16 Acids, bases and mixtures 16.1 How do we use household chemicals? Water - a very common household chemical Water is a very common substance. It is crucial to our existence (see pages 208-9). It has a wide range of uses depending on its unique properties. Water in the home 1 Make a list of the common uses of water. 2 We use water in these different ways depending on its properties. In your group, demonstrate one of the properties. The most important use of water is as a solvent. For example, milk contains fat, milk sugar and proteins 4s well as water. A common medicine such as milk of ‘magnesia does not contain milk but is a suspension (see page 284) of magnesium hydroxide in water. Hot sauces, common in the Caribbean, also contain a lot of water. Water can also be found chemically combined in solid substances such as blue (hydrated) copper (11) sulphate. Look at the table below. You will see that some common food items also contain a high percentage of water. Percentage composition, rercentage composition _ Food __| Water | Carbohydrate | Fat | Protein | Other ‘Cabbage | 94 4 -[ 4 1 Mik 875 5 4}oas | Egos 78 - to | 12 - Fresh sh | 77 - 3] 18 2 Meat 8 - 18} 18 1 Dried fh | 18 - 10} 6 9 Maize 10 78 |e 8 3 (com) Soya 9 34 18 | 34 5 beans 1 Which property of water is the most important for most of its household uses? te 2 How important is the bolling point of water for its use in cooking? 3 List some methods of cooking without water. Which foods are Used in these cooking methods? © [Gently the importance of wey Gnd as a household 1 oooh d chemical, “°° * Diséus the sofe ondeconse common household chemicals, of Some rd conte wit sin 04 aes. ‘caso octet with any fw Ar contac wit skin wash edly wt en of lean wate vr satowen sex wen. AE DEY ‘0 SW Te COMTIMER LA, Explain the precautions that should be taken when using a container of bleach What is in common chemicals? 1 Collect the containers, or copy the labels for 10 common household chemicals (do NOT remove labels from chemicals that are in use). Include chemicals used in the garden and at school. 2 Record what each chemical contains. Can you te whether there are acids or akalis present? 3 Check whether there are any hazord warning labe (see page 247) on the containers, e.g. pesticides and herbicides. What precautions should you take in handling these chemicals? Why should you was your hands after handing the containers? 4 Find out whether there is a government policy © the labelling of substances sold to the public. 4 Ifa label says a substance contains caustic so* what precautions should you take In handling] 5’ Many people now use vitamin supplements. H important is it that these have proper labels? 274 GING EST Maen) Scanned with CamScannerdisease organisms, @ common chemiccis, - , ch as handle carefully, end you so Infctans, shouldbe em. Even Items that look like food east CF Sali look like food should be checked ld be checked a @ Materials such as plastics latics (see page dangerous: eg. some give off foie sane heated. Plastic bags can also be dangerous becwee Ingerous, because '® Drinking too much water can be dangerous © Drinking too littie water can also be dangerous. @ The water we dink to replace the fluids we ‘Aihletes who sweat o lot lose water and salts: if they then drink a lot of plain water, they ‘can suffer from sodium deficiency and their tissues swell. When we sweat a lot in hot weather, of have diarhoea, we can become dehydrated. have lost should contain a balance of salts. younger children might be tem their head and would be sutfoc. @ Young children like to e 9 ‘0 explore their environme ‘and will often try to touch or taste things that are potentially dangerous. There are four basic questions te household! material in commonise 1 What chemicals does the materia it and what are ther properties? 2 Where and how is the material stored? 3 What is the material used for? ; 4 What precautions should I take when ted to put a bag over ated, handling the materiale Using household chemicals safely 1 Make a list of 5-10 common household chemicals. 2 For each chemical, suggest ways in which it might be dangerous if not used properly. 3 suggest any necessary precautions for storing these substances. % Do you read the labels on food items? Hnot, © how do you know what you are eating? 7 Would you taste a food item without knowing what it was? Justify your answer. 8 There is often a ‘use by’ date on processed foods. Why should you take care to use food on or before its ‘use by’ date? 9 Do you think every chemical sold to the -. public should have a label listing the substances in it? Key ideas . Use these words to fill n the spaces as you write the sentences in your Exercise book. disinfectant water poisonous solvent hazard One of the most common substances found in many household chemicals is . One of its most important properties is that it can act as a substances that are . You need to use a Kitchens and bathrooms. It is very important to read any « Pesticides and herbicides contain to prevent the spread of bacteria in wamings on chemicals, Scanned with CamScannerH ow do we use household chemicals? Ss? Continues) Handling household chemicals safely f M1 \y chemicals and materials used in households, and you need to bi 7 e aware of how bbe used in a safe and economical way. cme Fuels 1 Moke a list of any fuels used in your home, garden or vehicles. 2 Describe the use(s) of each fuel. 3 Are there any special precautions taken for storing them? How are they used safely? Insecticides Itis important to keep the numbers of insects in Our homes to a minimum. Insecticides con be useful. but we should be careful. 1 Ust the insecticides used in the home or garden. 2. Whats the ‘active ingredient’ in each of these? 3 Record any warning on the labels about possible dangers. pariiculatly for children and pels. Food additives and preservatives Chemicals are added to our food for many reson. For example, hot sauces contain hot peppesbut oto CGatoin preservatives, such 0s vinegar (very Gite ethanoic acid). 1 Examine the labels on several processed foods. 2 List the groups of food adaitves (see pages 62-3} Lx the additives present in your food items 3 Make alist of the preservatives in each item. 3 Choose one of the more common preservatives Ginat are the properties ofthis substance hat make it a good preservative? 5 Find out about ‘methods of food preservation tho were used by your grandparents ‘and parents. Fertilizers and herbicides Ferlilzers encourage growth, whereas herbicides are Used to keep down plant pests, such as weeds. 1 Make two lists, one each for the fertiizers ‘and herbicides used in your home or garden. 2. Examine the labels on at least one ferfiizer and ae Wi 60 ich ive ingredi 3. Name three common additives. AY © Te Ee ee rie eal one used? ‘What would be the effect of im ns wi ides? — Orsi using it? Are there any precautio should take? 7 4. Does improving the appearance of fru vegetables make them a better buy? 5. Winat are the names of some COMES preservatives used in processed foods? Dreryou find out about the use of sulphur Seite in preserving dried fruit such apricots? 6 How would you try to preserve fruit pineapple or banana? 7 How can you avoid eating too many ‘additives, including preservatives? 3 Are there any hazard labels on the herbi How should these be stored and used? 1 Choose one of the groups of chemicals discussed above. Suggest three ways in which you could reduce how much you Used, by using it more economically, or using an altemative. 2. Ifyou found an old metal container with some liquid init, but no label, how would you deal with if? Give reasons for any precautions you fake. Pr) 16 Acids, bases and mixtures uch a Scanned with CamScannerYou know that at you have to hy oan in the laboratory ce ane oe. sear MRE tONY Tule ofthe school mop Peas 245-8) ing of goggles when held stances or you handle household chemi and cannot cause harm a you hereon ee environment. This means you have t know thew substances tn the chemicals, and their properties oy wha Household chemicals: what is in them? 1 Choose five common househ ‘ ‘ }old che inclicing dsinfectant, antiseptic ond deocoizer, 2 What precautions, if any, shoul : ft if any, should you take using each of these chemicake nS” 3 ist the chemicals in a table, together with their irade names. In separate columns, lst for each chemical (a) the active ingredients that are responsible for the important properties of the chemical and (b) the actual chemical names of the ingredients. 4 Find out what you can about the properties of the ingredients and record # 8 What are the chemical names of (a) common salt, (b) baking soda, (c) washing sods, (d) Epsom salts, (e} quickime, (f) vinegar? 9 Some solvents and glues are addictive when sniffed, Should their sale be banned or should there be waming labels about their dangers? Key ideas Use these words to fill in the spaces as you write the insecticide ; because it burns with a flame, people handling it have to fuel herbicide preservative Food supplements You can have a balanced ai ict (see pages 58-9) if you choose the ight balance of « wide variety of foods. lowever, many people also choose to have food supplements, e.g. vitamins and minerals. You should know about the properties of the chemicas you put into your body as part of your diet. 1 Make a lis of five cifferent food supplements available at your local pharmacy. Find out the purpose of taking one or two of these supplements. Make a list of the vitamins on sale. Use any information resource you can to find out the purpose of taking some (e.g. three or four) of these vitamins. Record your findings. Do you think you could obtain the right amount of these vitamins by choosing the right foods instead of a vitamin supplement? Make a detailed case for one vitamin. You can then repeat steps 2-5 for minerals. Exchange your findings with other students. 10 A famous scientist of the 20th century proposed that very large doses of vitamin C would provide immunity fo the common cold. How would you test this hypothesis? 11 Do you take any food supplements on a regular basis? Is there a good reason for this? - 12 Why is it recommended that women who are trying to become pregnant should take adcitione folic acid, and that they should continue doing this until they are three months pregnant? 13 What food supplements are sometimes used by athletes in training, and why? sentences in your Exercise book. safety supplement Scanned with CamScanner| 278 ACT Xe Ea eRe ay) mixtures 16.2 Why are acids and bases important? Acids, bases and alkalis Aatds and bases An actd produces hydrogen ions in solution. Common labo: acids are hydrochloric, sulphuric and nitric acids. As you saw on page 262, acids react with several metals to produce hydrogen @ A base is a substance that reacts with an acid to form a salt and water only. The word equation is: ratory acjd + base — salt + water Bases are the oxid@s and hydroxide? pf metals, such as calcium oxide, zinc oxide and sodium hydroxide. Bases and alkalis © Some bases are insoluble, e.g, the oxides of heavy metals, such as copper and iron oxides. © Some bases are soluble, e.g. oxides such as sodium, potassium ‘and calcium oxides. Soluble bases are called alkalis. © Some common alkalis are sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and aqueous ammonia (ammonia gas dissolved in water). The alkaline solutions contain an excess of hydroxide ions. The pH scale It is important to know whether the liquids you are using are acidic or alkaline. For example, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is corrosive and can harm your skin very quickly, as can concentrated sulphuric acid. We measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution using the pH scale. The scale consists of numbers from 0 to 14. © On the scale, 7 is the neutral point. A solution of pH 7 is neither acidic nor alkaline. This is the pH of pure water. © Solutions of pH less than 7 are acidic. Acid solutions have an excess of hydrogen ions. Acidity increases as the pH goes down from 7 towards 0, so a solution of pH 2 is more acidic than one ofpHs, © Solutions with pH greater than 7 are alkaline. Alkaline solutions have'an excess of hydroxide ions. Alkalinity increases as the pH goes up from 7 towards 14, so a solution of pH 12 is thore alkaline than one with pH 9. ‘© You can estimate the pH of a solution using universal indicator (UD, which contains a mixture of dyes giving different colours through the pH range. You add a few drops of UI to the soliition being tested, and compare the colour of the indicator against a colour chart, as shown below. © Distinguish am. ‘kai ana sai, © Understand the Of PH, Acidic solution Has a PHI than pH 7. It contains an exces of Positive hydrogen ions (4), Alkaline solution Has a pi i than pH 7. It contains an aes a ; negative hydroxide ions (OH, Neutral solution Has a pi of 7, Hydrogen and hydroxide ions in ‘equal numbers as water molecules H+ OH SH,0 Litrmus isan acid-base indicator. Acids turn d blue litmus paper red, and bases tun damp litmus paper blue increasingly acdie w= netiral > increasingly alkaline Scanned with CamScannerwe ya , - € et {ig some common chemicals \ Everything you use ath srang ye nome ot nacho contain chem ban jan example of many chemical stances. The most common chemical i water, PH 7 1 Put about Sem? oy i ee M4, ORR) Piece, PS yoo eS OF fed ares 2 RepeGSteP | wth cittereny ovHeMH dite hydrochloric aeig = and sodium hydroxiee #2. obserVatIONS no table, NOP: Record your Gren pure) You use many different substances, and we vestigate the properties of some of these, Ate common chemicals is acidic or alkaline? (ORR) 1 Collect as many samples as possible of common household chemicals to test with indicators. Avoid acid-base indicators (1 pepeat Practical 108, fine. vie INer Ocid-base nec SOUHONS ut Cherise tral ore coloures Wve iniversal indic s suct x orge-unvenalincicatr engines omen 2 ty to doh any sods Wye We dated 3 Test a small sample of each chemical or solution with @ few drops of universal indicator solution. 4 Record your observations in a table. tist the Hi values and whether each chemical is acidic or alkaline, 5. Read the label on the chemical. try to identity the ingredient that makes it acidic or alkaline. 6 Check each of the chemicals to find out whether they contain one or more salts (see page 281), 2 Repeat the tests, using other record your observations, Colouriess solutions, 1 Define {2} on acid, (b) a base and vee enc oh eee CL ak ond 2. Which of the following solutions are acidic, and which are alkaline: pH (a) 9, (b) 4, {e) 1. (d) 13% ‘What are three properties of (a) acids ond (b) bases? a 4 Acids and alkalis can be corrosive. If you got some, ‘aqueous ammonia (a) on your skin oF (b) in YOU eye, what should you do® 5. Why’sit important to know whether a substance fs acidic or alkaline? oo 6 Doyou store any acidic or alkaline substances ot home? If so, what precautions should you take® # The hydrochloric acid in your stomach (pH 1.5) could burn your skin. '¢ In the home, the most alkaline substance we use is oven cleaner with a pH of 14, Key ideas” Use these words to fill in the spaces as you write the sentences in your Exercise book. alkalis hydroxide base Indicator acid hydrogen vi is An_\Q\__ isa pigment that changes colour in acids and A\\ols. An example of an. hydrochloric AC\ CL, and sodium hydroxide is an example of jase Acids have an excess of ‘Pons, anda have an excess of 2 ons When an 29S%. reacts witha oC salt and water only are formed. Scanned with CamScanner16.2 Why are acids and bases important? What happens when acids and alkalls react? (MM, ORR) 1 Take about 25cm (using a measuring cylinder) of dilute sulphuric acid and put it in a 100cm? beaker, Add a few tons of indicator and record the colour. Z Ado dilute sodium hydroxide solution slowly from another measuring cylinder. Mix ihe solutions carefully. Stop adding Ine alkali as soon as there is a permanent colour change. ‘Measure the volume of alkali added. 3 Now try a more accurate method, Carefully measure out Sem? of the acid into a test tube. 4 Add the alkali a drop at a time using a dropping pipette. 5 Count the number of drops of alkali used up to the point Glwhich Ihere is a permanent colour change, Record your resulls Repeat the experiment to check your result (also see page 387), Neutralization reacted completely, so that there is They react to form a salt and water. acid(aq) + alkali(ag) > salt(ag) + water(aq) The salt is formed from the metal (rom the base) and the acid Sroup from the acid. The water is formed from the hydrogen and hydroxide ions, If sodium hydroxide solution reacts with dilute sulphuric acid, the word equation is: sodium hydroxide(aq) + sulphuric acid(aq) ~ sodium sulphate(aq) + water(aq) Sodium sulphate is a salt, (continueay Using a pipette and b © You start with an accurst oe of alkaline solution, Measures a1 Pipette. You usually use ae 8 © Thisis then reacted u SWves 0 very precise record of acid needed to neutralize the Akay, dilute alkali with universal indicator What is formed (MM, ORR, Al) 1 Repeat Practical 111, star ing with 50cm of acid, and add just enough alkali to neutralize the acid. Use indicator Paper to check. Why is this better than Using liquid indicator? in neutralization? 2. Put the neutral solution in an evaporatin basin and heat it over a water bath, 3 What do you thinks the liquid that iS driven off@ What do you observe in the basing Scanned with CamScannerYouhave made jhe ycroxide solution © metals can be maw (mi aa lute sh M, ORR) ot Y Fecctin, MUS ai is 1 tie dilute sotutio, he same 4 Satis op S08 NS of ‘eth the 2 ike 50cm» Olkaais gue Fe tive ot ste soy ute hydrochiog, ium “the neutral IC acig solute oxide Odd just soluti Neutralize fH enough 81 Beaker conta an evapora lize it a 4 nat forms in the by 4, bales weer posh nd heat it et Asin o: © HOP ri ek ie oti oan eee a Litle liquid of een of Cool, 3 ® You cant “ ity . taking it out with, 6 Repeat the exper; IMent, usi ‘and dilute nitric acia, 46) 39 (2) soa dite sulphuric ccs eens Pata cnn i (e : fe soluti dle hydrochiovic aeig, "SU Mycroxice Sout @ Acids and alkalis req, ict li solUble salts. The satis eu wvatae Scan be evaporating the water. This se ach other) to form tained from solution by ‘alled crystallization, Making salts from acids and bases (MM, ORR) © Oxides of ight, reactive metals, such as sodium and Potassium, are soluble in water, forming hydroxides (alkalis). But oxides of heavy, unreactive metals, such as copper ond ifon, are insoluble in water (they are bases but not alkali). We form salts of these metals by reacting the insoluble bases directly with a dilute acid. 1 Puta small quantity of copper(|l) oxide in a boiling tube. 2 Add about 10-15cm® of dilute sulphuric acid, and warm gently until there is no further change. 3 Record your observations in a table. How can you explain your observations? 4 Write a word equation for the reaction. 5 How could you obtain a sample of crystals of the salt formed in this reaction? ; 6 Repeat the experiment. using coppe'tl] oxide and (a) dilute hydrochloric acid and (b) ditste nitric acid 7 What is the colour of the salts of copper? 8 Repeat the experiment, starting with Ion{l} oxide, and, separately, the three dilute acids. 9 What fe tha entour of salts of ron? neutral solution nan evaporating dish J} bolting water ‘Bunsen bumer Using a water bath hydrochloric acta —[- washing soda crystal ‘This isthe rainbow experiment, in which you can see ‘neutralization taking place. Put a washing soda crystal (an all) into a test tube of water. Add dilute hydrochloric acid and a few drops of universal indicator. Observe, ‘and describe what you see after two days. How can you. ‘explain what has happened? What processes are involved? "Some common salts Common salt: sodium chloride Washing soda: sodium carbonate | Baking soda: sodium, " hydrogencarbonate | Epsom salts: magnesium sulphate Seasoning salt: monosodium glutamate 1 What are the names of the salts. formed from dilute (a) hydrochloric acid, (b) sulphuric acid and (c) nitric acid? Scanned with CamScannera 7 Some useful neutralizatj ion Feaction, = An alkali, such as calamine lotion, neutralizes the acid in a bee sting | Fast Teco Prt 20 TABLETS Indigestion tablets neutralize excess stomach acid —r Scanned with CamScanner mnennowdsk&16.3 What i are different kinds of mixtures? Solutions solutions are examples of in ina nul ‘he sold called neo hen a sold soho the solvent. The commonest, lute. The liquid ts. nest salve called solution is formed: the. late in water, a blue water is the solvent, ‘Copper sulphate ts the solute and fe Iris possible to have soltd soh lutions. Fore: alloys (See pages 267-7) contain pay earns, many’ metal dissolved in another. pions with eng @ The solute can also be a gas, e.g, air Toe sn donide tn herein OT tssoved in weer, F schouonssare emsollytraxsparent, bc oloured. They appear the same all the wey theccgh: tre call them homogencous mixtures, You will alas be sudying heterogeneous mixtures, such as emulsions (see Pages 284-5), solekis ana Does everything dissolve easily in water? (MM, OFF) 1 Use 0 verity of different chemical substances. 2. Put asmaii quantity of one substance in a test tube. 3 Add a tew cm? of distilled water, and shake the jube. If the substance does not appear to dissolve, add a littie more water and shake again. 4 Ifthe substance still does not dissolve, warm the tube gently, but do not allow the water to boil. 5 Record ina table whether the substance is soluble orinsoluble in cold and/or warm water. 6 Repeat steps 2-5 with the other substances. 7 Forone of the substances you have recorded as insoluble, shake the tube gently and filter. What do you observe on the fiter paper? 8 Repeat step 7 with one of the substances recorded 95 soluble. How do your results differ from above? 1 What are (a) a solute, (b) a solvent and (c} asolution? Give an example of each. 2.Can (a) an insoluble and (b) a soluble substance be separated from a liquid by fitering? 3 ‘Solutions are examples of mixtures.’ Is this statement correct? Dist Distinguish among solutions. suspensions and ind prepare samples of each one. Other solvents apn ont ‘organic solvents (In which the chemical Segara Gees oeaan Dry cleaning ret wpa sti ses of pi sina tate ceeeeconvetaics cana smart Teme cree wt ccs canes sane been found to be carcinogenic, and its use is likely to be restricted. Other solvents used include glycol ethers and. Wa thar te dean you hve octet label. You can damage clothes said to be ‘dry clean only’ if ‘these are put into a domestic washing machine with water and detergent. You can look at the labels inside some of gon nce ceo ony 29 ‘What fibres do you think is it made from? Solvents other than water to remove stains (MM, ORR) 1 Use the same stains as you tested in Practical 116 fon page 282). Also include dried ega. grease: Pic ink, nail vamish, rust and others. 2 Test small samples of the stains on cloth with, for example. ethanoic acid, borax, propanone- methylated spirits and paint thinner. 3 The stain will be removed if itis soluble in the Solvent you use. Test each stain with each liauis when cold, Do NOT heat the test tubes directly the lguids ore flammable. instead, place the te tubes in a beaker of hot water. 4 Record your results for each stain and solvent the same way as before. Try to assess which Is best solvent for each of the stains. Do you no any pattem in your results? (See also page 3} Scanned with CamScannerSuspensions Uniite solutions, suspensions are heterogeneous. In solutions, thé ‘molecules or ions, and cannot be seen. In * particles are very small molecules oF pepenstons the particles are larger (over 1000nm), and can usually samen by the naked eye. The particles stay suspended in the liquid, orscitle to the bottom on standing. Examples of suspensions include blood, muddy water and some medicines. Solutions and suspensions at home 1 List some of the common liquids used at home. 2 Try to civide the list into (a) solutions and (b) suspensions. Lock af the table below to help you. 3 Record vour observations in a table (also see page 388) Making a suspension (MM, ORR) Itis possible to see through a solution. However, when we react some chemicals together or have very fine particles of a substance in a liquid, we have a suspension. itis not possible to see clearly through a suspension. 1 Add dilute hydrochloric acid to sodium thiosulphate solution and allow the mixture to stand. 2 Can you'see through the substance in the test tube? You should find that there are yellow particles (of sulphur) suspended in the liquid. This is a suspension. 3 Now iry to filter the Suspension of sulphur. You will find that most of the solid particles remain on the filter paper. 4. Howis this different from a solution? Solutions Colloids Homogeneous mixture. Solute dissolved in a solvent. Heterogeneous mixture. 16.3 What are different kinds of mixtures? Mixture A substance in whic wees Joined together. Homogeneous mixture ‘appears the same through wo on buat, Suspension “A helerogeneout mire in which the ports canbe sesn wnt, oked eye, e.g. muddy water, nme Collold A heterogeneous mite, Which the parts con be seen wihan microscope, e.g. paint, smoke. Many medicines are suspensions, and should be shaken before use Suspensions Heterogeneous mixture. Separate parts can be seen. Solute particles very small. Colloid particles of in-between size. Suspended particles are large. Particles not visible under a Particles visible under a microscope. Particles visible to the naked eye. microscope. Solute and solvent do not separate or | Particles do not separate or Parlicles suspended, but can settle ue settle out. out when left. Particles can be separated from the Solute cannot be separated from solvent by fering. by fitering. Particles cannot be separated liquid by fitering. Examples: salts or carbon dioxide dissolved in water, alloys of metals. 16 Acids, bases and mixtures Jelly, shaving cream, egg white. ‘Also emutsions: milk, paint. ‘Mud, powdered chalk or sulphur in water, some medicines. Scanned with CamScannerColloids ‘and suspensions, The sice aru? hove Properties the pacts in stuion ne Patlesin a closets a The particles in a colk ay than thove tn oe snihey canbe seen uns nae Between 2 ond 1000he qetcatered whee can Be mixed witha sot, ig eae @ gas ina solid: polystyrene foam Gnd the white of egg Emeisions Thee are particular examples of colloids, in which two liquid at ion ly mix are shaken togeth parte eon ea together and small particles of din nce omed, Some sas mil , ssing (oil and vinegar), emulsi kerosene and water. " ne Making an emulsion (ORR, MM) 1 Add alittle kerosene to water in a test tube. Yo that the two liquids do not mix. ae teeter 2 Puta rubber bung in the mouth of the test tube to close it ‘and then shake it vigorously. Record what you see. 3 Now allow the test tube to stand for some time. Do the contents remain the same? 4 Shake the test tube again, and then add some soap solution. Allow the test tube to stand. What has happened now? 5 Record all your observations. which enables the @ The soap solution acts as an emulsifier, Jes of emulsions like liquids to mix together (emulsify). Examp! this include butter and mayonnaise. ‘Shaving cream is a colloid of a gas in aliquid Separating components of mixtures ‘© Suspensions: Components separated using sieves or filters, with holes that let through ‘one component, but not the other. ‘© Solutions: Cannot be separated by filters. on, or We use evaporation or distillatic chromatography for dyes in solution. © Colloids: Difficult to separate, except for ‘emulsions if the two liquids are of different densities. 1 How would you classify each of these mixtures in water: (a) soll, {b} salt, (c) oil? 2 Give two examples each of 3 Whyis a suspension so called? 4 What are the liquids in an emulsion paint? solutions, suspensions and colloids. Key ideas Use these words to fill in the spaces as you write the sentences in your Exercise book. solute suspension colloid solvent emulsion dry cleaning and water is the . Stains can be When sugar is dissolved in water, sugar is the removed by using the correct large. An organic___ is used for mixed, Milk is a good example of a clothes. Kerosene and water form an , Which is also an 3 Scanned with CamScanner A is not transparent, because its particles are too when.© Distinguish between soapy detergents (soap) and soapless detergents. E © Explain the cleaning action of detergents. . © Discuss the effectiveness of various types of abrasive materials. ide vatodded y th on veces Pi e 1p Ponificatio, Oclds in the oils ang = stearic acid (f _ | op w coat porn hydro sectium ye Th eteaate + water ae hydroxide © Soap is separated fro, Trae sion 2m the so ne Shletide), and tne soap then Moats on ee ot sat satum (mix and boa yoda sat are called lye), : *9P of the other liquids (which Deis ' Soap and Iye are se y noah roaco odd 1e a 's then boiled and water added, ree SSOP is washed several times, peru, ~ ede to? 18 complete. Then tre Soap is beachast emake sie im, “7 > ° ind perfume away, nant thessatececked and its dred in moulds Gamens (© separate the soap (finish and dy he soap Stages in making soap Making soap (mm) : 1 Place 30, CM Of vegetable il ina 250ems beaker. 2 Add 50cm? of sodium hydroxide solution (made by dissolving 1269 of pellets in each 50cm? of water). 3 Mix them together and boil for about 20-30 minutes. 4 Add one tablespoon of solid sodium Chloride to the solution And allow it to cool. 5 Record what you see when the cooled solution is alowed 0 stand for some time. Describe the appearance of the two layers, : Hard water (se page 288) contains chemicals that Combine with soap to form a greyishowhite scum, ‘which you can see left behind in this bow! § Filter off the liquid to separate it from the soapy layer. 7 Wash the soap with water a number of times, to make sure that there is no sodium hydroxide left. 8 You can add colouring and perfume. Then you can dry it in moulds, such as matchboxes. have made and shake it small piece of the soap you ; ; cas in a test tube. Compare how wellit lathers with a piece of bath soap of similar size. Your soap can be used for cleaning clothes, but not for washing your skin. 1 Why do we call Soap a salt? hy is Sodium chloride added to the boiling mixture of the alkali anc Scanned with CamScannerapy ar sot = : na Soapless dete, letergents (so, i alerts, ut they aoe lb toca om o Sept degen oe powder, also contain sulphona 19°) &4 They do not form ae ‘ > be biodegradable, what do detergents do? © They reduce the surfa, ce tensior insoluble compounds such at ie ewok Water and ich as ofl or @ They foam easily, $0 they spread or os surfaces, soluble particle *s Temoved from, your scum wit skin or clothes, How so detergents clean? All detergent molecules have i Z two parts @ ewserloving ‘head that olen water @ a crerhating ‘tail’ that is soluble ine not js water. fats and oils, but In soapy detergents the head is sodium, soapless detergents the head is sodium at or sulphate group. The tail ends of detergent molecules be come attracted to the oll or grease. The charged head ends become surrounded by water molecules, and the grease is lifted from the surface. whereas in| ind a sulphonate Cleaning properties ‘The cleaning property ofa detergent may be improved by adding: ae surfactant, for removing dissolved grease © © water softener, for using with hard water © enzymes, for acting on biological tains, €9, blood oregg © fabric softener, for improving the quality of the ‘leaned product. Scouring powders Scouring powders contain: © small particles of one or more very hard substances, €.9. Pumice or silver sand (abrasives) © a bleaching agent containing chlorine, which bleaches. surfaces and kills microorganisms ‘© detergents, either soapy or soapless. : ‘They may also contain borax, which is alkaline, and can remove acidic stains, such as fruit stains. Detergents, on their own, work best on recent dirt and grease. Ifthe grime is ingrained, such as layers of scum ‘on skins or baths, a scouring powder is needed. The action of rubbing the powder on the surface removes anything stuck to the surface, and also part of the surface. If bleach is present in the powder, there is also a chemical ‘action that removes other substances. You need to take great care about using such powders, except on metal or ceramic surfaces. 4 What are the main differences between soaps and soapless detergents? 5 What is the main disadvantage of (a) soapy and (b) most soapless detergents? 6 How would you test (a) two brands of washing-up liquid, and (b) two types of scouring powder, to find which was better? Key ideas Use these words to fill in the spaces as you write the sentences in your Exercise book. soap water-hating scouring washing salts soapless Detergents are soapy ( )or____, eg.__ powder. They are both sodium __ of organic acids, but are and attracted to grease, whereas the head ends are attracted to water. detergents also contain other groups. The tails of detergent molecule: powders contain small particles of very hard substances, for cleaning surfaces. Scanned with CamScanner16.5 What are hard and soft water? How can we test the hardness of water? Water Is a solvent and dissolves many things. But we often need to use detergents to make things clean - water alone is not enough. In many parts of the Caribbean, water is obtained from sources where the rock is coral or limestone. Water samples from these areas form a scum with soapy © Distinguish between hard ang In 2 Expetiment to soften hard waiee ‘Water, ler," a detergents, before they form a lather: this is called hard Temporary hi easily: this is called soft water. form carbonic acid. Iain coe ca en an area with limestone (calcium carbone oa rece wih th ado an at cat This chemical is soluble and isthe ca hardness of water Pucatin tana Ee Cannon a ee a calcium carbonate() + carbonic acid(aq) ~ calcium hydrogencarbonate(aq) Tap water obtained from limestone areas is ha soap sade it roacswith te hycogencaos make a scum. Only when the hydrogencarbonate has bg removed from solution, can the soap form a lather, ‘When temporarily hard water is boiled, insoluble calcium carbonate is formed. So there is then nothing in solution for the soap to react with, and a lather is formned more easily. So boiling removes temporary hardness, but the calcium carbonate is then deposited. You may have seen this in an electric kettle, as shown in the photograph, Different types of water (ORR) 1 Collect many different water samples, including » tap. rain, distilled, sea and river water. Try fo also obtain at least one sample of polluted water. 2 Put about Scm’ of each sample into separate test tubes. 3 Add a few drops (the same number in each case) ‘of soap solution you have prepared, to each tube. 4 Close the mouth of the tube with a rubber bung. Shake the tube vigorously for a set time. § Iflittie or no lather is formed, add a few more drops cof soap solution and shake again, 6 Record how much soap solution is needed to form a permanent lather for each sample. Use a table like that shown below. Water | Drops of soap | Lathers | Forms scum solution added | easily Top Rain Distilled River Sea Polluted 7. Allow each tube to stand, and observe what happens to the lather in each case (see also page 390). *Scale’ or ‘fur’ inside a kettle 1 Which of your s ter (forma hice you amples are soft water (form Permanent hardness ant 2 Which of your samples are hard water (form a Permanent hardness is caused by the pre a scum and need more soap to make a lather}@ | calcium or magnesium sulphate, whieh vo ee 3 What might be the problems faced by a by water travelling over rocks or through soll. a hospital with a hard water supply? dissolved in the water and are unaffected by boiling, permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling: uy/16 Acids, bases and mixtures Scanned with CamScanner1s hard water a prop, eee eee etter eee eee ard Water Makes w le ‘7 Hora oe ene Mor \ depo scum tO De wesheses i, on femporarily hard wat ed away. 1 other, and tem calclum carbone’ iy Hate have to use late neay have problen, oF be supplied To hea Bull up ee AS the» a Nome, this probiens atte Same ameynee® S87» can un : M1 How can we soften herd water? (MM. ‘oRR) Pur obout Sem? of soft waterinto gest Ee, nad” lew drops of soap solution, and shake for DOU! mute ethanole ac 0 1a AMOUR of wate é i) to dissolye weed by using vine ZO seconds, Waave ths 10 stand 05 @ conte). a. the cane thing vinegar’ | 2 ie several samples ot hard water 20% re Hot Femove hard, of which fs tempororiy hard water and another palloS ness? permanent nord water, Take about 25crr of ech “end boll them in separate Sem? beakers. ris onlY WOFKS to remo ve tery 3. Alow the boiled samples to cool ond use obout d not permanent ‘Porat crarotpemanent hanes, ea Stow Gheseniorepectatep Bes Faience, ett) neonate 4 Compare the contol wit ne hard water samples. ; at eer boung have on each one? calcium hydrogencarbo; Nata a ssn washing soda ) + water(aqy i is sodium carbonate, : Teoets vith some of the Aah ‘carbonate. Which is insoluble, aa : oi the bard water becomes soft, because ihe cera ‘using the hardness has been f, Decause the substance femoves toth temporary and permanent ae soda ess. Can chemicals soften water? (MM, ORR) 1 Take samples of both Kinds of hard water. and Put Scm of each in separate test tubes: 2. Add a small quantity of washing sod to e0ch Somple. Close the test tubes and shoke vigorously. 3. Compare the lathering properties of hard water Fer esr been treated with washing soda wilh Added to hard water, ns to form calcium : cau hyrogencarbonatas untreated hard water. "sodium carbonate(s) -> calcium 4 Record your observations. Todium hydrogencarbonate(ag) calcium sulphate(aq) + sodium ian ihn tn ama pistillation his involves the bolling of water to produce a vapour, Teh i then condensed back to a liquid. A condenser is ted (see page 214). The vapour is pure water, with no dissolved chemicals, so the condensed water is pure distilled ‘rter, which can be used for special purposes. Distillation can be used to remove both kinds of hardness. ‘4 Why's distilled water used in science laboratories and car batteries? § How would you make a sample of temporarily hard water soft without using chemicals? & There is some evidence to suagest that hard water is better for your health than soft water. Do some research to find out. Key ideas i : Use these words to fill in the spaces as you write the sentences in your Exercise book. temporary washing ‘soda _- distillation _ permanent sulphate _ boiling hardness of water, caused by calcium hydrogencarbonate, ‘can be removed by * hardness, caused by calcium or magnesium ___—» cannot be removed by : hardness causes extra cost due to the production of scum with soap, and fur, due | All kinds of water can be softened by °F adding : Scanned with CamScanner