ifOPIC 3] aC Devices (HOKE COIL il is an electrical device used fo ; hake oN tat . f controlling tin an AC circuit without electrical 2 orn of heat. " @) To rede low Frequency alternating curren, choke ils wich laminated soft iron cores ile af choke cols, ‘ewe. These are To reduce high frequency alternating cu choke a coils with air cores are used. These are called of choke coils. resistance and all the flux in the core links secondary windings. Let be the flux in core at time ¢ due to current in the prima V, is applied to it. Then, the induced emf or voltage E,, in t N, turns is & E=-N,— . "de The alternating flux @ also induces an em! in the primary. This is ‘1.. oo cate mtn, net electing Telescope - evga tae oes Sow Reeingwlecape a inprreme on ‘Ss wll oe oe abject of ge per tht yee, neigh coming fom the objec But wo deal iy seh Fett poten in cms of ig and manga in rel The same bight image fs dst oeren Saved ying concve mir of lage per peso. a oe TY ric Ieeingtdecope consists of coneve minor of age ‘pend large foc length objec) come minor ‘ethene cnr miei Asal ce works a eyepiece the weeiglecope, fl fn fom + dan Se ae eee td feved by 2 refecing concave minor rather than a sfatig kes, One popular configuration of ior nd (BP cle the Nemonanreleing pe eco, Eisen dager Neron Parle beam of light coming fom the dant object Frhststhy ce pt iy ee inc M,, The plane ior M, inclined san eS edad denim, ter ye rnscene fon clon = eng, ae intr rela the beam and 2 rel image is in fone lope Theoepr scampi 30F td the a msgid ag ofthe dab canbe cheney te Advantages of Reflecting Telescope over Refracting Telescope For atomic wlacpe, he minor aflrds sere anna othe jie ka A mi eto rods withs dames anne op Souing age ad dc them we epics “The mir can be made pact reduce spheil steraon.Aberafon i hereucdbecae page trough one layer of plas (the objective lens) isliminated. | Topic PRACTICE 4| OBJECTIVE Type Questions |. Aram has refracive angle 60”. When aight "ay incident on 0", tben minimum deviation Isobained | isthe value of minimum ‘eyiaton? ow os, (ose (awe 2. ‘Ara oftigh passes through an equilateral ‘ram such tha, the angle of incidence sequal tothe angle of emergence andthe ater sequal 03/4 the angle of prism. The angle of deviation s os ow os ox 3. Arayoflight incident stan angleton a "efratng fae ofa prism emerges rom the ‘other face normally. the angle ofthe prisms ‘and the prismis made of a matril of refractive index, the angle of incidence is [NCERT Bxemplar ws os pe as 4, Thelmage formed by mn objective of « ‘compound microscope is (0) vital and dined () realanddiniihed (© relandenaged () tual and erage 5. Imorderto increase the angular magnification ‘ofa simple microscope, one should increase (9) the objet ae (the apertare ofthe ens (© the For lengh ofthe ens (@ the power ofthe ensote Spherical waretont oad A2 Reflection of plane wave by concave mirror DOPPLER'S EFFECT IN LIGHT According to this effect, whenever there ita relative motion berween @ source of light and observer, the apparent “uri It] fquney oe iid by abe ie from the Thea true frequency of light emicted from the source of Sa te en ctghts gt Aronrac call he ice in wvelegch dso ‘otha the same fequency asthe ncdent Doppler effect as redshift, since a wavelength in the middle egos Explain, why? of the visible region of spectrum moves cowards the red end "eit cals om ast deger medium, the ofthe peru, a Does the reduction in ppeed imply a When waves are received from a souice tentinds the ty, Mitton in the energy carid by the Ught wave? observer, there s an apparent decease in wavelength, this is 8 Relucton and eration ses through interaction of refered to as blue shift. ee eee Benson hana gc gen by fein wency af the external ageacy Cig) exasing AV Yess oscillations. 404 Where, eau Is the component of the source velocity along, the line Joining the oberver tothe mouce cae tthe observer. Yay is considered positive, when the source moves away from the observer. The above formula is valid fly when the speed ofthe nore it small compare to at ight. EXAMPIE 13) What cneed themida eles meme with: v € | Allgwone | PHYSICS Cina jy, 3, The direction of wavefront Of a wave with the weve! ‘(b) perpendicular o— {dyatan angle of ay diverging from # polnt OUrce ona + wavetront re sphericalthe central maximum for the single-sit Frounhoter siftrction pattern. 1 Ie ‘Sol. Tos good approximation, the recondary maxims lie ‘midway between the aro polata. Poem Figur. we ace thet this corresponds to 2 values of 2. $872,722. 5 A [einem 1 sags okay a 4 except 4[eceay =] seem ‘efit secondary maxi (ihe et adjacent othe ‘tral main) eaten of 5m that of the ‘oil maxis andthe net scemdary mains have ak inna ofa that othe entra anno, Difference in Diffraction Pattern at a Single Slit due to Monochromatic Light and White Light For monochromatic light the diffracion Inf alternate bright and disk bands of unequal widths. The ceniral bright fringe ‘has maximum imcensity and the ineensty of succeaive secondary maxima decreases rapidly, IF the source is of white light. the diffraction pate is coloured. The cenral maximus white bat oxhet bunds ae coloured . As band width =, therefore ned band wadth is ‘wider than the violet band width, Validity of Ray Optics/ Fresnel’s Distance ‘When slit orhol on asillominaed bys paral beam i Im eavelling 2 distance 2, site of bear is £2. / 4, za Soaking =*2e or at Now, dismoce ep tee reading of lghe due co diffsction is comfortable ups ‘te ardor mah peta 2 spreading duc to difsction js alo prominan. So, ‘image formation can be explained by may for dares te than = is called Fromel’s “decane EXAMPLE [5] For what distance is ray opticsa good approximation when the aperture is 3 mm wide and ‘wavelength is 500-nm? Sol. Here, 63mm =3%10% ‘wed 1 = 30000 = 5.30" Difference between Interference and Diffraction The inefeence parm hat a number of equally spucal Tvight and dark bands Whore of te Aifraction pair has «cru bright mannan which i tie a Wide atthe other maxima, Te ins lls a we goo succenive maim say fom the cen on ccer le (iy We" calulte the imercence pacers by siperposing vo waves originating fem the 66 samo ha. The difacton pacer a Seesion of 3 continu fn of we eiginting fom cach point on sng aie ip For «singe ac of wad the ul of he interference pttem cccsatan angle of hla Atte samme angle of Ma we pets maim (noe mal) OF ‘wo atfow st spared bya dicance Ore rr hth de st ‘resin Young's doubles espertneerd and # Wri ofeach hve to be que sl noel «© obser good interference and ‘die pPauerns rpectively cy dana be th ode millimere ox so and must be even smaller ofthe ‘onder of 0.1 of 0.2 mm.| tatensiyi) x Mh Oh 2-2 Ch KR BR Path difference (d sin 6) The point C corresponds to the position of central maxima. And the position -3A,-2A,—A,2,22,32... are secondary mninima. The above conditions for diffraction maxima and minima are exactly reverse of mathematical conditions for imerference maxima and minima. Width of Central Maximum | tris the distance berween first secondary minimus on of the slit. Sol Here, a=4cm =4 he2em = | :. Angular spread o! EXAMPLE [3|» Angul the Fraunhoffer, diffractit The slit is. illuminated | When the slit is illu wavelength, then the a1 Calculate the wavelength in the angular width of ce the original apparatus is on Fen ebicen inday af tha li,ose 08 tribution of Intensity ; sribution of intensity in Young’ a the sat * shown below oung’s double slit | ~Dh- 32 -h -W2 M2 BW 2,-Panaterence -hg To) yo is called Curie’s concame 7 O118.3 Evectromacnetic Waves 8.3.1 Sources of electromagnetic waves How are electromagnetic waves produced? Neither stationary charges nor charges in uniform motion (steady currents) can be sources of electromagnetic waves. The former produces only electrostatie lds, while the latter produces magnetic fields that, however, do not vary with time. is an important result of Maxwell's theory that accelerated charges radiate electromagnetic waves, The proof of this basic result is beyond the scope of this book, but we can accept it on the basis of rough, ‘qualitative reasoning, Consider a charge oscillating with some frequency. (An oscillating charge is an example of accelerating charge.) This produces an oseilating electri eld in space. which produces an esclating ‘magnetic fed, which in turn, is a source of oscillating electric field. and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic felds thus regenerate each other, so to speak, as the wave propagates through the space, ‘The frequency of the electromagnetic wave naturally equals the frequency of oscillation of the charge. The energy associated with the propagating wave comes atthe expense ofthe energy of the source ~ the [Accelerated charge, From the preceding discussion, it might appear easy to test the prediction that ligt is an electromagnetic wave. We might think that all ‘we needed to do was to set up an ac circu in which the current oscillate the frequency of visible light, say, yellow light. But, alas. that Is not possible, The frequency of yellow light is about 6 x 10" Hz, while the frequency that we get even with moder electron circus ts hardly about 10" Fz, This is why the experimental demonstration of electromagnetic ‘wave had to come inthe low frequency region (the radio wave region), as In the Hertz’s experiment (1887), Hertz's successful experimental test of Maxwell's theory created a sensation and sparked off other important works in this field. Two lmportant achievements n this connection deserve mention. Seven years after Hertz, Jagdish Chandra Bose. working at Calcutta (now Kolkata), 278 Electromagnetic Waves succeeded in producing and observing electromagnetic waves of much shorter wavelength (25 mm to 5 mn). is experiment, lke that of Hertz’, was confined to the ‘Ataround the same time, Guglielmo Marcont tn Italy followed Hert’s work and succeeded in transmitting, rm electromagnetic waves over distances of many kilometres. ‘Marcont's experiment marks the beginning ofthe feld of ‘Sustenasaceadietiaiagjelecivtemimgpettic wantic.