‘Amazing Physics: procs, ETO TELE? DREAM BIG AIMHIGH NEVERGIVEUP famazingPhysics amazingPhysics with Tcer AlinaSPM PRACTICAL. CLUE & IDEA GUIDED EXPERIMENT Follow the instruction given UNGUIDED EXPERIMENT Refer the simulation given (refer instruction given) Identify the variable Identify the variable (refer aim of the experiment) |- Inference - Hypothesis - Hypothesis = mv, tv, Set up the apparatus Set up the apparatus (you have to set up by yourself by referring the hypothesis stated) Tabulate data (refer to the question given) Tabulate data (refer to your variable) Plotting a graph (gradient) Plotting a graph Relationship of the variable Prediction question // precaution step Relationship of the variable Prediction question // precaution step Tn te dapat dengan sere he beh -ABDULLAH IBNU ABBAS-PRECAUTION STEPS ror INVESTIGATIVE EXPERIMENTS TYPE OF NO. | EXPERIMENT PRECAUTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN INVOLVING 1 ‘@, Do the experiment in a dark room to get clear and sharp image Light b. Lens, screen and object must be in line and of same level ig c. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of meter rule to avoid parallax error 2 ‘a. Make sure the spring is not loaded beyond the elastic limit (spring return to original length when load is taken off) Spring b. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of meter rule to avoid parallax error 3 ‘a, Make sure all the connections are correctly and tightly to ensure the current flow Electric / |». Switch off the circuit after taking the reading to avoid over . heating of the wires (resistance increase) Electronic | c. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of ammeter / voltmeter to avoid parallax error 4 a. Stirred the liquid constantly, so the temperature rises evenly b. Aluminium block must be wrapped with insulating material to prevent heat lost Heat c. Thermometer bulb should be smeared with oil to give better thermal contact with the block d. Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of thermometer to avoid parallax error 5 | Measuring Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of instrument such as .. (instrument) to avoid parallax error ammeter, voltmeter, meter rule etc. dnguiry_discovery_experiment Y- ¥-macnn FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: Measurement Identify variables ~ Tabulate data FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: Plotting Graph make a relationship from the graph FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: Make a relationship and safety precaution from the graph. Draw a triangle for gradient, calculate the gradient and relate the gradient with the formula given FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: identify inference, hypothesis, and the variables from the given aims ofthe experiment FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: Simulation diagram, make an inference, aims, hypothesis and identify the variables Diagram of arrangement of apparatus (construct the procedure, tabulate data, and analyze graph). FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: understand the aim of the experiment identify the variable tabulate the data plotting a graph prediction question (based on the gradient of the graph or equation given) PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4+ PART 5 PART 6 amazingPhyscs@alinalmanartFOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: - Measurement Identify variables - Tabulate data TRIAL NEGERI KELANTAN 2012 A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the length of wire, J, and the resistance, R. The arrangement of apparatus is shown in Diagram 1.1. An ammeter, dry cells, a theostat, a switch and a piece of constantan wire are connected in series. A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference, V, across the wire of length, I Diagram 1.1 2 Anliht 2 ¢ Audet, a ay, Ve Vv Length of wire, /= 20.0 em Diagram 1.2 5 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathA (dil, # A yuttehinna VE ccsseetenneeerinnie Ve eos Length of wire, /= 40.0 cm Length of wire, /= 60.0 om Diagram 1.3 Diagram 1.4 2 3 Ayn! Whitby, sn ast My Xs iyS WY Lin Ve NV Length of wire, ‘= 80.0 cm Diagram 1.5 (a) For the experiment above, identify : (i) The manipulated variable (ii) The responding variable (iii) The constant variable (b) Tabulate your results for all values of Vv Vv Length of wire, /= 100.0 cm Diagram 1.6 , V and R in the space below. (I=0.5 A) amazingPhyscs@alinalmanart [1 mark] [imark] [1 mark] [4 marks] 6TRIAL PULAU PINANG 2012 . Astudent carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the temperature, 9 and the electric current, I through a pure metal. The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in Diagram 1.1. Battery 12V jiagram 1.2 Diagram 1.3 o°c @ = 20°C _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(ii) Diagram 1.4 8 = 30°C Diagram 1.5 9 = 40°C Diagram 1.6 @= 50°C 1=.., Based on aim of the experiment, identify : The manipulated variable The responding variable The constant variable [1 mark] [1mark] [1 mark] _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(b) Based on Diagram 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6, determine the reading of ammeter, I, and their corresponding temperature, 8. Tabulate your results for temperature, 8, | and ; in the space below. [5 marks} Time is FEE, but it's PPICEIESS. You can't OWN it, but you can USE it You can't KEEP it, but you can SPENd it. Once you've IOS+ it. YouCON NEVEr Yer i+ bACK. Harvey Mackay amatingPhyss@alinaimanat‘fe | * Measure the physical quantity through the instrument given and tabulate data © | + Identify the variable for this experiment. A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between time, t and temperature, 0 of a copper block. Diagram 1 shows the reading of the initial temperature, before the heater is switched on. I TT TT TTT 2 to 3 oa 8 1 8 © a :..30°C Diagram 1 Diagram 2, 3,4, 5 and 6 show the temperature, @, when the heater i switched on or 1 minute, Record the reading of 8, and calculate the temperature change. TT TT TT TTT Time, t= 1 minute a 32°C a8 =8-6 ag =.2°C.... Diagram 2 Time, t= 2 minutes 0 3a. A8 -8-6 ae = 4°C Diagram 3 0 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathTime, t= 3 minutes 0 380. A® =0-8, ag =0°C Diagram 4 eee TTT Time, t= 4 minutes 6 :,.38°C A® = 8-6, ag =.8C Diagram 5 I TT TT ET TTT ft 2 a n # ET C7 10 a 0 100, Time, t= 5 minutes a 40°C Diagram 6 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathBased on aim of the experiment, identify The manipulated variable :. Time of heating Increase in temperature The responding variable: cre tse, 19 femperany ‘The constant variable: mass of copper block Tabulate your results for all values of , 8 and Ad in the space below. Plota graph A@ against t. Power of heater // specific heat capacity of copper block // A0 CC) V (1 mark): (minutes) aC) 1 32 2 physical 2 34 4 quantity & 3 36 6 unit! 4 38 8 5 40 10 J Vv (2 mark): (3 mark): reading of © Consistency in (should be same as the reading! Hypothesis stated) GOOD, BETTER, BEST. NEVER LET IT REST. i ‘TIL YOUR GOOD IS BETTER AND YOUR amaingPhysics@alinaimanatil, BETTER IS BEST.AO CC), 18 16 14 12 10 4 5 6 7 ‘t/minute _amatingPhysisBalinaimanathFOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: = Plotting Graph = make a relationship from the graph Using data from Part 1 - plot a graph - state the relationship from the graph ‘On the graph paper, draw a graph of: (a) TRIAL NEGERI KELANTAN 2012: graph of R against / (b) TRIAL NEGERI PULAU PINANG 2012: graph of i against @ Based on the Table 1 L (cm) 1(A) i (a) 400.0 0.75 1.33 90.0 0.85 1.18 80.0 0.95 1.05 70.0 1.10 0.91 60.0 1.30 0.77 50.0 1.55 0.65 40.0 1.90 0.53 Table 1 a. On the graph, plot a graph of ; against L. b. Based on the graph, state the relationship between t and L. “When you have fun, ' Ak changes all the pressure into pleasure amatingPhysis@alinaimanath 4FOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: - Make a telationship and safety precaution from the graph - Draw a triangle for gradient, calculate the gradient and relate the gradient with the formula given. FORCE & MOTION | mv : height of inclined plane 1 :acceleration cy mass of trolley Instrument height of inclined plane = meter rule Fema > Relationship of variable a(ms”) ais diecly proportional toh Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of meter rule to avoid parallax enror Unit for GRADIENT h(m) ms-2 m= ass? x-axis hom m 1 Relate the GRADIENT with EQUATION m= gradient a= %xh a8 =f a=irh 2= gradient gradient = a fient x L s? 9g (Acceleration due to the gravity) 5 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathR(Q) FACTOR AFFECT RESISTANCE m= gradient k = 0.786 Variable my: diameter of wire cross-sectional of wire 1V : fesistance cov: length of wire / temperature of wire /! resistivity of wire Instrument resistance = voltmeter and ammeter diameter of wire = micrometer screw gauge Relationship of variable Ris directly proportional to Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of voltmeter and ammeter (or micrometer screw gauge) to avoid parallax error Unit for GRADIENT ats = Rd? =O mm* a-axis = Relate the GRADIENT with EQUATION km eet __ k(gradient) T Unit for p 6 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathELECTROMOTIVE FORCE vv) 1(A) m m= gradient Variable mv: current 1v : potential difference // voltage cv : emf ofthe dry cell / number of dry cell Instrument Potential difference // voltage = voltmeter Current = ammeter Relationship of variable Vis decrease linearly to Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of voltmeter and ammeter to avoid parallax error Unit for GRADIENT maxis V_¥ m =» = S=VATor Oo xeaxis 1 A Relate the GRADIENT with EQUATION tor -O —(gradient) ~Ca) r= (internal resistance) 7 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathOHM'S LAW (A) v(Vv) l R=p3 Variable mv: current 1v potential difference // voltage cv length of wire // temperature of wire I! resistivity of wire /! diameter of wire Instrument Potential difference // voltage = voltmeter Current = ammeter Relationship of variable Tis directly proportional to V Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular tothe reading of voltmeter and ammeter to avoid parallax error Unit for GRADIENT gradient 1 ‘gradient Lt R= p45 ig amatingPhysis@alinaimanathOHM’S LAW v/IV VA E=rmt m= gradient Variable mv: current 1v potential difference // voltage cv length of wire // temperature of wire I! resistivity of wire /! diameter of wie Instrument Potential difference // voltage = voltmeter Current = ammeter Relationship of variable Vis directly proportional to 1 Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of voltmeter and ammeter to avoid parallax error Unit for GRADIENT = £= VA" (Resistance) Relate the GRADIENT with EQUATION E=Pmt m= gradient: R=" E=PRt Unit for E AVs (electrical energy) amatingPhysis@alinaimanath 9FACTOR AFFECT RESISTANCE RQ) Variable my: diameter of wire /! cross-sectional of wire 1 sesistance cv : length of wire / temperature of wire /! resistivity of wire Instrument resistance = voltmeter and ammeter dliameter of wire = micrometer screw gauge Relationship of variable Ris directly proportional to Precaution make sure our eyes perpendicular tothe reading of voltmeter and ammeter to avoid parallax error Unit for GRADIENT _yraris Roya 2 = = RA=Q mm’ x-axis a Relate the GRADIENT with EQUATION L A RA = pl R=p gradient = pl Unit for p (gradient) | mm? e v Qmm 20 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathLET'S TRY INTERFERENCE OF FACTOR AFFECT INTERFERENCE OF SOUND WAVE RESISTANCE LIGHT WAVE x(m) R(a) ‘x (mm) Lom’) A(mm) ax A= D ka=D k = gradient REFRACTION OF OHM'S LAW WATER WAVE vw) 110 2 (em?) vm) d(cm) TA) = [9 l tae rm gradient R= py k= gradient FACTOR AFFECT Fema RESISTANCE a (ms?) RO + h(cm) 5 (nm) _g m= gradient R : "eT Ey, = a PA m= gradient «= gm E,=mgh amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: - identify inference, hypothesis, and the PART Ly} the given aims of the variables from experiment NO. AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 1 | A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the potential EMF difference across a dry cell, V and the current flows, I. INFERENCE: | Potential difference depends on current HYPOTHESIS: | Current increase, potential difference decrease VARIABLE: | mv: [ Current v: | Potential difference // Voltage | Electromotive force ofa dry cell / Number of dry cell 2-_| Astudent caries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between resistance, Rand | FACTOR length of aconstantan wire, { AFFECT RESISTANCE INFERENCE: | Resistance depends on Length of a constantan wire HYPOTHESIS: | Length of a constantan wire increase, resistance increase VARIABLE: | mv: | Length of a constantan wire wv: | Resistance cv: | Cross-sectional area of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire ‘3 | Astudent carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between resistance, R, and diameter, d, for a constantan wie. FACTOR AFFECT INFERENCE: | Resistance depends on Diameter of a constantan wire RESISTANCE HYPOTHESIS: | Diameter of a constantan wire increase, esistance decrease VARIABLE: | mv: | Diameter of a constantan wire ww: | Resistance cv: | Length of wire / resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 22 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathand the current, flows through a fixed length ofa constantan wire. INFERENCE: | Potential difference depends on current HYPOTHESIS: | Current increase, potential difference increase VARIABLE: | mv: | Current tv: | Potential difference // Voltage ce [Length of @ constantan wire 11 Cross-sectional area of wire ZI resistivity of wire / temperature of wire 4 | Astudent carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the current, I, in FACTOR a constantan wire and the length, L, of the wire. AFFECT INFERENCE: | Current depends on Length of a constantan wire RESISTANCE HYPOTHESIS: | Length of a constantan wire increase, Current decrease VARIABLE: | my: [ Length of a constantan wire wv: | Current cv: | Cross-sectional area of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 5 | Astudent carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the voltage, V, | QHM'S LAW. es dsp nowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough: we must do. ohann Wolfgang von Goethe 23 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: = Simulation diagram, make an inference, aims, hypothesis and identify the variables. - Diagram of arrangement of apparatus (construct the procedure, tabulate data, and analyze graph) IA. sinviaton agra, make an inference, ams, hypothesis and ident the variables EXPERIMENT: Length of wire with resistance Diagram 1.1 shows a bulb lights up brighter when the slider of the rheostat is connected to point P. Diagram 1.4 Diagram 1.2 shows the bulb lights up dimmer when the slider of the same theostat is connected to point Q. Diagram 1.2 INFERENCE The length of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The longer the length of a wire, the higher the resistance in the wire AIM. To investigate the relationship between the length of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE MV _ : length of wire RV resistance of wire FV: diameter of wire // resistivity of wire /! temperature of wire 24 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Length of wire with resistance Diagram 2.1 shows shed A lighted up by a lamp connected to a battery using a short connecting wire. Diagram 2.2 shows shed B lighted up by a lamp connected to a battery using a long connecting wire. Connecting wire Connecting wire Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 INFERENCE The length of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The longer the length of a wire, the higher the resistance in the wire AIM To investigate the relationship between the length of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE MV: length of wire RV: resistance of wire FV: diameter of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 25 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Diameter of wire with resistance Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show Adman selling fruits at two different night markets. He finds that the bulb at his stall lights up brighter when he uses a thicker wire. 7d Diagram 3.2 INFERENCE The diameter of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The bigger the diameter of a wire, the lower the resistance in the wire AIM To investigate the relationship between the diameter of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE MV : diameter of wire RV: resistance of wire FV length of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 26 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Diameter of wire with resistance Diagram 4.1 and 4.2 show two similar bulbs, each is connected to a dry cell. The bulb in Diagram 4.2 lights up brighter than the bulb in Diagram 4.1. Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2 INFERENCE The diameter of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The bigger the diameter of a wire, the lower the resistance in the wire AIM To investigate the relationship between the diameter of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE MV: diameter of wire RV: resistance of wire FV: length of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 2 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Diameter of wire with resistance Diagram 5(a) and Diagram 5(b) show two electric bread toasters A and B with the same power rating. Toaster A has a thick heating element. It glows less brightly and produces less heat. Toaster B has a thin heating element. It glows more brightly and produces more heat. Thick heating element "Toaster A Unsur pemanas yang tebal Pembakar A Diagram 5(a) | Ze 7 —_ Thin heating element Toaster B Unsur pemanas yang nipis Pembakar B Diagram 5(b) INFERENCE — The diameter of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The bigger the diameter of a wire, the lower the resistance in the wire AIM To investigate the relationship between the diameter of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE MV: diameter of wire RV_ : resistance of wire FV: length of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 28 amazingPhyscs@alinalmanartEXPERIMENT: Diameter of wire with resistance Diagram 6.1 shows an incubator connected to a power supply of 240 V by a thin copper wire. In Diagram 6.2 shows an identical incubator connected to a power supply of 240 V by a thicker copper wire. It is observed that the bulb in Diagram 6.2 is brighter. Power supply, 240 V Bekalan kuasa, 240 V Egg Ql Telur Power supply, Bekalan kuasa Diagram 6.2 INFERENCE The diameter of a wire affects the resistance of the wire HYPOTHESIS The bigger the diameter of a wire, the lower the resistance in the wire AIM To investigate the relationship between the diameter of a wire and the resistance the wire VARIABLE = MV_: diameter of wire RV: resistance of wire FV: length of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 29 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Temperature with resistance Diagram 7.1 shows a bulb lights up when connected to an electrical circuit Aluminiumeonductor. = _\|7_ Bulb Konduktor aluminium i Mentol Dryeell Switch Sel kering ‘Suis Diagram 7.1 Diagram 7.2 shows the bulb become dimmer when the circuit is exposed to the hot sun. Aluminiumconductor Bulb ‘Konduktor aluminiwn Diagram 7.2 INFERENCE The resistance of conductor depends on its temperature HYPOTHESIS The greater the temperature, the greater the resistance AIM To investigate the relationship between temperature and resistance of a conductor VARIABLE — MV: Temperature of wire RV: resistance of wire FV: length of wire // resistivity of wire // diameter of wire 30 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: Ohm's Law Diagram 8.1 shows a bulb which lights up when it is connected to one dry cell Diagram 8.2 shows the condition of the same bulb light up brighter when it is connected to two dry cells. Diagram 8.1 Diagram 8.2 INFERENCE Potential difference depends on current HYPOTHESIS Current increase, Potential difference increase AIM To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference of a conductor VARIABLE MV: current RV: potential difference FV: length of wire // resistivity of wire // diameter of wire // temperature of wire 3i amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEXPERIMENT: EMF (Electromotive Force) Adam bought a dry cell with labelled 1.5 V as shown in Diagram 9.1 He then connects the voltmeter across the dry cell as shown in Diagram 9. 2 and find out the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V. Dry cell Ny > lamp Voltmeter Drycell |15V Diagram 9.1 Diagram 9.2 INFERENCE Current depends on potential difference HYPOTHESIS Current increase, Potential difference decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between current and potential difference VARIABLE MV: current RV_: potential difference FV: emf of the dry cell // no. of dry cell 32 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathLET'S TRY FORM 4 - CHAPTER 1 (INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS) Pak Hassan has a pendulum clock as shown in the Diagram 1 Diagram 1 Every day it was observed that the clock was slow about 3 minutes. Pak Hassan raised the position of the bob to correct the clock. With the use of apparatus such as pendulum bob, string and other apparatus, describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. FORM 4 - CHAPTER 2 (FORCES & MOTION 1) Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 shows two fishermen that are rowing similar boats. The boat in Diagram 1.1 is fully loaded whereas the boat in Diagram 1.2 is not loaded. Itis found that the boat in Diagram 1.2 easier to rowing than the boat in Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 With the use of apparatus such as plasticine, saw blade, G clamp and others, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 3 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath2. | Diagram 2.1 shows Ali riding on his motorcycle with an acceleration. Diagram 2.2 shows Samy riding pillion on Ali’s motor and the acceleration is noticeably reduced. Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 Using apparatus such as a ticker timer, a.c power supply and other appropriate apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 3. | Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show a boy throwing bowling balls of different masses using the same amount of force (o—. Wt Diagram 3.1 _tt The ball in Diagram 3.1 hits the pins earlier compared to the ball in Diagram 3.2. Diagram 3.2 With the use of apparatus such as trolley, runway, wooden blocks and others, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 34 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFORM 4 - CHAPTER 4 (HEAT) Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 shows two similar electric kettles used to boil water. The power ratings for the kettles are 240 V, 1000 W. It is found that the water in the kettle in Diagram 1.2 boils faster than the water in the kettle in Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 With the use of apparatus such as immersion heater, measuring cylinder and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. Diagram 2 shows two ping pong balls are placed in the cold and hot water. Dented ping pong ball Ping pong ball Cold water Diagram 2 With the use of apparatus such as a glass tube, Sulphuric acid, water, thermometer and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 35 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath3. | Diagram 3 shows air bubbles formed by a fish and a pump in an aquarium. The size of the air bubbles are smaller as they emerge from the bottom of the aquarium. The sizes become bigger as they approach the surface of the water. Diagram 3 With the use of apparatus such as syringe, ruler, clip, retort stand and others, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 4. | Before commencing the journey to another town, a taxi driver checks his car tyre and it reads 220 kPa on the pressure gauge. When he reaches the town, due to temperature rise, the taxi driver checks his tyre reading and it measures 240 kPa. Diagram 4 shows the conditions of the car tyre before and after the journey. Before After Tax => fraxt ‘Temperature = 20°C ‘Temperature = 40°C 2) Pressure of tyre = 220 kPa Pressure of tyre = 240 kPa Diagram 4 With the use of apparatus such as round-bottomed flask, Bourdon-gauge, beaker containing water, thermometer, Bunsen burner and others, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 36 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFORM 4 - CHAPTER 5 (WAVES) In the ocean, the water is often more calm. As the waves move towards the beach they become more distinct as shown by Diagram 1. Ocean n — Diagram 1 Study the shape and wave length shown in Diagram 1. With the use of apparatus such as ripple tank, stroboscope and other suitable apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. Diagrams 2.1 and 2.2 show two taps releasing droplets of water into large containers. The number of droplets which fall per second in Diagram 2.1 is more compared to the number of droplets in Diagram 2.2 The cross-sections of the water waves formed from the droplets in the containers. are shown in the diagrams Se Pi water droplets Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 With the use of apparatus such as a ripple tank, a vibrator motor with adjustable frequency and other apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 37 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath3. | Diagram 3.7 and Diagram 3.2 show an assembly in a school hall. In Diagram 3.1, a prefect discovered that a few rows of student could not hear the principal's voice clearly. Principle. —— Diagram 3.1 When the two speakers are far apart as in Diagram 11.2, the prefect found that more rows of students could hear the principal's voice clearly. Diagram 3.2 With the use of apparatus such as a signal generator, speakers and other apparatus, describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. _amatingPhysisBalinaimanathFORM 4 - CHAPTER 6 (LIGHT) Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 7.2 show the path of a light ray from a fish to an observer's eye. It is observed that the bending of light is different when the position of the observer changes. Observer's eye at position A Observer's eye at position B Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 Observe the magnitude of the angle, @ in both diagram, With the use of apparatus such as a glass block, ray box and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. Diagram 2.1 shows a line under a glass block. Diagram 2.2 shows an identical line under a Perspex block of the same size. An observer noticed that the image of the line formed in the glass block is nearer to the surface of the block. DY, observer Perpexblock cise Block 7 Image ofthe line | wa Tye Paper ‘ne Tine Diagram 16.1 Diagram 16.2 With the use of apparatus such as a beaker, pin and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 34 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath3. | Diagram 3.1 and Diagram 3.2 show a teacher using a slide projector. Diagram 3.1 shows the position of the screen displaying a sharp image when the projector lens is turned anticlockwise, moving it (the lens) away from the slide. Diagram 3.2 shows the position of the screen which displays a sharp image when the projector lens is turned clockwise, moving it (the lens) towards the slide. Projector lens Slide projector Diagram 3.2 With the use of apparatus such as a convex lens and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 40 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFORM 5 - CHAPTER 1 (FORCE & MOTION I!) 4. | Diagram 1.1 shows a worker carrying a gas tank. Diagram 1.2 shows the same worker carrying two gas tanks. Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 With the use of apparatus such as spring, slotted weights and other suitable apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. FORM 5 - CHAPTER 2 (PRESSURE) 4. | Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show that a foot feels more painful when itis step on by a high heel shoe compare to a flat one. Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 With the use of apparatus such as load, ruler and others apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 41 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathDiagram 2.1 and Diagram 2.2 show the conditions of identical metal boxes which are used to cover a camera, tied to a big catfish in a river water and to a small shark in the sea water. Metal box. Camera Metal box ia Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 The metal box tied to the smalll shark is more crumple. With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, measuring cylinder and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. Diagram 3 shows a man in a leaky sampan. He found that water entering from the hole in the bottom of the sampan was higher than that of the side. Diagram 3 With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, measuring cylinder and other apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 42 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath4. | Diagram 4.1 shows the part a floating cargo ship that is above water when itis fully loaded with cargo. Diagram 4.2 shows the part of the ship when most of the cargo has been removed. ™~ SS x Diagram 4.1 i: PRISTON PS Diagram 4.2 With the use of apparatus such as test tube, measuring cylinder, lead shot and others, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 43 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathDiagram 5.1 and 5.2 shows a car fall into the water being pulled by the crane. Force that is needed for the crane to pulled the car is as shown in the figure 5.1 smaller than the force needen shown in Diagram 5.2 Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2 By using apparatus such as iron rod, beaker and other apparatus, explain one experiment to investigate hypothesis that you have stated above. 44 amaxingPhyssBalnaimanatFORM 5 - CHAPTER 4 (ELECTROMAGNETISM) Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 show the electric circuits which connects an electric bell to an ammeter and a power supply. When the switch is closed, it is observed that the bell in Diagram 1.2 rings louder than the bell in Diagram 1.1. Diagram 1.1 Ammeter oar Batteries er a) NN an ‘Switch Electric bell Diagram 1.2 With the use of apparatus such as a solenoid, paper clips and other apparatus, describe one experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis stated in above. 45 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath2. | Diagram 2.1 and 2.2 show two different dynamos connected to the same type of bicycle lamp but both tyres are rotating with same speed. Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2 With the use of apparatus such as copper wire, bar magnet and other suitable apparatus, describe an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. 3. | Diagram 3.1 shows a gentle breeze blowing the blades of a dynamo. Diagram 3.2 shows a strong wind blowing the same dynamo blades. Dynamo, Dynamo | oo Lone Y qd y A G4 : = . | Gentle wind ‘Strong wind Diagram 3.1 Diagram 3.2 With the use of apparatus such as magnet bar, solenoid and other suitable apparatus describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in above. 46 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath4. | Diagram 4.1 shows a table fan blades are spinning when speed adjusting buttons is set at low current. Diagram 4.2 shows the table blades are spinning faster when the speed adjusting button is set at a high current. The blades spin faster represents the greater force produced by the motor of the fan. Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2 With the use of apparatus such as magnadur magnets, C-shaped iron yoke and other apparatus describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in above. 47 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath5. | Diagram 5.1 shows a step-down transformer in a hand phone charger. Its secondary coil or output is connected to a hand phone of 5 V. Diagram 5.2 shows a step down transformer in a notebook charger. Its secondary coil or output is connected to a computer notebook of 19 V. ie. Primary coil (10 000 turns) cy Ne Handphone 8V Se Input 240 V a.c Nes preg & YX Srcontar cot Diagram 5.2 With use of apparatus such as soft iron core, insulated copper wire and other suitable apparatus, describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated above. If it doesn’t CHALLENGE you It doesn't CHANGE you 4g amatingPhysis@alinaimanathB Diagram of arrangement of apparatus (Construct the procedure, tabulate data, and analyze graph). EXAMPLE 1 Experiment : Ohm's Law From the diagram above, state the procedure of the experiment which is the method of controlling the manipulated variable, method of measuring the responding variable and repeat the experiment. The way to analyse the data. Ww 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. OZ | mv | 2 Tumonthe switch and adjust the meostat so that the ammeter reads the current, > T=02A. a UT | ay | 3. Measured and record the potential difference, V across the wire through oO voltmeter. ie Repeat | 4. Repeat experiment for 1= 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A and 0.6 A. 2 Current, 17A | Potential difference, V/V 3 0.2 | 0.3 3 0.4 20 Os >2 . gs 0.6 8 E | - cata refers to the values during the experiment viv vA “graph refers to the plotting of the data obtained during the experiment 44 amaxingPhyssBalnaimanatEXAMPLE 2 Experiment : Hooke’s Law From the diagram above, state the procedure of the experiment which the method of controlling the manipulated variable , method of measuring the responding variable and repeat the experiment. PROCEDURE uv At least 2 statement 1 Method how to contro! MV in this experiment Initial value must be stated Measuring instrument need to be stated Measured the initial length of the spring, fo by using meter rule. Slotted weight of 20 g is hung from the spring as shown on the diagram above. ‘The length of the spring, tis recorded. At least 2 statement 3 Describe on how to measure RV Measuring instrument need to be stated State the formula if necessary The extension of the spring, x is calculated by using the formula, x =1~ lo Repeat ‘State at least 4 other value with correct units for MV 4. ‘The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 g. 50 amaringPhysis@alinaimanarThe way to tabulate the data. DATA TABULATION: REFER TO THE FOLLOWING TABLE MV (physical quantity, symbol & unit) Write all value for MV as given in the procedure RV (physical q uantity, symbol & unit) Leave it blank Mass, mig Extension, x/om 20 The way to analyse the data. DATA ANALYSIS : REFER GRAPH RY (physical quantity, symbol & unit) MY (physical quantity, symbol & unit) Extension, x (em) Mass, m (9) “graph refers to the plotting of the data obtained during the experiment 51 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathTASK 1 Experiment : Lens From the diagram above, state the procedure of the experiment wt object image +—istance "distance —) bulb Screen convex lens meter rule [ ens holder to power supply is the method of controlling the ‘manipulated variable, method of measuring the responding variable and repeat the experiment. Ww uv aw 2 a WwW RV Oo 3 a O | Repeat 2 = Z, £ 2s #2 2 = 3 26 33 32 32 2 é 52 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathTASK 2 Experiment : Pressure Law From the 1gram above, state the procedure of the experiment w/ ‘thermometer Bourdon round bottom gauge ask rubber tube veate wire gauge unten burner his the method of controlling the manipulated variable, method of measuring the responding variable and repeat the experiment. PROCEDURE The way to tabulate the data. mv RV Repeat The way to analyse the data 53 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFOCUS & SCIENCE SKILL: - understand the aim of the experiment identify the variable - tabulate the data “plotting a graph GUIDED - prediction question (based on the gradient EXPERIMENT of the graph or equation given) Ieee CRO Mec ex AIM The aim of this experiment is to determine the relationship between the potential difference, V across the dry cells and the current, I flowing through a circuit, e PROCEDURE 1, Set up the apparatus given as shown in Diagram 1. Connecting wire Dawai penyambung Resistor, 10.2 Perintang, 10 Diagram 1 2, Connect a resistor, 10.0 Q across XY. 3, Tum on the switch, Record the reading of the ammeter, I and the voltmeter, V. 4, Repeat the experiment by connecting 2, 3, 4 and 5 of resistors, 10.0 © in parallel.(a) For the experiment above, state: (i) One suitable hypothesis, __Curtent increase, potential difference decrease (i) The manipulated variable C J number of Gii) The responding variable Potential difference (iv) The constant variable Electromotive force of the dry cell /! number of dry cells (2) Tabulate your data for all valnes of I and V in the space below. Current(A) | Potential difference (V) (h) On the graph paper, plot a graph V against I. vv) Gradient of the graph I=0A 1 “ i) Based on the graph in (¢), Calculate the gradient of the graph, 7 = St=-VAtor-0 m= (gradient) r ) Based on the graph, determine the potential difference, V when the current, T= 0 A. Show on the graph, how you determine the value of potential difference, V. (refer graph above) 55 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGUIDED SSS SIM eee me UCC TCR e AIM The aim of the experiment is to investigate the relationship between the length, ofa constantan wire and the current flow through it, I. PROCEDURE 1. Measure the length of constantan wire, |= 5.0 em by using meter rule. 2. Put the crocodile clip at the end of terminals X and Y as shown in Diagram 2. 3. Switch on the circuit and record the current, I shown by the ammeter. 4, Repeat the experiment by using different lengths of constantan wire, f= 10.0 em, 15.0 em, 20.0 em and 25.0 em. ‘Thumb tack Thumb ta ‘wavur Rontamtant Thumb ta ¢ | 30 olf wlll willy lint Switch x Y Suis Diagram 2 (a) For the experiment above, state: (i) One suitable hypothesis ___.Length of constantan wire increase, current decrease (ii) The manipulated variable Length of constantan wire (iii) The responding variable Current (iv) The constant variable Cross-sectional area of wire // resistivity of wire // temperature of wire 56 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath(b) Tabulate your data for all values of Zand I in the space below. Length of wire (cm) Current (A) (6) On the graph paper, plot a graph T against T(A) Gradient of the graph ‘(om) (d) Calculate the gradient of the graph which you have plotted. m= = *=-Acm" (unit for gradient) (e) Based on the graph in (d), state the relationship between I dan € is decrease linearly to iment i swig 32: (£) If the experiment is repeated by using a constantan wire with s.w.g 32. wire i thin sta (i) What happens to the ammeter readings? “Tereaze, decrease (ii) Give a reason for your answer. Resistance increase // wire is thin // small diameter // small cross-sectional (g) State one precaution that should be taken to improve the accuracy of the readings in this experiment. + Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of voltmeter and ammeter (meter rule) to avoid parallax error = Switch off the circuit after taking the reading to avoid over heating = Make sure all the connections are tightly and correctly to ensure the current flow 57 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGUIDED SEU eM OR Cee eS Aim: @ To investigate the relationship between the length of pendulum, | and the period of oscillation, T ofa pendulum bob. Split cork Gabus belah le Retort stand Tali Diagram 1 (a) A pendulum bob with its length of thread, € = 40.0 em is hung to the retort stand and then displaced to B with a small angle, as shown in Diagram |. (b) The pendulum is released and the time taken for 10 complete oscillations, t, is ‘measured using a stopwatch. One complete oscillation is from point B > A > CoA5B (c) The procedure is repeated with length of thread, ¢ ~ 50.0 em, 60.0 m, 70.0 em, 80,0 em and 90.0 em. The corresponding readings of time taken for 10 complete oscillations. _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(A) For the experiment deseribed, identity (i) The manipulated variable Length of pendulum [I mark] (ii) The responding variable Period // time taken for 10 complete oscillations [I mark] (e) Tabulate your result for all values of é, t, T and T? in the space below. é(cm) t(s) T2(s’) 40.0 252 635 50.0 28.2 7.95 60.0 310 9.61 70.0 33.6 11,29 80.0 35.8 12.82 90.0) 38.2 14.59 [6 marks] 5a _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath() On the graph paper provided, draw a graph of T? against ¢, [3 marks] Ts? 18 16 14 12 10 60 _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(g) Based on the graph in (1), state the relationship between T? and ¢. T? directly proportional to ¢. [mark] (h) The gravitational acceleration, g, is given by the formula, g =", where k is the gradient of the graph. Determine the base unit for the quantity, g and name the physical quantity for that, g. k= gradient of the graph = === @ om ant_art goo eat g = gravitational acceleration [3 marks] él amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGUIDED AERA eam CHC LY eS / @ To investigate the relationship between object distance, u and image distance, v for a convex lens, Image yo ‘Screen! ‘skein Convex lens ay ant — a object Image distance, v slrak ime, v oy Light source Objéeteistance, w ~ae raed TS power Supply Ko bokalan usa Diagram 1 (a) Starts the experiment with an object distance of 8.0 em. The position of the screen is adjusted until a sharp image is formed on the screen. The image distance between the convex lens and the screen, v is measured and recorded. (b) The experiment is repeated with the object distances of 12.0 cm, 16.0 em, 20.0 em, 24.0 em and 28.0 em. (i) Tabulate your results for all values of u, v, Land 1in the space below. wey u(cm) v (cm) 2 (om) 2 (cm!) 8.0 13.3 0.125 0.075 12.0 86 0.083 0.116 16.0 7 0.063 0.141 20.0 67 0.050 0.149 24.0 64 0.042 0.156 28.0 61 0.036 0.164 [6 marks] (ii) State the change in image distance when object distance increases Decreases {1 mark] (iii)State the hypothesis based on your result in b(i). Object distance increase, image distance decrease {1 mark] 62 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath(c) On the graph paper provided, draw a graph of Lagainst 1. [3 marks] 0.18) 0.14 jem) 002 008 0.08 «0.08 0.10 0120.14 63 _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(4) Calculate the gradient of the graph, m. Show on the graph how you determine the gradient of the graph. Ay _ 0.20-0.04 gradient of the graph = 2% = 228-008 m=-l [3 marks] (c) Based on the graph in (c), state the relationship between Land 4 . a + decrease linearly to +. v w [1 mark] 64 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathHANDLING THE APPARATUS (NSTRUMENTS) Instrument: VOLTMETER Instrument: VOLTMETER Sensitivity: 0.1V Sensitivity: 0.1V ty, Instrument: AMMETER Instrument: AMMETER Sensitivity: 0.02A Sensitivity: 0.02AHANDLING THE APPARATUS (CONNECTING) EDS Banana Clip CONNECTION OF WIRE WITH THE INSTRUMENT 66 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathHANDLING THE APPARATUS (CONNECTING) \ To control the current => “sy Variable resistor Variable resistor MM 67 amazingPhyscs@alinalmanartHANDLING THE APPARATUS (CONNECTING) ~—f 4HANDLING THE APPARATUS (CONNECTING) Connected in SERIES Experiment: Ohm's Law Factor effects resistance Connected in PARALLEL to the conductor Experiment: EMF Voltmeter Connected in PARALLEL to the dry cell (low resistance) 64 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEMF Gann Electromotive force EXPERIMENT: EMF (Electromotive Force) Adam bought a dry cell with labelled 1.5 V as shown in Diagram 9.1. He then connects the voltmeter across the dry cell as shown in Diagram 9. 2 and find out the voltmeter reading is 1.2 V. Dry cell an cS lamp Voltmeter Drycell |1.5V Diagram 9.4 Diagram 9.2 (a) Based on the information and observation, state; (i) State one suitable inference. Current depends on potential difference [1 mark] (ii) State one suitable hypothesis. Current increase, Potential difference decrease [1 mark (b) With the use of apparatus given, plan an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (a)(ii). Your description should include: > The arrangement of the apparatus. > The procedure of the experiment which includes one method of controlling the manipulated variable and one method of measuring the responding variable. Voltmeter arrangement of the apparatus Label the Diagram! ‘ammeter (4) V (a mark) Rheostat, 70 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathre Procedure: Example: arrangement of the apparatus that you will set up for this experiment . Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2. Tum on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the current, | = 0.20 A. (1 mark): manipulated variable (based on your data) 3. Measured and record the potential difference, V across the dry cell through voltmeter. V (1 mark): responding variable 4, Repeat experiment for | = 0.40 A, 0.60 A, 0.80 A and 1.00 A (1 mark): repeat experiment (based on your data) (c) Carry out the experiment. Record the readings and tabulate the results in the space below. Refer your data: mv and rv Testi Test2 VA VN (1 mark): vA WN J . 0.20 13 physical 0.20 13 (1 mark): 0.40 1.2 | quantity & 0.40 1.2 | reading of V 0.60 44 unit! 0.60 41.4 (should be 0.80 1.0 0.80 1.0 | same as the 1.00 | 08 1.00 0.9 Hypothesis a _7 stated) Vv (1 mark: Consistence in reading! 7 c Refer sensitivity of the instruments given ‘onsistency in reading! _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(d) Analyse the data obtained in (c) by plotting a graph in the graph paper provided. [4 marks] VN (1 mark): physical quantity & unit! 1.6 Emf=1.5V 1.4 08 0.4 0.2 dV (1mark); 0.20 0.40 060 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 vA uniform scale 72 _amatingPhysisBalinaimanath(e) Based on the graph in (d), state the relationship between the axis of the graph. Potential difference decrease linearly with current (based on your graph) (1 mark) (f) State one precaution that should be taken to improve the accuracy of the readings in this experiment Make sure our eyes perpendicular to the reading of voltmeter and ammeter to avoid parallax error + Switch off the circuit after taking the reading to avoid over heating + Make sure all the connections are tightly and correctly to ensure the current flow (1 mark) READING OF ALUE OF AMOUNT OF TYPE OF SIZE OF PATTERN OF The key to SUCCESS isto FOCUS on JOAIS not OS+OCIES y ZzDiagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the path of a light ray from a fish to an observer's eye. tis observed that the bending of light is different when the position of the observer changes Observer's eye at position A Observer's eye at position B Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2 (a) Based on the information and observation, state (i) one suitable inference [I mark] (ii) one suitable hypothesis, Incidence angle increase, refracted angle increase [1 mark] (b) With the use of apparatus given, plan an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (a), Your description should include: + The arrangement of the apparatus * The procedure of the experiment which includes one method of controlling the manipulated variable and one method of controlling the measuring the responding variable m4 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGlass block n + arrangement of the apparatus Label the Diagram! V (1 mark) [1 mark] Procedure: 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Direct a narrow beam from the ray box at an angle of incidence, i = 10° using a protractor. (1 mark): manipulated variable (based on your data) 3. The refracted ray is marked and the refracted angle, r is measured using a protractor vl (1 mark): responding variable 4. The experiment is repeated for values of i = 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°. (1 mark): repeat experiment (based on your data) (3 marks} (c) Tabulate your data in the space below. Angle of incidence, i) | Sini Angle of refracted, r °) Sint 10 20 30 40 50 [4 marks] 75 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath(€)_ Jaduatkan data anda pada ruang di bawah. slate your data in the space below. a, |; J (1 mark): physical quantity & unit! sin sine | | 0.173 oe 14qe “ . sl Vd (1 mark): reading ofr syro | 0.2588 (should be same as the Hypothesis stated) 10 is o.8y Vo37uk vo mark): reading of Sin i and Sin r corrected 30 da 05000 yo | ob o.Gu 2 6.4645 cv ° ep oka 7 J (1 mark): Consistency in reading! (d) Analyse the data obtained in (c) by plotting a graph of sin r against sin i in the graph paper provided. [3 marks} Sinr Sini 76 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathNumber of tick Marks 6-7 3 , 3-5 Graph of sin r against sin | tS 7 amatingPhysis@alinaimanath(e) Based on the graph in (d), state the relationship between sin v ag nst sin i Sin r increase linearly to Sin i (based on your graph) [mark] (1) Predict what will happen to the gradient of the graph if the glass block is replaced with a perspex block of lower optical density, Increase IDEA & CONCEPT Graph: sin i against sin r Sini Sinr n= gradient of the graph n= gradient of the graph = refractive index Graph: sin r against sin i Sinr Sini k= gradient of the graph sine Sint 1 gradient optical density decrease, refractive index decrease soptical density decrease, gradient of the graph increase 72 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF4 CHAPTER 1: MEASUREMENT ‘SIMPLE PENDULUM INFERENCE Period depends on length of pendulum HYPOTHESIS: Length increase, period increase AIM To investigate the relationship between period and length of pendulum VARIABLES MV : length of pendulum RV : period FV: angle of oscillation // amplitude LIST OF APPARATUS __| Two pieces of plywood. thread, retort stand, meter rule, pendulum bob, stop watch ‘ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS two pieces of playwood Thread Meter rule Retort stand Stop watch Pendulum Bob PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram 2. The bob is tied with a thread of length, I=10.0 cm, 3. The bob is pulled sideway with an angle 45° and released. 4. The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, tis measured using stop watch. 5. Period of esclation is calculated using the formula, 7 =" 6. The experiment is repeated using different length of pendulum which are 20.0 em, 30.0 cm, 40.0 em and 50.0 em, TABULATE DATA Length, (em) Period, T (3) 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 ‘ANALYSING DATA Period, T (s) Length, | (cm) 74 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF4 CHAPTER 2: FORCE & MOTION (1) INERTIA INFERENCE Inertia depends on mass HYPHOTESIS mass increase, period increase ‘AIM To investigate the relationship between period and mass VARIABLES MV: mass RV : period EV: length of hacksaw blade // amplitude LIST OF APPARATUS G-clamp, jigsaw blade, plasticine, triple beam balance, stop watch, meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, PROCEDURE ‘Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 20 g of plasticine is fixed at one end of a jigsaw blade. Displace the blade horizontally and release so that it oscillates. ‘The time taken for 10 complete oscillations, tis measured using stop watch, fo Period of oscillation is calculated using the formula, T 10 ‘The experiment is repeated using different mass of plasticine which are 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100g. oo Bene TABULATE DATA Mass, m Period, T(s) 20 40 60 ‘80 100 ‘ANALYSING DATA Period, T (s) Mass, m (9) _amatingPhysisBalinaimanathVELOCITY INFERENCE Velocity depends on height HYPOTHESIS Height increase, velocity increase AIM To investigate the relationship between height and velocity VARIABLES MV : height RV: velocity FV : length of runwa LIST OF APPARATUS Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS Ticker-timerT™Ker-Pe volley ‘ac power supply Friction-compensated runway PROCEDURE 7. Setup the apparatus as shown on the diagram 2. The runway s raised up by wooden blocks to a height 20.0 om, 3. Switch on the ticker-timer and released the trolley. 4. The final velocity, v is calculated from the ticker-tape when the trolley reach the end of the runway 5. The experiment is repeated by rising the runway and placing the trolley at height 20.0 em, 4.0m, 60.0 em and 60.0 em, TABULATE DATA Height, h (cm) Velocity, v (ems) 20 30 40 50 60 ‘ANALYSING DATA Velocity, v (cms"t) Height, h (om) 81 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathACCELERATION (I) INFERENCE Acceleration depends on mass HYPOTHESIS mass increase, acceleration decrease AIM. To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration VARIABLES MV : mass // number of trolley RV : acceleration EV force acting on the object LIST OF APPARATUS Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord ARRANGEMENT OF The . APPARATUS Ticker-tape ‘icker-timer Elastic cord Friction- Trolley compensated l runway oo ac.power wooden blocks supply PROCEDURE 7. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway. 3, Cutthe ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, @ 5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 trolleys, 3 trolleys, 4 trolleys and 5 trolleys. TABULATE DATA Mass of trolley, m (g) or ‘Accelerations, a (ms) No. of trolley 1 2 3 4 5 ‘ANALYSING DATA Accelerations, a (ms) Mass of trolley, m (g) or No. of trolley 82 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathACCELERATION (I INFERENCE Force depends on acceleration HYPOTHESIS Toroe increase, acceleration increase AIM. To investigate the relationship between force and acceleration VARIABLES MV : force RV : acceleration FV : mass of the abject LIST OF APPARATUS Trolley, friction-compensated runway, ticker-timer, ticker-tape, a.c. power supply, wood blocks, meter rule, elastic cord ARRANGEMENT OF The = icker-timer ‘APPARATUS Ticker-tape Elastic cord Friction- Trolley compensated ‘in runway oo ac.power wooden blocks supply PROCEDURE 7. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Switch on the ticker-timer. Apply a force by stretching an elastic band to a fixed length and the length is maintain as the trolley runs down the runway. 3. Cut the ticker tape into strips containing 10 ticks each. 4. Acceleration of the trolley is calculated by using the formula, a 5. The experiment is repeated by using 2 cords, 3 cords, 4 cords and 5 cords. TABULATE DATA Force, F (N) ‘Accelerations, a (ms”) ‘ANALYSING DATA Accelerations, a (ms) Force, F (N) 93 amaringPhysis@alinaimanarF4 CHAPTER 4: HEAT HEAT (COOLING RATE) INFERENCE Rate of cooling depends on volume of water HYPOTHESIS. Volume of water increase, rate of cooling increase ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between rate of cooling and volume of water VARIABLES MV : volume of water RV : temperature change FV : time taken, power of heater LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Thermometer, beaker, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, tripod stand, water, stopwatch, measuring cylinder ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS thermometer beaker wire gauze tripod bunsen burner ‘stand PROCEDURE ‘Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. Filled 50 om? of water into a beaker and heated to 50°C. ‘The bunsen bumer is removed and the stopwatch is started. Record the temperature change, @ after 30 seconds ‘The experiment is repeated by using different volume of water which are 100 cm, 150 cm®, 200 cm® and 250 om. oReNs TABULATE DATA Volume of water, cm | Temperature change, ©, °C 50. 100 150 200 250 ‘ANALYSING DATA Temperature change, ,°C Volume of water, cm* _amatingPhysisBalinaimanathHEAT (BOILING POINT) INFERENCE Boiling point depends on mass of impurity HYPOTHESIS Mass of impurity increase, boiling point increase ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between mass of impurity and boiling point VARIABLES MV : mass of impurity RV : boiling point FV : power of heater, volume of water LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Sail, water, immersion heater, thermometer, beaker, power suppl ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS PROCEDURE ‘Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. Add 5 g of salt into the beaker with 500 mi of water. ‘Switch on the immersion heater until the water is boiling with a constant temperature. 4. Record the boiling point using thermometer. 5. The experiment is repeated by adding mass of salt, 10g, 15 9, 20 g and 254. eR TABULATE DATA Mass of salt. g Boiling point °C 5 10 15 20 25 ANALYSING DATA Boiling point °C. Mass of salt, g 85 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathHEAT (HEAT CAPACITY) INFERENCE ‘Temperature depends on mass HYPOTHESIS mass increase, temperature decrease ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between mass of object and temperature VARIABLES MV : mass of liquid RV : increase in temperature FV: time taken of heating, specific heat capacity of liquid LIST OF APPARATUS Beaker, polystyrene cup, slotted weight, Bunsen bumer, thermometer, water, tpod stand ‘ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, PROCEDURE 7. Setup the apparatus as shown on the diagram, 2. Filla polystyrene cup with 200 cm? of water. The intial temperature, ©1 is recorded. 3. A 100q slotted weight is heated in boiling water until 100°C. 4, The slotted weight is quickly transferred from beaker to the polystyrene cup. 5, The highest temperature reached, 67 is recorded. 6. The rise in temperature is determined by using the formula = 82-8; 7. The experiment is repeated by using slotted weight of mass 200 g, 300 g, 400 g and 500 g, TABULATE DATA Mass, m(Q) Temperature change, ©, (°C) 50 100 150. 200) 250 ‘ANALYSING DATA Temperature change, ©, (°C) Mass, m (g) 86 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGAS LAW (BOYLE’S LAW) INFERENCE volume of air depends on pressure of air HYPOTHESIS ‘volume of air increase, pressure of air decrease: ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between volume of air and pressure of air VARIABLES MV: volume of air RV: pressure of air FV : mass of ait, temperature of air LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Syringe, rubber tube, Bourdon gauge, piston ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS PROCEDURE TABULATE DATA Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. Piston is push until the volume of air is 80 em? Observed and record the pressure of air through bourdon gauge. ‘The experiment is repeated by pushing the piston at different volume of air which are 70 em’, 60 cm®, 50 em? and 40 cm. Feral Volume of air, V (em?) | Pressure of air, P (Pa) EW 70. 60. 50. 40, ‘ANALYSING DATA Pressure of air, P (Pa) Volume of air, V (cm*) 7 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathGAS LAW (CHARLES’ LAW) INFERENCE Volume of air depends on temperature HYPOTHESIS. ‘temperature increase, volume of air length of air column) increase AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of air (length of air column) and temperature VARIABLES MV : temperature RV: volume of air (length of air colurnn) FV: mass of air, pressure of ait LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Thermometer, meter rule, retort stand, concentrated sulphuric acid, water, rubber bands, capillary tube, Bunsen burner, wire gauge ‘ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, PROCEDURE 7. Setup the apparatus as shown on the diagram 2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30°C. 3. Observed and record the length of air column, L using meter rule. 4. The experiment is repeated by heating the water to temperature 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C, TABULATE DATA Temperature, °C__| Volume of air (length of air column) , em® 30 40 50 60 70 ‘ANALYSING DATA Volume of air, cm* Temperature, °C. ee amaringPhysis@alinaimanarGAS LAW (PRESSURE LAW @ GUY LUSSAC’S LAW) INFERENCE pressure of air depends on temperature of air HYPOTHESIS. ‘temperature of air increase, pressure of air increase AIM. ‘To investigate the relationship between pressure of air and temperature of air VARIABLES MV : temperature of air RV: pressure of air FV: mass of air, volume of air LIST OF APPARATUS Bourdon gauge, round bottom flask, rubber tube, thermometer, water, bunsen bumer, wire gauge ‘ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram 2. Heat the water and stir continuously until the temperature reaches 30°C. 3. Observed and record the pressure of air using bourdon gauge. 4, The experiment is repeated by heating the water to temperature 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C. TABULATE DATA Temperature of air, °C_| Pressure of air, Pa 30. 40 50, 60. 70. ‘ANALYSING DATA Pressure of air, Pa Temperature of air, °C 84 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathKeyword as x i. = wavelength F4 CHAPTER 5: WAVES distance between two speakers distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound D = distance between the source and sound heard INTERFERENCE OF SOUND INFERENCE x depends on a HYPOTHESIS. ‘a increase, x decrease ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between a and x VARIABLES MV: a, distance between two speakers RV : x, distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound, FV: D, distance between the speakers and the sound heard LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Audio signal generator, loudspeakers, meter rule ‘ARRANGEMENT OF < > APPARATUS loudspeaker soadsoeak ‘direction of fatener PROCEDURE Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. ‘Adjust the separation, a of the two loudspeakers to 7.0 m ‘Switch on the generator. ‘An observer stands 5.0 m in front of the loudspeakers and walk in a straight line parallel to the loudspeakers, 5. The distance between two consecutive loud sounds heard, x is measured by the meter rule. 6. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the distance between two loudspeakers which is 1.2m, 1.4m, 1.6 mand 1.8m. ReNal TABULATE DATA tance, xm ‘ANALYSING DATA a0 amaringPhysis@alinaimanarWAVE (DEPTH AND WAVELENGTH) INFERENCE depth affects wavelength HYPOTHESIS Depth increases, wavelength increases ‘AIM ‘To investigate the relationship between depth and wavelength VARIABLES MV : depth, h or number of Perspex RV: wavelength, A FV: frequency LIST OF APPARATUS ‘dc. power supply, ripple tank and accessories, lamp, meter rule, white paper, 5 pieces of Perspex / glass, stroboscope ARRANGEMENT OF ‘APPARATUS PROCEDURE 7. The current was switched on. 2. The put one piece of Perspex in the ripple tank. 3, Mark the position of wave on the white paper as seen through the stroboscope. 4. Measure the wavelength with meter rule. 5. The procedure was repeated for different depth by putting pieces of perspecs on top of the previous Perspex in the ripple tank; 2,3,4 and 5 number of Perspex. TABULATE DATA Depih Tom or numberof | Wavelength /cm Perspex ‘ANALYSING DATA wavelength / cm depth / cm or number of perspec a amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF4 CHAPTER 5: LIGHT & OPTICS LIGHT (REFRACTION) INFERENCE ‘Angle of refraction depends on angle of incidence HYPOTHESIS ‘Angle of incidence increase, angle of refraction increase ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of refraction VARIABLES MV : Angle of incidence RV: angle of refraction FV : refractive index of glass block, density of the glass block LIST OF APPARATUS Glass block, ray box, protractor, white paper, pencil, meter rule, single slid slide ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS To power supply Fy White paper PROCEDURE Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Direct a narrow beam from the ray box at an angle of incidence, i= 10°using a protractor. 3. The refracted ray is marked and the refracted angle, r is measured using a protractor. 4, The experiment is repeated for values of i = 20°, 30°, 40° and 50°. TABULATE DATA Angle of incidence, i (°) Angle of refracted, r () 10 20 30 40 50 ‘ANALYSING DATA Angle of refracted, r (°) Angle of incidence, i 92 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathExperiment 6.1 (TEXT BOOK page: 238) Inference: Position of an image is influenced by position of object and refractive index of different mediums Hypothesis: The greater the real depth of an object, the greater the apparent depth Aim: To determine the refractive index of water using non-parallax method Variables: (a) Maniputated variable: Real depth, #7 (b) Responding variable: Apparent depth, / (c) Constant variable: Refractive index of water, Apparatus: 1 000 ml beaker, ruler and retort stand with two clamps Materials: Cork, two pins, cellophane tape and water Diagram: Observer A Retort stand Beaker Water- mage of pin P, —} PinP PnP, Figure 6.13, Procedure: 1. Set up the apparatus on a piece of white paper (as shown in Figure 6.13). 2. Stick a pin Po with cellophane tape to the base of the beaker. 3. Fill the beaker with water to a depth of 6.0 cm. This depth is real depth, H. 4. Observe the image of pin Po from above the water surface. 5. Adjust the position of pin Pj vertically until it appears in line with the image of pin Po. At this level, position of pin Pj is at the same level as the image of pin Po. 6, Measure the distance » between pin Pj and the base of the beaker. Record the reading in Table 6.3, 7. Repeat this experiment with real depth, = 7.0 cm, 8.0 cm, 9.0 em and 10.0 om. 93 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathResult: *the value of apparent depth, A which is equal to the distance between pin Pj and the water surface using the formula, /+= (H—y). Real depth, H (em) y(em) | Apparent depth, h (em) 6.0 70 8.0 9.0 10.0 Table 6.3 Analysis of data: 1, Plot a graph of 1 against h on a graph paper. Hagainst h Hem) h (cm) * refer the patter of the graph produced by the student, 2. Calculate the gradient of the graph of H against h Gradient, n= "22+ __ Real depth, H (cm) "= “Apparent depth, h (em) n= refractive index (no unit) 3. Relate real depth, apparent depth and refractive index of water. ___ Real depth, i (cm) " = “Tpparent depth, h (em) n= refractive index 4. State the value of refractive index of water. n= gradient of the graph = refractive index 4 amazinPhysisBalnahnanatLIGHT (IMAGE DISTANCE) INFERENCE Image distance depends on object disiance HYPOTHESIS Object distance increase, image distance decrease AIM To investigate the relationship between object distance and image distance VARIABLES MV : object distance RV: image distance FV : focal length of convex lens, power of lens LIST OF APPARATUS Convex lens (focal length 10.0 cm), light bulb, lens holder, screen, power supply, meter rule "ARRANGEMENT OF - APPARATUS. + object distance bulb convexiens | Screen * lens holder meter rule -, to power supply U Vv PROCEDURE 7. Setup the apparatus a8 shown on the diagram 2. Placed the convex lens at a distance, u = 12.0 cm from the light bulb. 3. Switch on the power supply. The screen is adjusted unti sharp image of the fiamentis formed 4, The image distance, v is measured using meter rule. 5. The experiment is repeated for object distance, u= 16.0 cm, 20.0 em, 24.0 om and 28.0 cm TABULATE DATA object distancs, om image distance, om 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 ‘ANALYSING DATA image distance, om object distance, om 95 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF5 CHAPTER 1: FORCE & MOTION (Il) HOOKE’S LAW (EXTENSION OF THE SPRING) INFERENCE Extension of the spring depends on force // weight HYPOTHESIS force // weight increase, extension of the spring increase AIM. To investigate the relationship between extension of the spring and force // weight VARIABLES: MV : force // weight RV: extension of the spring FV : diameter of the spring LIST OF APPARATUS Spring, slotted weight, retort stand, meter rule, clamp. ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, Clamp: -+—Spring Retort stand —* Slotted weight qi Clamp” Meter rule PROCEDURE 1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Measured the initial length of the spring, b. 3. Slotted weight of 20 g is hung from the spring. The length ofthe spring, lis record 4, The extension of the spring, x is calculated by using the formula, x=/—, 5. The experiment is repeated by using sloted weight 40 g, 60 g, 80 g and 100 9 TABULATE DATA Mass offoad (@) | Force, F (N)_| Exfension of the spring, x (am) 20, 40, 60. 80, 400 ANALYSING DATA Extension of the spring, x (em) Force, F (N) 96 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF5 CHAPTER 2: PRESSURE SOLID PRESSURE (FORCE & PRESSURE) INFERENCE Pressure depends on surface area HYPOTHESIS ‘The smaller the surface area the greater the pressure (depth of depression) ‘AIM To investigate the relationship between surface area and pressure (depth of depression) VARIABLES MV : surface area RV: depth of depression FV : Weight / force / mass. LIST OF APPARATUS Plasticine, slotted weight , wooden rod and meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, Weight Meter rule Wooden rod Plasticine PROCEDURE 4. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Start the experiment with a wooden rod has surface area 1 om”. 3. Placed the load of mass 200 g on the top of wooden rod as shown on diagram, 4. Measure the depth of depression made on the plasticine by using meter rule. 5. Repeat the experiment 4 times with surface area of rod 2. cm?, 3. cm?, 4 cm? and Sem? TABULATE DATA ‘Surface area ,A(cm*) | Depth of depression, d (cm) 1 2 3 4 5 ‘ANALYSING DATA Depth of depression, d Surface area, A (cm?) 7 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathLIQUID PRESSURE (DENSITY & PRESSURE) INFERENCE Pressure depends on density of liquid HYPOTHESIS densily increase, pressure (diferent height in manometer) inorease AIM To investigate the relationship between density and pressure (different height in manometer) VARIABLES MV : density of liquid RV: pressure (diferent height in manometer) FV: depth of liquid LIST OF APPARATUS Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand ARRANGEMENT OF _ M APPARATUS lanometer Rubber tube Meter rule Thistle funnel / Measuring Coloured cylinder ‘solution Salt water Thin rubber Retort stand} sheet PROCEDURE 7. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gom? at a depth 20.0 om. 3. Observed and measure the different height, h at manometer through meter rule. 4. The experiment is repeated by using different density of salt water which are 4.0 gom®, 1.5 gom®, 2.0 gem” and 2.5 gom®. TABULATE DATA Density. b (gem?) Different height, h (cm) 05 1.0 1.5 2.0 25 ‘ANALYSING DATA Different height, h (cm) Density, p (ger*) ae amatingPhysis@alinaimanathLIQUID PRESSURE (DEPTH & PRESSURE) INFERENCE Pressure (different height in manometer) depends on depth of liquid HYPOTHESIS depth increase, pressure (different height in manometer) increase ‘AIM To investigate the relationship between depth of liquid and pressure (different height in manometer) VARIABLES MV : depth of liquid RV : pressure (different height in manometer) FV: density of liquid LIST OF APPARATUS Meter rule, manometer, rubber tube, thistle funnel, measuring cylinder, thin rubber sheet, salt water, coloured solution, retort stand ARRANGEMENT OF 4 APPARATUS, ‘;. Manometer Rubber tube Thistle funn / Measuring Coloured cylinder solution Thin rubber Retort stand}. sheet PROCEDURE Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. The thistle funnel is lowered into the salt water with density 0.5 gom” at a depth 0.5 cm, Observed and measure the different height, h at manometer through meter tule. 4, The experiment s repeated by lowered the thistle funnel at different depth which are 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 em and 2.5 om. ne TABULATE DATA Depth, y (em) | Different height. h (em) 05 1.0 15 2.0 25 ‘ANALYSING DATA Different height, h (cm) Depth, y (cm) 94 amaxingPhyssBalnaimanatBUOYANT FORCE INFERENCE buoyant force depends on volume of water displaced HYPOTHESIS ‘volume of water displaced increase, buoyant force increase ‘AIM To investigate the relationship between volume of water displaced and buoyant force VARIABLES MV : volume of water displaced (height of rod immersed) RV : buoyant force FV : density of liquid, cross-sectional area of rod LIST OF APPARATUS Meter rule, retort stand, spring balance, aluminium rod, beaker, water, string ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS || Spring balance meter rule retort stand PROCEDURE 7. Setup the apparatus as shown on the diagram 2. Record the weight of the aluminium rod in the air as W. from the spring balance. 3. The aluminium rod is slowly lowered into water until height of rod immersed is h = 2.0 om. 4, Record the reading of spring balance as W. 5. Buoyant force is calculated by using formula, Fo = Wo - W 6. The experiment is repeated by lowered the aluminium rod at different height which are 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 em. TABULATE DATA height of rod immersed, h (cm) Buoyant force, N 2.0 40 6.0 8.0 10.0 ANALYSING DATA Buoyant force, N Height of rod immersed. h (cm) foo amatingPhysis@alinaimanathBUOYANT FORCE (VOLUME WATER DISPLACED) INFERENCE volume of water displaced depends on weight HYPOTHESIS: weight increase, volume of water displaced increase AIM To investigate the relationship between weight and volume of water displaced VARIABLES MV: weight RV: volume of water displaced FV : density of quid, cross-sectional area of tube LIST OF APPARATUS ‘Test tube, measuring cylinder, sand, water, beam balance, ball bearing ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS, yy) testtube measuring cylinder PROCEDURE ‘Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram Record the volume of water, V1 a shown by the measuring cylinder. Put 5 g of ball bearing in the test tube. Record the volume of water as a V2 Calculated the volume of water displaced, V = V2— V1 ‘The experiment is repeated by using different mass of ball bearing which are 10g, 16 g, 20g and 28 g. oases TABULATE DATA ‘ANALYSING DATA ‘Mass of ball bearing, g | Weight, N | Volume of water displaced, om* 5 10 15 20 25 Volume of water displaced, cm* Weight, N lol amatingPhysis@alinaimanathFS CHAPTER 3: ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (I) INFERENCE Resistance depends on the length of wire HYPOTHESIS, ‘The longer the wire, the higher the resistance ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between length of wire and its resistance VARIABLES MV : length of wire, / RV : resistance, R FV; cross section area, A /I diameter of wire LIST OF APPARATUS Constantan wire, dry ceils, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, connecting wires, switch and jockey ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS voltmeter Sliding contact e—i—4 constantan wire PROCEDURE 7. Tum on the switch 2. Place the jockey at length of wire, ! = 20.0 cm. 3. Adjust the rheostat until the ammeter shows, |= 0.5 A. 4. Measure the potential difference, V. 5. Calculate resistance, R using the formula, R = Vil. 6. Repeat the experiment for different lengths, / = 40.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 80.0 cm ‘and 100.0 em TABULATE DATA length of wire, 17cm | resistance, R/O 20.0 40.0 60.0 20.0 100.0 ‘ANALYSING DATA Resistance, R/O Length of wire, |/cm oz amatingPhysis@alinaimanathELECTRICITY (RESISTANCE AND LENGTH OF WIRE) (I!) INFERENCE Resistance depends on length of conductor HYPOTHESIS Length of conductor increase, resistance increase ‘AIM ‘To investigate the relationship between resistance and length of conductor VARIABLES MV : length of conductor RV : resistance FV: cross-sectional area of the conductor, diameter of the conductor, resistivity of the conductor, temperature LIST OF APPARATUS Dry cel, switch, ammeter, constantan wire, voltmeter, wire connecting, meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF dry cell ‘Ammeter ‘APPARATUS /_® ‘Switch ‘Constantan wire Voltmeter PROCEDURE 7. Switched on the switch and start the experiment with length of constantan wire with length 10.0 cm as shown on diagram above, 2. Observe and record the reading of ammeter and voltmeter. 3, Resistance is calculated by using the formula R = 4. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different length of constantan wire which are 15.0 cm, 20.0 om. 25.0 cm and 30.0 cm. TABULATE DATA Length , (em) RO 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 ‘ANALYSING DATA R(Q) Lenath , | (cm) 03 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathELECTRICITY (OHM’S LAW) INFERENCE ‘The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it HYPOTHESIS “The higher the current flows through a wire, the higher the potential difference across it ‘AIM To investigate the relationship belween current and potential difference for a constantan wire. VARIABLES MV: current, | RV : potential difference, V FV : length of the wire // cross sectional area LIST OF APPARATUS Constantan wire, dry cells, rheostat, voltmeter, ammeter, meter rule, connecting wires ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS PROCEDURE 7. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure. 2. Tum on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the current, I= 0.2 A. 3. Read and record the potential difference, V across the wire through voltmeter. 4, Repeat experiment for |= 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 Aand 0.6 A. TABULATE DATA Current, 1/A_[ Volt, V/V 02 03 0.4 05 06 ‘ANALYSING DATA Vol, viv Current, V/A 14 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathF5 CHAPTER 4: ELECTROMAGNETISM ELECTROMAGNETISM (CURRENT AND NO. OF TURNS) INFERENCE Strength of the magnetic field depends on current HYPOTHESIS ‘When current increase, number of paper clips attracted increase ‘AIM. To investigate the relationship between current and number of paper clips attracted VARIABLES MV : Current, I RV: Number of paper clips attracted, N FV: Number of turns of wire in the solenoid LIST OF APPARATUS Long iron rod, wooden clamp, insulated (PVG) copper wire, low-voltage high current dc supply, ammeter, rheostat, retort stand, paper clips, beaker ARRANGEMENT OF APPARATUS theostat retort stand | insulated PVC ‘copper wire paper clips PROCEDURE ‘Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram above. The swilch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted so that the current, |= 0.5 A. ‘The beaker is withdrawn and the current is switch off. ‘The paper clips which fall onto the table a collected and counted. The experiment is repeated with different value of currents which is 1= 1.0 A, 1.5 A, 2.0 Aand 2.5 A gaens TABULATE DATA Current, 7A Number of paper clips attracted, N 05 1.0 15 2.0 25 "ANALYSING DATA Number of paper clips attracted, N Current, 1/A (05 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathELECTROMAGNETISM (INDUCED CURRENT) INFERENCE Induced current depend on the height of magnet bar release HYPOTHESIS “The induced current increases when the height of magnet bar release increases ‘AIM To investigate the relationship between height of magnet bar release and the induced current. VARIABLES MV : height of magnet bar release RV: induced current FV: number of the tums in the coils, LIST OF APPARATUS Bar magnet, cardboard tube, ammeter, insulated copper wire and meter rule ARRANGEMENT OF ve ‘APPARATUS a Coo — | bar magnet Meter rule solenoid PROCEDURE 7. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram. 2. Release the bar magnet at height, h = 5.0 cm above the top end of the solenoid, 3. Observe and record the reading of induced current through the ammeter. 4, Repeat the experiment 4 times with different height of magnet bar release which are 10.0 em, 15.0 cm, 20.0 em and 25.0 em, TABULATE DATA height of magnet bar release, h (om) induced current, 1 (A) 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 "ANALYSING DATA 1A) h(cm) oe amatingPhysis@alinaimanathELECTROMAGNETISM (TRANSFORMER) INFERENCE Ouiput voltage depends on the number of turns of wire in the secondary col HYPOTHESIS: The number of turns of wire in the secondary coil increase, output voltage increase AIM To investigate the relationship between output voltage and the number of tums of wire in the secondary coil VARIABLES MV : number of tums of wire in the secondary coll RV ‘output voltage FV: number of tums of wire in the primary coil LIST OF APPARATUS ‘ac voltage, primary coll, secondary coil, soft iron core, output voltage, number of tums of secondary coil, number of turns of primary col ARRANGEMENT OF ‘Primary coil S2FKONEOF® Secondary coll APPARATUS 1 | severe a) — | \) output votag — | — y unoeroia "nea ee of primary cot | [=== 4 PROCEDURE 1. Use 900 tums copper coil as the primary coil and 100 turns of secondary coil of the transformer. 2. The switch is on and the output voltage is measured by using a voltmeter. 3. Repeat the experiment 4 times with different number of turns of secondary coil which are 200 turns, 300 tums, 400 turns and 500 turns. TABULATE DATA Ns. 100 200 300 400 ‘500 ‘ANALYSING DATA vv) Ns \07 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathCHARACTERISTICS, LEVEL & EXPLANATION FORCE & MOTION (I & II) NO. | CHARACTERISTIC [LEVEL EXPALANATION 1 | Impulsive force, F LARGE | The change in momentum is large // the time interval of interaction is small The change in momentum is smaller //the time SMALL | interval of interaction is longer 2 _| Elastic limit of spring HIGH | Larger force can be applied provided the elastic limit has not been exceeded LOW | Ifthe elastic limit exceeded, spring will not return to its original shape and size or might snap easil 3 _| Diameter of coil of Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier weight n SMALL spring (high spring constant, k) BIG | Soft Spring and not able fo sustain heavier weight 4 _| Diameter of wire of ‘SMALL _| Soft Spring and not able to sustain heavier weight spring Bic _| Stfonger and stiffer and able to sustain heavier weight (high spring constant, k) 5 | The spring /! force HIGH | Does not change its shape easily when force is constant, k or Stiffness exerted (Stronger spring and less elastic) of spring Low _ | Change its shape easily when force is exerted (a larger gradient (Soft spring and more elastic) indicates a stiffer spring) 6 _| Strength of spring ‘STRONG | Does not break easily // snap when force is given WEAK _ | Break easily/snap when force is given 7__| Rate of rusting HIGH — | Rust quick! LOW | Hard toldoes not/siow to rust/imaking a durable material not easily corroded 8 _| Rate of expansion HIGH | Expand more to certain increase in temperature LOW | Not easily expand when temperature increases 9 | Position of the centre [__HIGH | Not stable of gravity from the Low _ | Vey stable | ground log amatingPhysis@alinaimanathEAT NO._| CHARACTERISTIC | LEVEL EXPALANATION Pressure of Gases HIGH | The collisions between the particles and the walls of the container per unit area increase Low _ | The collsions between the particles and the walls of the container per unit area decrease 2_| Volume of Gases LARGE | When gas expands, the volume of the gas Is allowed to increase freely When gas not expands, the volume of the gas is SMALL | allowed to decreases freel 3 | Temperature of gases. | HIGH | The average kinetic eneray of the gas molecules increase Low _ | The average kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases 4 _| Freezing point HIGH | Freeze easily / freeze at higher temperature Low _ | Does not freeze in cold weather easily / freeze al lower temperature 3 | Bolling point HIGH | Does not evaporatel/ does not boil easily LOW _ | Evaporate easily /boiling easil 6 | Melting point HIGH | Does not melt easily // melting at higher temperature LOW | Melt easily / melting at lower temperature 7 | Specific latent heat of | yugy | Large amount of heat for boling // vaporization Takes longer time to boil Low _ | Small amount of heat for Boling 77 Takes shorter time to boil 8 | Specific latent heat of | yyqy | Large amount of heat for melting 7 fusion Takes longer time to melt Low” | Small amount of heat for meting 7 Takes shorter time to melt 9 | Specific heat capacity More amount of heat is absorbed to increase the temperature HIGH | Noteasily heated // Making ita good insulator Less amount of heat is absorbed to increase the Low | temperature / Hot quickly 40 | Thermal conductivity | yyiqyj_| More heat lost to the surrounding 77 Can transfer heat easi Low _ | T@ avoid heat lost to the surrounding // Cannot transfer heat easily 109 amatingPhysis@alinaimanathLECTRICITY NO. | CHARACTERISTIC | LEVEL EXPALANATION 1 | emfcell MORE | Supply bigger current through the same resistor LESS | Supply smaller current through the same resistor 2 | Resistance HIGH | less current flow LOW _| more current flow 3 | Resistivity of the wire More heat is produced // HIGH | higher resistance for the filament in order to generate light and heat. LOW _| A large current flow less eneray dissipated as heat 4 | Electric devices power HIGH | Use more electric energy in one second LOW | Use less electric energy in one second 5 | Electric devices voltage HIGH | Require smaller current to generate power LOW _| Require bigger current to generate power © | Voltmeter range ig | Have lower sensitivity level can measure bigger potential difference (voltage) Have lower sensitivily level // can measure bigger sma | ave 7 | Ammeter range BIG _| Have lower sensifiviy level can measure bigger current SMALL Have higher sensitivity level // can measure smaller current 8 Melting point of wire HIGH | Wire can withstand the greater heat when current flows through it LOW _| the wire easily melt // electric shock occur, 9 | Density of cable/wire HIGH | Wire is more heavy Low ‘Wire is lighter // to reduce the weight of the wire//easier to be carried around 40 | Ammeter is connected in , toon saves wih bui.cr devices | Ha® low skiance so thet ts eistence has It tect on the because 11 =| Voltmeter is connected in parallel with bulb or Has a high resistance, current flowing through it is negligible devices because 42 | Copper wire ‘Good conductor of electricity 7 It has low resistance and less energy is lost as heat // lower specific heat capacity 13 | Bulb/device is connected Voltage across each bulb or devices is the same// in parallel because If one of the branches is defective, the flow of electricity will not be. broken in the other branches / Can be switch on individually 1 | Bulb connected in series | One of the bulb is broken, the current flows in entire circu ceases (stop flowing) // Al voltage of bulb are not equal 15 Factor afecting R for metal | Fengih afte! | Resistance also increases 1 Giassectional | Resistance decreases p increases R —_— Type of R aiver SR cooper

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