What is the role of pressure in HPLC?

An HPLC relies on pressure to move the mobile phase through the column or the
stationary phase. This is a system that is faster than the classic column chromatography

The column is often referred to as the "heart of chromatography". Would you

explain why?
The column is considered as the “heart of chromatography” because this is
where the separation of components happens, which is the sole purpose of HPLC or
chromatography in general.

What do you call the graph, or the output of chromatography, that shows the
different peaks of the components of the sample? What information are indicated
in the y and x axes?
Chromatography produces a graph called a chromatogram. The y-axis indicates
the concentration and the x-axis represents the time.

What is the basis in quantifying the concentration of the analyte from the
chromatogram?
The concentration of an analyte can be determined by looking at the peaks in a
chromatogram. The higher the concentration of a component in a sample, the taller the
peaks will be.
Discuss briefly how the separation of sample components occurs in the normal
and reverse phase HPLC.

A normal phase HPLC has a polar stationary phase and non-polar mobile phase,
whereas the reverse phase HPLC has a non-polar stationary phase and a polar mobile
phase.
In a normal phase HPLC, non-polar compounds will move faster because polar
molecules will interact more with the stationary phase. On the other hand, polar
molecules will move faster in a reverse phase HPLC, because nonpolar molecules will
have greater attraction to the polar stationary phase.