AUTOMATIC BATTERY HEALTH MONITORING
USING MACHINE LEARNING FOR E-VEHICLES
Sarupriya S1, Abitha N2, Aishwarya Lakshmi R3, Merscia Serylin Jefy A4, Shrinidhi N A 5
Assistant Professor1, UG Students 2 ,3, 4, 5
Electronics and Communication Engineering1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Velammal Engineering College 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Abstract- Batteries are combinations of
electrochemical cells that generate electricity to
power electrical devices. Batteries are
continuously converting chemical energy to
electrical energy, and require appropriate
maintenance to provide maximum efficiency.
Management systems having specialized
monitoring features; such as charge controlling
mechanisms and temperature regulation are
used to prevent health, safety, and property
hazards that complement the use of batteries.
These systems utilize measures of merit to
regulate the battery performance . In this work,
we propose a continual learning method of
neural network to monitor the aforementioned
parameters using a data-driven approach. We
use a machine learning algorithm that extracts
significant features from the discharge curves to
estimate these parameters. Extensive simulations
have been carried out to evaluate the
performance of the proposed method under
different currents and temperatures.
1. INTRODUCTION
Recent decades, global climate has degraded, and
greenhouse effect has become prominent due to the
rampant increase in earth’s temperature by carbon-
emitting fossil fueled vehicles and conventional
power generation resources. This has globally
driven and endorsed the research and development
of energy storage systems. In the evolution of
several energy storage devices, Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
has emerged as one of the best and widely
implemented
solutions of extensive usage in low power portable
electronic devices, power sources for electric
vehicles and for future grid-scale energy storage.
High energy density, high power density, safety,
large number of life-cycles are the main attributes
of Li-ion, which make it superior to other batteries
such as lead-acid, Sodium Sulfur (NaS) and Nickel
Metal hydride (NiMH). The electrical
characteristics of Li- ion batteries, i.e., energy-
density, power-density, and C-rate, have upgraded
significantly, albeit the problem remains with the
non-linear and nonuniform charging capacity and
aging retention with a large number of cells in
battery packs .To overcome this inherent pitfall of
Li-ion batteries, a battery management system is a
prerequisite to protect the overall system and
monitor the optimal usage of energy Such battery
management systems need to ensure and monitor
the state of functions of batteries including the state
of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC), which
in return, optimize the battery performance and life.
As an example, in electrical vehicles, the SOH is
analogous to an odometer and SOC mimics the fuel
gauge used in fueled vehicles. If SOH and SOC are
estimated accurately, they can prevent
overcharging, overheating and extend battery life,
making them highly important parameters.
However, they cannot be measured directly by any
electrical equipment, as a substitute, they are
estimated by variables of batteries like input load
current (1A and 2A) and terminal voltage at
output.The growing understanding of global warm
around the world, the demand for clean fuel/energy
is on the rise and as a result there is a continuous
shift towards the electric vehicles and hybrid
electric
vehicles. Battery performance is influenced by
factors such as depth of discharge (DOD),
temperature and charging algorithm. This paper
attempts to provide a measurement of voltage and
current level of the battery using internet of things.
Lead-acid batteries are very effective at powering
many different applications. They are easy to
obtain, relatively inexpensive, and provide a lot of
power to whatever they are hooked up to.
Regrettably, if there is nil monitoring the charge,
the battery will eventually run out of power. In
addition to determine the charge of the battery, the
current voltage of the battery is needed. By
depending on the output voltage of the battery, the
approximate charge of the battery can be estimated.
2. RELATED WORK
Few studies have shown the possibilities of an
automatic battery health monitoring using different
ideologies.
Yu, Jianbo et al developed an adaptive Gaussian
mixture model (AGMM) for online learning
dynamic changes of battery health in its full life. A
Bayesian-inference-based probability indication is
developed for detection of new health states that are
online modeled by deleting and adding of
components in AGMM.
Banaei, et al r reports on a new method for
estimating the SOH of a Li-Ion battery using its
impulse response. Having the impulse response of a
healthy battery, the proposed method predicts the
terminal voltage of a battery using the terminal
current measurement.
Lee, et al implemented a system to diagnosis the
fault of a battery cell through the Deep Neural
Network state classifier . In this method , DNN state
classifier utilized the discharge voltage data that
was obtained by operating the lithium battery cell at
high temperature .
Yu et al developed a battery health prognostics
system based on Bayesian-inference probabilistic
(BIP) indication and state-space model (SSM) that
integrates logistic regression (LR) and particle
filtering (PF). In this system, generative
topographic mapping is constructed to model
distribution of multisensor data from healthy battery
under an assumption that predictable fault patterns
are not available.
Noman Khan et al proposes MCCPs based battery
management system (BMS) to estimate batteries
health/capacity through the deep learning (DL)
concept where the patterns in these CPs are changed
as the battery ages with time and cycles. Thus, we
deeply investigate both machine learning (ML) and
DL based methods to provide a concrete
comparative analysis of our method. The adaptive
boosting (AB) and support vector regression (SVR)
are widely compared with long short-term memory
(LSTM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), bi-
directional LSTM (BiLSTM), and convolutional
neural network (CNN) to attain the appropriate
approach for battery capacity and state of health
(SOH) estimation.
Hu et al concerned with machine learning enabled
battery State-of-Health (SOH) indication and
prognosis. The sample entropy of short voltage
sequence is used as an effective signature of
capacity loss. Advanced sparse Bayesian predictive
modeling (SBPM) methodology is employed to
capture the underlying correspondence between the
capacity loss and sample entropy.
Xing, et al discussed the latest known methods of
state estimation and life prediction based on battery
health monitoring in this paper. Through comparing
their characteristics respectively, a prognostics-
based fusion technique is proposed that combines
physics-of-failure (PoF) with data-driven
technology.
Li, Hong et al developed a multistep-ahead
prediction model based on the mean entropy and
relevance vector machine (RVM), and applied to
state of health (SOH) and remaining life prediction
of the battery. A wavelet denoising approach is
introduced into the RVM model to reduce the
uncertainty and to determine trend information. The
mean entropy based method is then used to select
the optimal embedding dimension for correct time
series reconstruction.
Tang, et al , presented a health monitoring method
for the application of battery management system
(BMS) to solve this issue. First of all, the necessity
of multiple indicators (MIs) is demonstrated
through the analysis of estimation dispersion of
single indicator (SI), and three health indicators are
extracted from actual operating conditions of EVs.
M.Senthilkumar; et al proposed a battery
management system can be integrated with the
monitoring structure which is capable of both
managing, monitoring and logging the data to an
online database. This system monitors the battery
parameters like voltage, current, temperature, power
and state of charge. These parameters are then sent
and stored in a database via internet which is then
shown to the user by means of an android app.
Chetan et al proposed a vibration based health
monitoring. A regular data of the vibration for
batteries used in vehicles has proved to be helpful in
realizing the need of repair or replacement. To
collect this data, a set of vibration sensors are used
along with a set-up placed around a battery, a
microcontroller for data acquisition from the
sensors.
Miftahullatif et al developed a diagnostic
architecture of lithium-ion batteries that finds the
variation of State of Health (SOH) by actively
sensing the voltage transient response at rest period
after discharge, that is where each battery cell
returns to an equilibrium state. We found that this
transient response represents SOH of the battery
cells. Since at this rest period after discharge the
cell balance controller is not activated, by sensing
the voltage variation we can also predict the SOH
variation inside the Battery Storage System (BSS).
of GSM module. For coding part of system of
system we have used arduino IDE and embedded c.
first of all components and check if input voltage
and current are there are in defined limits then
check if battery is 100%charged or not charged
fully then it will enable battery charging circuit also
when battery goes below 10% user will be notified.
A buzzer based alerting system is also designed to
indicate the raise and fall in the values. This system
will analyse the exact state of the battery and alert
the user about it. Another part of this system has a
GSM Module to ensure that the batteries status is
notified to the users properly. It is integrated with
the controller which collects the data from the
sensors. By using these values the controller sends
the messages about the status of the battery to the
user alongside the result displayed in the LCD
Display and the buzzer.

3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

First system comprises a battery health monitoring

system which comprises Temperature sensor,
current transformer, a LCD Display, buzzer and a Fig. Proposed Block Diagram
GSM Module. Once the vehicle is started the
system gets started and the temperature, current and WORKING
voltage values are being continuously monitored.
It is mainly consists of three major parts collecting
This provides timely readings of the basic
data from all sensor sending the data and processing
parameters via a liquid crystal display connected to
it with microcontroller sending user feedback. For
it. The system mainly consists of 3 main parts:
monitoring input current and voltage we are using
collecting data from all sensors, sending that data
voltage sensor and current sensor. These sensor will
and processing it with a microcontroller sending
be monitoring incoming voltage and current to UPS
user feedback for monitoring input current and
battery and send the data to microcontroller. After
voltage we are using voltage sensor and current
collecting all these data user will be alerted
sensor ,these sensors will be monitoring incoming
whenever any predefined parameters will change by
voltage and current to UPS battery and sending that
using GSM technology. SMS will be sent user on
data to microcontroller arduino UNO will monitor
his/her phone with help of GSM module.With this
battery parameters like remaining percentage,
the user will be able to know the current status of
battery etc.this data will also be sent to
the battery. In case of sudden rise in temperature or
microcontroller. After collecting all these data user
the temperature levels going beyond the threshold
will be alerted whenever any predefined parameter
value say 40 degree Celsius the code is set in a way
will change input voltage, current and battery
such that the motor will rotate to indicate the
percentage etc.by using GSM technology. SMS will
change in the value.
be sent user on his/her phone with the help
4. COMPONENTS
DHT11 Sensor
Fig.DHT11 Sensor
This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
includes an aligned advanced flag output with the
temperature and mugginess sensor ability. It is
incorporated with an elite 8-bit microcontroller. Its
innovation guarantees the high dependability and
magnificent long haul steadiness. This sensor is
mainly responsible for the measuring of the
temperature of the batteries in real time. It has great
quality, quick reaction, hostile to impedance
capacity and high performance.
Liquid Crystal Display
Fig. Liquid Crystal Display
LCD’s are used to display the outputs and the
desired results that are obtained from the sensors by
the means of controllers. The LCD are extensively
used in many telecommunications and
entertainment electronics. The LCD have even
started replacing the cathode ray tubes (CRTs) used
for the display of text and graphics, and also in
small TV applications. The main use of LCD
Display in our project is to show the realtime values
of current, temperature, voltage and also to indicate
the state of charge.
Piezoelectric Buzzer
Fig. Piezoelectric Buzzer
The Piezoelectric Buzzer is used to indicate the
result in the form of sound or alarm. They are
electrically run sounding which are basically run on
DC Voltage. The core of this buzzer is made up of a
piezo electric element. Due to this element the core
of the buzzer constantly expands and shrinks when
Dc Voltage passes through it. This continuous
action produces vibrations which is responsible for
the production of the sound. The use of Piezo
electric buzzer in this project is to indicate and alert
the user about the changes in voltage, current and
temperature.
Regulator
Fig: Regulator
The simplest regulator is a large capacitor in
parallel with the load. The capacitor converts the
pulsating DC voltage of a rectifier into a smooth Dc
load voltage. Two important parameters of a
capacitor regulator are its working voltage and its
capacitance. The working voltage must be at least
equal to no-load output voltage of power supply.
The capacitance determines the amount of ripple
that appears on the Dc output when current is drawn
from the circuit. The amount of ripple decreases
with increase in capacitance.MC 7800 and 7900
Regulators standard application circuit. The Mc
7800 is a 3 terminal, positive, fixed voltage
integrated circuit regulator
These regulators employ internal current limiting,
thermal shutdown and safe area compensation. The
Mc 7900 is a 3 terminal, negative, fixed voltage
integrated circuit regulator. Mc 7800 and Mc 7900
series requires no external components.

GSM Module

Fig. Hardware part consisting of sensors to monitor

Fig. GSM module
GSM modem or GSM module is a device that uses
GSM mobile telephone technology to provide a
wireless data link to a network. GSM modems are
used in mobile telephones and other equipment that
communicates with mobile telephone networks.
They use SIMs to identify their device to the
network. The module offers GPRS/GSM
technology for communication with the uses of a
mobile sim. It uses a 900 and 1800MHz frequency
band and allows users to receive/send mobile calls
and SMS. The keypad and display interface allows
the developers to make the customized application
with it. Furthermore, it also has modes, command
mode and data mode. In every country the
GPRS/GSM and different protocols/frequencies
operate. Command mode helps the developers to
change the default setting according to their
requirements.
health parameters of the battery and display in the Liquid
Crystal display
The hardware part is designed using sensors to
measure the health of the batteries. These sensors
include DHT11 Temperature Sensor, regulators to
measure the current and voltage of the battery. Live
monitoring is done with the help of these sensors
and the readings are displayed by using a LCD
Display. Here once the vehicle is started the
temperature, current, voltage and the state of charge
parameter readings are shown in the Liquid Crystal
display.

The main use of GSM Module in this project is

to send Messages to the user about the changes in
the temperature if the battery is not in the optimized
temperature condition.

Fig. Hardware Part

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Any abnormality in the readings will
trigger an alert message to the user’s phone. If there
is a rise in temperature, it will send a message as
“Temp High” to the users mobile. this will Also be
Displayed on the LCD Screen. The readings are
also recorded in the form of excel sheets. This
provides a
clear view of increase/decrease in battery’s
condition.
Fig. Message sent when High Temperature is measured
The changes that occur in the battery are also
displayed in the LCd Display screen. In case of
voltage fluctuation the display will show a message
as “Low Voltage”. If the battery gets overpowered
the system shows a message as the “ Overload”.
Fig. Message is displayed when change in battery parameters
are measured is measured
Readings were taken with the system designed and
compared with the readings taken from the sensors.
Error percentage is calculated and the system is
again trained to reduce the errors.. The minute
variations in readings are displayed in a graphical
manner. Optimum performance is achieved.
6. CONCLUSION
Battery health degradation detection and
monitoring are crucial to realize equipment’s near-
zero downtime and maximum productivity. A big
challenge is how to construct an effective
monitoring system that can consistently exemplify
the degradation propagation of battery health over
its whole life. This work proposes a continual
learning scheme for monitoring of state-of-health
(SOH) of batteries. An ANN is developed for online
learning dynamic changes of battery health in its
full life. This paper provides guidance for the
development of battery SOH monitoring models
based on adaptive learning schemes without too
much human intervention.
The future work proposes a deep learning-
based optimal battery management scheme for
frequency regulation (FR) by integrating model
predictive control (MPC), supervised learning (SL),
reinforcement learning (RL), and high-fidelity
battery models. By taking advantage of deep neural
networks (DNNs), the derived DNN-approximated
policy is computationally efficient in online
implementation.
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