ADVANCE R.C.C. DESIGN (R.C.C. Volume-ll) mS acme etal eeu! - 10119024 "U NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERSADVANCE R.C.C. DESIGN (R.C.C. Volume-Il) (SECOND EDITION) S.S. BHAVIKATTI Principal Vijaynagar Engineering College, Bellary (Formerly, Professor and Dean at S.D.M. College of Engineering & Technology Dharwad and NITK Surathkal) Karnataka (A) Pumusiaia Fon ome wom NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS. Visit os at wars newagepublishers.comCopyright © 2008, 2006, New Age International (P) Lid., Publishers Published hy New Age [nteratighdl (P} Lid., Publishers First Editian: 2006 ° (OU Oly Second Edition; 2008 Reprint: 2609 All fights: reserved No part af this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any infdrmiation-retrievil system, electronic or mechanicall, without the written permission of the copyright awner, Branches: + 36. 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Typeset a Subham Graphics, Delhi PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLO ‘ NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-1 10002 Visit us ar www.newazep ubli lishers.com,PREFACE Burecas of Indian Standard is publishing code of practice for designing the plain and reinforced concrete as IS-456, The third revision of this code was brought out in the year 1978 to incorporate limit state method approach, To incorporate rapid developments in concrete technology and also the experience gained, 1-456 was revised in the year 2000, One of the purposes of revision was to incorporate disability requirement of concrete, Minimum requirement af concrete to be used in R.C.C works has been specified as M 20 instead of M 15 as in the earlier version of code. The formula for estimating modulus of elasticity of concrete has been changed, Apart from these, there are many minor changes, besides including chapters on ‘Design of R.C. Slab Culverts” and “Introduction to Prestressed Concrete” ‘The author felt that there is a need to write a book to facilitate students and Faculty of Civil Engineering in learning/teaching the fundamental course in civil engineering on desivn of reinforced conerete structures according to the revised code IS 456:2000. In the year 2005, the author brought out the first volume of R.C.C. design titled “Design of R.C.C. Structural Elements”. In continuation of that effort, this book R.C.C. Voll titled “Advance R.C.C. Design” is brought out. The attempt has been made to make the book student-friendly by solving 4 good mumber of prob- Jems systematically and by giving details of reinforcement. The author invites the sugwestions from the users to further improve the book, The prompt and the neat work done by the publisher at acknowledged, AuthorPreface Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. CONTENTS Flat Slabs LL Introduction 1.2 Proportioning of Flat Slabs 13. Determination of Bending Moment and Shear Force 14 The Direct Design Method 15 Equivalent Frame Method 16 Slab Reinforcement Design Or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 21 Intreduetion Circular Slabs Design of Semicireular Slabs 4 Design of Slabs of Odd Shaped 25. Des 20 of Slabs with Openings Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Assumptions 33. Churacteristic Features of Yield Lines 34 Sign Conventions For Vield Lines and Supports 3.5 Yield Line Patterns 36 Moment Capacity Acrossa Yield Line 3.7 Ultimate Load on Slabs 38 Analysis by Virtual Work Method Method, 39 Yield Line Analysis by Equilibriun 3.10 Design of Slabs Using Yield Line Theory Continuous Beams 41 Introduction 42 Effective Span 43 Stiffness, 44 Critical Sections 45. Loading PatternContents 46 Moment Redistribution 47 Bending Moment Envelop 48 ‘Theoretical Values of Desig Moments, 49 Practical Values of Design Moments and Shear Force 4.10 Bending Moment and Shear Force Coefficients Chapter 5. Design of Grid Floors SA Introduction 52. Size of Beams and Topping @t totroctuceion 6.2 Analysis of Portal Frames Chapter 7, Building Frames 7.1 Introduction 12 Effective Span 73 Stiffness. 74 Loads 75° Analysis 7.6 Moment Redistribution 1 78 RC. Deiails Chapter 8. Conerete Corbels 8.1 Introduction 82 Load Transfer Critical Sections 83 Intial Dimensioning, 8A Analysis 85. Design Chapter 9, Combined Footings 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of Combined Footings 93 Design of Rectangular Slab Type Footing 94 Design of Trapezoidal Slab Footing 95 De 96 Design of Strap Footing n of Beam and Slab Footing 97 Design of Strip Footing 98 Desipn of Ma/Raft FoundationChapter 10. Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Chapter 13. Chapter 14. Retaining Walls 10.1 Introduction 102 Types of Retaining Walls 103° Earth Pressures 104 Stability of Retaining Wall 105. Depth of Foundation 106 Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall 107 Design of Counterfort Retaining Walls Bunkers and Silos 1L1 Introduction 112 Design of Rectangular Bunkers ILA. Design of Circular Bunker ILS. Design of Silos cl 12.1 Introduction 122. Design Factors imneys. 123. Stresses duc to Self-Weight and Wind Load 124 Stress In Horizontal Reinforcement 125. ‘Temperature Stresses 126 Combined Effect of Self-W. 127 ‘Temperature Stresses In Hoop (Horizontal) Reinforcement ight, Wind Load and Temperature Water Tanks 131 Introduction B2 Design Requirement 133. Methods of Analysis 134 Design of Circular Tanks Resting on Ground 135 Design Constants 136 Rectangular Tanks Resting on Ground 137 Underground Tanks 138 Overhead Water Tanks 139. Rectangular Over Head Water Tanks 13.10 Circular Over Head Water Tanks 13.11 In Tank 1 Shells and Folded Plate Roofs 14.1 Intreduction 2 Design of Towers Supporting Circular and fntz Tanks Contents ix 180 180 190 181 is 185 185 192 204 204 205 215 219 234 Bin) 235 235 2B x0‘Chapter 15, Chapter 16. 142. Types of Shell Roofs 143. Advantages and Disadvantages of Shell Roofs 144 Folded Plate Roofs 145 Behaviour of Folded Plate Roofs 146 Behaviour of Shells 147 Lundgreen’s Beam Theory for Long Shells 148 Design Criteria For Cylindrical Shell Roofs Design of R.C. Slab Culverts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Loads and Forces 153 Analysis and Design 154 Design Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 16.1 Introduction 162 Use of High Strength Concrete and High Tensile Strength 163. Advantages of P.S.C, over RCC. 164 Disadvantages of P.S.C. over RCC. 165 Methods of Prestressing 166 Losses of Prestress 167 Total Losses of Pre-Stress 168. Analysis of Simple Pre-Stressed Rectangular and T-Sections 308 325 con 38 3% 331 342 aan 43 350 358 358, 359 309 30) 300 Bot 32 3161 Cuapter Flat Slabs 1.4 INTRODUCTION Common practice of design and construction is to support the slabs by beams and support the beams by columns, This may be called as beam-slab construction, The beams reduce the available net clear ceiling height. lence in warehouses, offices and public halls some times beams are avoided and slabs are directly supported by columns. This types of construction is aesthetically appealing also, These slabs which are directly supported by columns are called Flat Slabs. Fig. 1.1 shows atypical flat slab. a ! { /— Critical seetion for shear Fig. 1.1 A pical flat stab (ooithout drop and colwmn head) ‘The column head is some times widened so as to reduce the punching shear in the slab, The widened portions are called column heads. The column heads may be provided with any angle from the consideration of architecture but for the design, conerete in the portion at 45° on either side of vertical anly is considered as effective for the desiga [Ref. Fig. 1.2] Critical section for shear \Z 3 Conerete in this area is neglected for calculation Fig. 1.2 Stab without drop and column with columa head2 Advanced R.C.C, Design column, Hence the slab is thickened near the columns by ed as capital of the column Moments in the slabs are more near the providing the drops as shown in Fig, 1.3. Sometimes the drops are Thus we have the following types of flat slabs: 4 4 moi aa Cita encion for shear Grilical section 74 for shear Fig. 1.3 Stab with drop and column without column head (0 Slabs withont drop and column head (Fig, 1.1 (i) Slabs without drop and column with column head (Fig, 1.2). (ii) Slabs with drop and column without column head (Fig. 1.3) Civ) Slabs with drop and column head as shown in Fig, 1.4 Critical section—>} for shear Fig. 14 Slab with drop and column unth column head The portion of flat slab that is bound on each of its four sides by centre lines of adjacent columns is called.a panel. The panel shown in Fig, 1.5 has size L, x L>. A panel may be divided into column strips and middle strips. Column Strip means a design strip having a width of 0.25L, ot 0.2513, whichever is less, The remaining middle portion which is hound by the column strips is called middie sirip. Fig. 1.5 shows the division of flat slab panel into column and middle strips ii the direction yFlat Stabs_3 r byg ——+ + bins ——} | C of panel 4} 1 Gof panel 8 | = | ee Pa = a \ ' ! \ \ \ \ \ \ ' \ Hl \ \ i ' \ \ Y, t 1 Ist cotumnlsiip |Maste MP fe ox 4 e L put Hyp cbt wt bute Fig. 1.5 Panels, caluinn strips and middle strips is y-direction 2 PROPORTIONING OF FLAT SLABS 456-2000 [Clause 31.2] gives the following guidelines for proportioning 2.1 Drops The drops when provided shall be rectangular in plan, and have a length in each direction not less than one third of the panel in that direction, For exterior panels, the width of drops at right angles to the non continuous edge and measured from the centre-line of the columns shall be equal to one half of the width of drop for interior panels 1.2.2 Column Heads Where column heads are provided, that portion of the column head which lies within the largest right circular cone or pyramid entirely within the outlines of the column and the column head. shall be considered for design purpose as shown in Figs, 1.2 and 14 4.2.3. Thickness of Flat Slab From the consideration of deflection control 1S 456-2000 specifies minimum thickness in terms of span to effective depth ratio, For this purpose larger span is to be considered. If drop as specified in 1.211 is provided, then the maximum value of ratio of larger span to thickness shall be 40, if mild steel is used = 32, if Fe 415 or Fe 500 steel is used If drops are not provided or size of drops do not satisfy the specification 1.2.1, then the ratio shall not exceed 0.9 times the value specified above i.e. = 40 x 0.9 = 36, if mild steel is us 32 x 0.9 = 28.8, if HYSD bars Ic is also specified that in no ease, the thickness of flat slab shall be less than 1 mm4 Advanced R.C.C. Design _ 1.3 DETERMINATION OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE For this [8 456-2000 permits use of any one of the following two methods; (a) The Direct Design Method (b) The Equivalent Frame Method 1.4 THE DIRECT DESIGN METHOD This method has the limitation that it can be used only if the following conditions are fulfilled: (a) There shall be minimum of three continuous spans in each directions {&) The panels shall be rectangular and the ratio of the longer span to the shorter span within a panel shall not be greater than 2. (c) The successive span length in each direction shall not differ by more than one-third of longer span. {d) The design live load shall not exceed three times the design dead load (ec) The end span must be shorter but not greater than the interior span, (A) It shall be permissible to offset columns a maximum of 10 percent of the span in the direction of the offset not withstanding the provision in «»), Total Design Moment ‘The absolute sum of the positive and negative moment ine: h direction is given by WL, My 8 Where. My = Total moment W = Design load on the area Ly x L,, L, = Clear span extending from face to face of columns, capitals, brackets or walls but not less than 0.65 Ly 1, = Length of span in the direction of My; and 1, = Length of span transverse to L, In taking the values of Ly, Ly and (a) » the following clauses are to be carefully noted ular supports shall he treated ax square supports having the same area ie., squares of size 0.886D, (b) When the wansw se span of the panel on either side of the centre line of support varies, L shall (Loa + Lon) 2 (c) When the span adjacent and parallel to an edge is being considered, the distance from the edge to the centre-tine of the panel shall be substituted for L, be taken as the average of the transverse spans. In Fig. 1.5 it is given by Distribution of Bending Moment in to -ve and +ve Moments The total design moment My in a pane! is to be distributed into —ve moment and +ve moment as specified below:Plat Slabs_5 In an interior span Negative Design Moment 0.65 My, Positive Design Moment 0.35 Mo In an end span Interior negative design moment Positive design moment where 0, is the ratio of flexural stiffness at the exterior columns to the flexural stifiness of the stab at ‘joint taken in the direction moments are being determined and is given by Sum of the flexural stiffness of the columns meeting at the joint; and K, = Flexural stiffness of the slab, expressed as moment per unit rotation Distribution of Bending Moments Across the Panel Width The +ve and =ve moments found are to be distributed across the:-column strip in a panel as shown in Table 1.1. The moment in the middle strip shall be the difference between panel and the column strip moments. Table 1.1 Distribution of Moments Across the Panel Width in a Column Strip Distributed Moment Per cent of Total Moment Negative BM at the extenor support “100 Negative BM at the interior support " 7 Positive bending, moment [ o6 Advanced R.C.C. Design Moments in Columns In this type of constructions column moments are to be modified as suggested in 1S 456-2000 [Clause No, 31.4.5]. Shear Force d ‘The critical section for shear shall be at a distance — Irom the periphery of the column/capital drop s are provided there are two critica sections near columns, These critical sections are shown in Figs. 1.1 to 1.4, The shape of the critical section in plan is similar to the support immediately below the slab as shown in Fig. 1.6. yaaa (EE ¢ Support f section Support section column column head > 12 or ) Fig. 1.6 indicated in Fig, 1.7, For colueins sections with re-entrant angles, the critical section shall he taken as Critical ‘Support Sorpot section, ___/section am aie Sen section Fig. 1.7 In case of columns near the free edge of a slab, the critical section shall be taken as shown in Fig. 1.8. Free ae Free Comer column () (6) Fig: Critical sectionFlat Slabs_7 The nominal shear stress may be calculated as where Vis shear force due to design hy — is the periphery of the critical section dis the effective depth ‘The permissible shear stress in concrete may be calculated as k, t,, where k, = 0.5 + fi, but not greater than 1. where (}, is the ratio of short side to long side of the columnéeapital, and 1, = 025) fa If shear stress 1, < 1, —no shear reinforcement are required. If t, <1, < 1.5 1, shear reinforcement shall be provided. If shear stre: s exceeds 1.5 1, flat slab shall be redesigned. 1.5 EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD 18456-2000 recommends the analysis of Mat slab and column structure as a rigid frame to get design moment and shear forces with the following sumptions: (a) Beam portion of frame is taken as equivalent to the moment of inertia of flat slab bounded laterally by centre line of the panel on each side of the centre Tine of the column. Inf adjacent and paralle! to.an edge beam portion shill be equal to flat slab bounded by the edge and the centre line of the adjacent panel (b) Moment of inertia of the members of the frame may be taken as that of the gross section of the conerete alon (c) Variation of moment of inertia along the axis of the slab on account of provision of drops shall be taken into account, In the case of recessed or coffered slab which is made solid in the region of the columns, the stiffening effect may be ignored provided the solid part of the slab does not extend more than Q.15 /,, into the span measured from the ventre line of the columns. The stiffening effect of flared columns heads 1 (a) Analysis of frame may be carried out with substitute fre method like moment distribution ar matrix method, nes ay be ignored xe method or any other accepted Loading Pattern When the live load does not exceed 34th of dead load, the maximum moments may be assumed to occur at all sections when full design live load is on the entire slab. If live load exceeds 34th dead load analysis is to be carried out for the folloy 1 of loading also: ing patte () To get maximum moment new mid span —¥th of live load on the panel and full live load on altern Gi) To get maximum moment in the slab near the support — ¥ath of live load is on the adjacent panel only It is to be carefully noted that in no case design moment shall be taken to be less than those occurring with full design live load on all panels. The moments determined in the beam of frame (flat slab) may be reduced in such proportion that the numerical sum of positive and average negative moments is not less than the value of total design te panel8 Advanced ROC. Design se Whe. The distribution of slab moments into column strips and middle strips is to be moment My = made in the Same manner as specified in direet design method 1.6 SLAB REINFORCEMENT Spacing The spacing of bars in a flat slab, shall not exceed 2 times the slab thickness. Area of Reinforcement When the drop panels are used, the thickness of drop panel for determining area of reinforcement shall be the lesser of the following: (a) Thickness of drop, and (b) Thickness of slab plus one quarter the distance between edge of drop and edge of capital The minimum percentage of the reinforcement is same as that in solid slab i.e., 0.12 percent if HYSD bars used and 0.15 percent, if mild steel is used. Minimum Length of Reinforcement At least 50 percent of bottom bars should be from support to support, The rest may be bent up. The minimum length of different reinforcement in flat slabs should be as shown in Fig. 1.9 (Fig. 16 in IS 456~ 2000). IF adjacent spans ure nat equal, the extension of the -ve reinforcement beyond each face shall be based on the longer span. All slab reinforcement should be anchored property at discontinuous edges. Example 1.4: Design an interior panet of a flat slab of size 3 m X 5m without providing drop and column head. Size of columns is 500 x 500 mm and live load on she panel is 4 KN/m’. Take floor finishing load as I kN/m?, Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, Solution: Thickness Since drop is not provided and HYSD bars are used span to thickness ratio shall not exceed 09x32 288 » Minimum thickness required Span _ 5000 —— = 173.6 mm 288 288 Let d=175 mm and D=200 mm Loads Self weight of slab = 0.20 x25 = 5 kNfm? Finishing load = 1 kN/m? Live load =4kNim? “Total working load 10 KN/m Pactored toad = 15 X10=15 kN/m?Flat Stabs 9 z alee] O| Minimum 2] $8] &] percentage | witout OROP PANEL WITH DROP PANEL 5] BS] S] of sect 9] atsection « [a) feg-ei edt ei ee} B | FY] remainder | GFE Bere Bd 4 \3 75 mm ma [28 BAR DIAGR al |e| 9 |_ 7S mmm mae" §00-mm min. AL 8 15 EL "8a mm a emainder r © at 160 mmo 125iTax ee S t Gee Hf ga). 13)” act DROP = et : Remainder | [Po a ee. ofp 9 Boa a {2 50 0.154 max 2IBAR DIA E 7 jdomm 8 Remainder | LH sa mm SIE ea EDGE « [S| a0 [Blac eel BRob Y g |r is esi £ | s [z j_ Eon i.f8 (2 50 Hh ala |e f—_Atsiman a 8 Remainder | 180mm 160 mmf 3 Eesha : c 50 Fe sabe HC ele = (ALL BARS) (ALL BARS) 5 Remainder € fz = iw —— a @ 50. Tomm rtf i 150mm | | Remainder TSammax—fii- 7mm max. TH B _ a 4 Eateron fl Clear span, Jf —Clear sp - i suppor Face of supp0tt “LN. ce of suppor interior support FUL interior support INO SLAB CONTINUITY] INO SLAB CONTINUITY] [NO SLAB CONTINUITY] Bar Length From Face of Support i Minimum Lengih ” Maximum Length | Mark a b ¢ | a e t 9 Length ais] 020, [ 022, | oso, | 9.991, | 020] 0241, * Bont bars at exterior supports may ba used if a general analysis is made, Note. Dis the diameter of the column and the dimension ef the rectangular column in the direction under consideration Fig. 1,9 Miteimenm bend joint locations cred extenseons far reinforcement in flat slabs40 Advanced R.C.C. Design : L,=5-05=4.5m ‘otal design load ina panel W = 15 LL, =15 x5 <4. Moments Panel Moment M, = 18984 kNm Panel —ve moment = 0.65 x 189.84 = 123.40 kNm Panel +ve moment = 0.35 x 189.84 = 0,35 * 189.84 = 66.44 kNm Distribution of moment into column strips and middle strip: Column Strip in kN Middte Strip in kNm ve moment 0.75% 123.40 = 92.55 30.85 ve moment (0.60% 66.44 = 39.86 2658 Checking the thickness selected! Since Fe 415 stel is used, My tim = 0.138 fy bd? Width of column strip = 0.5 % 5000 = 2500 mm My jig = 0.138 x 20 2500 x 175? = 211 1.3125 kNm Hence singly reinforced section can be designed ‘.¢., thickness provided is satisfactory from the consideration of bending moment 25 x 10 Nam Check for Shear The critical section for shear is at a distance e fram the column face, Hence periphery of critical 00 + 4 500 + LTS 675 mm section around a column is square of a size Shear to be resisted by the critical section V=ISXS x 5-15 x 0.675 x 0.675 368.166 kN 36816521000 0.779 Nim? 4x675x 175 1+, subject to maximum of 1. fett=2=1 Ly 5 kel = O25 fa =0.25¥20 = 1.118 Nimm? safe in shear since 1, <1,Flat Slabs 11 Reinforcement For —ve moment in column strip: M, = 92.55 kNm Aa f bd fx .87 X415 XA, x rsh - 92.55 x 10° = O87f, Ay, i 2500x175” 20 | a 210843, ie 1464.78 = A,[1- ie, Age — 21084.3A,, + 1464.78 x 21084.3 = 0 Ay = 1583.74 mm? This is to be provided in a column strip of width 2500 mm. Hence using 12 mm bars, spacing required is given by f snes io! =o.e7wursiwasQu75) 1 pet 2 [2500x175 20 630.6 = A,[1-—Ae Lo 210843 or A,2 = 21084.3 A,, + 630.86 x 21084.3 = 0 A, = 651 mm? Using 10 mm bars, spacing required is nia x 10° 651 x 2500 = 301.6 mm <2 x thickness of stab Hence provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/c. Provide 10 mm diameter bars at 300 mm efe in the middle strip to take up —ve and +ve moments, Since span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in other direction also.412 Advanced RCC. Design _ Reinforcement Details [is as shown in Fig. 1.10 Column Strip | Middle Strip 2-175 a, Column strip, Sign convention =---— Top reinforcement |—— Bottom reinforcement +—s000—+]-— so00—|«—so00—o| 12-175 cle 200 ae —— een ana | 500 | Section through columa stip —10 -900 fe “So 300 } ! section through middle strip | Fig. 1.10 Reinforcement details [adl dimension in mma anits) Example 1.2: Design an interior panet of a flat stab with panel size 6 6m supported by columns of size S00 500 mm. Provide suitable drop, Take live ioad as 4k. Nim®, Use M20 concrete and Fe 445 steel Solution : Thickness : Since Fe 415 steel is used and drop is provided, maximum span to thickness ratio permitted is 32 . Thickness of flat slab = ae = 187.5 mm Provide 190 mim thickness, Let the cover be 30 mm Overall thickness D = 220 mm Let the drop be 50 mm, Hence at column head, d = 240 mm and D = 270 mmFlat Stabs 13 Size of Drop IL should not be less than ix 6m=2m Let us provide 3 m x 3 m drop so that the width of drop is equal to that of column head. Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm. Loads For the purpose of design let us take self-weight as that due to thickness at column strip Self-weight = 0.27 «1x 1 x 25 =6.75 KN/m? Finishing load Live lead Total load 200 KN/tn? = 4.00 kN/m? 11.75 ki +. Design (factored) load = 1.5 x 11.75 = 17.625 kN/m* L,=6-05=55m Wo= WX La X Ly = 17.625 X6 x55 = 581.625 kN Clear span Design load Design Total Moment Total moment My = ‘Total negative moment ‘Total positive moment WoL, _ 581625 x55 “ee & = 0.65 = 400 = 260 kNm = 0.35 x 400 = 140 kNm = 400 kNm. The above moments are 10 be distributed into column strip and middle strip ve moment Columa Strip 195, kNo 0.75 x 26 Mute Sip 0.25% 200= 65 kNm tye moment ‘Width of column strip Matin Thus My jin > M Check for Shear 0.6% 140= 84 kNm = width of middle strip The critical section is at a distance 0.4% 140= 56 kNmv 3000 mm = 0.138 fig & a = 0.138 x 20 x 3000 x 2407 = 476.928 x 10° Nem = 476,928 kNm Hence thickness selected is sufficient14 Advanced R.C.C. Design —_ d _ 240 2 =O 190 ean from the face of columa It is a square of size 500 +240 = 740 mm V = Total load = load on 0.740 x.0.740 area = 17,625 X 6X 6 ~ 17.625 x 0.740 x 0.740 = 624.849 kN 624.489 x 1000 _ 9 g40) N/mm? 4x 740 x 240 ~. Nominal shear = Shear strength tae + B, subject ta maximum of | where ky where, ).25V20 = 1.118 Nimm? Design shear stress permitied = 1.118 Nimm? >t, 120+ ——00—>| 120 Hence the slab is safe in shear without shear reinforcement also. d Shear strength may be checked at distance 5 from drop. It is quite safe since drop size is large. Reinforcement (a) For—ve moment in column strip M, = 195 kNm Thickness d= 240 mm : M, = 0.87 f, Ay dj 1— xh bed fe 0.87 x 415 * A, x 240 [ 195 <1 415 eae 3000 x 240” 20 2250.38 = A 1- Aa ] 34698.8. A, 7 34608.8 Ay, + 2250.38 x 34698.8 = 0 A..= 2419 mm* in 3000 mm widthUsing 12 mm bars, spacing required is ib, 5 = MAXD 3000 = 140.26 mm 219 Provide 12 mm bars at 140 mm cfc (b) For +e moment in column strip M, = 84 KNm = 84 x 10° Nmm. Thickness d = 190 mm A 415 84 x 10° = 0,87 x 418 x A, x 190 | | -——¥—_e DOs eee [ 3000 240 | 1224.5 = Ay [: - =t5 | y= 1285 mm? Using 10 mm bars — x 2000 = 183 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 180 mm cle (c) For ve moment in middle strip: M,=65 kNm; Thickness = 190 min A ats 3000 x 190. 20, 65 x 10° = 0.87 X 415 x Ay x sso ars =A = sl 7469.9 Al ~27469.9 A,, + 947.5 x 27469.9 = 0 A,,= 983 mm? in 3000 mm width Using 10 mm bars RIA %10" 3090 = 239.7 mm 983 m cfc Provide 10 mm bars at 230 (@) For +ve moment in middle strip M,=56kNm; — Thickness = 190 mm Provide 10 mm bars at 230 mm o/c in this portion also. Since span is same in both direction, provide similar rei of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 1.11 Flat Slabs 16 forcement in both directions. The details16 Advanced R.C.C. Design. cotuen sip catunn stn Sra | iain | Colne © 140 cle 1 I $ : as a — tbe 6 ' 3 i fo00 24 T+ i é u 8000 [600+] ean = = — oie I hf Gover - 30 15001 15001 Section through column strip 410 — 280 cle A Peo 240, Kool Fig. 1.11 Reinforcement details Example 1.3: Design the interior panel of the flat slab in example 1.2. providing a suitable column head, if columns are of 500 mm diameter Solution: Let the diameter of column head be ).25L 25 x6=15m I's equivalent square has side ‘a’ where Zeist =a? 4 a= 133m L,=6~ 1.33 =4.67 m Wo = 17.625 x 6 x 4.67 = 493.85 KN 49385467 _ 299.3 NmFlat Slabs 17 fi Total —ve moment = 0.65 x 288.3 = 187.4 kNm Total 4ve moment = 0.35 x 288.3 = 100.9 kNm ‘The distribution of above moment into column strip and middle strips are as given below Middle Serip Column Strip ve moment 0.75» 187.4 = 140,55 kNm 0.25% 187.4= 46.85kNm 0.4% 100.9 = 40.36kNm | 4ve moment 0,60 100.9 = 60.54kNm Width of column strip = width of middle strip = 3000 mm Mytim = 0-138 fog bd? = 0.138 x 20 x 3000 x 2407 = 476.928 x 10° Nmm > M, Hence thickness selected is sufficient Check for Shear The critical section is at a distance d Diameter of critical section = 1500 + 240 =1740 mm = 1.740 m Perimeter of critieal section = x D H \ = 1.740 8 i 1500—+}120 Shear on this section Ve rsa ox6-F 178" = 592.59 kN 592.59 x L000 = 2 = 0.45 Nim? mx 1740 «240 Maximum shear permitted = k, x 0.2520 = 1.118 N/mm? — Since k, works out to be | Since maximum shear permitted in concrete is more than nominal shear ty there is no need to provide shear reinforcement Design of Reinforcement (a) For—ve moment in column strip M,,= 140.55 kNm; d= 240 mm A 140.55 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x Ay x 240) | - ——*__ 3000 x 240 A 1622 = A,|1- —+ | canal18 Advanced R.C.C. Design A? ~ 34698.8 A,, + 1622 x 34698.8 =0 Ay = 1705 mm? Using 12 mm bars, _ 1/4 x 127 1705 Provide 12 mm bars at 190 mm e/e. 3000 = 199 mm (5) For the +ve moment in column strip M,=60.54kNm; d= 190 mm A Ey 60.54 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x A,,x 190 |1-—Au __ nue a [ 3000 x 190 =| 8251 = ay] sl 274699 Ay; ~ 27469.9 A,, + 882.51 x 27469.9 =0 Ay = 913 mm? Using 10 mm bars m4 x10? — 3000 = 258 mm 913 Provide 10 mm bars at 250 mm cle. (©) For=ve moment in middle strip: M,=46.85kNm; d= 190mm A a 415 «a> 3000 x 190” 20 46.85 10" 087 415 «A, «190 683 = aft - ms 27469.9, Ajj — 27469.9A,, + 683 x 27469.9 = 0 A,,= 701 mm? Using 10 mm nd x10? — 3000 = 336 mm 701 Provide 10mm bars at 300 mm cfe. (a) Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm efc for +ve moment in middle strip also As span is same in both directions, provide similar reinforcement in both directions. Reinforcement detail may be shown as was done in previous problem Example 1.4: A flar stab sysiem consists of 5 m x6 m panels and is without drop and column head, dthas to carry a live toad of 4 kN/a? and a finishing load of 1 kN/m*. It is to be designed using M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 steet, The size of the columns supporting the system is 500 x 500 mm and floor to floor height is 4.5 m, Calculate design moments in interior and exterior panels at column and ‘middle strips in both directions.Flat Slabs 19 Solution: ‘Thickness: Since Fe 415 steel is w more than 32 x 0.9 = 28.8 and no drops are provided, longer span to depth ratio is not 6000 = = 208 288 d Let us select d= 210 mm and D = 240 mm Loads Self weight 0.24 1 x Lx 25 Finishing weight Live load. Total Ww, Panel Dimensions Along length m and L)=5m Widih of column strip 25 L, or Ly whichever is less. 25 x + Total width of column strip = 1.25 x2 1.25 m on either side of column centre line 25m Width of middle strip =5 - 2.5 = 2.5 m Along Width =6m Width of column strip 1.25 m on either side {Total width of column strip =2.5 m Hence, width of middle sip =6~ 2.5 = 3.5m INTERIOR PANELS Moments Along Longer Size Ly=6m L,=6-0.5 = 5.5 m subject to minimum of 0.65 x Ly = 3.9 m ‘ L,=5.5 m Load on panel Wy = 165 x LL, = 16.5 x5 x 5.5 = 453.75 kN20 Advanced R.C.C. Design _ 453.7555 8 11.95 kNm Appropriation of Moment ‘Total —ve moment = 0.65 % 311.95 = 202.77 kNm & ‘Total +ve moment = 311.95 ~ 202.77 = 109,18 kNmn Hence moment in column strip and middle strip along longer direction in interior panels are ax given below: Colmn Strip Middle Strip ve moment 0.75 x 202.75 = 152,06 kNm (202.75 - 152.06= 50.69 kNm tve moment 0.60 109.18 = 65.51 kN 100,18 65.51 = 43.67 kNm Along Width Ly=Sm L,=6m and L,=5-05=45m Panel load =W, = 165 6x 4.5 = 443.5 kN 4455 5 Panel moment M, = we 45 _ 950,59 KN-m Appropriation of Moment: Total -ve moment = 0.65 x 250.59 = 162.88 kN-m Total +ve moment = 250.59 — 162.81 ++ Moments in column strip and middle strip are as shown below: Column Strip Middle Strip ~ ve moment 075% 16288= 122.16KNm | 0.25% 162.88= 40,72kNm +¥e moment 0.60% 87.71 = 52.63 kNm 0.4087.71 = 35.08kNm EXTERIOR PANELS 5-024 = 4.26 m d from lateral sway. Hence as per Table 28 in IS 456-2000, Length of column The building is not restrai length of column effective = 1.2 x length = 1.2 x 4.26 =5.112 m Size of column = 500 x 500 mm Moment of inertia of column = 5% 500% mm!Flat Slabs 21 500" S12 101844 mm* LONGER SPAN DIRECTION Moment of inertia of beam I, = Moment of inestia of slab = + x 6000 x 2407 12 Its length = 1000 mm 4 ten 1, SOON 2 _ 1382400: mm! 500012" 5000 Liveload 4 _ 475 Dead load ~ 7 «. Relative stiffness ratio i cg = athe 21018844 _ oy ky 1382400 eset sis. = 1.678 a, 1aTd Hence various moment coefficients are: Imerior by (25 @) (25 (b)) « (2.6) 2.2.2. Reinforcement The reinforcement may be provided in radial and circumferential directions to resist respective moments. In this system of providing reinforcement there will be congestion of reinforcement towards centre and bending of bars for circumferential reinforcement adds to the difficulty. The reinforcement may be provided in any two mutually perpendicular directions since ultimaie moment of resistance of Such slab in any direction is the same and the torsional moment is zero. In such design, reinforcement is designed for the maximum of M, and My, The same is provided in the two mutually perpendicular directions. However in this design, there is difficulty in getting anchorage lengths at the edges. To take up positive circumferential moment at edges few circumferential reinforcements are provided at the bottom of slabs to a distance of anchorage length. To resist negative radial moments at the edges. separite steel is provided with sufficient anchorage length. ‘The design and detailing of circular slabs is illustrated with problems below:Design or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 29 Example 2.1. A circular slab of diameter 6m is subjected to a super imposed load of 4 kNan’. Ht may be considered as simply supported, Using M20 concrete and Fe—415 grade steel, design the stab and sketch the reinforcement details, Assume Poisson's ratio as zero. Solution: Diameter of slab =6m. ~R=3 fy =20Nimm? and f, = 415 N/mm” i fi 1 Londs: The thiekneee of slab may be assumed as -Lth to. th of radius of slab jie, 5 to | 15°20 30-7 40 Let us take a x 3000 = 150mm, 2. Self weight = 015 x 1x 1 x 25 = 3.75 kNim? Super imposed load =4 kN/m? ‘Total working load = 7.75 kNim? ©: Factored load = 157.75 = 11.625 kNfm? Factored Moment and Shear 19.617 kNem oct At centre GR? = 7g X 11.625 x" At support and Mg= — 11.625 x 7 = 13.078 kN-m M,, = 19.617 kN-m. Design shear is at distance of d from the support, vet R-d Since total thickness. t= 150 mm, let d= 125 mm o a vy, = 1:85 f3—o425]= 16711 kN Check for Depth Selected Since Fe 415 steel is used Xam = 0.4830 Advanced R.C.C. Design _ and hence, Majin = 0.36 fig & Xatin (4 — 0.42 Xun? = 0.36 fi, 60.48 d (d — 0.42 x O48 d) = 0.138 fy bd? Myjin, = 0.138 20 x 1000 x 1257 43.125 x 10° N-mm. = 43.125 kN-m > M, adequate from the consideration of bending. Hence depth selected Maximum shear = 16.711 KN 16.711 1000 1000 x 125 3, min > 0.28 N/mm’, which is the minimum for M20 concrete. Hence depth selected is adequate from the consideration of shear. = 0.134 N/mm? Reinforcement: For central portion, M, = My = 19,617 kN-m, The reinforcement required is given by “bd fig fi 41s =0.87 x 415 A, 125] 1-— An, AIS 1000 125” 20 19.617 x 10°= 0.87 f, Ay, ii Aw Al 434.665 = 665 x 6024.1 = 0 A, = 471.58 mm’. ing required is » AZ — 6020.1 Ay + 434 Using 10 mm bars, § = x10 1000 = 166.5 mm. 47158 Provide 10 mm bars at 160 mm cle in both directions in the middle portion Steel for M, at Support The steel mesh will not be effective to resist My al support as there is lack of anchorage length. Hence cireumferendal steel is requited at support ina width of amchorage Jength, Since end moment Mg is 5 of central My 3y Anchorage length a2yfr a 3 4 ty Ty for Fe 415 = 1.6 1,2 = 1.92 Némm?.Design or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 31 ais 4 Lys 2x HNO _ 360 mm 3° 4x19 2 166.5 Since Ma at support is 5 of My at centre, spacing required = —"y~ = 249 mm 3 Use 3 rings spaced at 200 mm c/c, Negative Radial Reinforcement at Edges ‘The simply supported edges are rarely perfect simple supports, There is always partial restraint exist. Hence negative reinforcement in radial direction is required near the edges. For this at support M, may «id of that at middle. Hence spacing required is approximately be taken as z WR? which is 3 x 166.5 = 500 mm Maximum spacing permitted is 300 mm. Hence provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm spacing upto approximatry (0 a distance of 1 m from inside of support Reinforcement detail is shown in Fig. 2.8. Sting, 106 at 200 10.6 @300, 259940 §@300) | my a em 106 @300 Fig. 28 RC. details Example 2.2: Design the above slab, ifit is partially fixed along outer periphery, Use predominantly radial and circumferential reinforcement Solution: As in the previous case Ra3mfg=20N/mm® and f= 415 Nimm? Design load 11,625 Nfmm* Design Moments Since edges are partially restrained, design moments at centre are ae 2 gR? = = x 11.625 x 3? = 13.078 kN-m. Mg =M,= . 1632 Advanced R.C.C. Design At supports MgeianaR = 7 41162553? = 6,539 kN-m. 5 16 2 2 ‘The point of contra Mesure for radial moment is at Ry = 35-= 245 from centre of slab i.e. at a distance 0.55 m from support. Design shear =V,=4(R-d) = HHS25 (3 0.125} =16.711kN Check for Depth Selected Moin = 43-125 kN-m (as in pervious Hence satisfactory form moment consider as shown in previous problem. ise) eration of shear also it is satisfactory n. From consi Reinforcement: Equating bending moment to moment of resistance, We get 13.078 x 10° = 87 f, hed -o A ats = 0.87 x 415 A, 125 || -—** er [ 1000 «125 “| 289.177= Ag| 1-—Aa— 6024.1 6024.1 Ay + 289.777 x 6024.1 A, = 305 mm? Using 10 mm bars, spacing required is x10? x 1000 = 257.5 Provide 10 mm bars at 250 mm cle. Arrangement of Reinforcement Circumferential Steel: Provide circular rings of 10 mm bars at 250 mm c/e, 6 Radial Steel: (i) At outer edge, number of radial bars required = = = 76 bars.Design or Circular and Gdd Shaped Slabs 33 (i) Alternate bars may be curtailed at radius Sm, (iii) Another set of alternate bars may be curtailed at 0,75 m, However to avoid conjetion of bars, the central 0.75 m square area radial and circumferential bars may be replaced by provi square mesh of size 250 x 250 mm with 10 mm bars. Negative Reinforcement a 16 Provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm c/e., since spacing works out to be approximately 2 250 = $00 mm up to point of contra flexure which is at 0.55 m from support, The arrangement of reinforcement is shown in Fig, 2.9 Mp at support = -—gR? 10 9 @300 189 10.4 @250 10 @ 250 mm Ky Mesh of 109.@ 250 of S Size 750x750 mm i x)= 1900 + 12 x dice of hars = 1620 men x, = 2280+ 12x 10 = 2370 mm x= 750mm be- — al —— h —} (0} Reinforcoment details al bottom side of slab (©) Reinforcement details at top of siab Fig. 2.934 Advanced R.C.C. Design Example 2.3: 4 500 nun diameter column transfers 1200 KN load to soil. The safe bearing capacity of the soil ts 150 KN/m?, Design circular footing. Use M25 conerete and Fe 415 steel Solution: 2b = 500 mm or b= 250 mm fy =25 Nimm? and f, = 415 Nimo? SBC = 150 kN/m? Load from column 1200 kN Self weight of footing @ 10% = 120 kN Total load on soil = 1320 kN Alstom gue 150 =8.8 m’. If R is the radius of the footing, then mR =RB R= 167 m Let us provide footing of radius 1.8 m *. Working load pressure on soil = = 11789 kKNim? nx 18 Design (Factoredl) soil reaction 15x 117.89 = 176.84 kN/m* Let column reaction be q, kN/m?. Then =q7R* 18? 025? = 9167.39 kNim? The footing slab may be considered to be simply supported at the edges and subjected to ()_ an upword ual g and Gi) a down word load 4), over a concentric cirele of radius 6 = 0.25 m as shown in Fig. 2.10.Design or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 35 9; / unit area Ay unit area [x 1.8 m —>}« 1.8 m +} 0.5-+ 3.6 should bet the some scala (1.8 + 1.8 m) bt tte Y Ro 4 R, 05k tees Ry Ry Fig. 2.10 Bending moments (i) Due to soil pressure q = -176.84 kN/m? (a) At the edge of columns (r = 0.25 m) My= EGR? )= esl 18” 025°] = -106.74 kN-m (-17684) [18 -025"] = -105,36 kN-m (b) At support M,=0 2 ey 2 Mg = —@R? =— x (-176.84) x 18? = — 71.62 KN-m rage ag ) (i) Due to reaction gy = 9167.39 kN/m? from column (a) At the edge of the column 12025 and b= 0.25 From the equations 2.4 o2s* 4x18 —916739(0.25)! +4 2016739 x0284|1 6g 02> 16 4 1B36 Advanced R.C.C. Design = 317.89 KN-m, 1 2 6216739 0.25" + 9167.39 x 0.25 i — log = 389.50 kN-m () At support M,=0 1 0257/2 My 9167.39 x 0.25?|-—+ >) = 141.86 kN-m 4° 16 (is Net moments are tabulated below: Case M, r= 0.25 m 0.25 m reli Case (1) Due 10 4 105.36 oo 106.74 1162 Case (i) Duc tog, 31789 o 389.50 141.86 Final | 212s o 282.76 | Effective depth required for balanced section is RRIESeIOe d= ,| 282.76 X10" 66 am 0.138 x 25 x 1000 To keep the section with only 75% steel required for balanced section, so that section is sufficiently flexible before collapse, take d= $x 286 = 331 mm. Provide d= 400 mm and D = 450 mm, Check for Shear So a‘ ad Critical section is at a distance 7 from the column face., ie. at rs0.25 + ea = 0.45 m, Shear force per metre width is given by ae a Qe — 9167.39 x 0.257 176.84 x 0.45 2x 045 2 596.84 x 1000 1900 x 400) = 596.84 kN/m = 1.492 Nimm?,Design or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 37 Permissible shear stress sk«; where k,= 0.5 +B, =0.5 + 1, subject to max. of 1 kya 1, = 0.25 Jf, =0.25 J25 = 1.25 Nim Hence footing is not safe in shear Depth should be at least 2 1492 , 490 =477.44 mm, 125 Let us select d@=500mm and D = 550 mm. Reinforcement Maximum moment = 282.76 kN-m. Steel required to resist it is given by Aa f bd fx 282.76 x 10° = 087, Ay dt =0,87 x 415 A, x 500] 1 Ay __ 415] 1000 500 25 | 1566.32 =[1-—Ae_ 30120.48, -30120.48 Ay + 1566.32 x 30120.48 =0 ; Ay = 1657.53 mm? Using 20 mm bars, spacing required is x 1000 = 189 1057.53 Provide 20 mm bars at 180 mm e/e in any two mutually perpendicular direction 1 - moment Mg at the edge is “th of the moment at the centre, Hence 1 087% _ 1 O87x415 x20 =X xe 4° 4q, 4 “4x16x L,=201 mm Area of reinforcement required is given by ; Since ty = 1.6 x 1.4 N/mm? Ay 418 1000x500 25 0,24 10° = 0.87 x 415 x A,, x soe 38909 = Adi Aa | 301204838 Advanced R.C.C. Al — 30120.48 A,, + 389.09 x 48 = 0. Ay, = 394.25 mi Using 10 mm bars, spacing required ¥ x10? — x 1000 = 199.3 mm 394.25 Provide 10 mm bars, 2 in numbers, since Ly 201 mm. Details of reinforcement are shown in Fig. 2.11 2#10 N\ gee over entire area Fig. 2.11 2.3 DESIGN OF SEMICIRCULAR SLABS A semicircular slab may be approximated as a rectungular slab of one side equal to diameter of semi circular slab and the other side such that area of both slab are the same. Thus a semicireutar slab of cadius R is treated as a rectangular slab of side 2R and another side ‘a’ is given by 2Rxa= bar 2 a =0.886R, as shown in Fig. 2.12 Sem) circular stab Fig. 2.12De ‘ign or Circular and Odd Shaped Stabs _39 Example 2.4. Design @ semicircular slab of radius 2.5 m which is simply supported all around. The slab ix subjected to a live load of 4 kW/m. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steed. F inishirg foad may be token as 1 kf’. Solution: R = m, LL = 4 kNém?, Finishing load = | kN/m’,f, = 415 Nfmm?, f., = 20 Némm* Equivalent rectangular slab has dimensions 2R x 0,886R: ie, Sm <2215 m >2, itis to be designed as one way slab. 2.215 x 1000 25 25 mm and B= 120 mm. 0.120 x 1 1x 25 = 3 kNim? LL= 4 kNfin? = 88.6 mm Let Let us select Self weight Floor finish kN Total load = 8 kN . Faciored load 1,5. 8 = 12 kN/ii 122.2157 . Design moment = = 736 kN My tin = 0-36 fog & Xy gins (4 = 0.42 oy tinh Since we are using Fe 415 steel, 48 od. . 0.36 x 20 xb 0.48 xd ( d—0.42 x O48 x ab = 0138 fig B 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 95" = 24.909 10° N-mm. 4.909 kN-m > M,. © Depth selected is satisfactory. The reinforcement A,, required is given by = O87 /, Ay i bd ty | A Als seen 1000x9520 7.36 x 106 = O87 x 415% A, 99, Ay Agl 1 . ] 45783 AJ - 4578.3 A, + 214.58 x 4578.3 = 0 Ay = 225.5 mm? 214.5840 Advanced R.C.C. Design Using 8 mm bars «. Provide 8 mm bars at 220’mm cle. _ 0.12 1000 x 95 a 100 Provide 8 mm bars at 280 mm c/c (Note it should not be more than 3 x d) 114 mm? Distribution stecl Cheek for shear: Maximum shear force is Wy, 122.215 2 2 29 x 1000, 1000 x 95 0.28 N/mm?, 29 kN 0.13 N/mm? Minimum Prom Big. 4 in 18 456, F,=1.6, B)=0 and F,=0 © permitted = 20 x 1.6 = 32 aoe 2.215 x 1000 . provided = 23.3 < Permitted, a 95 Hence deflection control is satisfactory. Reinforcement details are shown in Fig, 2.13 89@ 220mm Thickness =120 mm —— 16 @ 280mm Fig. 213Design or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 44 2.4 DESIGN OF SLABS OF ODD SHAPED Some of the slabs of odd shapes that a designer § across are shown in Fig. 2.14. For such slabs there is no classical solution to get moments and shears for design. A designer may use finite element packages using plate elements, IF not, designer normally makes the drastic assumptions. He idealizes the slab to a rectangle or a citele to the nearest possible accuracy, committing the error on safer side. Then he uses classical theory to find design moments and shears. Idealized slab are also shown in Fig. 2.14 Bya Square or vere (c) By a rectangle of larger size (b) Hexagonal by a circle or by a square (4) By equivalent rectangle —_(@) Syan enclosing rectangle Fig, 2-14 Example 2.5. Design a regular octagonal slab of sides 2 m, subjected to a foad of 3 KN/m? and floor finish of 1 kN/n?. The slab is simply supported all around. Use M20 concrete mix and Fe-415 steel,42_ Advanced R.C.C. Design Solution: Interior angle of a regular octagon is 2x8-4 EXE=4 x90 = 135° 8 Jadius of circle enclosing it be R. Referring to Fig 2.14 (a), from sine rule, we get AB R ae? 42 = 2.613 m sin 45 A circular slab of radius 2.613 will be designed. Let the thickness of slab 2.613 x 1000 20 Let us select d= 115 and D = 140 mm. = 130,65 mm Loads Self weight Live load Floor finish Total Ultimate load Design Moments At centre, = 3x 11.25% 2.613? = 14.40 kNem 16 AL support M, = 0 My = 2% 11.25 x 2.613" = 9,60 kN-m o16 Check for Depth Selected Mojim = 0.138 fog ba? = 0,138 x 20 x 1000 11 = 36,50 10° N-mm = 36.50 kN-m > M,, Hence O.K. From the consideration of shear: Design shear is al distance ‘d’ from support, HereDesign or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 43 125 (R -d)= na 2.613 - 0.115) = 14.051 KN 14.0515¢1000 _ 4.193 N/mm? 1000x115 4,,min = 0.28 Nimm? Hence safe in shear. Reinforcement For central portion, M, = Mg = 14.40 kN-m, f Ay 415) 14.40 x 10° = 0.87 415 Ay x 115) 1-4 x —— (1000x115 20 J 340.81 a)1-—Ae 5542 A, — 5542.17 A, + 364.81 x 5542.17 = 0 : A, = 624.55 mm? Using 12 mm bars, etd? * 1000 = 181.08 624,55 Provide 12 mm bars at [80 mm in the orthogonal directions Steel for M, at Support umferential steel és required to resist My at supports, as there is no proper anchorage for the mesh, AS My at support is 5 My in the centre, f 2 afin 2 By SIZ 432 me Aty 3 4x46x12 Ts wl “ Area of steel A, required is given by 960 x 10° = 087x415, 115]1-—Ae _ x SB 1000x115 20 Ay | 55421 AL, 5542.17 Ay + 241.2 x 55: A, = 242 mm? 212=A,] or44 Advanced R.C.C. Design Using 10 mm bars spacing required is E10? ——— 1000 = 324 mm 2 Provide 10 mm 3 number af bars with a spacing of 300 mm To take care of imperfection in boundary condition provide 10 mm bars at 300 mm ¢fe, at top near the support. Reinforcement detail is shown in Fig. 2.15. 4 0¢@ 300 ane _____, —129@ 180 10 300 1248 Fig. 2.15 Example 2.6: Fig. 2.16 shows odd shaped slab in a building. Design the stab taking live toad as 3 kNén? und finishing load as 1 kN/n’. Use coucrete of M20 grade and steel of grade Fe 415. Assume ends are simply supported ancl corners held daw. \ 1 ee ee 5m ——+} Fig. 216Design or Circular and Ode Shaped Slabs 45 Solution: The slab may be approximated as a rectangular slab of size 5 m x 6.33 m which has area equal to that of given slab. More conservatively one can approximate it as a rectangular slab of size Smx7 malso ‘Treating it as a slib of size 5 m x 6.33 m design is carried out below Now - L 5 . Eo Oey Hence it is to be designed as two may slab. ‘taking /* = 30, é = 5%1000 © 166.7 mm 30 Let us take d=175 mm and D= 200mm, From Fable 27 in IS 456 ~ 2000, a= 0.090 and a, = 0.058 Loads: Self weight = 0.2 x 1 x 1 x. 25= 5 kNém* LL= 3 kNim? Floor finish = | KNém™ Total = 9 KNém” Qu = 15 X92 13.5 5.kNIm* Hence M, = 0.09 x 13.5 x $2 = 30.375 KN-m M, = 0.058 x 13. 19.57 kN-m Check for the Depth Selected M, D138 fy bd? = 0,138 x 20 x 1000 1757 4,525 x 10° Nem. = 84,525 kN-m > M, Depth selected is sufficient from moment consideration tre Check for Shear Max Shear _ 1266" 1+ 1.266% 24.29 x 1000 aS = 0.139 Nimn 1000 175) 135% 24.29 KN46 Advanced R. Design minimum = 0.28 Nimm Hence safe. Reinforcement: In short Ay 415 1000x175” 20 30,375 x 10° = 087% 415 A, x 175} aso =a a | 8433.73 AZ — 8433.73 A,, + 480.74 x 8433.75 = 0 A, = 511.8 mm? Using 10:mm bars =x 108 s = 41000 = 153.4 mm SUB *. Provide 10 mm bars at 150 mm ec in short direction, to In long direction: d= 175— 170 1000170 20_ 19.575 x 10° = O87 x 415A, x v0) 318.92 a, al A a ~ 819277 or A, — 8192.77 Ay + 318,92 x 8192.77 =0 A, = 332.4 mm’ Provide 10 mm bars at i.e. Provide 10 mm bars at 225 mm ele. Comer Reinforcement; Ay = 0.75 x 511.8 = 383,85 mm? Feo? 1000 = 204 mm, Using 10 mm bars, re Il Provide 10 mm bars at 200 mm ee in two grids of Length 1 m. [3 xS=1mDesign or Circular and Odd Shaped Slabs 47 Provide 2 bars of 10 mm at spacing of 200 mm along the sloping side to make mesh effective, milar to in circular slab for edge Mg). Percentage reinforcement provided 18, p= 1000x175 100 = 0.292 A, teqd 0.58 f, Ay i bas A,, provided +. Enhancement factor F, from Fig. 4 in IS 456-2000 is F,= 151 Basic ! “permitted = 1.51 x 20 = 30.2 d ) be provided = 2298157 d 175 , Deflection control is satisfactory. Details of reinforcement is shown in Fig, 2.17, 109 @225 10,» @ 150 4 L> 109 @ 200 Gover 2548 Advanced RCC. Design 2.5 DESIGN OF SLABS WITH OPENINGS The opening in the slab may be grouped into the following three classes: () Very small opening: Opening size is less than three times the thie! 1 (Gi) Medium size opening: The size of the opening less than 7th the short span of slab and the opening is not in the critical zone. I apes, " (iil) Large size opening: The size is larger than 1h the short span or even i tis slighty Tess than 1 th short span, it is al critical section, 4 ‘The method of providing these three types of openings is discussed below Case I: Small Openings. These openings are to be provided at the time of construction only. Attempt should be made to locate such openings without disturbing the reinforcement. If it is unavoidable to disturb the reinforcement, provide a ring around the hole and continue the reinforcement as shown in Fig. 2.18 Ring around the hole Fig. 2.18 Case IL: Medium size Openings. In such cases edge thickening is made. The material added for thickening should be not less than material removed. The thickened cdge is provided with the reinforcements removed for opening. Apart from this nominal comer reinforcements are provided Fig, 2.19 illustrates a typical opening of 750 mm x 750 mm in a slab of thickness 120 mm which is reinforced with 10 mm bars 150 mm cle. Note: For 150 mm x 200 mm thickening, extra material is 4 x 150 x 200 x 750 mm! where as material removed is 250 x 250 x 120 mm’. No. of 10 mm bars removed is 5 in each side where as number of burs provided is 3 in each edge i.e. 6 in each directionsDesign or Cireular and Odd Shaped Stabs 49 Nominal comer reinforcement provided is 2 of $ mm bars at each corner for a length of 750 mm Yo Vie ae00 Fig. 2.19 cc Case II: Large Openings. In such cases provide edge beams and secondary beams as shown in Fig. 2.20, Design these beams as usual. It may be noted that size of the slab is reduced due to the presence of edge beams. Edge bears Edge beams y eI] ‘Secondary beams (a o) Fig 2.20 Review Questions 1. Design a simply supported circular slab of diameter 5 m to support a super imposed load of 4 kN/m?, Provide reinforcement in radial and circumferential directions. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel, Sketch the reinforcement details. 2, Design the slab given in example | if edges are fixed. 3. Atraffic control post, 2.5 m in diameter is supparted by a central column of 300 mm diameter, Design the slab taking superimposed load as 1.5 kN/m’. Use M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel 4. Design a circular footing for a circular column of size 400 mm transferring a load of 1000 kN to the footing, SBC of soil is 200 KN/m*. Use M25 conerete and Fe 415 steel,50 Advanced R.C.C. Design _ a 3 kN/m? and floor finish is 1 kN/m?, Use M20 ign the slab shown in Fig, 2.21, if live loa steel 5. De! concrete and Fe 4 posdhaiaebestaaas i continuous espe am 1m +f tm fe am =| tm Fig. 2.21, 6. For acircular slab if the reinforcements are given in any two mutually perpendicular directions, circumferential reinforcement is required near support. Why ? 7. Design a regular hexagonal slab of sides 3m, assuming edges are simply supported, Total superimposed load is 4 kN/m’. Use M20 conerete and Fe 415 steel, Sketch reinforcement details,1LCO1hGOay 3 ‘CuaPTer Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 3.1 INTRODUCTION Yield line theory is the ultimate load theory for the analysis of R.C. slabs. A yield line may be defined as aline in the plane of the slab along which all reinforcing bars have yielded. As the bars yield cracks develop in the slab along the yield line. Fig. 3.1 shows a one way slab subject to uniformly distributed load, As the load increases bars start yielding at mid span and yield line develops, Then there will be no resistance to additional load (moment) by the slab. Excessive deflection takes place due to rotation of slab around yield line. Unit widths ee Fig. 3.1 Yield fine in one way simply supported slab In case of slabs with different end supports formation of one yield line may not cause collapse mechanism. Redistribution of moments may take place and some more yield lines have to form, before collapse mechanism is formed, after which for small increase in load excessive deformation takes place and the slab fails. Fig. 3.2 shows typical yield lines before the collapse of a two way slab. Fig. 3.3 shows a typical load deflection curve for a slab. The yield line theory gives a method of estimating collapse load for a B.C. slab, It may be carefully noted that, since yield Lines have (o form, able to only for under zeinforced slabs, Since present day codes insist for under this theary is appli int warning before collapse of a R.C. structure, this theory is more reinforced sections to get suffi relevant to design of R.C. slabs now:panced R.C.C. Design Fig. 3.2 Yield line pattern in two way simply supported slab Collapse loud|-— Yielding Deflection = —> Fig. 3.3 Load deffection behevior of stab ‘The theory was introduced by Ingerslev (1923) and was greatly developed and popularized by Johansen (1943). In this chapter basic assumptions in the theory are listed and yield line patterns tor different types of slabs for the formations of mechanisms are presented, The estimation of ultimate load by virtual work method and equilibrium methods are explained and illustrated by taking a number of problems, 3.2. ASSUMPTIONS The following assumptions are made in yield line analysis of slabs: ‘The slab is under reinforced, so that there is tension failure. ‘The yield lines are straight lines. Elustic deformation is negligible compared to plastic deformations After collapse mechanism is formed each of the segment of the slab may be treated as rigid body and the entire rotation is assumed to take place along the yield ReneYield Line Analysis of Slabs 53 3.3. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF YIELD LINES is necessary to predict the yield line pattern at collapse condition, ‘The tures of the yield lines help in identifying the yield lines at collapse In the analysis of slabs, following characteristic mechanism Yield lines are straight lines. Yield lines either terminate at the boundary of the slab or at the intersection of other yield lines. Yield Lines act as axes of rotations, Axes of rotations are along the lines of support and pass on columas. Each segment will be having axes of rotations (natural or yield lines) all along its periphery. ween 3.4. SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR YIELD LINES AND SUPPORTS Generally accepted sign conventions used in yield line analysis is shown below: Free or unsupported edge eececeiteccicitices Simply supported edge secunouosuausuousasecs Fixed elgg oF continuous edge ——, Beam support Column support Positive yield line [tension in bottom side of stab] Negative yield line % - Axis of rotation’ @ Point load 3.5 YIELD LINE PATTERNS ‘eld line pattern for various slabs are shown in ig 34 3.6 MOMENT CAPACITY ACROSS A YIELD LINE Moment capacity across a yield line far the following cases are derived here: forcement. ta) When yield line is at right angles to the direction of r (b) When yield line makes angle with the direction of main reinforcement (i) When yield line is at Right Angles to Main Reinforcement (Fig 3,5 ¢) According to 1S 456-2000, we know that ultimate moment capacity per unit width of slab in such case is given by Ay f M, = 0877, A, d/1-—2#— (i) When yield line makes angie ~ with normal to reinforcem Fig. 3.5 8 shows a typical slab with reinforcements in. and y-direction and yield line making angle oc with normal x-axis (Ze., with y-axis) in x-direction,Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 55 hy Hunt engin ls (0) Letty and m,, be moment capacities per unit width in normal to x and s-directions (Ref. Fig, 3.5 b) ‘Then we know that Aw & My. = O87f, Age d| 1-2 a= 087f An df At] [, Ay Se My = O87f, Any a] !->-- > bd fas Consider length ab of yield line, Its projected length cd is given by ab cos ot. Then contribution of iy, (0 yield moment is given by Ma: ab =n, Cos ed = my, COS O ab COS 0. Mai = My, cos’ a Similarly contribution of m,, to yield moment is given by Mya = M,, cos? (90 — ct) = nt, ~ Total yield moment Me = Mai + Mex = My, COS OL + My, o If slab is reinforced isotropic: my, =, m, . M,= m,lco: ‘Thus in isotropically reinforced slabs, Taking m,, =H %yq the ultimate moment of any yield line in orthotropically reinforced slabs at angle oto x-axis is given by Id moment is same in any direction. Mg = Mm, COS" + 2, SIN” O% = my, [cos® 0. + [1 sin” e]56 Advanced R.C.C. Design 3.7 ULTIMATE LOAD ON SLABS The following two methads are available for determining the ultimate | careying capacity of slabs {a) Virtual work method also known as mechanism method 1h) Equilibrium method also known as statical method. In virtual work method a failure yield line pattern is assumed. After the formation of failure mechanism, the rotations af yield lines is predominant compared to elastic deformation, Hence neglecting clastic deformation virtual work done by moments in yield line is determined and equated to virial work done by toads In equilibrium method the segment of a slab, after mechanism is formed, is considered and the equilibrium conditions are used to prediet the load. Both methods give upper bound solution i.e, the load carrying capacity predicted is either equal to br more than the actual load carrying capacity. The mechanism which gives the least value is predicting correct load carrying capacity, For simple cases it may be possible to assume correct failure mechanism, For complex problems it may be necessary to try a number of possible sms, However test results have shown that due to in plane forces actual failure load is more pacity with exact failure mechanism. Hence the upper bound solutions be used with reasonable degree of salty mech than predicted load carrying obtained from yield line theory mi 3.8 ANALYSIS BY VIRTUAL WORK METHOD ‘The yield line analysis by virtual work method is iHustrated with a number of common cases below: reed Simply Supported Square Slab Subjected to Udl Over its Entire Isotropically Rei Surface * The typical yield lines in this case is shown in Fig. capacity of slab, Since slab is isotropically reinfor line és also mj, per unit length 3.6. Let m,, be the ultimate moment J moment capacity across any yield e a Relation about yield line ac Fig. 3.6. Length of yield line ae is ¥2L 6. Yield moment across ac ism, v2.Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 57 Let virtual displacement given to central point be 6 resulting into rotation of @ at ends as shown in Fig. 3.6. Rotation about yield line ac is 26 From the figure it is clear that, 2. Virtual work done by monent ubout yield line ac =m, v2 1.20 =m, v3 1, 2% 4m, @ bdis= 4m, 6 wii) Similarly work done by moments about yield $m, 6 ui Total internal work done External Work Done elements each carrying a load of W, a There are 4 triang 1 In each triangular clement centre of gravity moves dawn by a distance = 58 7, * Ly External work done by load on each triangular element = W, x2 4 Since there are 4 such elements. External work done by loads I Ee 4x1? =B = wy 4 3 Equating internal work done to external work done, we get or 2, Isotropically Reinforced Fixed Square Slab Subject to Ud! Over Entire Surface In this case to form collapse mechanism, yield lines have to develop along edges also (due to ve moment), If is the virtual displacement of central point “Q" let the rotation about negative yield lines be 6). Referring to Fig. 3.7, we hy sa hore aincen LFig. 3.7 +, Internal work done by moments about negative yield lines = 4m, L Oy Work done by moments about possible yield lines ac and bal is = 8 m, 5 as seen in previous ease. Tatal internal work done =8 m, 5+ 8m, 5 = 16m, 5 External work done by load = w,L? © (as shown in previous case) work done, we get, Equating internal work done to externa 16m, or n= 3. Equilateral Triangular Isotropic Slab Fig. 3.8 shows the typical slab with sides L. Yield line pattem is as shown in figure by lines OA, OB WL OC. § slab, moment about any yield line is ‘m,, Fig. 3.8Yield Line Analysts of Slabs 59 Done ine, OB = length af GA internal Wor Length of yie 1 cas 30 Rotation about yield line may be found by conside 2 rotation of EOF Now, If 8 is the displacement of point O, Rotation about yield line = 20= = +. Internal work done about yield line OB L 68 = m,i(20) =m, 2 °° = Mea G Total internal work done = work done about all the there yield lines 3300 = 6/38 m, External Work done by Loads Work done by load on segment OAB = load on area OAB : ysince its centroid is deflected by i wx bi xon x on 3 1 = wy x ux Etan30x b= ae 3 Total work done by toad on all the there segments,60 Advanced R.C.C. Design Note: Internal work done in the slab may be found by considering the component of moments in hwo mutually perpendicular direetions about yield lines and corresponding rotations, Then W, = ty 8, + may h0), To find @,, consider deflection of any iwo points in the segment in y-direction and tw find 0, consider deflection of an two convenient points on the segment in «direction, Kor example in the above problem, for seg 8-0 0, since the two points are atthe same level, @, = 5 Imernal work done about yield line in segment OAB 2 =0+Lxm, x 6 = 23,8 ~. Internal work done in rotation of all the three segments = 6YFm,5, as before 4, An [sotropically Reinforced Triangular Slab Simply Free Along Third Side upported Along Two Edges and Fi yield rotations of segments BCD and ABD in x and y-directions, Let coordinates of D be (x, y) 3.9 shows a typical triangular plate with side BC=L and, side AB=ctL and angle ABC ="P. Let ne BD make angle 9 with side BC, Internal work done is worked out by considering the For element | de... for rigid body BCD. 8, "DE xtand Wy = ryt, By) +, 6,04) 8 x tang +0=m,8 corp ayYield Line Analysis of Slabs_61 5.8 3 DF xtanyy vlan wy — a tang 5 x band col yeory 82 tna, Ba + my 6 ———__ +m, x(tan y= tang) y= xtang cory = m,x Substituting y =x tan 0, we get x tang etan peo! onl tiny tang i ty tne [ian w— tang 1 tang coty \ 1 9 ‘ lan y— ting cot @ ~ cotyy tany— tang jg nv Sune = m,8 tan tano|— catg—cory | =ms—! 1) tany = tang any — tang meet | tang any Mi 1 J, (amy = tang) tang tan y (tan y tan 0) (tan tan) x, t = m,8——— (| + angtan y) (tun y = tan) =, cot (y~ @) 2. Total internal work done = Wi + Wa = m,S[cot @ + cor (yw — | Total external work done 8 = We + Wo =X atea of elements x562_ Advanced R.C.C. Design =v, btonsiny® = Mae . : Equating internal work to external work, we get m,d{cot o + cot (Y — @)] = me sin y fs 9, cos(y 2) wo? sino eaty=e)| 6 ie sin(w —@) cos + sing cos(y —p) | _ wycu? 4 sin sin — 9) ek wc? mylsin(y — + @)] = sin y sin 9 sin (y — 9) m, sin siny sing sin (y ~ 9) ind sin (W—@) Q) or m4, = For maximum yield moment, dim, 6 =0 Le, cos p sinty—@) + sin @ cos (YW @)(-1=0 or cos @ singy — 9) =sin © cos Cy ~ te, tang = tan (y = @) ie o=H-9 ie, o=t Hence for maximum moment iz., for minimum yield load, yield line bisects the angle opposite the free end. Substituting ¢ = © in equation (3), we get, walt w m, = “2 sin & 6 2 sy vit Foran equilateral triangule, o=t and y= 60° wy? 2 m, = x sin? 30% 6Yield Line Anatysts of Stabs 63 5, Orthotropically Reinforced Simply Supported Rectangular Slab Subjecting to Udl Over Entire Surface Fig. 3.10 shows the typical slab which has long side equal to Land short side equal to el. The yield Lh 4 7 | D vont I Fig. 3.10 line pattern is symmetric Let distance HE = FI = BL, m, be yield moment across reinforcement in x-direction and pum, be across reinforcement in y-direction. Let us give virtual displacement ‘8’ to line EF and work out virtual works done by internal and external forces Consider the rigid body rotation of clement-l ic. triangular portion AED. The ratatians ines actos reinforcements in x and y-direction are 0,=0 about yield since the two points in y-direction in this portion are at the same 1,=26L and [=a Ultimate moments are m, and pum, Internal work done by forces on element L Ww, =, 1,0, tM, Oy 3 @ = m,2BL x 0+ jumyaL = ym,b— BI B Since element 1 and IT are simil Wi, Wp = 2H, BE a) Consider element 2 i.e., rigid body ABFI x2=oL Land In this ease my =m, aNd My = Way ee ol aL 264 Advanced R.C.C, Design ©, since any nwo points in x-direction are at the same level 26 2m,8 a =m, #8. + jm, f, 0, = mL +0= ue aL. o Since element is similar to clement 2, 2,8 4m,6 Wea t Wig = 2x SUee Stab (2) ao Total internal work done =” (3) External Work Done By load on element 1, 6 Wey = wy * Area of element 1x2 5 =, fart =6,L2 eat (4) Due to symmeiry Wy = Wey Work done by load on element 2 Work done by load on the two triangular portions + work done hy load on rectangular portion pole p24 wy 2p.) & “Sa (5) = vita of + (1 28)2 e| 4] Due to symmetry Total work done = Dy Lv ot +20, 12 at of + (1 2p) = <] [3-28] 6) [2p +254 2—4p)Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 65 Equating internal work done to external work done, we get, ame + B 7) For m, to be maximum (4e.. 18, 10 be minimum) (3-4) (2B + wa?) — (38 - 287) ¢2) (26 + [ee Le. (3 — 4B) (26 + wo?) = (3B ~ 2872 6 + 30? — BB? ap? he, 48 + 4uBo? 2 +Join! +4 x 4 x 310 8 jor’ + fuer + 310 2 Taking positive root (since negative root has no any physical meaning) we have pol rae Substituting this value of B in comin (7), we get Spee? — jroe reesei Particular Cases (i) For an isotropically reinforced rectangular slab 1 = 1 m= BE (i) For an isotropically reinforced square slab, @=1 and pal fas MIRE aT -1}66 Advanced R.C.C. Design_ 6. A Polygonal Slab Isotropically Reinforced and Subjected to Udl Over Entire Slab with Edges Fixed: A typical polygonal slab with fixed edges is shown in Fig, 3.11. It has side L and perpendicular distance of side from central point O is r. Atcollapse it develops yield lines as shown in figure, Leta, line. Let us provide be yield line moment per unit length in positive yield lines and‘, in negative y a Virtual displacement 6 at centre point O. Consider rotation of rigid plate ABO about O. Fig 3.11 6 ong -ve yield lines = mj L.O= mL ¢ Work don Work done along +ve yield lines =m, x projection about AB rotation about AB oxmnilidmeniti® 7 5 in wW, External work done by load 6 = 1, Area of A ABO x 5 1 8_ wbré = Ww, %>Lros Pa 6 Toral internal and external work done is 1 times the above values, where n is number of sides of regular polygon. Equating internal work done to extemal work done, we get 5 bro ee nm, +m) LS = , 1 Wr mm, +m, 6 te. If itis regular hexagon, we know 360) 300 602 6Yield Line Analysis of Slabs_67 If it is octagonal, 45 co{ —] =1.207 L oo( 5) (mm, + me) oe x (1.207 1)? = 0.2428 wl? 7. A Fixed Circular Slab [sotropically Reinforced and Subjected to Udl Over Entire Surface Fig. 3.12 ‘Typical slab is shown in the Fig. 3.12. It may be looked as a palygon of ‘n’ sides where 7 is infinitely large, Hence it tends to be polynomial slab with L tending to zero and r tending to the radius R of the circle, Hence we get the final result as 3.9. YIELD LINE ANALYSIS BY EQUILIBRIUM METHOD In this method moment equilibrium of segments is considered after collapse mechanism is formed and relationship between moment carrying capacity and load carrying capacity is determined. The procedure is illustrated below with few cuses:68 Advanced R.C.C. Desi 1, Square Slab Isotropically Reinforced b—— | —— oO (a) Simply supported slab (b) Fixed slab Fig. 3.13 Squcere slabs (a) Simply Supported Case: Fig. 3.13 (a) shows this type of slab with yield line pattern whea collapse mechanism is formed. It also shows element ABO with yield moment *m,” per unit length. Since it is isotropically reinforced yield moment is same in uny direction } Moment about AB = 0 gives mL = which is same as obtained earlier (5) Fixed Case: Fig. 3.13 (b) shows this type of slab, In this there is negative yield moment along fixed edge, Let m, be yield moment across positive reinforcements and m’, about negative reinforcements. Then equilibrium condition of moments about AB gives mL mL ray + 2. Orthotrapically Reinforced Rectangular Slab Subject to Ultimate ud! w,/Unit Area The typical slab and state of moments on elements I and I are shown in Fig, 3.14.Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 69 ae Le < oT Fy ' my, Fig. 8.14 Rertanyular stab Consider equilibrium of clement I, which can be considered to consist of triangles AEG, BFH and rectangle EFHG, D Mas =O. gives at. ) ai, Lew, (area of two triangular portions x “ + Area of rectangular portion x | } al ol al. aL awa tx pe Sh oS 4 (apr) Ps eee aa | pU-4 ma, = w,0°L ! B) ( 2 8 Considering the equilibrium of element 2, Y Man= 0, gives puna. = 0, bat. x pi Pe w PL m= B Q) Ou From equation (1), and (2), we get pe Wy on Multiplying both sides by 24 und rearranging the tems, we get wee’ [2B + 31 ~ 2B)] = 4p" po! [3 — 4B] = 4p? or 4B" + duo” B — 30.” =0 i —apor + flew at +16 x 30 - 870 Advanced R.C.C. Design + wat +n | it has no physical meaning, the result is same as obtained earlier. Dropping —ve value of Px Substituting this values of B in equation (2), we get wt Lf 2 m, x —|—po? + ona sail ast + Jive] s method. which is same as obtained earlier by kinema 3. Isotropically Reinforced Hexagonal Slab Subjected to Udl Over its Entire Surface shown in Fig, 3.15, Moment equilibrium condition about AB gives. Typical slab <—L— << Lt Ae B a e mf m 3h 5 315 Hexagonal slab 8,18 g°°°3 2 3.10. DESIGN OF SLABS USING YIELD LINE THEORY From yield line theory design moment may be obtained and for this slabs may be designed. Checks for shear and deflection controls are to be applied as usual, The design procedure for moment is illustrated with a set of problems below: Example 41: Design a simply supported square slab of side 3.6 m to carry a service load of # kNhr’. Use M20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel Solution: SP __ 35 x 08 = 28 ‘Overall depth 100 ©. Overall depth recommended = 3100 1285 Let us select d= 105 mm and D = 130 mm.Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 71 Af weirht 0.130% 1 x1 x 25 = 3.25 KNAw Service load 4 kN‘? Floor finisti LkNIm? Total 8.25 KN/m 5 w= 1S x 8.28 = 12.375 kNimn? Moment from yield line theory Wyld _ 12.371%3, 24 24 Limiting moment = 0.138 fy bd? = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 105? = 30.429 x 10° 0.429 kN-m > m, Hence depth selected is satisfactory. ~ = 6,683 KN-m My = Reinforcement 6.683 < 10° = O87, Ay d 6.683 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x A, x 105 | 1 sie 1000 «105 20 176.285 = A,,|1-—*2_ 5060.24 he, Ay? ~ 5060.24 A,, + 176.285 x 5060.24 = O A, = 182.9 mm? Old 2 Minimum Ai Tyg 1000 130 = 156 mm" *. A,, to be provided = 182.9 mm? Using 8 mm bars Ese g? 1000 = 274.8 mm 182,90 Provide 8 mm bars at 270 mm cle in both direetions. Example 2: A square slab of size 6 m x6 m is reinforced with 10 mm dia Fe 415 steel bars ata spacing of 180 mrt in both directions. The average effective depth may be taken as 120 mm and overall as 150mm. Determine the permissible service load if grade of concrete mix is M20, assuming it is simply supported alt around, Solution: L=6m Soe = 20 Nimm?, f= 415 Nimm? 7 510? x 1000 s = 436.33 mm 180,72 Advanced .C.C. Design Ay Syl M, = O87 f, A,d| 1-2 — bd fig = 0.87 » 415 x¢ 436.33 x 120 [1-49633_ 415 1000 120 20 = 17.478 x 10° N-mm = 0.138 fy ba? = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x 120? = 39.744 « 10° N-mm > m,, ~ Under reinforced section and hence M, 17.478 x 10%, calculated is correct Id line theory, we know From a 24 In this case my, = 17.478 x 106 Nemm = 17.478 kN-m| L=6m. Ifw, KN is total factored load per 1m X 1m area, then Wy, 18478 24 w= 11.652 kN/m? te w= L652 7 768 kN? 15 Self-weight = 0.15 x 1x 1 x 2! 3.75 kN/m? Assuming floor finish t kNém? Total dead load = 4.25 KN/m? Service load the slab can carry = 7.768 ~ 4.25 = 3.018 kN/m’, Example 3: Design a rectangular stab of size 4 m x6 .m which is simply supported along the edges and has 10 carry a service live load of 4 kN/n®, Assume coefficient of orthotropy ut = 0.75. Use M-20 concrete and Fe 415 steel. The design may be restricted to bending only. Solution: 2 6m, ol =4m, “oe Toe 0,75 fox =20.Némm? and f, = 415 N/mm? For a two way slab with Fe 415 steel, Overall depth Shtogtapah = $000 asim: 28 28 Let D=150mm and d= 125 mm.Yield Line Analysis of Slabs 73 Loads: Self-weight = ONS x 1x 125 = 3.75 kN/m*. Live load = 4.00 kN/m?. Floor finish = 1 KNim’, ‘Total 8.25 kNim?, 2. Design load = w, = 8.25 % 1.5 = 13.125 kN/m? Moments: For orthotropically reinforce rectangular stab, from yield line theory, we know that w, 08 L? ar a a =-—- 3 - m, =M,, mh [ +e pt aii] Honan ee + (0.607) * 0.75 ~ 0. 6614075 | 24 = 13,632 kN-m, = 0.138 fy ba? = 0,138 x 20 x 1000 x 125% = 43.125 « 10° N-mm = 43.125 kN-m. M Thus M, jin > M,- . Under reinforced, M,, culeulated is correct m, = M,,= 13.632 kN-m, Short span moment Long span moment = uM, = kN-m, Reinforcement in Short Direction AnD 13.632 x 10° = 0.87 f, A, d]1-—* b Pdf = 087x415 x A, x 125 |1-—Ae x 38 1000x125 20 A 302.05 = A,|1-— 4 6024.10 6024.1 A,, + 302.05 x 6024.10 =0 Ag = 319 mm. Using & mm bat = <8? ss 1000 = 15 Provide 8 mm bars at 150 mm cfc.74 Advanced R.C.C. Design Reinforcement in Long Direction 1000% 125 20 10.224 x 10° = O87 x 415 vay 125[ | wi) A 226.54 = if -= Lo 602: Ay? ~ 6024.1 A, + 226.54 x 6064.1 = 0 Ay= 236 mm? Using 8 mm bars, spacing required is ® gt x 1000 = 213 mm Provide 8 mm bars at 210 mm e/c. Example 4: A rectangular slab of size 5 m 6 m is simply supported all around and is reinforced with 10 mm bars spaced at 200 mm cfc, in shart direction and 10 mam bars spaced at 225 mr in tong direction. Determine the superimposed load the stab can carry safely. Given ; concrete of grade M20 und steel of wrade Fe-415 are used and effective depth of slab = 120 mun and over al depth = 150 mun. Solution: aL=5m or a= > = 0.833 In Short Span Direction 0? 2 Ag= 7 - % 1000 = 392.70 mm? Ag im, =M, = 087 f, Ag dl I= yf ; bd fa} 9 5 0.87 x 415 x 392,70 x 1201-22-70, 41 1000x120” 20 = 15.829 x 10° N-mm = 15.859 KN-m In Long Span Direction Age Ex x 1000 = 349.06 mm? 4° 225 pun, = M, = 0.87 x 415 x 349.06 x 120 Ge “ 1000 x 120 14.210 x 10° N-mmYtelel_Line Anat 4.210 KN-m panel ORGS 859 From yield line theory, we know, ny = ee af 2 eee 2 15.859 = w, | {3+0.896 x 0.833" ~ 0.833¥0896 w, = 12.255 kN/m? 2 4 12.255 _ 4.17 kN/m? 15 Self-weight 15 x 1% 1% 25 = 3.75 kNIm* Floor finish, say = 1.0 kN/m? 17 - 3.75 - 1,0 = 3.42 kN/m?, Ans. Example 5: The sriangutar stab ABC shown in Fig. 3.16 is simply supported about edges AB and BC und is isorropteally reinforced with 10mm bars with 200 mm cle spacing. The average effective depth for reinforcements is 190 mm and overall depth of slab ts 125 mm. Determine the tive load it can carry, if finishing load és 0.8 kN/m?, Given M20 concrete and be #15 steel are used, JZ A 3m . Live load = 60" 5 77 iS $m 1 Fig. 3.16 Triangular plate Solution: d=100mm — D= 125 mm 20 Nim h, Nimm? E10? 4 —__ 1900 = 392.7 mm? 200 my 2M, = 087, Ay dl An al bd a76 Advanced REC. Design al 302.7 415 = 0.87 x 415 x 391.7 x 100 x 1000 x 100” 20 = 13.023 x 10° N-mm = 13.023 KN-m For the triangular plate with two adjacent edges simply supported and subjected to nd! w kNim’, m, sin’ w In this case L=4m 3m and = 60" : m= W, a sin’ 60 = 1.5 .w, Wy = 8.682 kim? we see = 5.788 kN/m* Self-weight = 0.125 x1 x 1x 25 = 3,125 kN/m? Finishing load. =0.8 kKN/im?. +. Live load it ean cary = 5,778 ~ (3,125 + 0.8) = 1.863 kN/m? Ans. Example 6: A hexagonal slab of side 3,6 m is simply supported along edges and is isotropicalty reinforced with 10 mn bars at 130 mr centre to centre. The effective depth is 125 rum and overall depth of slab is 150 mm. If M20 concrete and Fe-415 steel are used, determine its load carrying capacity, Solution: L=3.6m d= 025 mm D=150 mm. fy =20 Nimm* 415 Nim? Fo A, = 4 x 1900 150 m, =M, = 087 f, Anal Ba Al = 0.87 x 415 x 523.6 x rast 523.6 mm* 415 1000 * 125 =| = 21.577 x 10° N-mm = 21.577 kN-m theory for regular hexagon By yield