ACS Omega temperatures determined in the sections were obtained by the seudy of Chen etal ‘Through the thermal analysis, final temperatures of the struetural members were acquired under the inluence of fire, and material properties of the stel were determined according to these temperature values. In the structural analysis, physical behavior of the loaded joint was investigated using modified material properties. Thus, the fire effect was reflected on the joint and the members through the alteration of mechanical characteristics. 2.2. Material Properties. 2.2.1. Thermal Properties of ‘Steel. Type of the steel material is $355 for this study with yield steength of 355 MPa and tensile strength of 500 MPa. Furocode 3 Part 12. was used to determine the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density of structural steel.” ‘The structural steel ulized in the model has a density of 7850 igim’. ‘2.22. Thermal Properties of Intumescent Coating. The indluence of density and specific heat on the protected steel temperature in the validation investigation is minimal because the thickness isso modest. As a result, the constant values from Annex E of EN 13381-8:2013 were used. The specific heat ‘value is 1000 J/(kgK), while the density value is 100 kg/m’. ‘The viscosity of the fire-retardant coating is taken as 11000 mPas at 25.°C. However, the effective thermal conductivity has been obtained by Wang et al.” based on their fre test, and the furnace temperature followed the 150-834. Fire has ‘been applied to the protected surfaces in their model, which is also applicable in the mentioned study. Cipici et al? proposed that if the fire condition is less severe than the Standard fre condition, the effective thermal conductivity of the coating retrieved from the Standaed fire test can be utilized to estimate steel temperatures for ather heating circumstances. In the model the convective heat transfer coeficient is set to 25 W/(m?K), and the emissivity ofthe coating for radiation is taken as 0.92." The intumescent coating expansion mecha- nism that leads to the ultimate char has not been studied in this study 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Comparison of Steel Temperatures (Eurocode- ANSYS Results). To demonstrate the numerical method's confidence, a validation study comparing Eurocode solution and ANSYS results of structural members’ steel temperatures in terms of beam, upright, and connector was conducted. The beam temperature was determined using dey film thicknesses (DFT) of 0.5 mm, 10 mm, and 1.4 mm for the intumescent coating. For all coating thicknesses, a very satisfactory agreement war found, as illustrated in Pigure 1. The resulte ‘of LO mm DFT thickness difer from those of 14 mm DFT. thickness by a litle margin, As a result, the 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm have been chosen for confirming upright and connection temperatures. Figures 2 and 5 show the results of the upright and connection comparisons, respectively. As can be seen, the ‘numerical model's validity is confirmed by the close findings. 3.2. Mechanical Properties of Steel at Elevated ‘Temperature, Beam, column, and connectors are manufac: tured from cold-formed steel. Mechanical properties of these materials were determined by tensile coupon tests according to [ASTM ES standards." The tensile test was carried out on a tensile testing machine with a capacity of 250 KN at a tensile speed of 25 mm/min. Dimensional properties of the tensile coupon test and mechanical properties are given in Figuce 4 hitp//pubsaesorgjournalacsodt “Temperature ) Tine) Figure 1. Comparison of beatn temperatures with va Jntumescent coating thickness. “Temperature 1) 8 = = recta son (0FT=06 rn) ‘Soense couton(Oe7=1 9m ‘mere son BFF) Tine ) Figure 2. Compaticon of upright temperatures with various intumescent coating thicknes. Temperate) Time (6) FFigore 3. Comparison. of connector temperatures with various Jntumescent coating thickness. and Table 1, respectively. For coupon tests of cold-formed steel, samples with the cross-section properties of 1.5 mm, 2S mm, and 3 mm were prepared and kept at the target temperature of 700 °C for 20 min.” After the samples were