macbeth: that superb monologue before Duncan's murder, the
passages with the witches on the heath, that fantastic Tomorrow and
tomorrow speech in Act Five, Scene 5. The dress rehearsal, with co-
stars Olivier and Glenda Jackson, was a dream. And with the first night
to follow – ten curtain calls – bouquets – reviews the next day: "Smash
hit!" "Don't miss it!" "A box office winner!" "Triumph for new Macbeth!"
"A Star is …"
And then that horrible ringing sound in my ears…

64. Match the words to make collocations.

1 would-be a play
2 title b hit
3 satirical c teacher
4 repertory d comedy
5 nativity e winner
6 light f company
7 dress g manager
8 smash h opera
9 slapstick i parts
10 first j rehearsal
11 bit k revue
12 box-office l role
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 13 drama m night
14 stage o actor

65. Choose a word/word phrase to match one of the definitions

below.
pantomime, first night, production, stagehand, co-star, costume
manager, amateur dramatic society, cast, set, farce, walk-on part,
villain, understudy, timing, comedy of manners, make-up
1) a play, novel, or film that gives a satirical portrayal of behaviour in a
particular social group;
2) the scenery, furniture etc., put on a stage to represent the place and time
of action;
3) someone who works on a theatre stage, getting it ready for a play or for
the next part of a play;
4) the main bad character in a film, play, or story;
5) someone who is responsible in a theatre for actors’ stage clothes,
accessories, etc;
6) all the people who act in a play or film;
7) a kind of non-professional school where people acquire basic stage
skills and knowledge and apply them in practice;
8) the evening when the first public performance of a show, play etc. is
given;
9) a play, film, broadcast etc. that is produced for the public, or the process
of producing it:
10) a person who learns the role of an actor/actress to be able to act at
short notice in their absence;
11) the skill of doing something at exactly the right time;
12) cosmetics such as lipstick or powder applied to the face, used to
enhance or alter the appearance;
13) a leading actor or actress appearing in a movie or on stage with another
or others of equal importance;
14) a humorous play or film in which the characters are involved in
complicated and silly situations;
15) a method of performing using only actions and not words, or a play
performed using this method;
16) a part in a play or film which is very small and usually does not
involve any speaking.

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66. Complete the sentences with the words from the previous
exercise. Change the word forms if necessary.
1) The ____of the Titanic film is still much admired by the audience.
2) Linda Wad limited all her life to __________.
3) As the leading actor was badly ill, his main_______was forced to
perform all his parts most of the season.
4) The success of the actors was to a considerable extent due to the superb
work of our ______.
5) He told jokes with an exquisite sense of ________.
6) Being extremely jittery at the _______she could hardly utter a word.
7) The new Shakespeare’s ___________at the Arts Theatre was a huge
success with the audience.
8) The _____being not ready, the performance was put off till early April.
9) His acting in a recent Italian _____was universally lauded by critics.
10) The first steps in my theatrical career where those in a local ________.
11) In Mr. & Mrs. Smith Brad Pitt was a perfect match as Angelina Jolie’s
______.
12) Brown is sick and tired of playing the parts of ________.
13) Nowadays _______enables actors to play characters of almost any age.
14) Chaplin feared that the art of __________was under threat.
15) Julia always learns the ______till she is word-perfect.
16) In England, _______ is represented by the plays of George Etherege
and William Congreve.

67. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian making

use of the topical vocabulary.
1. Я приєднався до театру з постійною трупою і сезонним
репертуаром, щоб працювати помічником режисера і костюмером.
2. Моя театральна кар’єра почалася з різдвяної п’єси.
3. Після закінчення школи я вступив до аматорського драматичного
гуртка.
4. В мене було багато ентузіазму, але бракувало досвіду, вмінь та
відчуття часу.
5. Я грав головну роль у комедії звичаїв О. Уайлда, але ніхто мене не
«відкрив» як актора.
6. Я також відповідав за реквізит та грим.
7. Мене обрали грати задню частину коня у нашій шкільній
пантомімі, але кінь розійшовся по швах після нашого першого
виходу.
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8. Мені дали роботу працівника сцени на всі майбутні вистави.
9. Роками мене тримали у межах маленьких ролей, скетчах,
сатиричних ревю та дешевих комедіях.
10. В мене була роль статиста у французькому фарсі, де я вийшов на
сцену із-за лівої куліси замість правої та ще й з іншим персонажем
у кінці іншої сцени.
11. Я підміняв одного члена трупи, який захворів, та грав злодія у
вікторіанській мелодрамі.
12. Я перегравав, в мене було багато реплік в зал, та я думав, що моя
гра була на рівні.
13. Сценарій, який я написав, нарешті було прийнято та після
коротких репетицій поставлено, але це був найжахливіший
провал, хоча я сам там і не грав значущої ролі.
14. Нарешті я дочекався ролі героя у класичній п’єсі Шекспіра і не міг
повірити своїй вдачі.
15. Я був у захваті від генеральної репетиції із зірками, які грали
разом зі мною, від прем’єри, від 10 викликів на сцену, і від того,
що наступного дня критики назвали п’єсу хітом сезону.

68. Discuss with your partner your experience of playing any

part in school/university productions or performances. Make
use of the topical vocabulary.

Listening
69. Listen to the dialogues and make up similar dialogues.
At a Theatre
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A I'd like to Can I still get Are there any Is it still
book two seats tickets for seats left for possible to get

127
for tomorrow tonight's show? Saturday night? tickets for
tonight?
B Would you The front row A-11 and B-14 You can sit
like something of the dress are all that's left. wherever you
in the front circle is fairly like in the first
stalls? free. row.
A I suppose Are there any Haven't you got Isn't there
there's nothing boxes? anything anything a little
further back, is cheaper? less dear?
there?
B Not unless No, I'm Only if No, I'm afraid
you come to the afraid that's somebody you've left it
matinee. all there is cancels. rather late.

70. Make up dialogues of your own using the words and word
combinations given below.
a. Intending to go to the theatre.
To read a poster; to be on; to be worth; to praise; to be a theatre-goer;
famous playwright; to start the new season; to stage; a matinee; an evening
performance; to see an announcement; to be in great demand; the first
night.

b. Booking a ticket.
A row; the stalls; the gallery; the pit; the balcony; a box;
admission fee;
at the box-office;
to be sold out;
to get tickets in advance; an extra ticket;
to make arrangements for…;
to reserve tickets in one’s name.

The performance arts: reviews and critiques

71. Read, translate and learn useful adjectives for describing
works and performances.
adjective meaning example
not as good as people
overrated It's an overrated film/play.
say

128
 done so often it is
hackneyed The plot was so hackneyed!
boring
complex and
impenetrable impossible to His films are impenetrable.
understand
unconnected and not in The play was disjointed and difficult
disjointed
a clear order to follow
The film Green Aliens from Mars
far-fetched impossible to believe
was a bit far-fetched.
slightly immoral and
risque The play was a bit risque, and some
likely to shock some
/ri'skei/ religious leaders criticised it.
people
exciting and keeping
It was a gripping film from start to
gripping your attention the
finish.
whole time
It was a harrowing documentary
harrowing extremely upsetting
about war and refugee camps.
making you feel strong
It's a moving story about a child
moving emotion, especially
whose mother dies.
pity or sadness
you remember it long
memorable That was a memorable performance.
after
done or expressed in a
The whole ballet is really
understated simple but attractive
understated.
style

72. Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences.

1. The novel was so gripping
2. There were so many flashbacks
3. There’s a moving scene when
4. I can’t believe it won ten Oscars
5. It’s a harrowing story
a. it's so overrated.
b.the family meet again after 40
years.
c. about a young refugee.
d. I couldn't put it down until I
finished.
e. that it seemed quite disjointed.

73. Read the text. Are the sentences following the text true or
false?

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 This new play has been acclaimed as a masterpiece, lauded by
audiences and critics alike. The portrayal of the villain, Simpson, by the
wonderful Michaels was thoughtful and complex. He was given a well-
deserved five-minute standing ovation at the end of the production. The
up-and-coming actor looks likely to take London by storm, if he chooses
his roles carefully. The danger, of course, is that he will be anxious to
repeat the success of this role and become typecast as a 'baddie' for the rest
of his career.

1. Many people praised the new play.

2.Michaels played the role of a villain.
3.The audience stood and left quickly at the end.
4.Michaels is already a well-known actor.
5.He should always play a villain.

74. Set the words into the correct order to make sentences.
1. risque the fairly play in The was nudity.
2. before hackneyed It's a plot hundred seen times a !
3. memorable gave a in performance He Hamlet.
4. plot's makes complexity impenetrable film the The.
5. The far- fetched a bit aliens about is story.

75. Rewrite the underlined parts of this text using adjectives

from the list. Make any other necessary changes.
moving risque far- fetched gripping harrowing disjointed
memorable hackneyed impenetrable overrated
Fields of Darkness was a film which excited me and kept mv attention
and which I shall remember for a long time, even though the plot was in
some ways difficult to believe. Some critics have said it’s not as good as
people said it is, and the story is boring because it has been done so often,
but I disagree. I found it emotional and even extremely upsetting at times.
On the other hand, another fiIm I saw recently, Three Delicate Balances,
had a plot which was complex and impossible to understand and lacked a
clear order. I also feel that the director thought that if he threw in a few
slightly immoral and shocking scenes it would make a good movie, but it
just didn't work.

130
76. Change the underlined words in these sentences to produce
the opposite meaning.
It was what I'd call a very forgettable performance.
Didn't you think the plot was all a bit overstated?
The critics condemned Ferlv's new play.
The play triumphed on Broadway and in London's West End.
The soloist got no applause at the end of the concerto.

77. Complete these sentences using a word from the list.

portrayal rendition version interpretation-
1. Which ....... of 'New York' do you prefer, Frank Sinatra's or the 1996
cover by Nick Riverstone?
2. I disagree with Professor Morton's ………... of Shakespeare's Twelfth
Night, I think he has completely misunderstood the play.
3. It was a beautiful play; the actor's…………..of the mother was very
touching.
4. Her ..............of Wordsworth's Daffodils poem at the party last night
just made everyone laugh, even though she was deadly serious.

78. Match the word combinations with their definitions.

1. to be panned a. likely to become very famous or successful
2. up-and-coming b. to be the wrong person for the role
3. to be lauded c. prize/honour
4. to bomb d. to be highly praised
5. award e. to be negatively criticized
6. encore f. very great work of art
7. masterpiece g. to be always associated with that type of role
8. to become typecast h. calls from the audience to repeat it
9. to be miscast i. to be a failure

79. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.

1) His latest opera was panned by the critics, which is strange, since all
his previous works have been universally lauded.
2) The play bombed in London's West End, but was more successful in
New York.
3) Her latest CD has won three awards.

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 4) Anthony O'Donnell won the award for 'Best up-and-coming actor' of
2001.
5) The critics generally agree that her new symphony is a masterpiece.
6) Novak was definitely miscast as the father in that film.
7) She has become typecast as a middle-aged mother.
8) He was given several encores for his performance of the violin
concerto.
9) She got a standing ovation for her performance of Juliet in Romeo
and Juliet.

80. Answer these questions.

1. Would you like to go to a play that was universally lauded by all the
critics? Why / Why not?
2. Good performers deserve an encore. True? Would you give one?
3. Would you like to see a film that was panned by the cinema critics?
Why / Why not?
4. What are the top Hollywood awards for films normally called? What is
their more correct name?
5. Do most actors like to become typecast? Why / Why not?
6. A standing ovation shows that the audience disliked the performance.
True? Why /Why not?

81. Now use other adjectives instead of the underlined words

in these sentences. Make any other changes that are necessary
to produce a correct sentence.
1. The musical shocked some people because they thought it was immoral
and was attacked by several politicians and religious figures.
2. Her performance was one of those you will never forget, simply
marvellous.
3. I can't remember the last time I saw such a film that keeps you in
suspense and totally absorbed all the time.
4. It was a play that aroused very deep emotions in me.
5. It's a film that is difficult to watch without getting very upset.
6. Some of his films are absolutely impossible to understand because they
are so dense and obscure.

82. Which word is odd in each line?

panned lauded awarded praised

132
 encore clap ovation understated
miscast ham flop budding
promising typecast talented up-and-coming
harrowing exciting thrilling amusing
true far-fetched realistic original
risqué moralistic enriching educational
gripping hackneyed moving touching

83. Complete the sentences using the following active

vocabulary making the necessary changes.
bomb be panned memorable understated
harrowing impenetrable ham
1.This documentary was shot on the ____ events of World War II.
2.The final scene of the play was _____ , and I could not suppress my
sadness after it.
3.I think that this actor’s performance is _____ , he deserves better
critiques.
4.I have read this book, but a lot of episodes were _____ for me.
5.His acting ________ , he had to think about his future career.
6.The play was ________.
7.He was a _______ and didn’t receive any appraisals.

84. Translate the following into Ukrainian.

"I cannot say that I greatly cared for "The Importance of Being
Earnest". It amused me, of course; but unless comedy touches me as well
as amuses me, it leaves me with a sense of having wasted my evening. I go
to the theatre to be moved to laughter, not to be trickled or bustled into it.
I am in a somewhat foolish position concerning a play at the Opera
Comique, whither I was bidden this day week. For some reason I was not
supplied with a program; so that I never learnt the name of the play. I
believe I recognized some of the members of the company – generally a
very difficult thing to do in a country where, with a few talented
exceptions, every actor is just like every other actor – but they have now
faded from my memory. At the end of the second act the play had
advanced about as far as an ordinary dramatist would have brought it five
minutes after the first rising of the curtain; or, say, as far as Ibsen would
have brought it ten years before that event. Taking advantage of the second
interval to stroll out into the Strand for a little exercise, I unfortunately

133
forgot all about my business, and actually reached home before it occured
to me that I had not seen the end of the play. Under these circumstances it
would ill become me to dogmatize on the merits of the work or its
performance. I can only offer the management my apologies". /Bernard
Shaw/

85. Use the phrases to describe your last visit to the theatre.

Exchanging Impressions About the Performance

• to discuss the merits and demerits of the play
• to be absolutely thrilled with
• to be deeply (visibly) moved
• to impress
• the opening (concluding) scene is wonderful
• the performance has aroused much admiration
• the final moment of the play was extremely thrilling (dramatic,
tragic, unforgettable, moving)
• the leading actor was a great interpretative artist
• the company gave a play full of great educational value
• to arise a feeling of spiritual enrichment
• the performance is a great success
• the play bored me
• the play was a failure
• poor acting

86. Use the word in capitals at the end of each line to form a
word that fits in the space in the same line.

134
The School Play
Congratulations to all involved with the school
(1)______of The Woman Next Door. The PRODUCE
(2)_______was carried out by the Art Department, ADVERTISE
and the posters were very (3)____________.We IMAGINE
certainly have some very (4) ___________students in ART
our school! Many people helped with building and
painting the (5)_______ and the play was written by SCENE
the English Department, who managed to create an
(6)________ story, with excellent songs. The AMUSE
music was written by Sue Porter, who also
(7)________the singers on the piano. Everyone COMPANY
enjoyed a thoroughly (8)______ evening, and there ENTERTAIN
was a long round of (9)_________at the end. APPLAUD
Jim Barrett gave a brilliant (10)_______as Sergeant PERFORM
Moss, and Liz Aitken was a delightful Mrs Jump.
Well done everyone!

87. Read, translate and learn the dialogues by heart.

a)
- Well, how did you enjoy the play?
- Oh, enormously! I thought the production was really brilliant, and
so was the acting.
- If Mark Dorrel hadn’t been ill, it would have been even better. They
say he’s wonderful in the part of the inspector.
- But his understudy was very good too, particularly in the last act. Of
course the plot was rather absurd …
- It usually happens in detective plays.
- Take the wife, for instance. She didn’t behave like a normal human
being at all. If she had only owned up to her husband, he would have
settled the whole business in no time.
- But she was supposed to be a dumb blonde. And if she hadn’t been,
there wouldn’t have been a plot, would there?
- And you know, there wouldn’t have been a second murder if the
inspector hadn’t told everybody about his plans.
- But then the audience would have had to go home at the end of the first
act.
- Then take the episode with the revolver. If he had had any sense, he
would have told his wife about the gun instead of trying to hide it.
135
- It’s a pity you didn’t write the play. If you had, you would have made a
much better job of it. The wife would have confessed to her husband,
he would have told the inspector, and there wouldn’t have been any
corpses. A much better play altogether. Not a thriller, of course…

b)
- What films are on this week? Are there any worth seeing?
- “Romeo and Juliet” is on. I saw it at our local cinema the other day.
Everybody says it's very good.
- As a matter of fact, I prefer seeing ballet performed at the
theatre especially if the plot and the music are familiar.
- I don't quite agree with you. Sometimes I find that ballet
is much more expressive on the screen.
- Do you? Then what's your opinion of the screen
version of "Romeo and Juliet"?
- I think it's wonderful from beginning to end. I enjoyed every minute
of it. The cast is very well chosen and the dancing's excellent.
- Well, I must go and see it for myself since you praise it so highly.
- You certainly must, I am sure it will make you change your mind
about ballet films.
- We'll see. Well, then I'll be looking forward to having a good talk
with you about it.

88. Translate into English.

1. В оперному театрі завтра прем’єра нової опери. Кажуть, що вона
повинна стати великою подією в житті нашого міста. Давай
спробуємо придбати квитки біля входу в театр.
2. Вчора ми дивились нову виставу в Театрі комедії. Вистава мала
великий успіх. Головні ролі виконали молоді талановиті актори.
Успіху вистави сприяли чудові декорації.
3. Лунає другий дзвінок. Йдемо до залу. Де наші місця? В
дванадцятому ряду партеру. Я сподіваюсь, нам буде добре видно
сцену.
4. Ви бачили нову виставу в театрі комедії? – Так. – Ну і як? – Я мало
не вмерла від сміху. По-перше, вистава була за одноіменною п’єсою
чудового письменника-драматурга, інтрига була добре продумана, та
й склад акторів виявився першокласним.
5. Давай купимо програмку. Цікаво, хто сьогодні грає у виставі? Було
б чудово, якби сьогодні виступав перший склад акторів.
136
6. Чи сподобалась тобі вистава? – Склад виконавців був чудовий.
Акторка, яка грала головну жіночу роль, була неперевершеною.
7. Я б дуже хотіла подивитись нову виставу в драмтеатрі. – Кажуть,
що туди важко дістати квитки. – А якщо ми спробуємо замовити їх
заздалегідь по телефону? – Слушна ідея!

89. Listening
Part one The writer

You will hear an interview with Tim Rice, who wrote the lyrics
forJesus Christ Superstar. It was first performed in the 1970s, but
hasn’t been performed many times since. Andrew Lloyd Webber
composed the music.

1) Discuss the following before you listen.

a) What are some of the main events in the life of Jesus Christ?
Who were some of the main characters in his life?
b) Why do you think Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber chose to
write a musical about Jesus Christ?
c) Name some famous people that you would call 'superstars'.
Why do you think Rice and Lloyd Webber called Jesus Christ a
'superstar'?
d) Why do you think some people protested about the musical?

2) Listen to the first part. What does Tim Rice say about the
questions in 1 above?

3) Are these sentences true or false? Correct the false ones.

a) There haven't been many versions of the story of Jesus.
b) At first they wanted to write about Judas Iscariot.
c) They always knew it would be a success.
d) The record was an immediate success in America.
e) He saw a baby being christened with the name Jesus Christ Superstar.

Part two The actor

The interviewer next talks to Paul Nicholas, the first actor to
play the part of Jesus Christ Superstar. What problems might
he have had with this role?
137
Listen and answer the questions.
a) Why does he think the show was so successful?
b) Why did he find it a strange part to play?
c) When and why did he cry?
d) How and why did his attitude change after a few weeks in the part?
e) What are the two things that make Paul Nicholas and the interviewer
laugh?
f) What is the interviewer's final question? What is Paul's answer?

90. Read the newspaper review of a film and try to explain the
idioms in bold.
TUMBLE (James Reed 1972) BBC 2
Viewer’s Choice

James Reed's classic production, starring Chuck

Williams, Jay Johnson and Glenda Moore, tells the tale
of a man who rises to 1) the top of the ladder, before
ending up as a 2) down-and-out begging for money
and 3) living rough on the streets of New York.
At the beginning of the story, we meet Charlie
Renton (Chuck Williams) who is 4) as poor as a
church mouse and lives in a tiny basement flat in
Brooklyn. By luck, he manages to get a job with a big exporting company,
and so begins his rapid rise 5) from rags to riches.
Quickly, the 6) up-and-coming young businessman becomes the
company director's 7) right hand man and miraculously helps the firm to
double its profits in just one year. Then, following the retirement of his
superior (Jay Johnson), Charlie finds himself 8) calling the shots in the
company.
For a while, everything seems fine: Charlie marries Charlene (Glenda
Moore), moves into a fantastic house and joins 9) the jet set with their
extravagant parties, exclusive country clubs and flashy sports cars.
Unfortunately, it is at this point that his slide down 10) the slippery slope
towards self-destruction begins.

138
 Tumble is a magnificently directed study of human behaviour with a
highly talented cast. Be prepared for some tear-jerking scenes, but don't
miss it.

91. Match the explanations with the idioms from the previous
exercise.

a) the highest position in one's f) to live under unpleasant

profession
b) from being very poor to being
very rich
c) sth that is difficult to stop once it
has begun and which usually ends
badly
d) a close and trusted assistant
e) to make the important decisions
conditions
g) likely to become successful
h) a group of rich and
fashionable people who are
interested in enjoyment
i) person with no job or home
j) extremely poor

92. Fill in the gaps with phrases from the list.

poor as a church mouse jet set calling the shots
right hand man up-and-coming
1. I couldn't manage at work without Baxter - he's my………… .
2. Now that the director has retired, Fred Martin will be taking over
and………… .
3. Sven can't even afford to buy a bus ticket — he's as………… .
4. No wonder Carlos is regarded as the best ………. artist - his
paintings are fantastic!
5. Now that his business is successful, Errol has joined the ………….;
he's bought houses in France and Tahiti.

93. Fill in the gaps with phrases from the list.

the slippery slope from rags to riches down-and-out
lives rough the top of the ladder

John came from a poor family in South London, but thanks to his
shrewd business sense he went 1) ……………. and became a very
successful stockbroker. Unfortunately, while he was at 2) …………… he

139
started drinking heavily and thus began his descent down
3)……………….towards homelessness and poverty.
Today John 4) ...................... in the doorways and alley-ways of central
London. Little did he know, at the peak of his career, that he would end up
a 5)………………………….., even poorer than he had been before.

94. You are going to read a report of an interview with a film

star. Eight sentences have been removed from the interview.
Choose from the sentences (A-l) the one which fits each gap.
There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.
There is an example at the beginning (0).

HAVING A WONDERFUL TIME

Judy Sloane meets Hollywood star Douglas Fairbanks Junior, son of the
famous actor in silent movies. Fairbanks Junior has made an extremely
successful career of his own.

Being brought up in a show business family, did you want to be an

actor?
Well, it wasn't a show business family. 0 I I couldn't help but be
aware of it to a certain extent, because people would come around but the
talk was very seldom shop-talk.
During your long and successful career you've certainly made the
name Fairbanks your own, but when you were starting out was it a
nuisance to you to be named after your father?
I think it probably was. It was a mixture in a way. It was useful in having
the door open to get interviews, and to be allowed in to talk to the boss.
_________
Were you and your father close?
Not at first. We were just shy of each other. I think we were always fond
of each other._____ It wasn't until I was in my late twenties that we got to
know each other very well.
Was your father a big influence in your life?
Not really, except I certainly took notice of his wonderful good nature
with people.______It was a natural friendliness, and I admired that and I
probably wanted to give that same impression when I was young.

140
Out of all your father's films, do you have a favourite one?
I think my very favourite one is 'Thief of Baghdad'. It was one of the finest
films ever made by anybody._____ He was the guide and more or less the
creator.
When did you know that you wanted to become an actor yourself?
When my mother and I were living abroad because it was cheaper, and
mother's family had run out of money and we didn't know quite what to
do, and somebody offered me a job!_____ It was a job at Paramount
Pictures to play in a film called 'Stephen Steps Out' for which I got $ 1,000
a week for two weeks.
Your role as Rupert of Hetzau in 'The Prisoner Of Zenda’ was one of
your greatest.
It was a wonderful, wonderful part. ______. Then I had this offer to come
back and do 'Prisoner of Zenda'. I thought I'd better stick with this new
company I'd started. My father was around and he said, 'Do not be a fool,
you have got to go back, give up everything and play in "The Prisoner of
Zenda". It's the best part ever written. And that decided me so I said, 'Yes,
I will!'
Do you like the films they're making today?
The films themselves are all right._____. There are still some very fine
films that are being made but some of them are of questionable taste and I
blame the public. Being a business and an industry, producers produce
what people buy. If the public don't like it, they won't go, and the films
will stop being produced.

A) The same talents are there, it's
the public that has changed.
B) He was always very nice to
everybody he talked to, and he
didn't have to pretend.
C) That is when I decided!
D) It should have been better.
E) But it didn't make the jobs any
easier, in fact it probably made them
harder, because they
expected more than I was able to
deliver at a young age.
F) We didn't quite know how to
show it.
141
G) I think it's a great work of art,
and although a lot of people are
credited with having a hand in it,
everybody did more or less as my
father wanted.
H) In fact I did not know whether
to accept it or not, because I'd been
struggling for years to have my own
company in Europe and I was just
getting started on that.
I) Only my father was in the
business, and it wasn't brought
home.
95. Read this text and decide which of the four alternatives best
fits each gap.
King Lear
Adrian Noble's modern production of William Shakespeare's 'King Lear'
opened last week at the Barbican Theatre in London to enthusiastic
(1)……. .
Robert Stephens, heading an impressive supporting cast, gives a
moving and powerful (2) …………. as Lear, and David Bradley, who
(3)……… the Earl of Gloucester, is so convincing in the (4)……….that
several members of the (5)…………… who were sitting in the front
(6)………… are reported to have fainted during one particularly realistic
(7)…….. .
(8)…………. its length - the play runs for three and three quarter hours
with two half-hour (9) …………. - Noble's production is anything but
tedious. 'King Lear' will run at the Barbican until March and (10) .................
booking is recommended.
1 A reports B statements C reviews D commentaries
2 A act B demonstration C show D performance
3 A represents B plays C interprets D acts
4 A character B representation C part D impersonation
5 A audience B observers C spectators D crowd
6 A files B lines C chairs D rows
7 A scene B episode C section D place
8 A However B Although C Despite D While
9 A gaps B intervals C pauses D rests
10 A ahead B previous C forward D advance

The Ukrainian Theatre. My Favourite Playwright/

Theatre Actor/Actress

 Speaking
96. Choose one of the prominent Ukrainian theatre actors
(actresses, playwrights).
Speak about his/her career. Why do you like him/her? Discuss
the necessary professional traits a real actor has to possess.

97. Read the article about one of the best-known Ukrainian

playwrights Sergey Danchenko. Make sure you study the
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language of the text to be competent in further exercises and
discussions.
SERGEY DANCHENKO

"THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF HUMAN LIFE IS

SPIRITUAL PERFECTION. AS LONG AS IT IS
NOT TAKING PLACE, WE CAN SAY THAT
HUMANKIND HAS LOST THE GAME."
Serhy Danchenko, "Conversations on Theater"

Ukrainian theater has lost one of its best-known

personalities with the passing of Serhy Danchenko,
professor, actor and artistic director of Kyiv's Ivan Franko Theater.
Danchenko died at the age of 64. In his memory, the Ivan Franko
Theater staged a week- long retrospective of his work.
Artistic director at Ivan Franko for more than 20 years, Danchenko
had a tremendous influence on theater both at home and across the
former Eastern Bloc. He discovered and nurtured what would become
the cream of modern-day Ukrainian theater – names like Bohdan
Stupka, Anatoly Khostikoyev and Andry Zholdak, to name just a few.
Danchenko had theater in his blood. His grandfather was a theater
director and his parents were actors. Danchenko followed in their foot-
steps, entering the theater in western Ukraine and rising to the position of
theater director himself at the Zankovetska Theater in Lviv in 1965. It was
an exciting time. The 1950s witnessed the return to Lviv of a wave of
Ukrainian intellectuals exiled to Siberia by the Soviet authorities.
Danchenko was influenced by Lviv's cosmopolitan atmosphere and
became a member of a dissident group now known as the "'60s
Generation."
The Zankovetska Theater became a cultural center, where actors
interacted with composers, artists and playwrights. Through the
Zankovetska, Danchenko helped preserve the integrity of Ukrainian
theater, which, like most aspects of Ukrainian culture, had been largely
forced underground by the Soviets. His first plays became landmarks of
Ukrainian culture. His "Stone Master" reflected on freedom, his
"Richard III" on the psychology of totalitarianism.
In 1978, Danchenko became artistic director of the Ivan Franko The-
ater. In the face of opposition from the establishment, he made vast
inroads on making all of Ukrainian theater more European. He raised
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artistic standards and refused to shy away from philosophical themes
like the meaning of human existence.
"For me, the goal of life is to bring spiritual dimension to people's
lives, and to turn them on the way to perfection," Danchenko once said. He
remained loyal to that creed. In his interpretation of Shakespeare's "King
Lear," the play becomes a metaphor for time and the destiny of man,
reflecting Danchenko's own conviction that the future of humanity was
in doubt. Only in madness, he says, can man see the truth – as is the case
when the king and his jester swap roles.
Danchenko's choice of authors and plays, however, was never
influenced by short-lived trends. He preferred classics to modern
authors, never worrying about national borders and creating a theater that
was universal rather than provincial. He gave more than two dozen plays
he produced - including Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya," Lesya Ukrainka's
"Stone Master," Jean Anouilh's "Thieves' Ball" and Ivan Kotlyarevsky's
"The Aeneid" – an added dimension that made them classics of Ukrainian
theater.
Danchenko is succeeded at the Ivan Franko Theater by Stupka,
until recently Ukraine's culture minister and widely considered Ukraine's
best actor. Stupka started out as a student of Danchenko, 34 years ago in
Lviv, and worked closely with Danchenko until his dying days.
Kicking off Ivan Franko's new season at a press conference, Stupka
noted that Danchenko's plays were not always appreciated by critics.
But, he said, "We will very soon feel what Danchenko's death means for
Ukrainian theater – not only actors and his theatre, but also the public."
In Danchenko's memory, Stupka will see through Danchenko's
planned production of Ibsen's "Pere Gynt." He also plans on opening a
small experimental theater - Danchenko's dream for many years – by the
end of the year adjacent to the Ivan Franko Theater. Naturally, it will be
named after Serhy Danchenko.

98. Answer the questions.

1) What was Danchenko’s contribution to Ukrainian theatre?
2) What were the first steps in his theatrical career? Who influenced the
choice of his career?
3) What role did the Zankovetska theatre and the Ivan Franko theatre play
in Danchenko’s life?
4) What topics did the great master raise in his productions?
5) What are the striking features of his productions?
144
6) What was Danchenko’s creed?
7) Are there any Danchenko’s successors nowadays? What is done in his
memory?

Language focus
99. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations in
English. Make up your own sentences using them.
1. the ultimate goal
2. spiritual perfection
3. to nurture what would become the cream of modern-day Ukrainian
theater
4. to have theatre in one’s blood
5. to follow in one’s foot-steps
6. to preserve the integrity
7. to become landmarks
8. to raise artistic standards
9. to shy away from philosophical themes
10. to bring spiritual dimension to people's lives
11. to remain loyal to one’s creed
12. to reflect one’s own conviction
13. to swap roles
14. to be never influenced by short-lived trends
15. to add dimension
16. to be succeeded by somebody
17. to be appreciated by somebody
18. adjacent to

100. Match the words to make collocations.

1 cosmopolitan a roles
2 week-long b goal
3 short-lived c existence
4 swap d integrity
5 to follow in e conviction
6 ultimate f trends
7 modern-day g underground
8 added h influence
9 human i atmosphere
10 preserve j dimension

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 11 to be forced k retrospective
12 reflect l theatre
13 spiritual m footsteps
14 tremendous o perfection

101. Translate the following words and word-combinations

into English.
Стати віхами української культури; робити замах; обмінятися
ролями; зміст людського буття; бути змушеним піти у підпілля;
художній керівник; огляд творчості; виношувати (план),
виховувати/навчати майбутніх корифеїв сучасної української сцени;
театр був його покликанням; бути свідком; допомогти зберегти
цілісність; бути у засланні; взаємодіяти; приходити на зміну комусь;
мати величезний вплив на театр; ніколи не зазнавати впливу
недовговічних течій або напрямків; сусідній, прилеглий; бути
оціненим критиками; всупереч опозиції з боку влади; блазень;
залишатися вірним своєму переконанню; відображати чиєсь
переконання; надати іншого трактування; направити на шлях
вдосконалення; космополітична атмосфера; важливість духовного в
людському житті; уникати філософських тем.

102. Translate the following words and word-combinations

into Ukrainian.
To have theater in one’s blood, become landmarks of Ukrainian culture, to
shy away from philosophical themes, to help preserve the integrity, to plan
on, to nurture what would become the cream of modern-day Ukrainian
theater, cosmopolitan atmosphere, to make vast inroads on, to have a
tremendous influence on theater, to bring spiritual dimension to people's
lives, to be never influenced by short-lived trends, adjacent to, to reflect
smb’s conviction, to remain loyal to one’s creed, to turn on the way to per-
fection, in the face of opposition from the establishment, to witness, jester,
to be succeeded by, to be appreciated by critics, to be exiled, to interact
with, to be forced underground, to swap roles, the meaning of human
existence, retrospective, artistic director.

103. Translate into English.

1. Народ, у якого любов до театру була національною ознакою, довгі
століття не міг його мати.

146
2. Думку щодо театральності українців можна підтвердити вже тим,
що навіть свій побут, родинні свята й хліборобські процеси вони
супроводжували мистецькою грою, піснями й танцями. І ніяке
рабство – фізичне чи духовне – не задушило в нашому народові
животрепетної любові до прекрасного.
3. Створення українського професійного театру – явище мистецьке й
загальнонаціональне.
4. Пауза в розвитку українського театру після Котляревського була
досить тривалою.
5. Аматорський рух став основою для створення в Україні
професійного театру. А з появою на мистецькому обрії Марка
Кропивницького, прекрасного актора та обдарованого режисера, з
приходом у театр братів Тобілевичів, Марії Заньковецької,
Олександри Віриної та багатьох інших чудових акторів почалася
золота сторінка української культури, яка й нині сповнює нас
гордістю.

104. Translate into English using the words given below.

З історії українського театру

Михайло Старицький, видатний український
актор, режисер та театральний діяч, багато років жив
і працював в Києві. Починаючи з 1893 року, він
щорічно виступав на київських сценах у складі
гастролюючої трупи разом із талановитою актрисою
Марією Заньковецькою.
Саме в Києві, в Троїцькому Народному Домі
пройшли вистави первого українського постійного театру. Театр було
засновано в 1906 році в Полтаві. Одним з його засновників був
Михайло Старицький. Спочатку трупа була пересувною, так як не
мала свого приміщення. Вистави театру тепло сприймалися всіма
прошарками українського народу, зокрема інтелігенцією.
Михайло Старицький створив багато неповторних образів у
виставах за творами таких видатних українських письменників та
драматургів як Карпенко-Карий, Леся Українка, Старицький, Гоголь
та інші. Він же здійснював і постановчі роботи в театрі.
Основу репертуару театру складала українська класика, але
здійснювались також постановки п’єс російських та зарубіжних
авторів.
147
 Багато уваги приділялось театральним реквізітам. Гарно
оздоблені декорації допомагали краще сприйняти історичний зміст та
фольклорне забарвлення. Ескізи костюмів для акторів створювалися
відомими художниками.
Неабияке значення приділялось і музичному супроводу. Про це
свідчить те, що музику для вистав писали такі композитори як
М.Лисенко та К.Стеценко. Цікаво, що навіть капельдинери були
вдягнуті в українські національні костюми аби створити неповторний
український колорит.

An outstanding theatre worker; a touring company; scenery; a

repertory theatre; to be received by the public; to give an excellent
reception; stage-version; repertoire; to write music for classics; historical
background; settings /properties/; sketches of costumes; box-keeper /usher/
- капельдинер; unique colouring.

Grammar Focus
105. State the functions of the Gerund in the sentences below.
1. It’s no good concealing your background.
2. It’s dangerous participating in piracy today.
3. The main thing is revealing no emotions in public.
4. The manager was against fulfilling the solo with much dramatism.
5. The contract needs renewing.
6. The producer objected to holding the performance in day light.
7. They insisted on announcing the play well in advance on bills.
8. We were responsible for making arrangements for the dress
rehearsal.
9. Julia had never had a chance of playing Rosalind.
10. Michael expressed his surprise at getting that picture for nothing.
11. The public amused itself by eating apples, nuts, smoking and
drinking ale.
12. I have no reason for putting a word for you.
13. ‘Kyivbud’ began erecting a skyscraper in the centre of the city
outside the jurisdiction of the authorities.
14. England turned into a first-rate naval power after defeating the
Great Spanish Armada in 1588.
15. If the play is wrong, no acting in the world will save it.
16. On leaving school he joined an amateur dramatic society.
17. He left the room without making a clean breast of the matter.
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 18. He flattered them by letting them think that he had discovered a
remarkable actress.
19. Michael did it for the purpose of putting a stop to everything.
20. Jimmy spent his holiday in going every night to the theatre.

106. Fill in the gaps with either the Gerunds or Infinitives.

(See Grammar Reference).
1. Jane remembers _______ (play) a leading part in an Oscar Wilde
comedy of manners.
2. Actors must always remember _______ (bring) spiritual
dimension to people’s lives.
3. Peter will never forget _______ (rival) that distinguished pianist.
4. Oh, no! We forgot ________ (renew) the contract.
5. We regret ________ (miss) the first night of Shakespeare’s classic
play.
6. I regret _________ (say) that tonight’s performance will be
cancelled.
7. Julia meant _______ (get) into the shoes of the woman she had to
portray.
8. Being a pantomime actor means _________ (provoke) a polite
enthusiasm from the public.
9. He went on _______ (beat) about the bush.
10. Michael made an appointment for Friday and went on _______
(talk) about his future plans.
11. He stopped _______ (watch) horror films because they gave him
nightmares.
12. They stopped _______ (see) a poster.
13. Let’s try ________ (let) bygones be bygones.
14. You will see the point if you try _______ (get) into my shoes.
15. Julia liked ________ (give) somebody a treat.
16. Tom liked ________ (keep) all business accounts in good form.
17. I’m sorry ________ (say) this, but you let them down.
18. We are sorry for _______ (stand) in your way.

107. State the Gerundial Complexes in the sentences below.

1. Your interfering with my private concerns is very annoying.
2. I’m grateful for Peter’s coming to my rescue.
3. It’s useless Jean’s going out of the way to be nice to him.
4. We are against your putting a word for us.
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 5. Julia couldn’t stand Tom beating about the bush.
6. Everything depends on him breaking this engagement.
7. I had no idea of Jim getting into mischief.
8. All that was after Alice trying to put a spike into her wheel.
9. There is no harm in the girl’s confiding the story to somebody.
10. It’s worth while your making a clean breast of everything.
11. Dolly insisted on Michael putting a stop to whatever was going
on.
12. I do object to your turning up at the last moment.
13. Julia was looking forward to her dining with Charles.
14. We didn’t much like the idea of his going on the stage.
15. But Julia without his noticing had guided him in the direction she
wished.

108. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

1. The players and the authorities were constantly ____ variance.
2. England participated ____ piracy ____ high seas.
3. Performances were held ____ day light.
4. The plays were announced ____ advance ____ bills.
5. Seats ____ the first rows of the stalls are the best.
6. He is great _____ the part of the inspector.
7. I’m looking forward ____ seeing this ballet.
8. I remember standing ____ the wings.
9. Danchenko had theatre ____ his blood.
10. ____ the face ____ opposition ____ the establishment he tried to
make Ukrainian theatre more European.
11. Danchenco followed ____ his parents footsteps.
12. He remained loyal ____ that creed.

1. The first professional European

theatre was Italia Comedia del
arte. In Ukraine the first
professional troupes appeared at
the beginning of the eighteenth
century. In Russia the first plays were performed in schools in the
16-18 centuries and self theatres in 18-19 centuries.
2. The first Ukrainian performances were “Natalka Poltavka” by
Kotlyarevsky staged at the Poltava free theatre.

150
3. At the end of the 20th century there were about 90 theatres in
Ukraine.
4. The Lumiere brothers, French engineers, first invented a camera
and projector in one – the Cinematographe. They gave the first
performance in Paris in 1895. It was the world’s first “film show”.
5. The early films were silent – there was music with the film, played
on the piano in the cinema. The first films with sound were shown
in England in 1925 by Lee de Forest. They were called “talkies”
and were very popular with the audience.
6. The first Hollywood studio was built in 1911. The American film-
makers came to California because of good weather and because
the Californian workers were cheap to employ. In 1913 C. B.
DeMille came to Hollywood and started what became known as
Paramount Studios.
7. The Hollywood’s grand prix got its name in 1931 as the director of
the Academy Awards thought that it looked like her uncle Oscar.
8. The only Ukrainian Oscar winner is emigrant Volodymyr Palagiv.
He was awarded Oscar in 1999 for the role of a pirate.
9. Recently two new pieces of music by Mozart have been discovered
and played for the first time in the city of his birth Salzburg.

151
 Lead – in
1. Look at the pictures of the distinguished
medical scientists. Match the names of the prominent doctors
to their photos and their achievements.

1 Robert a) a French chemist and microbiologist

Koch remembered for his remarkable
breakthrough in the causes and prevention
of diseases, inventing pasteurization (a
method to stop milk and wine from
causing sickness), one of the main
founders of microbiology
2 Louis b) a German physician famous for
Pasteur tuberculosis findings (the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine,1905), one of the
main founders of microbiology

3 Hippocrates c) a Persian polymath, most famous for his

works The Book of Healing (a vast
philosophical and scientific encyclopedia),
and The Canon of Medicine,(The Canon
of Medicine a text-book providing a
complete system)
4 Avicenna d) an ancient Greek physician, one of the
(Ibn Sīnā) most outstanding figures in the history of
medicine, the father of Western medicine,
who established medicine as a profession

5 Nikolay e) an outstanding Russian

Amosov ophthalmologist, professor, corresponding
member of the Russian Academy of
Sciences, politician

152
6 Olga f) a Ukrainian cardiologist and writer,
Bogomolets author of the system approach to health,
works on gerontology, academician of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

7 Sviatoslav g) Doctor of Medicine, dermatologist,

Fedorov chief doctor of the Kyiv laser medicine
clinic

Health problems
2. a) Match the conditions on the left with the complaints on
the right.
rash My voice is disappearing
inflamed joints Everything is hazy
blurred vision It hurts when I breathe
chest pain I can’t bend my knees or my elbows
hoarseness I’ve got these red spots on my skin

b) Which of these doctors should the people with such

problems see?

3. Comment on the quotation.

Walking is a man’s best medicine. (Hippocrates)

153
Literature Corner
4. Read the biography of D. Cusak and an extract from the
novel “SAY NO TO DEATH”.

Say No to Death
Dymphna Cusack is a writer of world acclaim
whose works have been translated into many languages.
She belongs to the famous galaxy of modern Australian
realistic writers.
Cusack’s works were first published in the mid 1930s. She wrote a
number of plays and novels (the novels Southern Steel, 1953, The Sun in
Exile, 1955, A Bough in Hell, 1971). Her writings treat a wide range of
topics involving social and moral problems essential to Australian people
and to the entire progressive world.
‘Say No to Death’ is one of Cusack’s most popular novels. It was
published in 1951. The plot of the novel is a dramatic love story of a
twenty-five-year-old soldier Bart Templeton, who is back home after the
Second World War, and a young typist Jan Blakeley. Their happy days do
not last long. Jan suddenly falls ill with tuberculosis. Fifteen months of the
desperate struggle for the girl’s life end in failure…
In spite of its tragic end, ‘Say No to Death’ is an optimistic novel.
Bart Templeton acquires friends who share his grief. It is evident that Bart
will find his path and his noble aim in life and will say his firm “no” to
death.

The doctor examined her throat. “Nothing wrong there,” Jan looked
at his magnificent head, his broad shoulders, the strength of his white
hands, and felt completely reassured. He had attended her when she had
pleurisy, and it had always been the same; whenever he came into the
room his brisk, easy manner had given her comfort. Now she was both
comforted and relieved. He looked up at her with a twinkle in his
prominent eyes.
“Not a thing to worry about, my dear Miss Blakeley,” he said,
turning on his usual smile. “You look wonderful. Not a trace of that old
pleurisy left. Now what you want is plenty of exercise and plenty of sun.
Judging by the tan you’ve got, you’ve already been doing that.”
Jan nodded. Her eyes were bright with relief and excitement. It was
wonderful to be rid of the dread that had gnawed at her every time she

154
thought of the stains on the handkerchief. She had been almost afraid to
ask him, and when she forced herself to ask, her voice was shaking:
“And the blood, Doctor…?”
“Put it out of you mind altogether. Obviously you swallowed a fish-
bone and that caused the trouble.” He patted her shoulder paternally.
“You’ve been worrying, too, I know.” He towered above her, bluff and
hearty, exuding confidence as his eyes twinkled down into hers. “Admit it!
With that young man of yours away you were worried, weren’t you?”
Jan bit her lips. Her eyes faltered and she looked away. He laughed.
“Well, now he’s back everything will be all right. I hope to hear that
you’re going to be married soon. That’ll be the best thing for you.” His
voice was fatherly as they moved towards the door. “You know, young
women with your men away in the Forces are apt to get a bit neurotic, but
everything will be all right now.”
He handed her an envelope. “Get this prescription made up at the
chemist’s. It will stop that coughing in the early morning.” He held her
hand and she felt well-being and assurance flow into her. Jan went out and
stood a moment by the tree, hearing the rain-drops pattering against its
leaves.
The doctor’s parting words rang in her ears like a benediction. She
didn’t know exactly what she had feared, but all kinds of hazy,
unformulated terrors had been in the back of her mind. His words had
brushed them aside and his kindly ridicule about neurotic women had
made her see how absurd they were.
She stood waiting for the trolley-bus to take her down to the city,
where she was meeting Bart for lunch, but her excitement made her so
impatient that she could not bear to stand waiting.
She decided that she had plenty of time to walk through
Woolloomooloo.
The surge of her excitement and joy rose as she reached the top of
the hill where Bart was waiting for her. He saw her coming. She moved
with such grace, her beauty so bright in the dull day that he was shaken.
This is it, Bart, my boy, he said to himself, this must be the real thing.
When she came up to him, her eyes were warm with welcome, the
colour bright in her cheeks from climbing the hill, her breath coming light
and quick between her parted lips.
“Hello,” he said, “you’re early.” She smiled.
“Been to the quack?”
She nodded.

155
 “No need to ask what he said?”
The smile lingered on her face.
“You look so healthy. What actually did he say?”
“Just what we thought. It was a fish-bone, of course”.
Bart took her arm. “Anything else?”
“I need plenty of exercise and sun and piles to eat.”
“That suits me, particularly, the eating part. Where do we go?”
“Wherever you like.”

5. Define the statements as true or false.

1. The doctor warned Jan that she might have some side effects.
2. Jan used to suffer from heart condition.
3. She was not concerned about those stains on the handkerchief.
4. Jan had nothing to worry about. It was a fish – bone that caused the
trouble.
5. She was not inclined to experience anxiety when her young man was
in the Forces.
6. After the visit to the doctor Jan felt devastated and heartbroken.
7. There were fears in the back of her mind.
8. Instead of taking a trolley-bus Jan walked to the top of the hill.
9. Bart was taken aback by Jan’s look.
10. He invited her to the cinema.

6. Match the beginnings with the endings.

1. Whenever the doctor came a. exuding confidence.
2. Jan felt b. the girls were apt to get neurotic.
3. There was no trace of c. made up at the chemist’s.
4. What you want d. his easy manner gave Jan
5. It was wonderful comfort.
6. He towered above her e. comforted and relieved.
7. When young men were in f. as she reached the top of the hill.
the Forces g. to be rid of the dread.
8. Get this prescription h. gnawed at her.
9. All kinds of terrors had i. is plenty of exercise and sun.
been j. pleurisy.
10. Jan’s joy rose k. in the back of her mind.
11. The thought of the stains

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7. Decide which answer A, B, or C best completes each
sentence.
1. The doctor examined her
a. lungs
b. throat
c. heart
2. He attended her when Jan had
a. a heart attack
b. a stomach ache
c. pleurisy
3. Jan felt
a. worried
b. confused
c. relieved
4. What Jan needs is
a. to stay in bed
b. plenty of exercise
c. swimming
5. Her eyes were bright with
a. wonder
b. embarrassment
c. relief and excitement
6. The doctor lowered above her exuding
a. confidence
b. irritation
c. concern
7. When young men are in the Forces young women are apt to
a. get married
b. get worried
c. get relieved

8. Answer the questions.

1. What did the doctor examine?
2. What did Jan use to be ill with?
3. Why did Jan feel comforted and relieved?
4. When did the doctor attend her?
5. Why was there nothing to worry about?
6. What were the doctor’s recommendations?
7. What made him think that Jan had been doing a lot of exercises?
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 8. How did the doctor explain the case?
9. What were young women apt to with their young men in the Forces?
10. What prescription did the doctor write out?
11. What was still in the back of Jan’s mind?
12. How did she get to the top of the hill?
13. Why was Bart shaken when he saw Jan?

Vocabulary Focus
9. Мatch the English word combinations with their Ukrainian
equivalents.
1. to examine smb’s throat a) позбавитись чогось
2. to attend (to) smb b) судити по чомусь
3. to feel reassured c) випромінювати
4. to give smb comfort впевненість
5. to be relieved d) мучити, турбувати когось
6. a trace of smth e) хвилюватися
7. to judge by smth f) не звертати увагу
8. to be rid of smth g) замовляти ліки
9. to gnaw at smb h) думати про щось
10. to exude confidence i) почуватися впевненим
11. to be worried j) доглядати під час хвороби
12. to be apt k) відчути полегшення
13. to get a prescription made up l) бути схильним
14. to be in the back of one’s mind m)слід чогось
15. to brush smth aside n) оглядати горло
o) втішити когось

10. Paraphrase the sentences using the word combinations

from the previous exercise.
1. Her fears were removed after the police had told her that the child
was safe.
2. He is a clever boy but has a natural tendency to get into mischief.
3. The doctor looked at the tongue carefully to see what was wrong.
4. I formed an opinion about his manner and concluded that he was
guilty.
5. Fear and anxiety tormented her heart.
6. The police were unable to find any sign of the thief.
7. We were glad to become free of our overcoats.

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 8. It’s a pleasure that everybody is beaming with assurance.
9. Your words have encouraged me.
10. He knew his aunt sufficiently well to guess that she had something
important to tell him about.
11. I’m really anxious about my sister.
12. Several doctors looked after the General when he was on his
deathbed.
13. You look so frustrated. Put all the troubles out of your mind.
14. There is nothing that can give me peace.

11. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. The doctor examined the patient and sent him to hospital for further
tests.
2. Judging by your confidence, the statistics are promising.
3. We felt relieved at hearing that he was safe and sound.
4. It was impossible for him to be rid of this bad habit.
5. He is apt to take to journalism.
6. I could hardly guess what was in the back of her mind.
7. What are you worried about?
8. Only home will give her comfort.
9. He was exuding confidence and the girl felt reassured.
10. These thoughts are gnawing at me. I must brush them aside.
11. Officers could not find any trace of drugs.
12. Where shall I have the prescription made up?

12. Translate into English.

1. Молода жінка відчула полегшення, коли Шерлок Холмс
погодився взятися за її справу.
2. З огляду на наукові висновки, ваша робота заслуговує на високу
оцінку.
3. Цікаво, чому ви схильні все перебільшувати?
4. Який лікар займається хлопчиком, коли він хворіє?
5. Вона спростувала (відхилила) всі наші заперечення.
6. Містер Брайт завжди випромінював добробут та могутність.
7. Коли Петра розмовляла, не залишалося й сліду від її німецького
акценту.
8. Ніхто не підозрював, про що вона думала.
9. Він заспокоївся, коли позбувся своєї нудної роботи.
10. Ви можете замовити ліки в центральній аптеці.
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 11. Ви така сумна. Вас щось тривожить?

Vocabulary Notes
13. Study the dictionary entry of the word confide.
Find the meanings of the word combinations from the box in
the list below.
to confide smth to smb lack of confidence
to confide in smb to be confident of
in strict confidence confidential information
to take smb into one’s confidence to justify one’s confidence
to do smth with confidence to exchange confidences

1. to have trust or faith in smb

2. to trust smth to smb
3. to tell a secret to smb
4. to tell secrets to one another
5. expecting smth to be kept secret
6. secret data
7. to make you hope that smb is right
8. to do smth with assurance
9. to be positive of
10. no assurance

14. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. His lack of confidence is most annoying.
2. He had to make sure that she would not be likely to confide the story
to her friend as she might do.
3. I don’t think it’s necessary to take him fully into our confidence.
4. What she was about to tell me was in strict confidence.
5. She was perfectly confident of his coming back unhurt.
6. The two girls were exchanging confidences about the young men
they knew.
7. The prisoner answered the questions with confidence.
8. Confide in me and you’ll feel relieved.
9. He would do his best to justify our confidence.
10. I’m a lawyer. A client’s communications are confidentional.
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15. Translate into English.
1. Я наполягаю, щоб цей секретний документ відправили
авіапоштою.
2. Вона впевнена в своєму успіху.
3. Білл по секрету розповів своїм друзям, що його весілля
відміняється.
4. Здається, відсутність впевненості завадила дівчині здобути
перемогу.
5. Вони розуміли, що всю цю інформацію слід тримати в суворій
таємниці.
6. Жінки постійно розповідають одна одній свої секрети.
7. На екзамені ваш студент відповідав досить впевнено.
8. Я не можу довірити їй свої таємниці.
9. Ми сподіваємося, що ви виправдаєте нашу довіру.
10. Чому б вам не довіритись своїм батькам?

Grammar Focus
16. Define the functions of the Participles.
1. She felt completely reassured.
2. She was both comforted and relieved.
3. The doctor’s parting words rang in her ears.
4. Not a thing to worry about, my dear, he said, turning on his usual
smile.
5. Not a trace of pleurisy left.
6. Judging by the tan, you have been doing all that.
7. He towered over her, exuding confidence.
8. She stood waiting for the trolley-bus.

17. Define the Participial Complexes.

1. Get this prescription made up.
2. He saw her coming.
3. Her beauty so bright in the dull day, he was shaken.
4. With that young man of yours away, you were worried, weren’t you?
5. She stood by the tree, hearing the raindrops pattering against its
leaves.

18. Fill the gaps with the prepositions from the box.
about, with, in (2), by, of (2), from, at (3), out.

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 1. He looked _______ her with a twinkle _______ his eyes.
2. Put it _______ of your mind.
3. Not a thing to worry _______.
4. Get the prescription made up _______ the chemists.
5. All kinds of terrors had been _______ the back _______ her mind.
6. Judging _______ the tan you’ve got, you’ve been doing all that.
7. Her eyes were bright _______ relief.
8. It was wonderful to be rid _______ the dread that had gnawed
_______ her.
9. Her colour was bright _______ climbing the hill.

19. Scan the passage in search of Participles. Comment on

their functions.
Next day Julia went to Cartier’s and bought a watch to send to Tom
Fennel instead of the one he had pawned, and two or three weeks later,
discovering that it was his birthday, she sent him a gold cigarette-case. It
was not till after that night when they had first suppered together that Julia
confessed to herself that she had fallen in love with Tom. It came to her as
a shock. But she was exhilarated. There was something appealing in his
slightness, his body was just skin bone, that was why his clothes sat on
him so well. She knew that his good looks were due to his youth. He
would grow wizened as he grew older, dried up and haggard; that
charming flush on his cheeks would turn into a purple glow and his
delicate skin would go lined. She felt a strange compassion for him. He
had the high spirits of youth. But he was not amusing. Though he laughed
when Julia said a funny thing he never said one himself. She did not mind.
She found his dullness restful. She never felt so light-hearted as in his
company, and she could be brilliant enough for two. Michael, looking for
new talent, often took him to the play in the evenings, either in London or
the suburbs; they would fetch Julia after the performance, and the three of
them suppered together. “He’ll be a nice friend for Roger,” said Michael.
“Tom’s got his head screwed on his shoulders the right way, and he’s a lot
older than Roger. He ought to have a good influence on him.”

20. Match the following proverbs in the left column with their
halves in the right one. Comment on the use of the Participles
in them.
1. Better die standing a) is least heeded.
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 2. It is ill b) all things can.
3. No living man c) is seldom given.
4. A fault confessed d) than pricked by a rose.
5. Nothing is impossible e) than live kneeling.
6. Something is rotten f) than wit taught.
7. Little said g) never boils.
8. A threatened blow h) throws a crooked
9. United we stand shadow.
10. A watched pot i) to waken sleeping dogs.
11. Forewarned j) is half avoided.
12. Advice when most needed k) is half forgiven.
13. Better be stung by a nettle l) soon amended.
14. Crooked stick m) is forearmed.
15. A danger foreseen n) to a willing heart.
16. Wit bought is better o) divided we fall.
p) in the state of Denmark.

21. Find English equivalents to the following Ukrainian

proverbs.
1. Коли чекаєш, час тягнеться довго.
2. Краще померти стоячи, ніж жити на колінах.
3. За все береться, та не все вдається.
4. Заздалегідь попереджений – заздалегідь озброєний.
5. Не будіть лихо, коли воно спить.
6. Хто загрожує, той рідко б’є.
7. Гуртом і гори можна звернути, а один в полі не воїн.
8. Щось тут не так.
9. Якщо є бажання, то і вихід знайдеться.
10. Досвід вчить краще, ніж повчання.
11. Дай язикові волю – заведе в неволю.
12. Визнання провини зменшує саму провину.
13. Якби знав, де впадеш, то соломки б підстелив.
14. Який Сава, така й слава.
15. Краще пожалитися кропивою, ніж вколотися трояндою.
16. Поради не слухають тоді, коли вона найбільше потрібна.

22. Read the jokes and comment on the functions of the

Participles and Participial Complexes.

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❖ The scene in the film was a tense one, and the audience sat
enthralled. Suddenly the hero slapped the heroine in the face.
In the silence that followed, a young voice was heard asking: ‘Why
doesn’t she hit back like you do, Mummy?’
❖ A lady in Vermont wrote to the Department of Agriculture and asked
for advice on the care of chickens.
‘Every morning for the past month,’ she said, ‘I have observed three
or four of my hens lying on their backs with their feet in the air. What is
the cause of this?’
The secretary of Agriculture consulted three assistants and some
other specialists. They sent the lady a telegram: ‘Your hens,’ it read, ‘are
dead.’
❖ It being reported that Jaky Lamb had, in a moment of passion,
knocked down one of her pages with a stool, the poet Moore, to whom this
was told by Lord Stradford, observed: “Oh, nothing is more natural for a
literary lady to double down a page.’
‘I’d rather,’ replied his lordship, ‘advise her to turn over a new leaf.’
❖ The school inspector, who had been touring the classrooms, entered
the headmaster’s study accompanied by a pupil. ‘I asked this boy who
caused the walls of Rome to fall down, and he said it wasn’t him.’
‘Well,’ said the headmaster, ’possibly it wasn’t, he’s a truthful boy,
as a rule.’
Just then, the chairman of the school governors came along, the
headmaster placed the matter before him. The chairman said: ‘Have them
repaired and say nothing further about it.’

Diseases and Health Problems

❖ Accupuncture
❖ A Visit to the Doctor
❖ Keping Fit. Promoting Healthy Way of Life
❖ Smoking – is it really worth it?
❖ Hypertention
❖ Modern Medical Science

 Discussion
23. Read the following quotations and discuss them.
 Health is above wealth.
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  It is a sum of money in the bank, which will support you,
economically spent. But you spend foolishly and draw on the
principal. This diminishes the income, and you draw larger and
larger drafts until you become bankrupt. Overeating, overworking,
every imprudence is a draft on life which health cashes and charges
at a thousand percent interest. Every abuse of health hastens death!
(F.G.Welch)

24. Here is a list of controversial statements about medical

care. For each one, discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
Think also what the consequences of the idea would be.
• The State should pay for all medical care. There should be no private
medical care.
• Heart transplants should be stopped. They are rarely successful, and
the money could be better spent on other things.
• The tax on cigarettes should be increased to pay for the health care
needed by smokers.
• Health care should be reduced for people over 65.
• People who are very ill should have the right to decide if they want to
die.
• Doctors should always give patients all the information about their
illness and chances of recovery.

Diseases and Health Problems

25. What are your symptoms? Study the material that follows
to enlarge your vocabulary.

rash bruise lump spots a black eye

I've got a cold / a cough / a sore throat / a temperature / a
stomach ache / chest pains / earache / a pain in my side / a rash on my
chest / spots / a bruise on my leg / a black eye / a lump on my arm /
indigestion / diarrhoea / painful joints / blisters / sunburn.

165
 I feel sick / dizzy / breathless / shivery / faint / particularly bad at
night.
I am depressed / constipated / tired all the time.
I've lost my appetite / voice; I can't sleep, my nose itches and my leg
hurts.

What do doctors do?

They take your temperature, listen to your chest, look
in your ears, examine you, take your blood pressure,
ask you some questions and weigh and measure you before sending you to
the hospital for further tests.

What's the diagnosis?

You've got flu / chickenpox / mumps / pneumonia / rheumatism / an ulcer /
a virus / a bug something that's going round.
You've broken your wrist and sprained / dislocated your ankle. You're
pregnant / a hypochondriac. He died of lung cancer /
a heart attack / a brain haemorrhage / AIDS.

What would you say if the doctor asked you

the following questions?
Do you have health insurance?
Have you ever had any operations?
Are you taking any medication?
Are you allergic to anything?

26. a)What does the doctor prescribe?

Take one three times a day after meals.
Take a teaspoonful last thing at night.
Rub a little on before going to bed each night.
We'll get the nurse to put a bandage on.
You'll need to have some injections before you go.
I'll ask the surgeon when he can fit you in for an operation.
You'll have to have your leg put in plaster.
I think you should have total bed rest for a week.

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b) Discuss what the doctor would say to each of the following
patients? Make use of the statements above.
1. Anne with bad sunburn. 5. Jo who's broken her leg.
2. John who's off to the Tropics. 6. Paul with flu.
3. Liz with a bad cough. 7. Sam who needs his appendix out.
4. Rose suffering from exhaustion. 8. Alf who's sprained his wrist.

27. Match the diseases with their symptoms.

1. flu swollen glands in front of ear, earache or pain on eating
2. pneumonia burning pain in abdomen, pain or nausea after eating
3. rheumatism rash starting on body, slightly raised temperature
4. chickenpox dry cough, high fever, chest pain, rapid breathing
5. mumps headache, aching muscles, fever, cough, sneezing
6. an ulcer swollen, painful joints, stiffness, limited movement

28. What does the doctor/ nurse use the following things for?
Example: stethoscope for listening to a patient's chest.
1 thermometer 2 scales 3 tape measure 4 scalpel

29. What medical problems might you have if...

1. you wear shoes that rub?
2. you smoke a lot?
3. you go skiing?
4. you eat food you're allergic to?
5. you eat food that is bad?
6. you get wet on a cold day?
7. you eat too fast?
8. you play football?
9. you stay too long in the sun?
10. you run unusually fast for a bus?
11. a mosquito bites you?
12. you think you're ill all the time?

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30. Health and medicine
Fill in the missing words in these sentences. Use words from
the box.
bandage black blisters bruises hypochondriac
indigestion operation prescribe rest round sore

Example: I think I’m getting flu. I’ve got a dreadful sore throat.
1. A ball hit him in the face and gave him a terrible……..eye.
2. Doctors………..medicine to treat their
patients.
3. Paul is having an ………… today –
they’re taking his wisdom teeth out.
4. The doctor says I’ve just got a bug
that’s going …………. .
5. We’ll get the nurse to put a………….on
your ankle.
6. The best thing for her would be total
bed…………for a few days.
7. I’m covered in…………after playing rugby.
8. My new shoes are too tight – I’ve got……….on my heel.
9. Don’t eat so fast – you’ll get………. .
10. He’s always imagining he’s ill – he’s a dreadful………. .

31. Make collocations by matching words from two columns.

Example: 1e swollen glands
1 swollen a allergy
2 operating b cancer
3 lung c temperature
4 heart d insurance
5 brain e glands
6 health f pressure
7 raised g nose
8 painful h theatre
9 blood i haemorrhage
10 food j joints
11 itchy k attack

32. Solve the crossword.

168
169
33. Think of some of the illnesses you (or members of your
family or friends) have had. What were the symptoms and
what did the doctor prescribe?
Follow-up: Look at the health page of a magazine or newspaper. Make a
note of any new vocabulary on the theme that you find there. Look in your
medicine cabinet at home or at work. Can you name everything that you
find there?

Health: illness and disease

Aches and pains

Nouns: We only use ache with the following: I've got toothache (U), a
stomach-ache, backache (U), earache (U) and a headache. For other
parts of the body we use pain, e.g. I woke up in the night with a terrible
pain in my chest.

Verbs: You can use ache for some things, e.g. my back aches; but hurt is
more common to describe real pain, and it can be used with or without a
direct object:
She hurt her foot when she jumped off the bus and fell over, (also injured
here) or
She hurt herself when she jumped off the bus and fell over.
I hit my leg against the table and it really hurts. (= gives me a terrible
pain)

Adjectives: The only common adjective is painful (≠ painless):

I had an injection yesterday and it was very painful.
A: Did it hurt when you had your filling? (= when the dentist fills a
hole/cavity in the tooth).
B: No, it was painless

C. Serious illnesses
Doctors believe smoking is the major cause of lung cancer.

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He had a heart attack and died almost immediately.
Hepatitis is a liver disease.
Asthma (chest illness causing breathing problems) has become more
common.

Note: Illness and disease are often used in the same way, but disease is
used for a serious condition caused by an infection e.g. a liver disease.
Illness is a more general word.

34. Fill in the gaps with a suitable word.

1. I hit my hand on the desk and it really …………… .
2. They say she died of a heart …………… .
3. She had some apples that weren't ready to eat and now she's got
stomache-……. .
4. I've got this terrible ………….. in my neck from sleeping in the wrong
position.
5. He died of ………… cancer even though he never smoked a cigarette
in his life.
6. I went to the doctor, and she gave me a …………. for some tablets.
7. Pollution makes her ………….. worse and it's difficult for her to
breathe.
8. There are different forms of hepatitis; one is a more serious …… than
the other.
9. I hurt ………….. when I fell off that chair.
10. My back …………. from sitting at that computer all day.

35. Have you had any aches and pains recently? Make a list of
the illnesses you have had. Are there any other illnesses you
have had or still have? If so, find the name for it/them in
English.

36. Translate the following phrasal verbs and verb-preposition

collocations for health and illness.
I'm fighting off a cold at the moment. (trying to get rid of).
Marge isn't in today; she's gone down with flu. (has caught, usually a non-
serious illness).
I won't be going today. I've come down with a dreadful cold. (with I we
say come down not go down)

171
I had a virus last week, but I got over it quite quickly. (got
better/recovered)
My sister's recovering from a major operation. (getting better: used for
more serious illnesses)
Harry suffers from hay fever and sneezes a lot if he is near grass or
flowers. (used for more long-term problems)
He died of / from lung cancer. (Not: He died with lung cancer.)

37. Read the text below and find words in the text which mean
the following.
1. doctor who looks after people's general health: GP means general
practitioner
2. choose private healthcare
3. large centre with several doctors and kinds of services
4. general expression for all of the services offered by hospitals,
clinics, dentists, opticians, etc.
5. tax paid by most adults which covers the costs of healthcare for
everyone
6. British name for the service that covers hospitals, clinics, dentists,
etc.
7. charge for the medication the doctor prescribes, which you pay at a
pharmacy
8. small centre with just two or three doctors

“In Britain, healthcare is paid for through taxes and national insurance
payments taken directly from wages and salaries. The government decides
how much will be spent on the National Health Service, but a lot of
people feel they do not spend enough. Hospital treatment and visits to a
family doctor (or GP) at a surgery or clinic are free, but there is a
prescription charge. Dentists and opticians charge fees. Private
healthcare is available and a large number of insurance schemes exist to
enable people to 'go private'.

38. Translate into English.

Лікуватись приватно; державне страхування; плата за призначені

ліки; державна служба охорони здоров’я; аптека, ліки; сімейний
лікар.

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39. Learn the following vocabulary.
Here are some serious illnesses, with the word-stress underlined. Make
sure you know the stress-pattern when learning longer words or phrases. It
is a good idea to make a note of it.
diabetes: disease where the body does not properly absorb sugar and
starch
bronchitis: inflammation in the breathing system, causing you to cough
heart disease: serious illness connected with the heart which can lead to a
heart attack
skin cancer / lung cancer / breast cancer: harmful tumours in those areas
TB (or tuberculosis): infectious disease in the lungs
cholera: an intestinal disease that can be caused by bad drinking water
hepatitis: inflammation of the liver
typhoid: fever, with red spots on the chest and abdomen
heart attack/failure: when the heart fails

40. Which of these collocations are normal, and which are not
normal? Correct the inappropriate ones.
1. Her mother died with skin cancer.
2. Is there a prescription price in your country?
3. In Britain, national security is a separate tax from income tax.
4. Healthcare is the biggest item in the nation's budget.
5. Are there insurance societies for private healthcare in your country?
6. Private dentists charge very high fees.
7. She suffers of a severe allergy and can't be in a smoky room.

41. Sort these everyday phrasal verbs and expressions

connected with health and illness into two groups, depending
on whether they have positive or negative meanings with
regard to health. Use a dictionary if necessary.
be poorly feel a bit under be over the worst be on the mend
the weather
fight off be back on one's feet get over come down with
again

Now fill the gaps using the expressions above.

EXAMPLE: [Nurse to a visitor in a hospital] 'I'm sorry, Mr Pickering is
rather ....poorly..........today and we're not allowing visitors.’

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1. [Someone speaking to a colleague just returned to work after an illness]
'Hello, Frank, good to see you .......................... .’
2. [Person ringing their place of work] 'Jo, I won't be in today, I've
...................... a cold.’
3. [Person in hospital, just beginning to get better, talking to a visitor] 'Oh,
I'm OK. I'm ............................ now. I still feel bad, but I should be out
within a week or so.’
4. [Parent to a child with a cold] 'Don't worry, darling. Everyone has a cold
now and then. You'll............................. it.’
5. [Someone to their partner, who is worried about them] 'Don't worry. It's
nothing serious. I'm just feeling ............................, that's all.’
6. [Someone ringing a workmate] 'I'm trying to ............................. the flu,
but nothing seems to help. I don't think I'll be in work tomorrow.’
7. Hilary was quite ill last week, but she's ............................ now and
should be back at work next week.

42. Translate the sentences with minor ailments and ways of

talking about minor problems.
Note that hurt is different from ache:
My arm hurts where I banged it against the car door. [gives pain caused
by an injury]
My wrists ache from too much typing at the computer.

The fixed expression (the usual) aches and pains is often used to refer in a
non-serious way to minor problems.
A: How've you been keeping recently, Mona?
B: Oh fine, you know, just the usual aches and pains.

The fixed expression cuts and bruises can refer to minor injuries.
A: I hear you fell off your bicycle. Are you all right?
B: Yeah, fine, just a few cuts and bruises, nothing serious.

Some other kinds of physical discomfort:

My hand is stinging since I touched that plant. [sudden, burning pain]
My head is throbbing. [beating with pain]

I have a stiff neck from turning round to look at the computer screen all
day. I'll have to move the monitor to a better position. [pain and difficulty
in moving your neck round]
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I feel a bit dizzy. I think I should sit down. [a feeling that you are spinning
round and can't balance]
She was a bit feverish this morning, so I told her to stay in bed. [with a
high temperature]
I had a terrible nauseous feeling after taking the medicine, but it passed.
[feeling that you want to vomit]
He was trembling all over; I knew it must be something serious. [shaking]
My nose is all bunged up today with this horrible cold. [blocked]

43. Rewrite the underlined parts of these sentences using the

active vocabulary.
1. I was feeling quite as if I had a high temperature.
2. The drugs always gave her a feeling that she wanted to vomit.
3. I felt as if my head was spinning and went and lay down for an hour.
4. My nose was blocked so I got a spray from the chemist.
5. I got a pain in my neck from driving a long time in an awkward
position.
6. Joanna was shaking and looked unwell, so I asked her if she needed
help.

Other informal expressions that mean 'not well, but not

seriously ill':
You look a bit off-colour today. Are you all right?
I was feeling a bit under the weather, so I stayed home that day.
I'm just feeling a bit out of sorts, it's nothing to worry about. I'll be fine
tomorrow.

44. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

1. She was feeling out of the weather and a bit fevering so she took the
day off.
2. I felt really off my colour yesterday and my head was throwing, so I
took a tablet.
3. I felt a bit off the sorts and seemed to have more pains and aches
than usual.
4. My arms are hurting after carrying that heavy suitcase of yours.

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 ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
45. What do you know about alternative medicine? Learn the
new words and use them in the sentences of your own.
Nowadays a lot of people prefer alternative medicine (different from
typical western systems). For example:

acupuncture chiropractice herbal medicine

homeopathy: taking tiny amounts of poisonous substances

aromatherapy: using aromatic oils and massage

46. What do we call the type of alternative medicine which...

1. uses herbs and other natural plants?
2. uses oils which smell nice and are rubbed into your body?
3. uses needles to stick into specific parts of your body?
4. uses tiny amounts of substances which cause the illness the doctor is
trying to cure?

 Listening
47. Listen to the radio programme about holistic medicine.
1. Complete the chart with some of the differences between Western
and holistic medicine.
Western medicine Holistic medicine

2.What are the three success stories discussed in the programme?

3. What were the patients suffering from?
4. What is the system that Glenna Gillingham is trying to set up?
5. Why, in her opinion, is holistic medicine becoming more popular?

2. What do you think?

1. Do you agree with Miss Gillingham that we are becoming more health
conscious?

176
2. Have your own attitudes to health care changed at all?
3. What else would you like to know about acupuncture?

48. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the
text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

Acupuncture
by Mike Rayner

"The person who takes medicine must

recover twice, once from the disease and
once from the medicine."
William Osler, M.D

"If all the medicine in the world were

thrown into the sea, it would be bad for the
fish and good for humanity"
O.W. Holmes, (Professor of Medicine Harvard University)
Alternative medicine has become much more popular in the West in
recent years. It seems that people are becoming increasingly worried
about the side effects of drugs, and are turning to treatments such as
homeopathy, osteopathy, yoga, reflexology and acupuncture to
complement, or sometimes even replace, Western medicine.
An event in my life three or four years ago made me examine my
own attitudes towards alternative medicine. After suffering from
insomnia for a few months, I was feeling mentally and physically
exhausted. A trip to my GP, and attempts at self-medication with nightly
doses of Guinness and whisky, failed to bring any relief from my
condition. My friend Tony, who was studying acupuncture at a college
near London at the time, suggested that I visit an acupuncturist. Since I
have a healthy fear of needles from waiting in line for vaccinations in
gloomy school corridors, I was reluctant to take his advice, but by this
time I was so tired that I was prepared to try almost anything.
I made an appointment with the only acupuncturist in my area, and
after another nearly sleepless night, turned up at his room in the local
alternative health centre the following morning. After taking my pulse,
looking at my tongue, and asking a few questions about my diet and
lifestyle, the acupuncturist correctly deduced that I was worn-out (I found
this extremely impressive since he hadn’t asked me why I had come to see
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him.) He then inserted a needle in my right foot between my first and
second toe, and, despite my anxiety, I fell asleep immediately. At the time
I considered the whole experience to be close to a miracle.

What is acupuncture?
Acupuncture is based on the idea that energy flows
through the human body along 12 lines or meridians.
These meridians end up at organs in the body, and illness
is the result of a blockage of the energy flow to these
organs. To remove the blockage, an acupuncturist inserts
very fine needles into the body at points along the
meridians. This stimulates the flow of energy, and restores the patient’s
health.

What is the history of acupuncture?

Traditional Chinese medicine has been practised for around 3000
years in the Far East, but is relatively recent in the West, and acupuncture
only really became well-known in the West in the 1970s as people began
to travel more frequently between the two areas of the world.
A significant event in the history of acupuncture came in 1971, when
a journalist from the New York Times had his appendix removed in
China, when on a trip to the country with Henry Kissinger, the Secretary
of State for the USA. Surgeons used acupuncture to deaden the pain of
the operation, which greatly impressed Kissinger.
Although at first doctors in the West were often sceptical of the
medical value of acupuncture, in the last few years it has become more
established as an alternative to Western medical treatments, since clinical
tests have shown that acupuncture is effective for a number of conditions.

What can acupuncture be used to treat?

In the Far East acupuncture is used to treat a wide range of
complaints, and is also used as a preventative medicine, since it is thought
to increase the body’s resistance to infection. In the West, the treatment is
often used to relieve headaches, dental pain, back pain and arthritis, and to
treat depression, asthma, stress, high blood pressure and anxiety.

Who uses acupuncture?

Since acupuncture is known to be effective against pain, it is not
surprising that many sportspeople have experimented with acupuncture

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when fighting injury. Martina Hingis, the famous tennis player, had a wrist
injury cured through treatment, and English Premier Division football club
Bolton Wanderers employ an acupuncturist to keep their squad in good
physical condition. While in Korea for the World Cup in 2002, soojichim,
a Korean form of acupuncture, was very popular with the German football
team.
Cherie Blair, a well-known human rights lawyer, and the wife of the
former British Prime Minister, was recently spotted wearing an
acupuncture needle in her ear, suggesting that she uses the treatment to
cope with stress. The Queen of England is also interested in acupuncture,
although she doesn’t use the treatment herself – she and many of her
family rely on another alternative medical treatment, homeopathy, to keep
them healthy.
What are the risks? Finally, if you do decide to visit an acupuncturist,
it is important that you check that they are qualified and registered to
practise acupuncture. In the past some people have experienced allergic
reactions, broken needles and even punctured lungs while being treated,
although this is very uncommon.

49. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible

mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.
acupuncture; acupuncturist; homeopathy; osteopathy; insomnia;
vaccinations; pulse; to deaden; arthritis; asthma; punctured.

50. Match the words with their definitions.

1. allergic (adj.) a) to make something less painful or less strong
2. dental (adj) b) a small tube-shaped part inside the body below the
stomach
3. homeopathy (n) c) relating to teeth
4. vaccination (n) d) a way of treating illnesses using very small
amounts of natural substances
5. deaden (adj) e) an illness which causes the parts of the body where
bones meet to become painful and often big
6. arthritis (n) f) a medical condition which makes breathing difficult
by causing the air passages to become narrow or
blocked
7. asthma (n) g) abbreviation for general practitioner: a doctor who
sees people in the local area and treats illnesses that
do not need a hospital visit
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8. clinical (adj) h) when you find it difficult to sleep
9. insomnia (n) i) the treatment of injuries to bones and muscles using
pressure and movement
10. GP (n) j) relating to medical treatment and tests
11. appendix (n) k) caused by an allergy
12. miracle (n) l) having an important effect or influence, especially
on what will happen in the future
13. preventive (also m) something that is very surprising or difficult to
preventative) (adj): believe
14. puncture n) preventive action is intended to stop something
before it happens
15. significant (adj) o) to make a hole in something
16. osteopathy (n) p) a substance which contains a harmless form of a
virus or bacterium (= extremely small organism), and
which is given to a person or animal to prevent them
from getting the disease which the virus or bacterium
causes
17. worn-out (adj.) q) another effect that a drug has on your body in
addition to the main effect for which the doctor has
given you the drug
18. side effect (n) r) a treatment in which your feet are rubbed and
pressed in a special way in order to improve blood
flow and help you relax
19. reflexology (n): s) very tired because you have been working hard

51. Match the two columns to form meaningful word

combinations.
1.side effects of a.exhausted
2.to deaden b.the flow of energy
3.physically c.a needle
4.to remove d.lungs
5.to insert e.good physical condition
6.to stimulate f.reactions
7.to suffer from g.drugs
8.punctured h.stress
9.to cope with i.the pain
10.allergic j.relief
11.to keep in k.insomnia

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12.to bring l.appendix

52. Translate into English.

Xвилюватися/турбуватися, побічні дії ліків, мати власну точку зору
щодо альтернативної медицини, страждати від безсоння, почувати
себе розумово та фізично виснаженим, вдаватися до самолікування,
не приносити полегшення, спеціаліст з голкотерапії, вакцинація,
скористатися порадою, записатися на прийом до лікаря, поставити
декілька питань відносно дієти та способу життя, зробити висновок,
надзвичайно вражаючий, незважаючи на хвилювання, блокування
енергетичного потоку, базуватися на ідеї, стимулювати потік енергії,
покращити здоров’я, значна подія, полегшити біль, клінічні тести,
притуплювати/послаблювати біль, профілактична/привентивна
медицина, неохоче робити щось, бути схожим на чудо, подолати
стрес, астма, депресія, артрит, хвилювання, тримати себе в гарному
фізичному стані.

53. Translate these sentences into English.

1. Люди почали все більше і більше перейматися побічними ефектами
ліків та все частіше звертаються до нетрадиційної медицини.
2. Спроби самолікування за допомогою алкоголю не принесли
полегшення мого стану, я прийшов до висновку, що я просто
виснажений.
3. Маючи здоровий страх перед голками, який в мене зберігся ще з
тих часів, коли ми стояли у чергах на щеплення у похмурих шкільних
коридорах, я не хотів прислухатися до поради мого товариша піти до
голкотерапевта.
4. Незважаючи на це, мені довелося записатися на прийом до свого
терапевтa.
5. Вимірявши мій пульс, оглянувши язик та запитавши дещо про те,
як я харчуюся, голкотерапевт вставив голку в мою праву ногу, і я,
незважаючи на своє хвилювання, негайно заснув, що тоді мені
здалося мало не дивом.
6. Гомеопатія, голковколювання та йога доповнюють або навіть іноді
заміняють західну медицину, якщо людина страждає від безсоння або
відчуває себе фізично та психологічно виснаженою.
7. Енергія тече по тілу людини вздовж 12 меридіанів, які ведуть до
органів тіла, і будь-яка хвороба є результатом блокування притоку
енергії до цих органів.
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8. Коли лікар вставляє тоненькі голочки в певні точки вздовж
меридіанів тіла, вони стимулюють потік енергії, що відновлює
здоров’я пацієнта.
9. На Далекому Сході голковколювання використовується для
лікування широкого спектра хворобливих станів, а також як
профілактична медицина, тому що вважається, що вона підсилює опір
організму інфекціям.
10. Відомо, що голковколювання допомагає від болю. Багато
спортсменів випробували це лікування, щоб полегшити біль при
травмах. Деякі футбольні клуби наймають голкотерапевтів, щоб
підтримувати свої команди в гарному фізичному стані.
11. Визначна подія в історії голкотерапії трапилася у 1971 році. Kоли
журналісту у відрядженні до Китаю треба було видалити апендицит,
хірурги скористалися голкотерапією, щоб полегшити біль під час
операції.
12. Часто лікарі достатньо скептично ставляться до медицинської
цінності голкотерапії, але клінічні тести показали, що це лікування
ефективне при багатьох хворобливих станах.
13. На Заході це лікування часто використовується, щоб полегшити
головний, зубний біль, болі у спині та артрит, вилікувати депресію,
астму, стрес, високий кров’яний тиск та тривожність.
14. Якщо ви потрапили до некваліфікованого спеціаліста з
голкотерапії або до лікаря без ліцензії, ви можете постраждати від
таких побічних ефектів, як алергічні реакції, поламані голки та навіть
проколоті під час лікування легені, хоча це трапляється не часто.

54. Mark the following treatments C or A, depending on

whether they represent conventional (C) or alternative (A)
medicine.
Backache • painkillers C
• chiropractic A
Skin problems • steroid creams
• homeopathy
Pain relief in surgery • general aaesthetic
• acupuncture
Coughs and colds • herbal remedies
• cough syrups / aspirin

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Stress • tranquilizers
• aromatherapy

55. Make up a list of advantages of both conventional and

alternative medicines using the given suggestions. Some may
apply to both. What other advantages can you think of?
• tested for side-effects • provides general treatment for a whole person •
proven results • non-addictive • safe
• scientifically explicable • available on the health service • patients can
treat themselves
• can treat acute illness/serious injury • practised by people with
qualifications
56. Discuss in class.
What type(s) of treatment would you choose for: i) a serious
illness; ii) headaches; or iii) stomach problems? Give reasons for
your choice.
eg: If I had a serious illness, I would choose to be treated with
conventional medicine because it has proven results and it is available on
the health service. However, I might also try alternative therapies if there
was discomfort which conventional medicine failed to relieve.

57. Complete the sentences using the material of the text about
acupuncture (ex.48)
1. Getting aware of the complications which can be caused by drugs taken
by more and more people…..
2. He suffered from a complex of different diseases and was obliged to…..
3. Accupuncture is relatively recent in our country that is why people
should know…..
4. Accupuncture can be used to prevent diseases and to treat such diseases
as…..
5. The grounds which are used to explain how acupuncture works is…..
6. Before inserting needles an acupuncturist may…..
7. The effect of treatment of the insomnia was close to…..
8. Having had a negative experience concerning needles people are often
reluctant to…..
9. Accupuncture is also used by sportsmen to…..
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58. Translate into English.
Голкотерапію використовували з давних часів. Але в Україні про
неї дізналися тільки в двадцятому сторіччі. Її почали використовувати
паралельно з такими методами лікування як гомеопатія, йога,
ароматерапія, рефлексологія, остеопатія. Цей метод альтернативної
медицини не дає ускладнень, які можуть бути викликані ліками.
Усвідомлюючи цю перевагу, люди все частіше починають звертатися
до спеціалістів з голковколювання.
Голкотерапія лікує ускладнення після різних хвороб, мігрень,
безсоння, амнезію, астму, артрит, хворобу нирок та інші недуги. Цей
нетрадиційний метод лікування можна використовувати для
профілактики, а також для підтрики доброго здоров’я.

59. There are some stress busters in the following chart. Read
them and say whether you agree or disagree with such ways of
fighting stress. What else would you recommend distressed
people to overcome their depression?

Stress Busters
Make your working environment as inviting and
pleasant as possible.
 Try yoga for relaxation and discovering new abilities
of your body. Remember: physical exercises improve
your mood.
 Eat seafood, fruit, nuts and broccoli, drink non-fat
milk for energy.
 Breathe in aromatherapy oils to release tension and keep yourself alert and
focused: chamomile – if you are a workaholic or perfectionist; bergamot – if
you need your sense of humour restored; orange – to cheer you up; lavender –
if you have a difficult situation to face; melissa – if you feel panicky;
frankincense – if you are under particular strain.
 To start the day with verve and vigor, plan it the night before listing what
you’d like to achieve.
 Take a shower with lavender oil at the end of the day, tuning into cheerful
music and singing along.
Remember that laughter is one of the most beneficial mood enhancers,

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beautifiers and stress busters.
Regular aerobic exercise can help your body prevent losing ability to use
oxygen efficiently. Also, exercising aerobically for about 30 minutes will
raise endorphin levels in the brain, which can help sooth and calm you.
Other people’s stress isn’t yours. Don’t make it yours unless you’re asked,
or unless you’re prepared to be part of the solution.
Open up your eyes and heart and learn to appreciate and value those who are
closest to you. Don’t wait until it’s too late. Tell somebody today, “I love
you.”

A Visit to a Doctor
60. Read the text and describe your last visit to the dentist.

AT THE DENTIST’S
Once I had had a toothache for several days, but I couldn’t pluck up
courage to go to the dentist. As a matter of fact I went to his office twice,
but just as I got on his doorstep and was going to ring the bell the
toothache seemed to have gone away, so I went home again. But at last I
had to go back, and this time I rang the bell and was shown into the
waiting-room.
There were a number of magazines
there, and I had just got in the middle of an
exciting story when the maid came in to
say Mr. Puller was ready to see me - I’ll
have to wait for the next toothache to finish
the story.
Well, I went into the surgery (the
room where a doctor or dentist gives advice
or treatment) and he told me to sit in a chair
that he could move up and down,
backwards and forwards, and then he had a look at the inside of my
mouth. He put a little mirror on a long handle inside my mouth and poked
about for a while, then he looked serious and said. “Yes, I’m afraid we
can’t save that one, it will have to come out.” I asked him to give me an
injection. He filled a syringe with some medicine. I felt a little prick on
the gum and then he injected the liquid. He did this in two or three places
and waited for a minute or so.

185
 My mouth felt rather dead. Then he took a pair of forceps, gripped
the tooth, gave a twist, then a pull, and the tooth was out. I could see it
and hear it but I couldn’t feel it. Then he said, “It’s all over. Spit in there
and then wash your mouth out with this disinfectant.”

61. Answer the questions.

1. Who did the man consult when he had a toothache?
2. Why was the man reluctant to see the dentist?
3. How did the dentist begin to examine a patient?
4. How did the dentist prepare the patient for an injection?
5. What did the dentist do to pull the tooth out?
6. What did the doctor recommend the patient to do?

Language focus
62. Explain the meanings of the following words and word
combinations in English and use them in situations of your
own.
1. to pluck up one’s courage 7. a pair of forceps
2. waiting-room 8. to grip a tooth
3. to poke about 9. to give a twist
4. to fill a syringe 10. to spit in
5. to feel a prick on the gum 11. disinfectant
6. to give an injection 12. surgery

63. Translate into English.

Зібратися з духом, приймальня, кабінет лікаря, сісти в крісло, дати
пораду, видивлятися, шприц, відчувати гострий біль від уколу в ясна,
хірургічні щипці, затискувати зуб, викручувати зуб, видалити зуб,
дезінфікуючий засіб.

64. Choose the right form.

1. Dentists recommend brushing teeth with a fluoride toothpaste to……
them from decay.
a) arm b) defend c) guard d) protect
2. Have you got toothache? Your face looks ……
a) big b) enlarged c) expanded d) swollen
3. I had to have two ….. when I went to the dentist last week.
a) cavities b) fillings c) paddings d) refills

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4. She always pays ….. visits to the dentist.
a) customary b) habitual c) normal d) regular
5. The dentist told him to open his mouth ….. .
a) broad b) greatly c) much d) wide
6. He ….. when the dentist touched the bad tooth.
a) alarmed b) dreaded c) laughed d) winced
7. Robert is very ….. about the cost of his dental treatment.
a) ashamed b) pained c) sorry d) worried
8. I'm ….. having to pay yet another visit to the dentist.
a) afraid b) dreading c) frightened d) terrified
9. The ….. in one of my teeth has come out, so I'm going to the dentist.
a) cover b) completion c) filling d) replacement
10. He made a note of the appointment with his dentist in his ….. .
a) diary b) directory c) journal d) register
11. She phoned her dentist to say she was unable to ….. her appointment.
a) arrive b) hold c) keep d) stand
12. She put ….. going to the dentist although her teeth needed attention.
a) away b) in c) off d) out
13. The small girl had to have four teeth ...... because they were so bad.
a) broken b) pulled c) taken away d) taken out
14. The loss of a front tooth has left an unsightly ….. in her teeth.
a) gap b) hole c) slot d) space
15. In some countries more and more young people now need ….. teeth.
a) false b) spare c) unnatural d) untrue

65. Fill in the blanks with the words below. You may need to
change the form оf the words. Each word can be used only
once.
cavity cement dentist dentures disease equipment
examine fill gums interval lose nerve
pain practice preventive tooth treat treatment

General Dental Practice

General dental ….. includes mouth examination, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of…… . There ….. frequently uses X-rays and
other ….. to ensure correct diagnosis and ….. .
Treatment may include filling ….., removing the ….. of teeth,
treating diseases оf the ….., removing ….., and replacing ….. teeth with
bridges and….. .
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 Anesthesia іs often used in any treatment
that might cause….. . Teeth may be ….. with
amalgam, or….. .
Perhaps one of the most important parts of a
dentist's work is ….. dentistry. If a dentist ….. a
patient's teeth at regular …., he may find and …..
a disease before іt becomes serious.

66. Give English equivalents for the following words and

phrases.
Запломбований зуб, хворий/зіпсований зуб, догляд за зубами, знімок
зуба, зуб мудрості, корінь зуба, лікування зубів, порожнина в зубі,
зубна емаль, зубний камінь, зберегти зуб, лікувати зуби, оглядати
зуби, карієс зуба, пломбування зуба.

PARTS OF THE BODY

67. BODY. Give names for the indicated parts of the head.
1.________________
2. ________________
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
7. ________________
8. ________________
9. ________________
10. _______________
11. _______________
12. _______________

68. BODY. Match each of the following parts of the body with
the correct number in the picture below. Translate the words
into Ukrainian.
. . . abdomen . . . Adam's apple . . . ankle . . . armpit
. . . biceps . . . bottom . . . breast . . . calf
. . . elbow . . . forearm . . . groin . . . heel
. . . hip . . . knee . . . navel . . . nipple
. . . palm . . . shoulder . . . thigh . . . throat

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. . . thumb . . . toe . . . waist . . . wrist

69. Choose the correct answer

1. The PUPIL is part of the
a) ear b) stomach c) eye d) hand
2. The SOLE is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear
3. The CALF is part of the
a) leg b) arm c) chest d) head
4. The WRIST is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear
5. The IRIS is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear
6. The HEEL is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) eye d) breast
7. The PALM is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast
8. The NIPPLE is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast
9. The THUMB is part of the
a) hand b) foot c) head d) chest
10. The SHIN is part of the
a) arm b) leg c) head d) breast

70. BODY. Match the Ukrainian names of the parts of the

body with their English counterparts.
1. bladder a) хребет
2. gall bladder b) гортань
3. large intestine c) тaз
4. larynx d) сечовий міхур
5. pancreas e) жовчний міхур
6. pelvis f) селезінка
7. spine g) трахея
8. spleen h) підшлункова залоза
9. windpipe і) товста кишка

71. BODY. Match the following parts of the body with the
jumbled definitions on the right.

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1. kidney a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling
2. lung b. long pipe leading from the stomach which takes
waste matter from the body
3. liver c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat
4. heart d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use
by the body
5. brain e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest
6. intestine f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid
from the blood
7. appendix g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are
set
8. tonsils h. large organ which cleans the blood
9. rib i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest
10.stomach j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the
neck
11.jaw k. short organ of little use which leads off the large
intestine
12.throat l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood by
pushing it round the body

72. BODY
Parts of the body appear in some colloquial idiomatic
adjectives describing various human states and
characteristics, e g. 'heavy-hearted' means 'sad'. For each
adjective on the left below find the word or phrase on the right
which has the same meaning.
(a) stout- hearted generous
(b) tight -fisted brave, resolute
(c) open -handed with very good hearing
(d) hard-headed conceited, self-important
(e) big-headed hypocritical
(f) weak- kneed silent, unwilling to speak
(g) sharp- eared mean, not generous
(h) tight-lipped insensitive to criticism
(i) two-faced businesslike, unemotional
(j) starry-eyed cowardly, nervous
(k) thick -skinned over-romantic

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73. BODY. Choose one of the four possibilities that best
completes the sentence.
1. He must be terribly strong! Look at his ….. .
a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves
2. He stood with his hands on his ….. daring me to go past him.
a) ankles b) knees c) shoulders d) hips
3. Every tooth in my upper ….. seemed to be aching.
a) chin b) cheek c) jaw d) forehead
4. When Mary twisted her ankle, John carried her home on his ….. .
a) shoulders b) knees c) hands d) arms
5. His shoes were so old that his ….. were sticking out of them.
a) fingers b) thumbs c) tips d) toes
6. The blind man ran the ….. of his fingers over the box.
a) points b) edges c) tips d) ends
7. When people sweat, the liquid comes out through the ….. of the skin.
a) veins b) vents c) pores d) holes
8. The ….. is the main air passage of the body.
a) intestine b) ear c) windpipe d) kidney
9. The main function of the heart is to ….. blood round the body.
a) push b) propel c) pump d) walk
10 Arnold Schwartzneger has an enormous chest ….. .
a) growth b) swelling c) expansion d) inflation

74. BODY. Complete the sentences.

1. We have ten ________ on our hands and ten ________ on our feet.
2. The function of the heart is to enable the_________ to circulate.
3. The _________ is used for digesting food.
4. The flesh your teeth grow from is your _________.
5. Do you wear your watch on your right __________ because you are
left-handed?
6. A bear crushed him and cracked several of his __________.
7. With the help of our _________ we are able to speak and eat.
8. Our_________ enables us to think.
9. At first she thought the boy had a high temperature, but when she put
her hand on his_________to make sure, she found it was cold.
10. I dropped a heavy box on my ________and broke one of my toes.

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 WOUNDS AND INJURIES
75. Study the difference.
Wound (n, v) and injury are both used to describe damage to the body,
but a wound is generally caused by a weapon (e.g. gun or knife) and it is
usually intentional.
He shot the man in the chest. (= a bullet wound in the chest) [from a gun]
He stabbed the boy in the back. (= a knife wound in the back)
He got into a fight and got beaten up. He had a black eye and two
broken ribs.

76. Your friend has a few marks on his body. Match the name
of the mark with the explanation of its origin.
1. This BITE on my leg 6. This SCAR on my belly
2. These BLISTERS on my feet 7. This SCRATCH on my arm
3. This BRUISE on my eyelid 8. These SPOTS on my cheeks
4. This CUT on my thumb 9. This STING on my chin
5. This GRAZE on my knee

a. I got when I was operated on for appendicitis.

b. I got when I went on a walking tour in too tight shoes.
c. I got when I was hit by my friend during our quarrel.
d. I got when I fell down while running.
e. I got when I suffered from measles.
f. I got when I was cutting onions with a sharp knife.
g. I got when I was attacked by a fierce dog.
h. I got when I was playing with my cat.
i. I got when I went to take some honey from the beehive.

77. INJURIES. Choose the correct answer.

1. He got that ….. on his forehead when he ran into an open cupboard
door in the dark a few days ago.
a) blister b) bruise c) scar d) sprain
2. Mary was ….. by a wasp while she was gathering some pears.
a) bitten b) eaten c) stung d) wounded
3. Be careful, don't ….. yourself when you are cutting those roses.
a) pick b) prick c) sting d) wound
4. I fell off my bicycle when I was five and I still have a ….. on my knee.
a) freckle b) scar c) hole d) scratch

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5. He got a terrible ….. on the head when he forgot to bend as he went
through the low doorway.
a) bump b) hunch c) ripple d) wrinkle
6. This ….. dates from my operation last year.
a) cut b) scar c) scratch d) sore
7. A sword will only draw blood if it actually ….. the skin.
a) pierces b) pricks c) plunges d) thrusts
8. I have a ….. on my leg where you hit me.
a) blister b) bruise c) hole d) wound
9. She cried so much that her face became ….. .
a) fat b) soft c) swollen d) torn
10. If you are so senseless as to go on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you
must expect to get ….. .
a) blisters b) bruises c) scars d) scratches

78. Give English equivalents for the following words.

Травма, вивих, крововилив, опік, перелом, рана, розтягнення, удар,
укус, обмороження.

79. Here is a list of injuries. Look them up in your dictionary

to check the meaning and the pronunciation, and fill in the
chart. Use your imagination to think of a cause for the injuries.
Injury Cause Treatment
a broken arm a fall during a football Set the arm and put it
match in plaster.
a bruise
a dislocated shoulder
a sprained wrist
a sting
cramp
a swollen ankle
concussion
a blister
a black eye
a burn

80. INJURIES. Solve the crossword puzzle.

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ACROSS:
1. from an old wound (4)
5. painful swelling on the hand or foot caused by exposure to cold (9)
6. small mark on the skin, possibly caused by an illness like measles (4)
7. from dog's teeth (4)
8. on the knee (5)
DOWN:
1. often the result of a toothache or sprained ankle (8)
2. hard skin, often on the foot (4)
3. from cat's claws (7)
4. from walking in too tight shoes

DISEASES
81. Give the Ukrainian names of the following diseases.
allergy tuberculosis/TB/
bronchitis plague
quinsy, tonsilitis cholera
asthma heart attack
pneumonia stroke
flue, influenza,grippe giddiness
diabetes haemorrhage
diphtheria bleeding
measles burn
scarlet fever mumps
whooping cough indigestion
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smallpox upset stomach
German measles stomachache
cancer headache
chicken-pox ear-ache
dysentery scald
rheumatism abscess
typhoid /fever/ sun-stroke

82. DISEASES. Choose the correct answer.

1. She died after a long …..
a) disease b) failing c) illness d) sickness
2. The doctor had three ….. of nose-bleeding in the same day.
a) aspects b) cases c) examples d) illnesses
3. He still suffers from a rare tropical disease which he ….. while in the
Congo.
a) contracted b) gained c) infected d) received
4. My grandmother is very old and is not ….. very good health.
a) from b) in c) on d) with
5. The teachers at the school went …. with flu one after another.
a) down b) off c) out d) under
6. Malaria is …..by the female mosquito.
a) broadcast b) sent c) transmitted d) transported
7. Mary is in bed with a ….. attack of flu.
a) hard b) heavy c) large d) severe
8. My brother was ….. ill yesterday and is now in hospital.
a) broken b) caught c) fallen d) taken
9. The school is half empty as a serious epidemic of measles has broken….
a) down b) in c) out d) up
10. Several …… of malaria have been reported.
a) cases b) doses c) occurrences d) types
11. To our ….. , Mary's illness proved not to be as serious as we had
feared.
a) anxiety b) eyes c) judgement d) relief
12. He ….. a rare disease when he was working in the hospital.
a) caught b) infected c) suffered d) took
13. My headaches are usually brought ….. by worry.
a) in b) on c) up d) out
14. The doctor examined him carefully and ….. influenza.
a) concluded b) decided c) diagnosed d) realised
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15. Some diseases ….. quickly from one person to another.
a) catch b) get about c) move d) spread
16. Tropical diseases are comparatively …… in Poland.
a) few b) rare c) scarce d) slight
17. It was a minor illness and he soon got ….. it.
a) around b) on with c) over d) up to
18. The ….. last thing I want now is to catch a cold.
a) extremely b) most c) utterly d) very
19. I can never touch lobster because I am ….. to shellfish.
a) allergic b) infected c) sensible d) sensitive
20. She couldn't go out because she had a ….. cold.
a) flowing b) leaking c) running d) streaming
21. The local medical officer reported a serious ….. of food-poisoning.
a) event b) incident c) outbreak d) state
22. The patient ….. his illness down to a virus infection.
a) laid b) placed c) put d) traced
23. You keep sneezing. You must have caught …..
a) a cold b) a cough c) a headache d) an illness
24. The children were suffering from the ….. of the hot weather.
a) consequences b) effects c) products d) results
25. He had a very bad cold and couldn't stop…..
a) sneezing b) snoring c) spitting d) yawning

83. Read the article. Work in pairs and discuss the health
problems people might have in the 21st century.

“Who should get what?”

Heart Disease is often hereditary but can also be caused through
bad diet and lack of exersise. It can be prevented, and public awareness
levels are high in some countries. However, some sections of the
community seem to ignore advice. Treatment is possible, but prevention is
obviously preferable in the long term.
Cancer takes many forms and is caused by a number of factors.
There is strong evidence that smoking and other lifestyle factors contribute
significantly especially to lung and throat cancers. Treatment can be
through chemotherapy and success rates are increasing. Some people
believe that this, like heart disease, is self-inflicted, and that patients
should be asked to pay extra for their treatment.

196
 HIV/AIDS awareness levels around the world vary a great deal as to
the causes and risks associated with this disease. It is preventable but, as
yet, although there is treatment available, there is no known cure. Research
continues in the hope of finding one.
Malaria is a disease which is spread via mosquito bites. It is easily
prevented with the use of mosquito repellents: electronic devices, creams
and sprays. It can be also avoided by taking pills regularly which protect
the body from the disease. Malaria cannot be cured as such, though its
symptoms, such as earache, fever, and shaking are treatable.
Road Traffic Accidents. Road safety standards vary a lot from
country to country. Drink driving and the use of unsafe vehicles contribute
to the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people around the world.
Publicity, campaigns and stricter laws have made a dramatic difference in
some countries.
Diarrhoea is one of the most common causes of death, especially
among children, in Africa. It is caused by polluted water and a lack of food
hygiene. It can be prevented by making water supplies safe. It is also
important that public awareness is raised as to the causes of water
contamination. Diarrhoea itself is easily treated with rehydration medicine.

84. Find the appropriate word for the definitions.

a) _______________(adjective) passed on from parents to child
b) ______________(noun) the use of medicine or therapy to make a sick
person well again
c)_______________(noun) smooth, thick liquid which you put on or rub
into your skin
d)_______________(noun) small, solid pieces of medicine to swallow,
e.g. aspirin
e)_______________(noun) an injection which prevents a person from
getting a disease
f)_______________(noun) a change in your body which is a sign of your
illness
g)_______________(noun) the removal of a disease or illness so that a
person is well again

85. Do you know the ways people can be infected with AIDS
and TB? Do you know how to protect yourself? Where have
you got this information? Would you like to have special
197
lectures to get to know more about Aids, TB and other
infectious diseases?

86. Translate the following text into English.

Україна – перша у Східній Європі за кількістю ВІЛ-
інфікованих.
Перший день зими традиційно відзначається як день боротьби зі
СНІДом. За темпами розповсюдження ВІЛ-інфекції Україна посідає
перше місце у Східній Європі. Сьогодні, як повідомляють у
Міністерстві охорони здоров'я, в Україні зареєстровано більше 137
тисяч ВІЛ-інфікованих. За рівнем розповсюдження ВІЛ-інфекції в
Україні лідером є Дніпропетровська область, за якою йдуть Одеська
та Миколаївська.
Нагадаємо, що єдиний спосіб дізнатися, чи є у вас ВІЛ – пройти
спеціальний тест. В Україні він безкоштовний та конфіденційний.

87. Work in pairs. One of you has just participated in the

conference of the International Aids Society. Tell your
partner, who is a coordinator of anti-Aids programs in
Ukraine, about the main points discussed and decisions made
at the conference.

88. Comment on the following quotation.

Today’s medicine is at the end of its road. It can no longer be transformed,
modified, readjusted. That’s been tried too often. Today’s medicine must
DIE in order to be reborn. We must prepare its complete renovation.
(Maurice Delort)
Video Club
89. 1) You will watch an episode about a terrible disease.
Before you watch answer the following questions.
• Do you always consult a doctor in case you have some unusual
symptoms? Why/ Why not?

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 • What is epidemic? What epidemics has the mankind suffered from
during its history?

2) Watch a piece of news from the BBC World Service.

Note the following information to complete the chart.
Country
Subject matter
Figures
3) Watch again. Answer the questions to see if you have
understood the message.
1. How many people in China have died of pneumonic plague?
2. Why have 100 000 people been quarantined?
3. What are the initial symptoms of the disease?
4. How is it spread?
5. How can one catch this infection?
6. What is pneumonic plague caused by?
7. What’s the death rate of the disease?
8. Can it be treated?
4) Discuss the following.
• What should be done to prevent the disease from spreading all over
the world?
• How do you assess the role of prophylactic medical examination in
the healthcare system of a country?

DOCTORS AND SPECIALISTS

90. Give Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases.
an oculist a throat-specialist
a physician an orthopaedist
a surgeon a gynaecologist
a dentist/stomatologist a pathologist
a pediatrician a radiologist
a therapeutist a cardiologist
an obstetrician a dermatologist
a neurologist a geriatrician

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91. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients
with the correct wards or departments.
1. Intensive Care Unit
2. Casualty and Emergency Department
3. Paediatric Ward
4. Maternity Unit
5. Orthopaedic Ward
6. Surgical Ward
7. Geriatric Ward
8. Ophthalmic Ward
9. Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a baby

b. John who has broken his leg
c. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications
d. Peter who will have his appendix removed
e. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's disease
f. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataract
g. Samuel who is unconscious
h. Paul who has just been in a car crash
i. Your son who has measles

92.Give the name of the people defined below.

1. a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er
2. someone who looks after sick people in hospital _ _ _ s _
3. a sick person who has to stay in hospital і _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. a sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment o _ _ _ _ _
___
5. someone who operates on sick people _____o_
6. a person badly injured in an accident, fire, war _ a _ _ _ _ _ _
7. a person who helps at the birth of a baby m _ _ _ _ _ _
8. a person who specializes in one area of medicine _ p_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

93. Translate the article about the the world-famous

Ukrainian surgeon, scientist and philosopher Mykola Amosov.
Микола Михайлович Амосов народився 6 грудня 1913 року в селі
Ольхові Вологодської області. У 1939 році закінчив Архангельський
медичний інститут. З 1952 року очолював клініку грудної хірургії
200
Українського інституту туберкульозу та грудної хірургії. З 1982 року
директор інституту серцево-судинної хірургії в місті Києві.
Він давно став легендою. Це підтверджує не лише міжнародне
визнання його досягнень, а й вибір сучасних українців, які поставили
його на друге місце серед видатних українців (М. Амосов поступився
лише Ярославу Мудрому).
Саме Микола Амосов одним із перших в
СРСР почав проводити операції на серці,
першим вшив мітральний клапан із
нейлоновими стулками, які були вирізані із
сорочки, купленої у США.
На його рахунку тисячі врятованих
людей. Згадуючи про його діяльність, в
першу чергу говорили про його ставлення до пацієнта: “Ставитись до
хворого як до свого родича”.
Амосов був не лише талановитим хірургом та вченим, а й
вимогливим керівником – лікарі згадують, що такого суворого
аналізу причин смерті пацієнта, як за керівництва М. Амосова, більше
не було. Розмови про статистику смертей в інших медичних закладах
відкидались: “Не шукайте, де гірше, шукайте, де краще”, закликав
Амосов своїх колег. Багато лікарів відверто боялись Миколу
Михайловича, а його обходи називали “королівським полюванням.”
Однак, звіти лікарів, започатковані ним, тривають й досі – медики
стверджують, що це дисциплінує.
Амосов вважав, що не слід поспішати з лікуванням – організм сам
може впоратися. А от до народної медицини ставився доволі
скептично. Завжди вважав 10 заповідей Бога дуже важливими.

94. DOCTOR JOKES. Match the columns.

Patient Doctor
1. Doctor, doctor! I feel like a bell. a.Take the spoon out of the
2. Doctor, Doctor! I only have 30 seconds cup next time.
left to live. b. Don’t sleep with your
3. Doctor, Doctor! I feel like a pair of clothes on.
curtains. c. Stay in the living room.

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4. Doctor, Doctor! My hair’s coming out. d. Give me a ring next week.
Can you give me something to keep it in? e. Just a minute, please.
5. Doctor, Doctor! I keep thinking there’s f. Pull yourself together, man.
two of me.
g. Who said that?
6. Doctor, Doctor! I’m becoming
invisible. h. Certainly. How about a
paper bag?
7. Doctor, Doctor! What’s the best way to
prevent wrinkles? i. How about a kite?
8. Doctor, Doctor! Every time I drink tea j. Don’t talk rubbish!
I get a stabbing pain in my left eye. k. One at a time, please.
9. Doctor! Doctor! How can I stop myself l. That’s a rash thing to say.
from dying? m. Just be glad you are not a
10. Doctor, Doctor! I’ve got wind. Can herring.
you give me something for it? n. Sorry, I wasn’t listening.
11. Doctor, Doctor! Every bone in my What was that again?
body aches. o. Don’t go back to either of
12. Doctor, Doctor! I’ve broken my arm them.
in two places.
13. Doctor! Doctor! I think I’ve got
measles.
14. Doctor, Doctor! My husband thinks
he’s a dustbin.
15. D-d-d-oc-oc-t-t-or, d-d-d-oc-oc-t-t-or,
I-I ha-ha- have trou-bbb-bbb-le ss-ss-sp-
eak-eak-in-ing.

95. Match the columns.

1. I kept reading in the papers that a. “Terrible! I’ll never do it again.”
smoking was bad for you. b. Doctor: Take these pills. If they
2. Doctor: Did you drink your don’t work bring back my CD player
orange juice after your bath? and my video.
3. I knew carrots are good in. c. “A bald head.”
4.”Doctor, Doctor, I feel I’m a d. So finally I decided to give up

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dog.” “Sit down, please.” reading the papers.
5. “What was it like having all e. “Oh, no, I’m not allowed on the
your teeth out?” furniture.”
6. “What is the best cure for f. Patient: No, because after drinking
dandruff?” the bath I didn’t have too much room
7. Patient: Doctor, Doctor, I keep for the orange juice.
stealing things. What should I do? g. “No, but it’s better to write on
8. Doctor: Ah, yes, I can tell you paper.”
are getting better. You are h. Patient: And so I should be. I’ve
coughing much more easily this been up all night practicing.
morning. i. “Yes, two kilos and four friends.”
9. A patient was complaining to a j. But I nearly go blind every time I
friend: stick them in.
10. “Doctor, have you got k.“How about some onions?”
something for my liver?”
l. “After two years and $7,000, my
11. “I heard your sister is on psychiatrist told me I was cured.
garlic diet. Did she lose anything? Some cure! Two years ago I was
12. “Is it bad to write on an empty Attila the Hun, and now who am I?
stomach?” Nobody!”

96. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate forms of the
Verbals. Define their functions. What do you think of the new
ailment?

HELP ME, DOCTOR, I'M TOO WEALTHY

It’s an illness many of us might well bear with fortitude.

But Internet firm millionaires and lottery winners in America are
seeking therapy for the new ailment _________ (afflict) them…
Sudden Wealth Syndrome.
It hits people who overnight find themselves rich beyond their
widest dreams and cannot ________(cope).
Symptoms include a sense of isolation and uncertainty, fear of
________ (lose) the fortune and alienation from friends and family.

203
 ‘We live in a society
that is very much
________ (govern) by
work,’ explained San
Francisco psychologist
Dr. Stephen Goldbart, one
of two therapists who
coined the phrase.
‘All of a sudden,
you wake up one day and
realize you don’t have
________ (work) any more. That’s when people start ________
(experience) the symptoms.
‘When you ask the rich, they will be the first ________ (tell) you
that wealth doesn’t buy happiness.’
One newly-rich executive said: ‘In a lot of ways I was happier
________ (live) a simpler life.
‘I’m not saying I’m a miserable guy, but it is hard ________
(talk) about _______ (make) this transition.’
However, Dr Golgbart and his colleague Joan DiFuria have a
simple treatment for the syndrome… they tell sufferers ________
(give) a large chunk of their money away to charity.

Keeping Fit. Promoting Healthy Way of Life.

97. Read the article and do the exercises, which follow it.

These days most doctors and scientists agree that our physical health is
closely related to our psychological well-being. But just what have the
experts discovered about what makes us feel good?

Some things that can make you feel better ...

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Getting moving
As well as being important to your health, regular
exercise is now believed to improve your psychological
state by releasing endorphins or ‘happy chemicals'
into the brain. Some researchers consider it can be just
as valuable as psychotherapy in helping depression and
engendering a more positive outlook.
Even a brisk ten-minute walk every day can help according to
researchers. In one project, unemployed urban youths who undertook
intensive sports training for several months, not only became involved
in that sport, but also in other activities such as study, politics, and
voluntary work.

A lively social life

According to experts, companionship and
social support are vital to both our
psychological and physical well-being – one
reason, perhaps, why married people tend to
live longer than unmarried ones. Modern
researchers emphasise the value of group
social activities in this respect.
'Relationships we form at church or in clubs tend to be more supportive
and uncritical than those we form at work or in the family,’ says Professor
Michael Argyle of Oxford Brookes University, 'and these positive
relationships improve our self-esteem, which is vital to our physical and
mental health.’ This is backed up by recent research which shows,
perhaps surprisingly, that people who spend more time with others actually
get fewer colds and viruses than those who stay at home on their own. In
fact social support is so important to our mental and physical well-being
that it may even increase our life expectancy! Another piece of research
found that people who belong to strong church groups not only claim to be
happier than those who don't, they suffer from less than half the number
of heart attacks than the rest of the population, and live up to four years
longer!

Watching soap operas on TV

One rather surprising piece of research found that on
average, people who regularly watch soaps on television

205
are significantly happier than those who don't! Psychologists believe that
this is because such programmes provide viewers with an imaginary set
of friends, and a sense of belonging to a community, in the same way that
a club or a church might.

Self-indulgence
Many scientists these days believe that indulging in life's little pleasures –
a bar of chocolate, a glass of wine, a shopping trip, even a cigarette – can
actually improve your health, because of the
psychological lift it gives you. There is evidence,
for example,' says Professor David Warburton of
Reading University, 'that old people living in
residential homes who have a cocktail hour each
day actually live longer! Indulging – in moderation
– in the small pleasures of life can make people calmer, alleviate stress
and provide positive health benefits. There is a lot of truth in the old
saying that "a little of what you fancy does you good."

... and some that can make you feel worse

Low self-esteem
Feeling like an underdog, it seems, can damage your
health. Research by the National Rheumatism and
Arthritis Council showed that workers who feel
undervalued or out of control at work are significantly
more likely to suffer from back problems. Depression, a
spokesman claimed, is actually far more likely to cause backache than
heavy lifting. Professor Warburton of Reading University believes that
one of the greatest health threats comes from negative feelings such as
depression or guilt, which create stress hormones, producing
cholesterol.’ It's quite likely that by worrying about whether or not you
should be eating a chocolate bar you are doing yourself more harm than
just getting on and eating it,’ says the professor!

Lack of bright light

Scientists have known for some time about Seasonal
Affective Disorder (SAD): a form of depression caused by
lack of light in winter, and thought to explain the relatively
high suicide rates in countries such as Sweden, where for
parts of the year days are very short. However, recent

206
research has shown that those working night shifts in factories can suffer
from the same problem, leading to stress and depression. The problem can
be overcome by illuminating workplaces with lights three times brighter
than usual, making workers feel happier and more alert.

A low-fat diet
A low-fat diet may be good for your waistline, but the
latest research suggests that it is less beneficial
psychologically. A team of volunteers at Sheffield
University, asked to follow a diet consisting of just
twenty-five per cent fat (the level recommended by the
World Health Organisation) reported a marked
increase in feelings of hostility and depression. And an
earlier piece of research revealed, startingly, that
people on low-fat diets are more likely to meet a
violent death!

Drinking coffee
Many of us are already aware that drinking coffee raises
your blood pressure and can cause anxiety, but
according to the latest research it can also make you bad-
tempered. Mice who were given regular doses of
caffeine by researchers, were found to be unusually
aggressive!

The wrong genes

Despite all the changes we make to our behaviour, diet, and environment,
there is growing evidence that at the end of the day,
whether we are cheerful or miserable is largely a question
of our genes. 'Of course what happens to you in your life
will make a difference to how happy you are,’ say
scientists, 'but there are two or three vital genes which
probably decide how cheerful you are in comparison to
others in a similar situation.' So whatever else you do, make sure you
choose your genes carefully!

98. Discuss the answers to the questions below.

Questions for group A
1. What is the value of physical exercise for your mental health?
207
2. Give two pieces of evidence that show that companionship and social
support can be important for your physical health.
3. Why do psychologists believe that watching soap operas on TV can
make people feel better?
4. What happens to old people who are given a cocktail every evening?
5. What is the explanation for this according to the text?

Questions for group B

1. What is the connection between backache and 'feeling like an
underdog’?
2. Give two examples of groups of people affected by SAD. What is it,
and what can be done to help sufferers?
3. From the research described, why do you think people on low-fat
diets might be more likely to meet a violent death?
4. Give three possible ill effects of drinking coffee.
5. Can your genes affect how happy or miserable you are?

99. Transcribe the following words to avoid possible

mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.
Psychological; to release; endorphins; psychotherapy; engendering;
viruses; to alleviate; cholesterol; suicide; alert; anxiety; caffeine; genes.

Language focus
100. Explain the meanings of the following word combinations
in English and use them in situations of your own.
1. psychological well-being 25. to indulge in
2. to release endorphins or‘happy 26. in moderation
chemicals' into the brain
3. psychotherapy 27. to alleviate (stress, ache, etc.)
4. to engender a more positive 28. positive health benefits
outlook
5. a brisk ten-minute walk 29. to fancy
6. unemployed urban youths 30. low self-esteem
7. to undertake intensive sports 31. rheumatism
training
8. to become involved in smth. 32.arthritis
9. voluntary work 33. to feel undervalued
10. to be vital to 34. to cause backache

208
11. to emphasise the value of group 35.heavy lifting
social activities
12. in some respect 36. stress hormones
13. selfesteem 37. to produce cholesterol
14. to back up 38. Seasonal Affective Disorder
15. virus 39. suicide rates
16. on one’s own 40. to work night shifts
17. life expectancy 41. to feel alert
18. heart attack 42. a low-fat diet
19. on average 43.hostility
20. to provide with 44. startingly
21. self-indulgence 45. regular doses of caffeine
22. to meet a violent death 46.gene
23. to cause anxiety 47. to make changes to one’s
24. to make smb. bad-tempered behaviour

101. Translate the following into English.

Раціон харчування з малим вмістом жирів; ворожість; ревматизм;
рівень самогубств; вмирати насильницькою смертю; викликати
неспокій; виробляти холестерин; почуватися недооціненим; сезонні
захворювання; артрит, запалення суглобів; підвищити кров’яний
тиск; розсердити, дратувати; звичні дози кофеїну; психологічне
здоров’я; добровільна праця; захоплюватись; вивільнювати
ендорфіни; інтенсивно займатися спортом; психотерапія; безробітні
міські юнаки; наголошувати на цінності колективної соціальної
діяльності; підтримувати; у відношенні до чогось; життєво важливий;
самоповага, почуття власної гідності; дозволяти собі; уявляти собі;
проводити час за коктейлем; позитивний вплив на здоров’я; в
середньому; серцевий напад; середньостатистична тривалість життя.

102. Match the words to form the meaningful word

combinations.
1. to release a. well-being
2. intensive b. your health
3. a brisk c. rates
4. mental and physical d. endorphins
5. low e. caffeine
6. an imaginary f. benefits
7. to alleviate g. moderation
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8. to damage h. set of friends
9. suiside i. sports training
10. to cause j. blood pressure
11. doses of k. undervalued
12. to raise l. life expectancy
13. to provide m. self-esteem
14. to indulge in n. walk
15. to increase o. stress
16. to feel p. anxiety

103. Translate into English.

1. Регулярні фізичні вправи та восьмигодинний сон принаймні чотири
рази на тиждень допоможуть вам уникнути стресу та покращити
загальний психологічний стан.
2. Якщо ви відчуваєте позитивні емоції, в кров виділяються так звані
гормони щастя.
3. Для психологічного здоров’я життєво необхідним є соціальна
підтримка та відчуття приналежності до спільноти.
4. Позитивні стосунки у межах соціальної групи покращують
самооцінку, що в свою чергу, впливає на психологічне здоров’я.
5. Цей факт підтверджується нещодавніми дослідженнями, за
результатами яких люди, які мають коло друзів та знайoмих,
почувають себе більш щасливими.
6. Потурання своїм маленьким слабкостям може навіть збільшити
тривалість життя.
7. Депресія може спричинити багато захворювань, починаючи з
головного болю та болю в спині аж до невиліковних хвороб.
8. Останнім часом все більше і більше людей хворіють на так званий
синдром сезонних захворювань.
9. Постійне почуття провини призводить до утворення гормонів
стресу, що шкодить вашому здоров’ю.
10. Ті, хто дотримуються низькокалорійних дієт, ризикують
здоров’ям та піддають своє життя небезпеці.
11. Регулярне надмірне вживання напоїв, які містять кофеїн,
підвищує тиск та викликає відчуття тривоги.
12. Вчені дійшли висновку, що наш настрій залежить від набору
генів, які ми успадкували від батьків.

104. Choose the correct answer.

210
1. The doctor asked me to ….. to the waist.
a) bare b) strip c) take off d) undress
2. The nurse put a ….. round Peter's bleeding knee.
a) bandage b) belt c) ribbon d) scarf
3. He had injured his arm badly and had to keep it in a …… for several
weeks.
a) cradle b) litter c) sling d) stretcher
4. When he finally ….. , he couldn't remember what had happened.
a) came round b) held back c) stood back d) wore off
5. The doctor told her that her temperature was ….. .
a) current b) familiar c) habitual d) normal
6. He is ….. dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.
a) bearing b) carrying c) fitting d) wearing
7. The ambulance men took the injured climber down the mountain on …. .
a) a bedstead b) a cot c) a couch d) a stretcher
8. Although the patient's condition is serious, she seems to be out of …… .
a) control b) danger c) order d) place
9. If he loses consciousness, give him a sip of brandy to bring him …. .
a) back b) over c) round d) up
10. With every ….. he took, he got more and more tired.
a) foot b) march c) step d) walk
11.My sister works in a home for the deaf and ….. .
a) dumb b) mute c) speechless d) voiceless
12. Make sure you ….. your food properly before you swallow it.
a) bite b) chew c) crunch d) eat
13. The fact is, doctor, I just cannot ….. this dreadful cough.
a) get down to b) get out of c) get rid of d) get round to
14. The doctor took his temperature and felt his ….. .
a) blood b) muscle c) pulse d) vein
15. While he was in hospital, his wound was ….. twice a day.
a) changed b) cured c) dressed d) healed
16. After a quick ….. at the patient the doctor rang for an ambulance.
a) gaze b) glance c) glimpse d) stare
17. Apply direct ….. on the wound to stop severe bleeding.
a) compression b) contraction c) pressure d) restriction
18. The man who was taken to hospital had been ….. for three hours.
a) indifferent b) insensitive c) unconscious d) unfeeling
19. The injured man was taken to hospital on ….. .
a) an ambulance b) a bed c) a sling d) a stretcher

211
20. After any hard or prolonged exercise it is advisable to check your ….. .
a) brain waves b) eyesight c) mental balance d) pulse rate

105. The following problems and pieces of advice have got all
mixed up. Can you match them correctly?
1. I keep getting headaches. a. Good, you needn't come back for a
2. I can't get into my clothes. month,
3. I can't sleep at night. b. You really must stop smoking.
4. My eyes are often sore and I c. Perhaps you should have an eye test.
sneeze a lot. d. You ought to do more exercise —
5. I'm going to Nepal on business. it's very relaxing.
6. I've got a bad stomach. e. You'll have to have a few injections.
7. I feel much better now, doctor. f. You shouldn't eat so much fried
8. I've got a terrible cough. food.
g.You really must lose some weight.

106. Read the advertisement and try to explain the idioms in

h. You should
bold. Then, look at the picture and have
say some
whichallergy tests.it
idiom
represents.

DOCTOR HERBERT'S CURE-ALL LIFE TONIC

Unlike some "remedies", whose creators' claims have to 1) be taken with
a pinch of salt, DR. HERBERT'S LIFE TONIC IS NO GIMMICK!
Whether you're 2) at death's door or simply, feeling a bit 3) off colour,
Dr Herbert’s Life Tonic will have you feeling 4) full of beans again in no
time. But don't just take our word for it. Mr Jethro Franklin of Dodgeville,
Texas, had been suffering from heart problems and severe back pains for
over ten years, before he turned
to Dr Herbert for help.
"I had been 5) going
downhill for a long, long time
before I came to Dr Herbert. I
had lost so much weight that I
was 6) nothing but skin and
bone, and on most days I
couldn't even get out of bed in
the mornings! However, Dr

212
Herbert's Life Tonic changed all that. I was just 7) a shadow of my
former self when I started taking his Life Tonic, but I was 8) up and
about again in just two weeks. That was just six months ago and now I
feel 9) as strong as an ox – in fact, after giving me just three months to
live last year my doctor now says that I should live to a 10) ripe old age!"
DON’T DELAY FOR THE CURE-ALL REMEDY,
GET DR. HERBERT'S LIFE TONIC TODAY!

107. Match the items with the idioms from the previous
exercise.
a unwell f. active after an illness
b very thin g. very lively and energetic
c to get worse in health h. very strong and fit
d about to die i. weaker or less capable than one used to be
e to be doubted/ untrue j. very old age

108. Fill in the gaps with phrases from the list.

go downhill pinch of salt
up and about ripe old age off colour
1. As soon as your leg is out of the
cast, you'll be .... ............... in no
time.
2. John has a reputation for being a liar, so whenever he
tells me anything, I take it with a ….
3. Peter didn't go to school today as he was feeling a bit ……….
4. The recession will affect industry badly and many companies will
………
5. My grandfather lived to a .............. .…. He was 104 years old when he
passed away.

109. Fill in the gaps with phrases from the list.

as strong as an ox full of beans but skin and bone
at death's door a shadow of his former self
Mary: Hello Mr Herriot. I was wondering if you could have a look at
Fido, my dog. He's usually so 1) ............. but he's been refusing his
food for a week now and, well, look at him, he's nothing
2).......................... .

213
Vet: Let me see now. Oh dear, he's just 3) ........, isn't he? Let's have a
look ... hmm, yes, I think I know what it is. Don't worry – I don't
think he's 4) ....................... just yet!
Mary: So what is it Mr Herriot?
Vet: Just a stomach bug, dear. Give him one of these tablets three times a
day and he should be 5) …..... in a week or so.

HEALTH PROBLEMS

Smoking – is it really worth it?

110. Read the article.
Medical research has proved that smoking is a habit that can lead to
severe illness or an early death.
Smoking can cause:
A) lung cancer or cancer of the mouth, voice box, stomach, gullet or
bladder;
B) chronic bronchitis;
C) heart disease;
D) gastric or duodenal ulcers.
In addition to these hazards a mother who smokes during pregnancy
runs the risk of having:
A) a natural abortion or miscarriage;
B) a still-birth /a baby who is born dead/;

214
C) a baby with a congenital heart disease;
D) a baby who is physically and mentally underdeveloped.
Cigarette smoking is dangerous to all age-groups. Surveys have
proved that children and adolescents who smoke up to six cigarettes a
week, suffer lung damage. They may:
- have frequent coughs and colds;
- have a poorer health record than non-smokers;
- become breathless easily and unable to take vigorous exercise;
- bring up PHLEGM /the thick, slimy matter secreted in the throat/
when they have a cold.
There are four harmful substances in the tobacco smoke inhaled by
cigarette smokers.
1. Nicotine. This increases the blood pressure and pulse rate, and
can cause unpleasant side effects, such as sickness, irritability and
trembling. It also impairs or weakens the normal healing power of the
stomach, and this can delay the healing of ulcers.
2. Carbon monoxide. This gas reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity
of the blood and can cause dizziness and headaches.
3. Carcinogens or tars. These substances can produce or accelerate a
cancerous growth.
4. Irritants. These damage the bronchial or breathing tubes, and can
cause “smoker’s cough”.

Did you know that …?

1. A “low tar” cigarette is less likely to cause severe illness or death
than a “high” or “medium tar” cigarette.
2. The tar in a cigarette becomes concentrated towards the butt end.
This means that smoking the last 2 cm of a cigarette is far more dangerous
than smoking the whole of the rest of the cigarette.
3. Smoking is addictive. This means that a person can become
dependent upon tobacco, associating the drug with pleasure and the relief
of tension. Even a light smoker will find the habit difficult to break and
will experience unpleasant “withdrawal” symptoms when he stops
smoking.
4. Smoking severely restricts physical fitness and athletic
performance. Have you wondered why you seldom see successful
footballers, gymnasts, athletes etc. who smoke?
5. When someone smokes in an enclosed space, such as an office, car,
public house or cinema, the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air

215
increases. This is harmful to all the non-smokers present, as well as to the
smokers. Does this seem right?
6. If parents smoke, there is a greater risk that their babies will die of
pneumonia or develop bronchitis before they are one year old. This is
probably due to the smoke-filled air in the home.
7. The risk of a smoker developing a severe illness or dying increases:
A) with the number of cigarettes smoked;
B) if smoking began at an early age;
C) if smoke is inhaled;
D) if half-smoked cigarettes are re-lit.
8. If a cigarette is kept in the lips between puffs, there is a greater
chance of developing bronchitis.
9. Apart from the unpleasant effects of smoking, such as breathlessness,
sickness, bad breath, stained fingers and “smoker’s cough”, there may be
no obvious signs of the damage being done to the body. A person may
continue to smoke heavily for many years before the onset of severe illness
or death.

111. Discuss each of these points with your friends.

There are many factors which might tempt a young person to start
smoking. Here are a few.
1. Smoking is considered to be a sign of maturity and toughness.
2. Smoking is thought to be a social habit which gives confidence.
3. A young person may resent being advised not to smoke and will start
smoking as an act of defiance and rebellion against authority.
4. A young person is influenced by the attitudes and example of
parents, relations, friends and teachers. If they smoke there is a desire to
conform and copy their behaviour.
5. If cigarettes are readily available at home, there is a greater
temptation to start smoking.
6. A young person may be tempted to smoke from a sense of curiosity.
Although a young person can be aware of the long-term damaging effects
of smoking, the possibility of severe illness or death during middle-age
seems too remote to be relevant or important. He may take the attitude
that:
A) “nothing will happen to me”;
B) he can always stop smoking at a later date, before any real damage has
been done. Will this be easy or possible?

216
112. Explain the meaning of the words and word combinations
in English and use them in the situations of your own.
gastric ulcer to impair healing power
duodenal ulcer to accelerate a cancerous growth
hazards irritants
miscarriage to restrict physical fitness
a still birth the onset of severe illness
mentally underdeveloped congenital heart disease
vigorous exercise withdrawal symptoms
phlegm an act of defiance
to secrete a sign of maturity

113. Translate into English.

Cтравохід і міхур, гортань, хвороба серця, виразка дванадцятипалої
кишки, виразка шлунку, вроджене захворювання, страждати від
ушкодження легенів, небезпека, ризикувати, мокротиння/слиз,
зменшувати спроможність крові постачати кисень, ріст ракових
клітин, погіршувати здатність до загоювання, викликати
запаморочення та головні болі, чадний газ, подразники, неприємний
симптом відмови від куріння (ломка), займатися енергійними
вправами, спортивні досягнення, прояв серйозного захворювання,
спокуса, вселяти впевненість, шкідливі речовини, вдихати, бути
схильним до чогось, показник зрілості, прояв непокори.

114. Transcribe the words.

Duodenal, bronchitis, congenital, adolescents, monoxide, carcinogens,
bronchial, withdrawal, toughness, defiance, cigarette.

115. Match the words to form the meaningful word

combinations.
1. a sign of a. damaging effect
2. cancerous b. physical fittness
3. mentally c. growth
4. to cause d. defiance and rebellion
5. a low tar e. symptoms
6. a long-term f. power
7. at a late g. cigarette
8. breathing h. side effects

217
9. to run i. underdeveloped
10. an act of j. substances
11.withdrawal k. maturity
12.to restrict l. date
13.healing m. a risk
14.harmful n. tubes

116. Read the text and discuss it using the active vocabulary.

Examination Fever
For most of the year, most of us had been
allergic to work; apparently there had been a
history of such allergies in the school.
Throughout the spring there had been quite a
few cases of ‘Exams are stupid’, which proved
highly contagious among friends.
Then in late May, one or two of us suffered a mild attack of ‘Gosh,
is it really next month?’ and we seemed to give that to the others rather
rapidly. You could tell how it was spreading from improved attendance at
lessons.
An even more serious outbreak was that of the very infectious ‘I
don’t know a thing’ two weeks before. At about the same time everyone
seemed to catch ‘You’re no good!’ from the teachers. Then there was a
bout of ‘I don’t really care’ followed by a few chronic cases of ‘My
parents will kill me’. This again proved very catching; half the class was
down with it in the week leading up to the exam itself, and it had reached
epidemic proportions by the Friday before.
By this time, those who had been suffering from ‘It’ll be easy for
me’ had made a total recovery.
That Friday there was a ‘What if I’m suffering from amnesia?’
scare, and this had developed by Monday into a touch of ‘I can’t even
remember my own name’.
There were also, of course, the normal isolated cases of ‘My pen
doesn’t work’ and several pupils had a sudden fit of ‘Where’s the toilet?’
Afterwards there were a couple of complaints of ‘I know I’ve
failed’, but generally the worst seemed to be over. Such diseases are rarely
terminal. And after all, we had a convalescence and recuperation period
of six and a half weeks to follow.

218
117. Think ahead. Look at the title of the article and guess
what the article runs about. Read the article through once to
see if you have guessed correctly.

The deadly risk facing

THREE OUT OF EVERY 10 WOMEN

Every year, a staggering 50,000 deaths are caused by high blood

pressure. But because it has few symptoms most of us have no idea we
could be affected.
We're all well aware that high blood pres-
sure or hypertension is something we should
worry about. But for three out of 10 of you
reading this article, the reality is far more
serious. You could already have high enough
blood pressure to put you at very real risk of
potentially fatal conditions such as heart disease
and stroke.
The tragedy, according to the experts, is that lack of awareness
means many people are suffering and dying needlessly 'If everyone's blood
pressure was controlled – and with the right treatment it can be in nearly
every case – we could prevent around 100,000 strokes and heart attacks
and 50,000 deaths every year,' says Graham MacGregor, Professor of
Cardiovascular Medicine at St. George’s Hospital and Chairman of the
Blood Pressure Association.
A major World Health Organisation study found half of all
cardiovascular diseases are caused by high blood pressure. If you ask the
average woman what her blood pressure reading is, however, she probably
won't have the faintest idea. If you know yours, you should congratulate
yourself as you're in the minority. In fact, according to a recent Gallup
poll, almost three-quarters of the people interviewed had no idea what their
blood pressure level was, and only a scant 16% knew what a healthy
reading should be.
High blood pressure rarely has any external symptoms, all the
damage is internal, as the force of blood pumping at high pressure
through your arteries strains your heart and weakens your blood vessels.
The result is damaged, clogged arteries, which increases your risk of

219
heart and kidney disease and makes you six times more likely to have a
stroke or heart failure as your heart struggles to pump adequate supplies
of oxygenated blood around the body.
On the face of it, controlling your blood pressure should be simple.
Regular checks to identify those who have high or borderline pressure,
together with medication or lifestyle changes to lower it, would be
effective for most of us. Yet an incredible 80% of those with high blood
pressure aren't being treated for it. 'The reasons are complex,' says
Professor MacGregor 'Some haven't been tested, as there's no national
screening programme. Some are tested and aren't concerned enough to
make lifestyle changes or take any medication. Others aren't being given
the correct medication.'
While some GPs certainly need to be more alert to the dangers of
high pressure. Professor MacGregor believes the onus is really on us.
“We have to face the fact that half of us are going to have a stroke or heart
attack,’ he says. “It’s time individuals took more responsibility for their
own blood pressure. The only way you’ll know if it’s high or not is to have
it measured. So make an appointment with your doctor and get it checked.
Find out what the figures mean, and if your blood pressure is on the high
side, talk to your doctor about ways to lower it.

Assess your risk

Hypertension rarely has any symptoms and anyone can be at risk, but
some groups are more susceptible and should be extra vigilant. Your
risk is higher if:
• You have a family history of high blood pressure, strokes or heart
attacks.
• You’re overweight, eat too much salt, take little exercise, drink too
much alcohol, and have a low intake of fruit and vegetables.
• You have diabetes, kidney disease or heart disease.
• When checked, your blood pressure was at the higher end of the
normal range.

And if your blood pressure is still high?

For some people lifestyle changes will be enough to reduce blood

pressure to a safe level, but others will need drugs that help open up the
blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to function effectively or work
220
through the brain to lower the body’s blood pressure. Once you start
medication, you’ll be taking it for life, but there’s strong evidence that, as
long as your blood pressure is well controlled, it will reduce your risk of
stroke, heart attacks and heart failure.

HIGH
140/90
Your blood pressure is considered to be high if it's at this level.

NORMAL
120/80
If your blood pressure is in the normal range – around 120/80 or below –
you should have it checked every three or four years.

RAISED
130/85
You should be concerned if your blood pressure is in the upper range of
normal – 130/85. Even at this level, your risk of a stroke or heart attack
increases threefold, and the Blood Pressure Association recommends that
you have your pressure checked annually. If you have hypertension, your
doctor will check it more frequently.

KEY WAYS TO PROTECT YOURSELF

You can't change your genes but you can change your lifestyle, and that
alone could be enough to keep your blood pressure down. Even if it's
normal, you should take steps to keep it that way. Blood pressure tends to
rise with age. 'Not as an inevitable result of getting older,' says Professor
MacGregor, 'but almost entirely as the result of eating an unhealthy,
salt-laden diet.'

Eat less salt

Research shows that too much salt causes a rise in blood pressure, and the
more salt you eat, the higher the rise. A US study found that cutting salt
by a third reduced blood pressure in people with both high and normal
blood pressure. Most of us eat twice as much salt as we need – around 10-
12g daily, when we should be aiming for 5-6g or less. So replace salt in
cooking with herbs and spices for flavour and avoid processed food,
which accounts for 75% of the salt in our diet. Other high-salt food
includes bread, some breakfast cereals, processed meat such as sausages

221
and bacon, soups, ready-prepared meals and takeaways. Check labels for
the sodium or salt content, or for other sodium molecules like monosodium
glutamate or sodium bicarbonate. To work out the sodium content, divide
the salt content by two and a half, low sodium is 0 3g per 100g or under.

Become more active

Research shows that exercise can prevent or delay the development of
hypertension and reduce high blood pressure. As well as lowering blood
pressure, exercise will help to strengthen your heart, reduce levels of
harmful LDL cholesterol and help boost beneficial HDL cholesterol.

Maintain a healthy weight

Being overweight makes your circulatory system and your heart work
harder and raises blood pressure. Research shows that if you are
overweight, losing just 10lbs can help reduce blood pressure and make
medication more effective.

Eat seven to nine servings of fruit and vegetables every day

The Blood Pressure Association says we should eat more than the standard
five portions a day of fruit and veg as, besides helping to protect arteries
against a build-up of fatty deposits, they're a rich source of potassium
(particularly bananas, dried fruit, melons and avocados), which helps
lower blood pressure.

Drink sensibly
It's not yet clear how alcohol affects blood pressure, but we do know
drinking large amounts causes it to rise. Women should have no more than
two or three units daily, avoid binge drinking and spread their alcohol
consumption through the week.

Manage your stress

The link between stress and high blood pressure is still unclear – stress
certainly causes a transient increase in blood pressure, but the question
of whether chronic stress contributes to hypertension remains
controversial. However, research by Canadian scientists has shown that
stress management counselling helped to reduce blood pressure in both
men and women with hypertension.

222
Know your levels
If you’ve no idea what your blood pressure is, don't wait for your doctor to
suggest a check – ask for one yourself.

118. Answer the questions.

1. What could prevent numerous strokes and heart attacks?
2. In which way does high blood pressure influence the human
body?
3. Why aren’t people with high blood pressure being treated for it?
4. What makes the risk of hypertension higher?
5. Why is salt-laden diet harmful?
6. Is physical activity important for preventing the development of
hypertension?
7. Which products should prevail in your diet?
8. Is there a direct link between hypertension and stress?

Language focus
119. Find words or phrases in the text which have these
meanings.
1. duty or responsibility for doing smth
2. amount indicated or registered by a measuring instrument
3. looking out for possible danger, trouble
4. lasting for only a short time
5. the state of being informed of smth
6. three times as much or as many

120. Match the words into collocations.

1 to strengthen a consumption
2 to put b danger
3 a build-up of c food
4 a rich source of d reading
5 binge e increase
6 to strain f diet
7 to cut salt g threefold
8 alcohol h disease
9 chronic i symptoms
10 to increase blood pressure j the heart

223
 11 processed k awareness
12 lack of l to a safer level
13 transient m the heart
14 to open up n drinking
15 blood pressure o blood
16 salt-laden p fatty deposits
17 to increase q by a third
18 external l stress
19 oxygenated r vessels
20 to be alert to s at risk
21 cardiovascular t potassium

121. Choose a word from the box to match one of the

definitions below.
serving build up staggering awareness controversial
scant clogged strain alert susceptible
onus intake vessel takeaway

1) a meal or dish bought from a shop or restaurant to be eaten elsewhere;

2) an amount of food, air, or another substance taken into the body;
3) a duct or canal holding or conveying blood or other fluid;
4) blocked with an accumulation of thick, wet matter;
5) a portion or helping of food or drink;
6) easily influenced by feelings or emotions; sensitive;
7) something that is one's duty or responsibility;
8) barely sufficient or adequate;
9) to know about or understand something, especially a possible danger or
problem;
10) progressive increase in number, size, etc;
11) giving rise or likely to give rise to controversy or public disagreement;
12) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation;
13) to injure (a limb, muscle, or organ) by overexerting it;
14) astounding or overwhelming; shocking.

122. Complete the sentences with the words from the previous
exercise. Change the word forms if necessary.
1) 2011 witnessed a _______increase in housing demand.
2) Health officials have tried to raise _______ about AIDS.

224
3) Normal function of the brain's control centers is dependent upon
adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients through a dense network of
__________.
4) For chronic lack of time office workers cannot do without _________.
5) Their plan to flood the valley in order to build a dam was highly
_______ .
6) Quantities will vary according to how many _______ of soup you want
to prepare.
7) Your arteries get ______ because of too much fatty food.
8) The daily _________of calories must be sufficient so that you could be
healthy.
9) The glare from the screen can ______ your eyes.
10) The authorities should have been _______ to the possibility of
invasion.
11) Paved surfaces can foster __________ of polluted air.
12) Older people are more _________ to infections.
13) The _______is on the prosecution to provide proof of guilt.
14) She weighed a _______ two pounds.

123. Give the Ukrainian equivalents.

To avoid binge drinking; to replace salt in cooking with herbs and spices;
to put at the risk of; cardiovascular diseases; to cut salt; to weaken blood
vessels; staggering; a rich source of potassium; adequate supplies of
oxygenated blood around the body; controversial; onus; to cause a
transient increase; to have a family history of an illness; lack of
awareness; to increase threefold; to reduce blood pressure to a safe level;
clogged arteries; to open up the blood vessels; to strain the heart; to be
overweight; a healthy reading; external (internal) symptoms; scant; the
force of blood pumping; salt-laden diet; to be more alert to the dangers of
high pressure; to avoid processed food; to be in the upper range of the
normal; a build-up of fatty deposits; blood pressure at the higher end of the
normal range; to increase the risk of heart and kidney disease; to be
susceptible; to be extra vigilant; to cause the damage to the arteries.

124. Give the English equivalents.

Cерцево-судинний; нестійкий, хиткий, приголомшливий; збільшитись
утричі; показники здоров’я; забруднені артерії; дуже пильний;
розширювати кров’яні судини; становити небезпеку для артерій;
зовнішні (внутрішні) симптоми; зменшити вживання солі; мати
225
захворювання в роду; зменшити кров’яний тиск до безпечного рівня;
мати зайву вагу; перевищувати нормальний тиск; замінити сіль
травами та спеціями; сприйнятливий, чутливий; тягар, обов’язок,
відповідальність; збільшити ризик захворювань серця та нирок;
недостатній; підвищений кров’яний тиск; на верхній межі
нормального (тиску); сила пульсування крові; дієта з великою
кількістю солі; уникати оброблених продуктів; відкладання жиру;
спірний, дискусійний; бути насторожі щодо небезпеки підвищеного
кров’яного тиску; достатній (відповідний) рівень насиченості киснем
крові в тілі; напружувати, перевтомлювати серце; ослабляти кров’яні
судини; наражати на ризик; нестача обізнаності; джерело калію;
спричиняти тимчасове підвищення; уникати надмірного вживання
алкоголю.

125. Explain the meaning of the following words and word

combinations in English and make up your sentences with
them.
1. to put smb at risk of smth
2. lack of awareness
3. to reflect the damage to the
arteries
4. to cut salt by a third
5. in the upper range of normal
6. to increase threefold
7. to strain smb’s heart
8. susceptible
9. extra vigilant
10. to avoid processed food
11. to avoid binge drinking
12. salt-laden diet
13. clogged arteries
14. to be alert to the dangers of
high blood pressure

Modern Medical Science

126. Discuss the following.
People who are very ill should have the right to decide if they want to die.
What do you think about the problem?

127. Read the text. Make sure you study the language of the
text to be competent in further exercises and discussions.

226
Can you really call them killers?

The moralists and theorists have

had their say. Now a mother who
knows how it feels to bring up a
severely handicapped child gives her
own view of the couple who want to
put an end to their baby's suffering.
We are up to our ears in moral
dogma again and to be perfectly
honest, I have had enough. In fact,
enough was many moons ago. The case of all this moral agonising is the
ultimate fate of 22-month-old Thomas Creedon, born severely brain-
damaged, blind, deaf, dumb, constantly fitting and in pain, able to be fed
only by a tube inserted in his stomach. Thomas's parents have launched a
legal bid to have the feeding stopped. Giving him the right to die, say
some; murdering him from the sentence of life he – and his parents – are
stuck with, maintain others. And so the moralists have re-emerged from
the woodwork, as they always do, the articulate debaters and theorists,
demanding time on every TV screen, filling inches of space in all the
newspaper columns. Yet for me, the most telling point came in an aside
from Tom's father Con." It's not for us, " he said quietly, explaining why
he wants his son's life ended. "It's for Thomas." Maybe it was because I
recognised the trap the Creedons are in that I really heard what he was
saying, and knew he was defending himself and his wife against those who
will always condemn them for having their innocent, unsuspecting son
put down. The moralists always use that kind of emotive language –
murder, fascism, killing. They use emotion instead of constructive
argument. Why shouldn't Con and Fiona Creedon choose what is best for
themselves, as well as for their hopelessly handicapped child? Because
nature made a mistake and landed them with this tragically incurable baby,
why must that condemn them to a lifetime of drudgery and anguish?
There can be no normality in their family while he exists, no future, no
happiness, only worry and pain for an ordinary couple who have as much
right as anyone else to all that life has to offer. With the "help" of medical
science, their efforts could keep Thomas alive for many years, and the cost
to them as individuals and as a family would be horrendous. But they
know that they can't say this, or the moralists will judge them bad parents,
dreadful people, even while professing sympathy, because only the truly
227
awful could wish death on an innocent, defenceless child. And that is why
I am so sick of it all, the double standards, the imposition of theories and
Mickey Mouse ethics on the very people who know best: the parents. Let
me tell you something. In my late teens and twenties, I was a chief
cardiac technician. I worked in various hospitals in this country and
abroad, and during my hours on duty I carried a bleeper so that I could be
summoned to every cardiac arrest in the hospital. I hated losing, we all
did, and we would work longer than was sensible on patients rather than
let them go. But we had a system.
As soon as we arrived, someone would be detailed to read the case
notes while the rest resuscitated the patient. If the patient had cancer, for
instance, we stopped the routine, even if the resuscitation was successful,
packed up the equipment and let them die instead. It has always happened
– it is probably happening somewhere at this moment – we just didn't talk
about it to outsiders. I had no doubts then and I have none now; it was
humane, it was part of "not striving officiously to preserve life", as the
Hippocratic Oath requires.
But these days the public is more cynical about the medical
profession, and medics fear being sued. That is their fault, a spin-off of
hiding behind their God-like aura for generations, and the effects are now
being felt in areas in which keeping quiet was the best thing for all
concerned. These days, a doctor who does not strive officiously to
prolong the suffering of a patient dying in slow agony may very well
find himself convicted of manslaughter. It happened to Dr Nigel Cox in
1992 .
And so, because today's medics are scared of the consequences,
parents like the Creedons, who care selflessly for the blighted little life
they produced, must go to court for permission to have the burden of
existence taken from their son, and from them. In doing so, they lay
themselves open to the musings of moralists, who must inflict their views
on everyone and refuse to acknowledge that those of the parents, the
lifetime carers, are the most important, and they should have the choice
and make the decision.
I have a 17-year-old daughter. She is brain-damaged, autistic,
mentally handicapped and psychotic. Powerful drugs with terrible side-
effects do not banish the hallucinations. She lives in her own little world,
filled with voices and visions, existing from moment to moment, neither
happy nor unhappy. She has no future and no quality of life, and I feel
deep guilt about her; guilt that with all the medical knowledge I have, all

228
the ways I know of ending her travesty of life, I don't have the courage to
do it. Coward that I am, I hope if she should become physically ill one day
that some decent medic will do it for me and release her, and the entire
family, from the sentence of her existence. And damn the moralists.

127. Answer the questions.

1. What is the matter with Tom Creedon?
2. Did his parents try to put an end to all his sufferings?
3. What`s the moralists’ point of view?
4. How does Tom`s father explain his attitude to the problem?
5. What does a chief cardiac technician say about his work?
6. Which consequences are today`s medics scared of?
7. Why does the author feel deep guilt about her daughter?
8. Can the author`s problem be easily solved?
9. What is your own attitude to the problem?

128. The text contains quite a few words whose pronunciation

could pose difficulty. Transcribe the following words to avoid
possible mispronunciation and miscommunication in future.
handicapped; ultimate; drudgery; anguish; horrendous; to resuscitate;
manslaughter; consequences; musings; autistic; psychotic; hallucinations;
decent.

Language Focus
129. Match the words into collocations.
1 moral a the woodwork
2 to resuscitate b of consequences
3 ultimate c arrest
4 to strife officiously d to cardiac arrest
5 mentally e language
6 to launch f of life
7 the sentence g medic
8 to be up to ears h cost
9 to emerge from i fate
10 the most telling j hallucinations
11 descent k cardiac technician
12 to profess l manslaughter
13 chief m a patient

229
 14 to pack up n agonising
15 to banish o standards
16 horrendous p to preserve life
17 emotive q a legal bid
18 travesty r handicapped
19 to be summoned s in moral dogma
20 convicted of t sympathy
21 double u point
22 to be scared v of existence
23 cardiac w equipment

130. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations

in English and make up your own sentences with them.
1. euthanasia
2. a severely handicapped child
3. to put an end to their baby's
suffering
4. to be up to our ears in moral
dogma
5. moral agonising
6. the ultimate fate
7. to be born severely brain-
damaged
8. to launch a legal bid
9. to re-emerge from the
woodwork
10. the most telling point
11. condemn smb. for
12. put down
13. emotive language
14. drudgery and anguish
15. horrendous
16. professing sympathy
17. a chief cardiac technician
18. a beeper
19. to be summoned to
20. brain-damaged, autistic, mentally
handicapped and psychotic
21. to strive officiously to preserve life
22. to be sued
23. a spin-off
24. to prolong the suffering of a patient
25. to be scared of the consequences
26. to find himself convicted of
manslaughter
27. selflessly
28. blighted
29. to resuscitate the patient
30. to banish the hallucinations
31. quality of life
32. travesty of life
33. decent medic
34. to release from the sentence of
existence

131. Find the words in the text which correspond to the given
definitions.
230
 1. to apply legally to some organization/institution
2. to give to, so as to put in difficulties; cause to be burdened with
3. the crime of killing someone illegally but not deliberately
4. miserable or ruined
5. an unpleasant situation from which it is hard to escape
6. having or intended to have a useful or beneficial purpose
7. a set of firm beliefs held by a group of people who expect other
people to accept these beliefs without thinking about them
8. able to talk easily and effectively about things, especially
difficult subjects
9. to put to death, because of old age or illness
10. extreme pain or misery; mental or physical torture; agony
11. to express complete disapproval of; censure
12. hard, menial, and monotonous work
13. result or consequence
14. a small portable electronic device which emits a series of high-
pitched sounds when someone wants to contact the wearer
15. to revive (someone) from unconsciousness or apparent death
16. to get rid of (something unwanted)

132. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate word from the

topical vocabulary, making any necessary changes.
handicapped launch spin-off euthanasia drudgery
ultimate travesty anguish indulge sue
manslaughter
1. The decision caused a huge public outcry and a national debate on
__________.
2. A family with a severely ________child will have many problems.
3. The__________ responsibility for policy lies on the President.
4. A test satellite ___________ from Cape Canaveral.
5. What seemed a promising job turned into months of boredom and
__________.
6. Of course, in past centuries, no global news network existed to capture
the___________of the victims.
7. It seems never to have been doubted that a corporation created by the
Royal Charter can __________for libel.
8. One of the main_________ for countries that host the Olympic Games
is increased business for hotels, restaurants, and theatres.

231
9. The court decided there was insufficient evidence for a
____________charge.
10. It was a political act, a ____________from start to finish.
11. Women do not___________ in crime to the same extent as men.

133. Find synonyms or near synonyms for the following words,

and make up your own sentences to explore their associations.
to accuse of; expressive; to start; parody; to kill somebody; murder; final;
result; dreadful; disabled.

134. Explain the contextual meaning of the words in bold and

translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
1. In the Netherlands euthanasia has already been legalized.
2. Most doctors are opposed to euthanasia on ethical grounds.
3. Like other mentally handicapped children, Down's children can
achieve considerable educational improvement through a consistent
programme of education and care.
4. The need for the adequate provision of permanent residential homes
increases substantially as the mentally handicapped child grows up.
5. Complete disarmament was the ultimate goal of the conference.
6. Monroe was the ultimate Hollywood movie star.
7. The press launched a vicious attack on the President.
8. On the first day of the war over 400 missiles were launched.
9. The chance to escape from the daily drudgery in the pits must have
been more than attractive.
10. Women are rebelling against domestic drudgery.
11. The anguish of not knowing the truth was almost unbearable.
12. Miss James could not afford to sue for libel.
13. General economic arguments, however, omit the spin-off benefits
from the inventiveness of financial operators in search of bargains and
easy profits.
14. Laser research has had important spin-offs for eye surgery.
15. She denied murdering her husband, but pleaded guilty to
manslaughter.
16. He's denied murdering Elizabeth Howe, but has admitted
manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility.
17. O'Brien described his trial as a travesty of justice.
18. Irrespective of the success of this integration, your claim was a
travesty of the facts.
232
19. Eva had never been one to indulge in self-pity.

135. Translate the text into English.

Евтаназія: убивство чи милосердя?

А може, убивство з милосердя?
Щодня у свiтi тисячi фiзично здорових людей добровiльно йдуть
iз життя через те, що не в змозi витримати душевнi страждання. У той
же час тисячi безнадiйно хворих страждають вiд фiзичного болю. Чи
має право хтось iз людей (бо самi вони не в змозi) покласти край
їхньому стражданню, вчинивши «убивство з милосердя»?
Гарне медичне слово «евтаназiя» означає безболiсне навмисне
умертвiння хворого з метою полегшення його страждань. Проблема
евтаназiї виникла не сьогоднi i не раптово. Англiйський фiлософ
Френсiс Бекон (1561—1626) для означення легкої безболiсної смертi
ввiв термiн «евтаназiя», тобто хороша, спокiйна i легка смерть, без
мук i страждань.
Кiлька рокiв тому великого розголосу набув судовий процес над
71-рiчним хiрургом Джеком Кеворкяном, активним пропагандистом
евтаназiї (звільнення вiд страждань тяжкохворої людини за
допомогою безболісного умертвіння), що вiдбувся у м.Понтiак штату
Мiчiган США. «Лiкар Смерть» за певний перiод зa допомогою
спецiального ним розробленого апарата умертвив 130 безнадiйних
пацiєнтiв. Шiсть разiв за цей час вiн притягався до суду, i суд
виправдовував лiкаря. Востаннє вiн вiдмовився вiд адвоката, i суд
визнав його винним. Вирок — 25 рокiв тюремного ув’язнення. Багато
хто висловлював на адресу «Лiкаря Смерть» осуд й неприязнь. Однак
є i багато прихильникiв Кеворкяна серед вчених та хворих. Одна з
його послiдовниць — медсестра з Угорщини, яка отримала
прiзвисько Чорний Ангел, — нинi теж уже за гратами. Хоч вона й
переконувала суддiв, що вводила смертельну iн’єкцiю хворим лише
на їхнє прохання, чи, наприклад, якщо хворий перебував у глибокiй
комi й життя його пiдтримувалося лише за допомогою апаратiв, на
прохання близьких родичiв.
Якщо розiбратися детальнiше, то поняття «евтаназiя» має дуже
глибоке коріння. Так, у Спартi вбивали немовлят, народжених
слабкими й хворими, у деяких первiсних племен був звичай убивати
старих людей, якi стали тягарем для iнших. На початку минулого
столiття юрист Бiндiнг i психiатр Гохе запропонували називати
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евтаназiєю знищення так званих «неповноцiнних» людей. Евтаназiя у
такiй iнтерпретацiї широко застосовувалася в гiтлерiвськiй
Нiмеччинi, де була спецiально розроблена програма масового
знищення людей з рiзними формами захворювань (психiчно хворих,
епiлептикiв, паралiзованих тощо). Все це робилося «в iнтересах
нацiї». Нинi питання про допустимiсть евтаназiї обговорюється в
багатьох країнах свiту, а в рядi країн евтаназiя визнана законною:
зокрема, у Нідерландах, в Австралiї, з деякими застереженнями у
Канаді. У нас же евтаназiю ранiше прийнято було згадувати як
явище, властиве виключно капiталiстичному суспiльству,
позбавленому елементарних принципiв моралi. Те, що подiбне може
бути у нас, сприймалося як абсурд. Не тому, напевно, що всi українцi
чи росiяни такi ревнi вiруючі i у всьому, зокрема в питаннi життя i
смертi, покладаються на Бога. Можливо, тут далося взнаки горезвiсне
українське терпiння? А може, не одному поколiнню втовкмаченi
незабутнi слова Павки Корчагiна, що «життя дається тiльки раз...» У
той же час багато вчених зі свiтовим iменем вважають, що є категорiї
людей, для яких є допустимим «убивство з милосердя».
Це i невилiковнi хворi, i хронiчно хворi з незворотними
вiковими змiнами, хворi з безнадiйно ушкодженим мозком та iншi.
Доцiльнiсть примусової евтаназiї обгрунтовується. Переважно це
стосується новонароджених з уродженою патологiєю i хворих
старечого вiку. Лауреат Нобелiвської премiї Ф. Крiк запропонував не
надавати медичну допомогу особам, старшим за 80. На пiдтримку
такої позицiї висуваються, як правило, тези про захист економiчних
iнтересiв держави й необхiдностi перерозподiлу медичних ресурсiв на
користь хворих, котрi мають бiльше шансiв на одужання. Адже
перебування у лiкарнi й пiдтримка життя пацiєнта з безнадiйним
ушкодженням мозку обходиться вiд 25 до 30 тисяч доларiв на рiк.
Невилiковний хворий, котрий перебуває в лiкарнi протягом року,
займає мiсце, яке могли б використати близько 20 хворих з термiном
лiкування по 2-3 тижнi.
До того ж, бiльшiсть сучасних молодих лiкарiв не вважають
самогубство смертним грiхом перед Богом або зовсiм не вiрять нi в
Бога, нi в загробне життя. Тож вони не бачать нiякого сенсу i в
продовженнi страждань хворого та його близьких.
Злиденне становище нашої медицини – важливий об’єктивний
фактор популярностi евтаназiї. Воно формує думку, що медично
дозволена смерть i припинення життя є достойнiшими за нестерпне

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споглядання того, як помирають безнадiйно хворi, котрим
суспiльство не в змозi допомогти. У той же час це сприятиме
поширенню в суспiльствi цинiзму, нiгiлiзму i моральної деградацiї в
цiлому, що є неминучим при вiдмовi вiд дотримання заповiдi «не
убий».

Grammar Focus
136. Read the story, find and define the Participles and
Participial Complexes.
Doctor Johnson having a great contempt for all members of the
theatrical profession, actors would never expect any kindness on his part.
Nevertheless he is said to have complimented Mrs. Siddons, the great
English actress, in his own particular way.
Some very important matters urging her to do it, Mrs. Siddons called
on her famous contemporary one day. But, as a guest was a rare thing in at
his place, Doctor Johnson could not immediately provide her with a chair.
‘You see, madam, wherever you go there are no seats to be got,’ said
the master of the house, the celebrated actress blushing with pleasure at the
unexpected homage of her talent.

137. Rewrite the sentences using Participles or Participial

Complexes.
1. As I had had a toothache for several days I decided to go to the
dentist.
2. The doctor put a little mirror inside my mouth and poked about for
a while.
3. When the doctor took my pulse and looked at my tongue, he
deduced that I was worn-out.
4. The girl, who is standing by the window, is a bit off-colour.
5. Because I had suffered from insomnia for a few months I was
mentally and physically exhausted.
6. After the doctor had deadened the pain, he started to pull out the
tooth.
7. The temperature was very high, so I called a doctor.
8. His arm was broken and he had to go on a sick leave.
9. Her health is improving rapidly and she will be all right soon.
10. When the prescription was written out I went to the chemist’s to
have it made.

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 11. The child was born severely brain-damaged and it was decided to
put an end to his suffering.
12. Joanna was shaking and looked unwell, so I asked her if she
needed help.

138. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

1. We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage _____ .
2. Today many people are turning ____ alternative treatment.
3. He suffered ____ insomnia for a few days.
4. She uses the treatment to cope ____ stress.
5. Indulging ____ the small pleasures ____ moderation can alleviate stress.
6. High enough blood pressure may put you ____ very real risk.
7. GPs need to be more alert ____ the danger of high blood pressure.
8. You should reduce your blood pressure ____ a safe level.
9. Cutting salt ____ a third reduces blood pressure.
10. We are up____ our ears ____ moral dogma.
11. A doctоr may find himself convicted ____ manslaughters.
12. Medics are scared ____ consequences.

139. Define the functions of the participle.

1. The patient was feeling mentally and physically exhausted.
2. Unemployed urban youths undertook intensive sport training.
3. Depression or guilt create stress hormones, producing cholesterol.
4. Those working at night shifts can suffer from Seasonal Affective
Disorders.
5. When poking about a patient’s mouth the dentist deduced that the upper
tooth had to be pulled out.
6. Judging by the analyses, you have suffered a heart attack.
7. If examined in time you’ll avoid complications.
8. Though striving officiously to preserve the patient’s life, the doctors
were not successful.
9. Many adolescents start smoking as if demonstrating maturity and
toughness.
10. Feeling a bit under the weather I had to stay at home that day.

 Aspirin is made from tree bark.

 Cigarettes were first manufactured by a
French state-owned tobacco factory in
1843.
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 An unpopular tool, dentist’s drill, was invented by George
Washington’s dentist in 1790.
 The first world transplant operation of vital organs was carried out
by the Ukrainian scientist I.I. Voronyi in 1943.
 The first heart transplant operation was carried out in the USSR by
the surgeon O. O. Vyshnevskyi in 1968.
 In 1918 – 19 a pandemic of influenza known as the Spanish Lady
swept the world and killed more people than had the First World
War.
 There are over 50 billion cells in every adult human being. Millions
of these die every second, and new cells quickly replace them.
Different types of cells last for different lengths of time – e.g. red
blood cells last an average of four months. But bone cells can last
for as long as thirty years.
 The brain has two halves or “hemispheres”. The left hemisphere
controls the right side of the body and is generally more powerful
than the right hemisphere. That is why 91% of people are right-
handed.
 The average human being produces over three litres of tears per
year. Elephants are the only other animals, apart from human
beings, which cry when they feel sad or unhappy.
 The total length of all the blood vessels (arteries, veins,
capillaries) in one body is 96,560 kilometres. That’s enough to go
around the world twice.
 A human heart beats roughly 100,000 times per day, sending
blood on its journey around the body. The average time it takes to
complete this journey is 45 seconds.
 “Mind reader” could put your dreams on a screen. A device that
can create pictures by reading the “mind’s eye” could soon be used
to produce images of what a person is dreaming about while they
sleep.
 Divorce has a lingering, detrimental impact on health that even
remariage cannot fully repair.
 Children who eat plenty of diary foods like milk and cheese can
expect to live longer.

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