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    8 views9 pages

    Adams Section 7.9

    Uploaded by

    tarik Benseddik

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9
    20, ‘The length of time T (in hours) between malfunctions of a ‘computer system is an exponentially distibuted random variable. I the average length of time between successive ‘malfunctions is 20 hours, find the probability that the syster having just had a malfunction corrected, will operate without ‘malfunetion for atleast 12 hours 21. The number X of metres of cable produced any day by a cable-making company is a normally distributed random, variable with mean 5,000 and standard deviation 200. On ‘what fraction of the days the company operates will the 2, SECTION 79: Firs-Onde Differential Equations 445 ‘number of metres of eable produced exceed 5,500? {A spinner is made witha scale from 0 to I. Over time it suffers from weat and tends to stick atthe number 1/4 Suppose it ticks at 1/4 half of the time and the rest ofthe time it gives values uniformly distributed in the interval [0,1], Whats the mean and standard deviation ofthe spinner’s values? (Note: the random variable giving the spinner’s value has a distribution that is partially diserete and partially continuous.) First-Order Differential Equations This final se jon on applications of integration concentrates on application of the indefinite integral rather than of the definite integral. We can use the techniques of integration developed in Chapters 5 and 6 to solve certain kinds of first-order differential ‘equations that arise in a variety of modelling situations. We have already seen some ‘examples of applications of differential equations to modelling growth and decay phenomena in Section 3.4, Separable Equations Cor der the logistic equation introduced in Section 3.4 to model the growth of an animal population with a limited food supply: 2 (1 where (0) is the size of the population at time 1, k is a positive constant related t0 the fertility of the population, and L. is the steady-state population size that can be sustained by the available food supply. This equation is an example of a class of first-order differential equations called separable equations because when they are written in terms of differentials, they can be separated with only the dependent variable ‘on one side of the equation and only the independent variable on the other. The logistic ‘equation can be written in the form _Ldy ya-y) kdt, and solved by integrating both sides. Expanding the left side in partial fractions and integrating, we get We We can solve this equation for y by taking exponentials of both sides: YL gsc y)Cret* ibe T+ Cie Cet 448 CHAPTER Applications of Inegeation where Ci =e Generally, separable equations are of the form SD = fisyds and integrating both sides. FRRMPTET. soe ecg Solution We rewrite the equation in the form ydy to get ‘dx and integrate both sides or y? — x? = C, where C = 2C; is an arbitrary constant, The solution curves are rectangular hyperbolas. (See Figure 7.62.) Their asymptotes y = x and y = —x are also solutions corresponding to C = 0. FFF? EXAMPLE 2 Solve the initial-value problem ay | dx y(l) =3. Solution Separating the differential equation gives © = x? dx. Thus, y 44 Cand C = —jh. Substituting this value into the above solution and solving for y, we obtain 3 aie yee Fue 7.63, The solution of 2 = 229? is satisfying y(1) =3 * ‘This solution is valid for x < (3)'"°. (See Figure 7.63.) a “EXAMPLE 3 Solve the integral equation y(x) = 3 + af roar f Solution Ditferentiting the integral equation with respect tox gives dy y ‘Thus In|y(x)| = x? + C, and solving for y, y(r) = Cie’. Putting x = 1 in the integral equation provides an inital value: y(1) = 3 +0 = 3,50 C; = 3/e and SECTION 7.9: Fit-OnderDiferental Equtons 447 EXAMPLE a” (A solution concentration problem) Initially a tank contains EXAMPLE 4 1000 L of brine with 50 kg of dissolved salt. Brine containing 10 g of salt per litre is flowing into the tank at a constant rate of 10.L/min, If the contents of the tank are kept thoroughly mixed at all times, and if the solution also flows out at 10 L/min, how much salt remains in the tank at the end of 40 min? Solution Let x(1) be the number of kilograms of salt in solution in the tank after ¢ min. Thus x(0) = 50, Salt is coming into the tank at a rate of 10 g/L. x 10 L/min = 100 g/min = 1/10 kg/min, At all times the tank contains 1,000 L of liquid, so the concentration of salt in the tank at time r is x/1,000 kg/L. Since the contents flow out at 10 L/min, salt is being removed ata rate of 10x/1,000 = x/100 kg/min. Therefore, £ w susin~ cast Wes 22 caein— aes a de de T= ~ 100 Integrating both sides of this equation, we obtain ~In]l0— x1 = 75 + Observe that x(1) # 10 for any finite ime 1 (since In isnot defined). Since x(0) = 50 > 10, it follows that x(1) > 10 forall ¢ > 0. (x(t) is necessarily continuous so it cannot take any value less than 10 without somewhere taking the value 10 by the Intermediate-Value Theorem.) Hence, we can drop the absolute value from the solution above and obtain ‘100 Since x(0) = 50, we have ~C = In40 and Inge — 10) c x = X(f) = 10-4 40071108 Afier 40 min there will be 10 + 40e~ = 36.8 kg of salt in the tank, —— EXAMPLE § (A rate of reaction problem) In a chemical reaction that goes to EXAMPLE 8 completion in solution, one molecule ofeach of two reactants, A and B, combine o form each molecule of the product C. According othe lw of mass action, the reaction proceeds trate proportional to the product ofthe concentrations of A and B in the solution. Thus, if there were initially present a molecules/em* of ‘A and b molecules/em? of B, then the number x(t) of molecules/em? of C present at time # thereafter is determined by the differential equation ax % <4@-n0-» We solve this equation by the technique of partial fraction decomposition under the assumption that b # a ax tt nk frets J aiemy tf emer Since 448 CHAPTER? Applications of loveration Figure 7.64 The parabolas y = Cix? and the ellipses x? + 2y? = Co intersect at right angles and since necessarily x < a and.x 0, Use both methods for comparison, ly EXAMPLE 7 Solve 2 450 CCHAPTERT _ApplicationsofInegration Solution Here, pix) = 1/x,s0 w(x) = METHOD 1. The ingegrating factor is e#(* n(E) pOxydx = Inx (for x > 0), = x. We calculate cl This is a solution of the given equation for any value of the constant C. » 0, has solution dy METHOD Il, The corresponding homogeneous equation, $+ K y = Ke-#*) = © Replacing the constant K with the function k(x) and substituting into the given differential equation we obtain 1 Lig 2 Hea) = OY + ROD eg so that k(x) = x and k(x) = + C, where Cis any constant, Therefore the same solution obtained by METHOD I. —— Remark Both methods rally amount to the same calculations expressed in different ways. Use whichever one you think is easiest to understand. The remaining examples in this section will be done by using integrating factors, but variation of parameters will prove useful later on (Section 17.6) to deal with nonhomogeneous liner differenti equations of second or higher order. = EXAMPLE 8 Sole + sy = Solution Here, pix) ?/2and et) = et /?, We calculate +80 u(x) enya free ta ver a areas Then dU =2xdx, V 7/2, arena f ea axe 26°? +, and, finally, y =x? = 24 Ce“? ee | Figure 7.65 An inductance-resistance SECTION 7.9: Firs-Onde Differential Equations 451 EXAMPLE Q (Aninductance-resistance cireut) Anclecticciruit Figure 7.65) EXAMPLE 8 contains a constant DC voltage source of V volts, switch, a resis tor of size R ohms, and an inductor of size L henrys. The circuit has no capacitance The switch, initially open so that no current is flowing, is losed at time = 0 50 that current begins to flow at that time. Ifthe inductance L were zero, the curent would suddenly jump from O amperes when 1 < O10 1 = V/R amperes when > 0 However. if L > 0 the current cannot change instantaneously it will depend on time 1, Letthe current seconds after the switch is closed be /(t) amperes. Itis knowin that 1 (0) satisfies the initial-value problem | Beerev a 1(0) =0. Find 1(1). What is lim-+2o 1(0)? How long does it take after the switch is closed for the current 0 rise o 90% of its limiting value? Rk Solution The DE, canbe writen in the form SE 4 Ihis linear and has integrating factor e!"”, where w(t) = 7M Therefore, 4 Riie, a (en't) op We Since 1(0) = 0, we have 0 = (V/R) +C,s0C = any time # > Ois V/R. Thus the current flowing at Its clear from this solution that limo I(t) = V/R; the steady state current is the current that would flow if the inductance were zero. 1(2) will be 90% of this limiting value when Re e* B — Re Bir) = (C+ DDC (e-* Ben) = i) = (C+ DY) and (C+ De" dr Let U Then dU Hence CHD Dem By = ~ b > Oin Example 5, find lit;-.se X(t). 26. Ib > @ > Oin Example 5, find lim, sce ¥(0), 27. Why isthe solution given in Example 5 not valid for a = b? Find the solution for the case a = b. 28, An object of mass m falling near the surface ofthe earth is retarded by air resistance proportional to its velocity so that, according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, dv Se = me ~ be Where v = v(t) is the velocity ofthe object at time f, and gis the acceleration of gravity near the surface ofthe earth, CCHAPTERREVIEW 453 ‘Assuming that the object falls from rest at time £ = O, that i, (0) = 0, find the velocity v(t) for any ¢ > 0 (up until the object strikes the ground). Show v(t) approaches a limit as 1 00, Do you need the explicit formula for v(t) to determine this limiting velocity? 29, Repeat Exercise 28 except assuming tha the air resistance is proportional to the square ofthe velocity so tha the equation ‘of mation is dv me = mek ame 30. Find the amount ina savings account after one year if the inital balance in the account was $1,000, i the interest is paid continuously into the account ata nominal rte of 10% per annum, compounded continuously, and if the account is being continuously depleted (by taxes, say) ata rate of| '¥2/1,000,000 dollars per year, where y = y(t) isthe balance in the account after # years. How large ean the account ‘grow? How long will it take the account to grow to half this balance? 31. Find the family of curves each of which hnyperbolas ry = C at right angles. 32, Repeat the solution concentration problem in Example 4, changing the rate of inflow of brine into the tank to 12 Limin but leaving all the other data as they were in that example. Note thatthe volume of liquid in the tank is no longer constant as time increases rerseets all ofthe assed Key Ideas + What do the following phrases mean? sod of revolution volume element the are length ofa curve the moment ofa point mass m about x = 0 the cee of mass ofa distribution of mass the centroid ofa plane region a first-order separable differential equation a firstonder linear differential equation + Let D be the plane region 0 < y < f(x),a

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