Guerile Ave “Concrete-Steel” Pressure Pipe for Water Supply [Roe Paonocrs, september, 1945, By M. W. LOVING* ‘neh-gatlons”" The usual allowance ve prevented oh informative dis for pipe Hines built of east irom, steel uualon of Pepys meted ot fand’ other classes of pressure pipe making presiresed reinforced con~ anges from 100 to 200 Inch-gallons, rate pressure pipe. He called it "con ereta-steel” pipe in one place in the Drospestus, from whlch the article twas prepared, and that seems to be the best term for {t, The same ap- “comorele-stel J.-B Muler, president, Lewistown More than 33000 1 of 24, 30~ and pide Fe MGR, president, Lewistown in, pipe were required tm Chicago etlable tettods” of peotucing ST vietity for supplying water for pipe of exceptionaliy WO very large, defense plants an ie The sane 8P- ne qually in ls plant at ilside, S80 for city extensors 1% 1942 and alc ite lve caerid erin; fo" Genta aus Gatiwet of Coit, Mvontae al made on Bae faveieating conerete-stel pipe, wnicn MO. The fist instalation made sed lines snowed a leakage ranging famrleating eonerete-stel pipe, whlch ite it was 1210 ft, of sewage foree {FOR 7 to 22Inch-gallons, Tn 1043, ts & mechanteal scheme for placing Th Sratammond and But Chic 2800 ft, were insalled forthe Stand Sure, vibrating high pressure scam SM, T2d. in 1008, ‘The pipe was si Oll Company of Indiana at Wood sure vimrting, high pressure sieam age in ciameters of 24,90, 28 and River, Tl, and the leakage on, the curing, img teres of operations re- in, and in 12-t. length, and the Sinlaed lines was proctially i Iinee operate under n working pres- _Reeearch on. concrete-steel pipe, fire of 40 pa. Cetauic head of €9 spansored by the Lewistown Pipe Co, fu. Hydrostatic vest ofthe fished Wan carved on at Purdue University. tne Tnated fn etage of nly Tafayeta, Yad for more tan 6 Fn. of lameter per mile i Year under the direction of Pro. ui"Tiours—hereafer refered to et Ray 2. renpe, A paper ented ia. 1 Smog eonreteaten ie tial el re inset appar ARM) and pmCONCRETE PIPE 36 A 24m canceeate! pipe wound With. all temper reg sts “wire-Wound Preaueseed Pressure - Memufacturing Methods (2) ‘The conrete miature Is made Pipes wan peseet ty Prot Hepes aq tee mecrert te ripe, wit andara porta soment an a2 tae aman! convention of the ,27 ibe, manufactore 0 * Garey raced feed. coarse American Concrete Institute’ in > aggregates which are thoroughly March, 1043, W. W. DeBerard, city (1) The Hume centrifugal process iixed for more than 3 minutes with asrah tne WW OBRNECLOUTET (a cnoiered wc mate alee tai | LETTE cogmetr, and WB, Weldon, asset” englna, The lial sl thickness 1b) of cement. A Pumpsrete mashing 4nt pmeinger, Department of Public fo,/a4: and 30-n, pipe t25 In. and ls now eat to place te concrete Ia Gruen, aly pwmnted, 8 4m for 46- and dav, dlamelers, the molds in unform layers trough ‘paper entitieg “the Experiences with "shall thickness controled by out Une full net of the pines Ts Fe eee at the meee end rings which aso serve as anchors machine, whleh operates on track, te in Cricago” al the annual.con- forthe” a/le-in. longiuisnal sige! ate charger ls shown in the DECK: feotion of the American Water (f,_The form sssouby for 24-in, round af Pg. 1 and he nocdes for forks Association’ Cleveland. Ohlo- Siye'ig shown In the Inset of Pig. 1. istriduting the conerete are shown, Sie 1h, Thos ree ae ‘The 12 longitudinal steel rods are — in the center of euch pipe in the fore- xesearch, technical background and threaded at each end and extend ground. The comparatively dry mix ‘Praotical experience in tnstalling con~ through the end rings. By screwing etmployed in the manufschure of con- erete-steel pipe lines are urged to nuts on these rods, at esch end, crete-etael pipe minimizes the scpa- See ee eee ia mips against the end rings with stress ration of coarse aggregate by centri- ~Taearaal amrcen concrete tnaiate, WFeDches, the rods are prestressed to Tuga Tore, and tmielmim of watar va Os hoo pis when mgh carbon ateel ant alny aa to be Temored, al of “oumal, Amercen water Works Aun, 18 employed And 20000 ba, wien which mena that the Auebed con ‘Vol. 85, No, 10, October, 1043, ordinary billet steel rods are used. orete has very high strength and thepipe a very amooth internal surface, Specimens of concrete sawed from aged pipe by Prot. Crepps and tested for compression at Purdue University Indicate’ a strength ranging from 12,000 to 15000 pi. Mr. Miller eays the strength of the concrete al 3 days Is around 7,000 pat Ir placing the concrete by the method ubove deseribed the form is Totated slowly, so as lo. obtain ait {ven alstribation of concrete trove! fut its length. After the required mount of concrete js plaved-gor- fined by the end sines—the pers= ‘pheral (rim). speed ls Ineressed’ to Abou: 3.500 ft. ber min. ‘This densi- fies the concrete. mixture and. re Gulres about 15 minutes. "The form 48 then stopped ‘and. tne slurry ie removed; then spinning is resumed fand the interlor surface is seeeqded toa perfect finish (2 Caring. The pipe, stilt sn the told assemiy, is paced in the cure ‘ng room and steam cured for 24 hs. when the form assembly te ree ‘moved and the pipe cured at abowe 100 deg. to 130 deg. F for 24 hrs—a {otal of 49 rs. The pipe ie now ready for the winding operation, @ ‘The winding machine, dey oped by Mr. Miller, ie shown in Pig 2°Tb wil be een (at the left) that the pipe rests an one of two lines of rubber covered heels supported. by bower driven shafts, Because of the hgh tension under’ which the wire 4s wound and for safety, the Pipe are eld down at each end by rubber covered wheels securely braced. ‘The fend of the wire is quickiy fastened ‘nv speciily designed malleatie iron CONCRETE PIPE Ce LTFILEN STEEL SLEEVE WRE MESH HO6 STEEL RE RE ANCHOR | eg : casting that vas embedded in the Shell of the pipe sear each end for {hat purpose. (See Mig. 3) In rotate Ing the pipe, the wire ts spirally wound with a pitch to provide the required elec! ‘tea per foot and Under n tancie stress of 90,000 pat ‘The steel wire i fastened atthe ther end in an embeded mallee fon casting and then cut, "The oll tempered epring stool wire ‘used for thie purpose in delivered in Folls of ebost 3.000 ft, and in one Size, No, 6 gage. It cannot be welded ‘and hiss to be spliced by slenve mute Also made of very high tensile sel. ‘The ends of the wire to be spliced are quickiy threaded by special aie, whieh means that the splice can oc. eur ab any point on the surface. of the pipe during he winding oper ton. (Gee Pig. 3) Similar wive and the same method of splicing are used to fabricate cables for suspension bridges. The wire as an ultimate stress of 206,000 to 225,000 psi with f eld polnt of €0 percent of ultl- Imute, oF 164000 t0 180,000 p3t Tn the eonerete-stel pipe manu- fectured by the Lewistown Pipe Co, the steel is designed to operate onder ‘working stresses ranging Zrom 90,000, 100.000 past (6) The Yelardlng machine shown f'the tight (Pig. 2) ie 8 steel drum, Containing sand By adjusting th quantity of sand in thie drum, the Fequlted drag’ con be controlled and Toa een ee ca T 5 rapper UBBER son, si sree. mons RIQEPeR NOLES Rul concnete men wars 28% (CENTRIFUGAL cast) fe remains constant. for the wire Wound on any diameter of Dipe, For No. € wie, which has a diameter 6r 1620 tn. and a sectional area of (028953 sq in, When wound at 90,000, pat, the drag fore 20-in. pipe 1s 42700 1b. The two wheels shown Jn the foreground, governed ty control wind the wire on the pipe spirally Trom end to ena with a uniform piteh or spacing, ‘Because the retarding ‘machine travels on a track parallel to the pipe being wound, the eonirals are so carefully adjusted that winding may be stonped at any time, espe~ claly when the ends of the old. and now call of wire have to be spliced, ‘To determine the tensile stress of the wire at any tle during Winding operations, 1 Huggenberger” strain tage may, be employed. "This gage Inessures the stretch of the wire in engin of 1 In. The same end re- Sully may be accurately obtained by marking a clveumterentia wire at any palnt with @ penell_and at a point on another wire on the same Dlane that would ropresent a length ff 0 ft. or 240 in. Then release the {ension an the drm ane measire the stretch of the wire In 240 tn. Under 80,000" pst, tensloa, the elongation of'n No. 6 wire fe 003 in por tia. of Tength and for 240 tn. it ts 72 in “The elongation per inch is aerived at by aiviging the steel stress (0,000 psd) by the modulus of elasticity of fhe. stee!—20,000,000 psi ‘When wound on the pipe under this ‘high tension, the feel wire, ‘when the veson is Feleawed. by re: Yersiag the machine, does not uncolt 45 one would expect but it remains Ih close: proximity to the periphery of the pipe, Even if thie dd happen, the percentage of error would be on the tate side In using this motted of checking. the tensile stress under whieh the wire is being wound. (The Joint assembly is shown in Fig, 4 and consists of a. elect collar similar to te lm of an auto- ‘mobile wheel. In fect, itis made by frm engaged in that line of buel- ess. ‘The two. metnl top. rings, Welded to the sted! sleeve mechani: ally seat the endless rubber enskets From thie drawing 1 wil be ecenthat the Jolnt assembly ts encased in concrete I in. In thickness, and at he rght_a’ cross-section’ of the Snchor castings, ‘The shape of the fds of each pipe is alco thown tn thie drawing, which In not wrapped with Ing tenslle steel wire within in, of the ends of the pipe because the internat hydrostatic preseure of fhe pipe line at and in the vicinity of the jolnt is sustained by the steo! Sleeve of the joint assembly, eupple- ‘munted by the circumferential sel Placed in the collar ‘Each pipe Just after the winding operation is Sublect to internal ny= Gostatic pressure. double the head lunder which the line is designed to operate (1) Concrete encasement of the pipe and joint assembly are accom Dlshed by placing the pipe on end fn eteel form #0 that a I-In, coating of concrete fe placed, This coating is Steam cured for 12" hours while in the steel forms and for 36 hours or more afler the form ate removed, in large, portable curing boxes, ‘Mr. Miller nas developed @ method of plucing this conting by a modified unite scheme which. may properly be termed gunctete, "This expedites production operations and eliminates the necessity and expense of using the steel forms for that purpose, This coating may be finished in a work- manllke manner by toweling the funcrete coaulng while the ripe es: fSombly ts elowly rotating. Pig, 6 is a ‘Tew of 42- and Qin, conereie-stel Dibe in storage. When tne pipe are Gelivered to the trench for laying, it ig only necessary to place, another fendless rubber gasket! im. the. Joint tisembly shown tn ig, 4. and the bipe is shoved home by mieans of & Dull jack shown in Pig. 6. Ta is 8 Mlew ‘of the instalation ‘of m.26-Un CONCRETE PIPE ‘eonerete-stel” pipe ine in the City of Chleago In 1983. 'For making branch eonnectlons on coneretesstel pipe lines, split sieeve Connections ace installed, Tne acne far space between the finer surface of the sleeve and the pipe is oalked Srith lead. ‘The same metiiod 1s sae fo tap east ‘ron pipe lines “under Dresnire. A Mueller tapping machine ‘with speclal cutting edges ie Used to {ap conerete:stee! pipe lines under pressure Test Results Resistance to external loading 1s 4 maior feature of “concrete steel” pipe, On September 1, 1939, a test ‘wus made at che plant of the Massey Concrete Products Co.. Chicago, on their” 300,000-Ib. eopacity. ‘Tinks Olsen testing machine. A 24-in, "con crate-steel” plpe 12 (long was tested by the three-edge method. After eon slaerable aificulty im atronging steel Tebeam assemblies for teansmitting the toad to the top of the pipe, the ‘oaulte were ss follows: 20,00 1b. per Tin, ft, whien a small crack occurred ft the bell end. The ultimate load Was Devond 300,000 Tb, er snore than, 425,000 1b. per lin. ft. When removed from the machine, no cracks ‘were sible nthe Dipe ‘Other tacts Have been made on larger diameter pipe and Prof. Crepps rade the following statement before the American Concrete Tnstltute in 1943 “The merlisof the wire-wound pipe under external loading are ile Tustrated. nw three-edge. loading ‘ast made In the Materials Testing Laboratory at Purdue Univeratty. A Sein. diameter pipe, 2 Thad ta. tong with a 287-in. structural shell was 20, wrapped with wire under a tenslon of 83000 pt The steal area was 0.039 ea. in, per tn. length of pipe. ‘The ‘rangement. for securing ‘deforms tions Inthe concrete and ste are noted tb ig. T and the plotted ze= fills are shown in Pig. 8. The O01 Im, crack occurred at a load of 16,500 1h, and the ullimate st 28,500 1, ber 1 Tength. of ‘pipe. Tn comperieon with ASTM, specifications for Re- Inforeed Conetete Culvert Pipe (Ct 4D. the wire-wound pipe bad Staller wal thickness and the quane Uy of circumferential steel equal to ‘about 6/€ that of elliptical retnforce- ‘ment, but it gave loads greater then three’ times the regulrements. "The wire-wound prestressed con- creta pressure pipe has advantages ‘of eeonomy of steel nd quality of concrete to satisty engineesing de- signs for high pressure heads, The magnitide of he internal pressure, resulting from ydrestaic heads oF external loadings, to be resisted by the pipe will govern the design for quant of stecl wire and Us pre- Stress used in wrapping. The designed Structure also possesses resistance to external tonding exceeding any pres- fent requirements for bonded ‘steel eintorsed pipe.” Advantages of "Concrete-Ste Pipe Aster reading this artielo and the cone deucrlbing M. Preyesine’s proc= fee in the September issue of Rook ‘Prosvers, the Tender Is Hkely to ask this question: “Why go to all the trouble and expense to manufacture snd inglall” "conerete-steel” pipe, fapectally when it Is sald that east fron nipe hus a life exnectancy of rare than 100 years and most of the varhware Lone wine tauno\FnesrReste SoNCRETE IP | ae'on s.rex Yo"duwesreece™ i CRA 3 “ - “ - 1 CoNERETE | | sreee ep tt na pastwsslecul\ L5 | ; ee Tisoe Toro taren\ eteace | acnense® | / | tN eenason Prenton ono, 1000 Ln PER FY. LENGTH 7 Cy a a ‘CONCRETE DEFORMATION, 2051 M/I. 24 eo 80 2 STEEL STRESS, 1000 18.7R 32.8 1 thrradeelateg fst of «384m wired prosrntd Sheree prone poesities throughout the country use fast iron pipe for water rupply with fut question? Zt ip true that there fare many plnees where east iron pipe hhas lasted more than 100 years, as ‘advertised. “Conversely, there are any other places where It has very limited life expectancy and the ‘athe applies to steel and other metal fipe when subject to eurroslon due fo active waters with a pit rating of ese thas 7 ‘In this cguntry east iron and ‘wrought fron’ pipe have been com ‘merelally lined for 100 years with cement mortar to prevent rusling or Oxidation of the total, Charleston, B/C, is one place where al cast iron ‘used for water supply, neluding dis- tributicn ‘mains, must be ned with cement mortar, Many of the largest steel pipe lines im the cities of New York,” Gan Francisco, Las" Angeles find eleewhere are lined and often Soated with concrete for” presisely the stme reason. Offclals of a large eastern clly had a very thorough i= ton of this subject made in France in 1925, The reader will be Interested in the following statements trom that report tn 1904 the frst tostalation of steel” cylinder reintoreed concrete pipe was made in Paris under direc: tion of NM, Bonna, ‘who was a Di- ector in the Department of Publle ‘Works. ‘The experiment was succese- ful and M. Bonn organized a com- peng hich docs the largest Business of its Xind in Burope, and had up ‘unt 1025 snstelled some 1600 illo- severe (O94 miles) of relntoreed con crete pipe, The history of these pipes {s very satisfactory; there is on Teo= ford bul one cate of sidden rupture, ‘hen imo sections of pipe were blown ‘ut by waler hammer, probely in the presence of entrained air during the fests of a new istallation involv ‘ng eentrigugat pumps Interviewed M. Mayearts Engl neering Compagnie, Intercommunale Regrintes from nock PRoouCTS, CONCRETE PIPE ‘rualloise, largest water company In Belgium. ‘This company has. 8 Installations of steel concrete. pipe Imade during 1902-22, operating n= ‘der heads tp £0120 meters. No breaks fre reported and no leaks. Upkeep 1s ‘eported high on cae fron, with sub- ‘Santisly none on eonerete pipe, In 1826 8 pipe whieh had been Tad in 1900 was eut open for inspection and fhe steel found in excellent conde on “Interview with M. Gallet, enai- neer in cbarge of Pumping Station fand Pipe ines in Paris. Cast iron Take at Jolnte more than. concrete pipe, where there is deterioration of fast iron due to electrolysis, There is fontinuous maintenance cost on east fon pipe and none on concrete “Ttaapeetion of pipe in Paris, 1n- pected several sections of Bona pipe that had been lad 1690-1000 and re- ‘moved tn 1043 for investigation. Pipe smooth on Inside, no apparent Wear or pitting; steel ‘reinforcement and late found perfectly blue and in ex- Cellent condition. “interview with MF. Hacher, i= rector general, Du Socicte Nationale Des Distribution @’Eau, a semi-gor- ernment corporation, Belgium. Steel oncrete considered as good as cast fon, and costs two-thirds as much. ‘In England, 1 found economic conditions were sel that reinforced concrete pipe had dlffeulty tn eom- peting with cast Iron tn price. 1n the north of England the soft waters occasion very gerlous interaal Eorresion of sted) pipe and tubercti- Jation of east iron pipe, For com- Batting this eandivion, east fen Pipe with centrifugally placed cement Tining is largely used." CCharies J. Des Baillets,chlef engi- weer, Montreal Water ‘Board, Mon teal, Canade, made the following satement "About July, 1929, two lengths of this Bonne pipe, 10 in. in diameter, Were purchased and received trom France, and tested Under the super Walon of the Water Board. "The tuts of tese testa were so eatiefac- tory that the Water Board was con- ‘ineed that the Borne system of pipe Construction, with minor improve ments indesign’ and fabrication, Would make poctible a concrete pres- Sure pipe with all the desirable end none of the Undesirable characteris- ties of the edst-Iron and steel pipes ‘Since this date, the use of this tyne ‘of pressure pipe has become standard Drictice with the Montreal Water Board.» “Some of the desirable features of this type of water main are the fol- lowing? (QD The fist cost of ranutactur- ‘ng and laying is not excessive. (2) The concrete pipe has a very smooth Inner surface whleh renults inva very low fretion factor which, Unlke ‘seel “oF east iron blpe. ‘maine the same er increases after Years of service "The pipe and joints are watertight under pressure greatly ia exeess of the normal pressures for whlch they are designed "nd cannot “Dlow out (4) The eonerete pipe and spe- clas do not collapse or tip apart lunder destructive pressure. Floods of water do not escape and cals ex cuasive property damage because the teal tube and Temforced. concrete ‘Shall successfully reist any tendency for the escape of large volumes of ‘water at the time of failure. “"(6) The concrete plpe Is not sub- Ject to electrolysis nor is it subiect to ‘eterteration from rust “"(@) The thick shell of concrete is Insurance against damage {ror id= den hewy” lows. rom exter? ""(1) Ror maintenance and changes 4m the system, the conerete pipe Pas Its advantages, Sections ‘may be ott tut for thelr replacement by valves fr specials with elther flange, bel, Or spigot joints as desired, and these ‘ew Jina will Be as smocth, strong, rind watertight as the original piper" “otra ofthe Amertoan Water Works ‘Asn Hepler tom page Sate octover, 1948