BRITANIC UM MUNDO INTEIRO PARA VOCE {Name Module 2 Language summary Perfect verb forms @ General 1 Perfect verb forms are used to link two times. The speaker is looking back from one point to the time before that: a) the past and the present Present Perfect Simple: ve fived Horo fo years earn nntets ea past now Present Perit Continuous: Have you been waiting lng? 1b) two points in the past ase Perfect Simple: When I got back, they alfeft. They'd all reat eft back before past now that ast Perfect Continuous: We'd been driving for sx hours when we ran out of petro ©) two points in the future Future Perfect: By this te tomorrow, IM have finished ol! ny exams! have finished before that now © Present Perfect Simple and Continuous 1 The Present Perfect Simple inks the past and present ina number of different ways: a) when we are interested in the present result of a past action, 10h no! The computer's crashed again! (I's not working now There has just been cad accident onthe M6, (this ews, affecting people naw 'b) when an action or state started in the pas, but is incomplete or stil in progress. Je been o Manchester United supporter foros ne 051 an remember ow tong have you known ecch ater? 120 Teacher: Date: (Or when the period of time in which i takes place is incomplete, So for this yeor, there have been o number of excting new develops tis giro phoned abc C Notice! “The Present Perfect cannot be used with a time period that is finished. today. Hove you been out this merning? v | pave you bean oe ast nigh? x ‘) when an action happened in the past but is still ccurrent/relevant inthe speaker's mind ‘his book has sold over a milion copes. (50 very sceesstul hve been totaly sever teres. ($0 know about aly) 2. A number of time phrases are commonly found with the Present Perfect. These include: 4) present time periods. today, this week, this year, ee. 'b) adverbs whose meaning links the past and present. ‘for and since, already, jus, recently, ever, never €) phrases lke nvic, three times, several times, etc (see above for examples) We use the Present Perfect in the pattern the fist second third time + clause. ‘es oniy the second time I've met Horry, ut feel os were ateady fends. Is tis the first time you've eaten Koren fox? 3 The Present Perfect Continuous also links the past ‘withthe present, The continuous form stresses the uration of the action and so itis commonly found with how long? for, since, along time al day, all week, ete We've been driving for roe bows ve been rushing round all day. Im sory Have you been waiting @ long time? ‘When no time expression is used, the continuous form emphasises the recentness of the activity. ve played sos, I this could have been at anytime ua tonow) ‘ve been playing squash. (- and tm out of bresth now) > exercises 1-2 p.122@ Past Perfect Simple and Continuous 1 The Past Perfect is used to emphasise that one action happened before another action in the past. especially When the sequence is nat completely clear fom context Wen | got home, someone had left a message on the Its abwiaus from the state of he Kack thot someone had tied in breakin, Because of this, it is common in reported speech, and after verbs of thought end perception Smith told the police he had never met the wieness belore that evening, {knew at nce that something had hoppened. Mironde wondered where her mother had hidden the morey, ‘When the sequence of the actions is obvious, we ‘generally stick to the Past Simple. When (got home, i checked the answer phone for 2. The Past Perfect is found with some of the same time phrases as the Present Perfect, but they are used in a past context. When he met christina, Jack had already been marred. lt. wos the first time 1 had ever spent the night by mysell, inthe house Rosa and Clara had known each other since thelr childhood. 3. We also use the Past Perfect Continuous to describe an action which happened before a particular point in the past. With the continuous form, the speaker sees the action as being repeated or extended. \We had only been drivin for bout iteon minutes when Jil asked me to stop the cor. ‘The relationship between the Past Perfect Continuous and the past is the same as the relationship between the Present Perfect Continuous and the present. (1d been trying to arrange an interview for months, (before she agreed} I"ve been trying to arrange on interview for months. (now) Remember! ‘The Past Perfect (Simple and Continuous) also | offen used to express the ‘unreal past afer words Tike if, wish. if you hod been sitting where | wos, you woul have hos a much beter vw wish | had never met you! ) Exercises 3-5 p.122 Perfect verb forms © Other perfect forms 1 We use the Future Perfect when we ae thinking ‘mainly about one point inthe future and want to talk about the time before that. Itis ‘the past ofthe focure’ \ihen her boyfriend gets her liter shel have lft the country (2 point inthe future) (before that} See Module 9 Language summary 2. We can use a Perfect -ing clause to mean when because + subject Hoving (= When he had) completed his education. he storted looking for onew.ob, Having (= Becsuse | had) studied Loti for many yeors, 1 found hotian relatwely easy The subject of both clauses must be the same. Because he hod passed al hs exams, his porenis bought him acor Howie pessectaihinenamehinnmantetoughthinccor > Exercise 6 p.123 3 In patterns which are followed by the infintive form, the Perfect infinitive (to) have done ernphasises that ‘we are talking about a past action. 1 ke to meet a fomous person. (= preserctuture} ke to have met john Lennon. f= past) You should be mare careful when you're overtaking {-generaty) ou should have been more corel) when you overtook thot car. (= past) ‘The pattern would + perfect infinitive (without to) is often used to refer to an “unreal” past action, Without your help, we would never have got this far. > Exercises 7-9 p.123 121 ES ry 2 =, © N i Ey 3 oI = o og ) A £ =) 3 ry x <Module 2 Grammar practice Perfect verb forms Decide if there is any difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences. 42) Hove you done your homework? Hove you been doing your homework? b) I've lived in this house for over a year. {ve been living in this house for over a year. ©) Hove you been out today? Did you go out today? 4) I've been having lots of nightmares ve hod lots of nightmares. Dress out the option whichis not possible n each of the sentences below. 4) I've seen that movi three times/a long timerbefore ) Congratulations We've justnever/already heard the good news! ©) Tve been trying to speak to Dr Blake all day/several fimesfor hours. ihe stil busy? 4) This isn't good enough Darren — that's the third mistake you've made fora week/so far this week/since the beginning ofthe week! «Nicky and Tom have known each other fr ages/since they were Htle/recently. 1) Have you been using the computer a lot latelyin the lost few weeks/ast week? ‘Which one of these sentences is correct? Find the mistakes in the others and correct them, a) 1 thought I'd remembered everything until 'd got to the church and realised the ring was at home. by I'm sony I'm so late, but I've sat in a traffic jam. ©) I've been looking through your CV ond I see that you've been working in three different companies in. the last year 4) I couldn't believe it when Natelia walked in ~ we'd Just talked about her! ©) She said she'd never seen him before in her Ife, but 1 know they've met several times. 1 Tulia! This is the third time 1 ask you to be quiet! 122 A, Put the verbs in brackets into the simple or continuous forms of the Past, Present Perfect or Past Perfect. Then cover the stories and try to remember as much as you can. a) 7 = When 111 ‘eae that Joel : a eave his new job ater only a couple of weeks, 1) {otibe} particularly surprised. Ths (4 (happen several times before. @ut when ne (5) | : {notianswerl any of my phone messages, |(6) (phone) the company and (7)... ténd out) that he Apparently, he 9). (seeal) money from the tilt was shocked ~* (10) {know} Joe! for years and he's one of the most hanest people (11) (everimeet. tm sure the police | 8) go) (0 prison for six months! 02) make) aterible mistake. >) ‘Two teenagers Who (1) wow ‘missing since Tuesday (2) oie ‘home safe and well last night. The two sisters, who (leave) home after a family - (hide) in woods (not/intend) to stay away for says (6) Lost in the os (decide) to wait until somebody came looking for them. Their mother Helen said she @) .... (never? give up) ‘hope of finding them alive. Write or discuss your answers to these questions. Then make new questions to ask, changing some of the words in bold. @) How many emails have you sent today? ) How long have you known your best friend? ©) How many cups of coffee had you had by 8,00 last night? ) How long had you been learning English when you first read a newspaper or a book in English? €) Is this the first time you've studied the Past Perfect Continuous? Is there anything you wish you hadn't said today?Which four pairs of sentences below can be joined by starting with a perfect narticiple (Having + past participle)? How can the other two be joined? {) 1 wolted ages for @ bus. { decided to walk home. 1b) We saw the weather forecast. We decided not to go away for the weekend. ©) I've been here iots of times before. The waiters all know me, 4) The directors have considered ull the options. They have decided to close ten regional branches €@) John’s told so many lies in the past. Nobody will believe hirm this time. 5) Patrick left school with very few quolifications. He found It difficult to get o jab. 77 atch a sentence from 1-8 witha response trom a-h. Put the verb in brackets in the infinitive, €.g. (to) go, or the perfect infinitive, e.g. (to) have gone, I'm glad Max didn’t come to the film with us, haven't seen Marti at all lately Shalt we sit in one of these seats here? I've looked everywhere forthe cat ~he's not here! Hori was really shocked when he opened his present. 'm feeling really exhausted at the moment, Some people were badly injured in the explosion, How did Roul get into the show? It was sold out. 0) 1'4 prefer (Git) nearer the front, if you don’t mind. by Yeah, but they're lucky (survive) ©) I know. she seems... (isappear) 4) Well, maybe you should (ake) a few days off work. @) He pretended .... (be) a sound technician! 1) Don’t worry, he can't. ss (QO) very far. 49) Oh, I'd love _ (see) his face! 1) Me too ~ he wouldn't... ve (@N}0y) i Finish each sentence so that it means the same as the one before it. 0) Vd been to the restaurant once before Tn by Sue wos very nervous because she'd never flown before Hoving . so 6) You started trying to give up smoking months ago! You've 4) les ages since we enjoyed ourselves so much. We ©) Ut Sashes sorry she bought that co. {bet Sasha 1) 1'm glod | didn’t vein the L8th century. {wouldn't - —— Perfect verb forms adetine athe pertect verb forms inthe jokes ‘and explain the use of the perfect form in each €) Patient: Doctor, I'm very nervous. This is the frst time I've ever had an operation, Doctor: Don't worty, this is the first time I've ever performed an operation. by Q Why did the plastic surgeon collopse? A: Because he'd been sitting too near the fire. ©) A: ve come to repair your doorbell. B: You should have come earlier, I'm just going out. ‘A: But I've been standing on your doorstep all morning ringing your bell 4) A: Did you meet your son at the airport? B: No, I've known him for years! ©) A: I've changed my mind. B: Oh good, does the new one work any better? 1) (Can you find the misprint?) Foreign ministers today declared that their summit ‘meeting had been a hug success. 123 E ry 5 5 ® DS) (a) x cy E} = ry Bs 3 KH 2 Qa a7 aq ®Module 2 Grammar practice (Key) Perfect verb forms a) “Have you done..." the speaker is interested in whether the homework is finished Have you been doing.” the speaker is interested in how the person has bean spending their timo. No significant difference in meaning, )_ “Have you been. the speaker sees today’ as not finished, Le itis the afternoon or early evening, ‘id you go..." the speaker sees ‘today’ as finished, i. itis late at night. 4) ‘Ive been having recent, vve had recenty. 2 a) Henge: b) never )_ soveratiees: ) foraweeke ©) recently 1) fastweoke 3 Sentence e) is correct a) I got b} ve been siting ©) you've worked 4) we'd just been taking * suggests thatthe nightmares are suggests ‘in my life! —not necessarily 1) (ve asked 4 a) 1) heard 2ihad left 3) was not 4}had happened 5) did not answer 6) phoned 7ifound out )had gone 9) ad been stealing thad stolen is also possible, but had been stealing ‘emphasises thatthe action was repeated) 0) have known 11) have ever met. 12) have made b) 1) had been 2iarrived 3) had left (lett is also possible because the sequence of events is. made obvious by after) ‘4)had been hiding (hid is also possible, but had been hiding emphasises the duration of the activity) '5)had not intended 6) had got got is also possible because the sequence of events is obvious) 7) decided 8} had never given up (the Past Perfect is preferred here because its reported speech) Srieon Pearson Education Limited 2003, 5 ( a » 3 a a 4 6 a » a a a 1 pa 5. 2 a) » a a ®) a » a e) module 2 suggestions) How many phone calls have you made today? How long have you had your shoes? How many TV programmes had you watched by 10.00 last night? How long had you been learning to drive when you fist took your driving test? Is this the first time you've done an exercise lke this? Is there anyone you wish you'd seen today? Having waited ages fora bus, 1 decided to walk home. Having seen the weather forecast, we decided not to go away forthe weekend, ve been here lots of times before, sa the waiters all know me. The walters all know me because t've been here lots of times before Having considered all the options, the directors have decided to clase ten regional branches, John's told so many lies inthe past that nobody will believe him this time. Nobody will believe John ths time because he's told so many lies in the past. Having left school with very few qualifications, Patrick found it ficult to get a job. hh) have enjoyed ——«2~c} tohave disappeared a) tosit 4~Mhave gone g)tohaveseen 6 ~d) take b)tohave survived 8-0) tobe ‘twas the second time rd been to the restaurant. Having never flown before, Sue was very nervous. You've been trying to give up smoking for months. We haven't enjoyed ourselves so much for ages. I bet Sasha wishes she hadn't bought that car | would tke to have lived in the 18th century "ve ever had, I've ever performed ~ used inthe pattern firs second, tira) time + clause hhetd been sitting ~ emphasises the duration ofthe action ‘before a point in the past (he collapsed) "ve come ~ relevant tothe present hhave come ~ perfect infinitive used after should, to ‘emphasise the past '"ve been standing ~ emphasises the duration ‘ve known — unfinished state "ve changed ~ relevant to the present the misprint is hug instead of huge hhad been ~ reported speech after ‘declared 25