OVERVIEW 1 ‘THE BASICS “The ten modal auxiliaries are: can may must will should could might ought to shall would Modals come before the infinitive form of a verb without to (except ought to) T may meet her tomorrows, (See Watch out! opposite.) Modals never change form. They do not have ~<4, “5, or -ing endings: Maria may join 1s ‘Modals never use do when forming questions or negatives. To form negatives we use not after the ‘modal and before the verb: Will you come? You mustw’t worry so much. We can use modals with the. Continuous form of a verbs ‘She should be arriving soon, ‘We can use modals with the passive form of a verbs The interview can be arranged for another day Modals are used in short answers and question tags: You will apply forthe job, won't you? Well, I might, Modals usually refer to events in the present or funure: ean come immediately if you lke, (= present) T may ring you later (= future) However, some modals refer to the past: could read before I went to school. Other modals need the addition of have to make a modal Perfect: I should have realised cartier, ‘Sometimes it’s necessary to choose another verb: Twas able to finish before I went out, We managed to find the right address, ‘We use other verbs with similar meanings to ‘modals, These verbs always use to, They incude be able to, have to, used to, are/ is was to, be allowed to, be supposed to, manage to: ‘Pm supposed to have let then know my decision by today. Will we be allowed to bring our own food? MODAL AUXILIARIES AND RELATED VERBS Ought to always uses to, Other modals never use to: 2 eonphnt echsegur meters Hyon nghonse take mother te fa You must go and see that film. + Dare and need sometiines act like modals ‘without te:. I dare say," never néed see her again. * More often, they are ordinary verbs with to: He dared me to jump over the edge, Do you need to know novi". Key diffcoties with meanings: + The same modal can express different meas o: eso ferent fnsons fou mast phone me as soon as you get hack, (= giving orders) “He's not here ~he must have lf, (= expressing certainty) * Different modals can express similar meanings: Shall carey that jr yout (= wings) Wold you like me to carry that jor you? ( willingness) * The exact meaning can change according to context of intonation: Would you open the window for me, pleaset lite request). Would you stop making that noise immediately! (= order), + Modals can affect th level of formality and politenési (se Section 2): ! May T eave eiy today? Of course you can. Conla'T possibly use your phone? Tier fF might have oer anton for ronins, + Arsene can hive two possible meanings ‘eecording to the way itis spoken, or the knowledge people'have of the situation: + You might have told me: (= "Pethaps you did, 1 ‘Ginttrexiember’or: ‘Why at yeu You ‘Sul have’)MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBS Here isa quick reference to the meanings of modal verbs. For basic grammar information, see Unit 3, Overview; for key difficulties with meaning, see Watch out!, Unit 4, .63. Modal Meaning /Use Example can ability Can you play the piano? theoretical possibility Anyone cam make a mistake, permission Can I leave early, please? requests Can you give me a hand? offers Can Theip you out? i can’t/ cannot inability Tean’t play the piano, possibility Can't you come any earier? (= isnt it possible) prohibition You can’t leave until I say so. i deduction ‘This bill can’t be right can'thave deduction ‘She's gone to the wrong door — she can’t have scen the sign. could past ability ‘The shop had nothing that T could afford. possibility There could be trouble ifthe Government tris to force this measure through. requests Could you give me a hand? asking for permission Cowl I leave a bit early today? permission in the past When Iwas young, I could stay up late at weekends if promised to be good. deduction ‘That could be Jon's car I can hear — he said he was coming, idiomatic You could at least tll me what they said. (= I think you should...) couldn't past inability 1 couldn’ wall until Tyas nearly 90, impossibility I couldn't eat another thing! requests Couldn't you try again? probibition in the past My maum used to insist chat we couldn't go ous until we'd tidied our bedroom. deduction I couldn't be Joe, could it? I thought he was away on business: idiomatic T couldn’ agree morel (= I strongly agree) could have possibilty in the past Your actions could have had serious consequences. ‘annoyance You could have told me! (= Tish you had told me) conlén’t have impossibility in the past Teould have murdered him! (= Iwas very angry with him) Hee couldn't have taken your car by mistake because he didn't have the keys idiomatic Ik couldn't have bern better. (= 1 was perfect) may possibility We may goto France next year expressing hopes ‘May you both be very happy. permission You may go when you've finished offers May Ibe of any assistance? concession ‘They may live next door but we hardly ever see them. may not possibility We may not goto France this year prohibition You may not go until you've finshed. concession I may not be very intelligent but I can work out the answer to that question. may have/ possibilty in the past may not have concession ‘They may not have left yet. Hie may have writen books on the subject, but that doesn't meat he's worl expertMEANINGS OF MODAL Venas Modal Meaning /Use Example might We use might asthe He said he might come with us. past form of may after Past tense verbs possibility This expedition might be quite dangerous, suggestions You might try phoning directory enquiries requests, Might I borrow some money? annoyance You might ai last say you're sorry! concession He might seem rude, but he's mot really rmiight not We use might not as He said he might not come with us. the past form of may net after Past tense verbs os possibility You might not like it, F concession He might not wear glasses, but is eyesight isnot perfect either aight have possiblity inthe past They might have heen trying to contact ws. snnoyance You might have told me! (= I wish you'd told me) concession. ‘She might have worked hand, but you wouldn't know it from her results, might not have possibility inthe past They might not have noticed the sign. concession ‘She might not have done all the work, but she certainly got good resis mast deduction What's that noise It must be raining. obligation You must take your shoes off im here, necessity ‘The wires must touch or it won't work, musta’ prohibition You mustn't worry — you'll be fine. must have deduction in the past I must have Iet my wallet inthe car. necessity in the past In order to qualify forthe jo, you must have had several years" experience. mustn't have necessity in the past You mustn't have had any driving convictions or you won't get the job, Shall prediction [and we) I think we shall get back early next week, intention (and we) We shall give our final decision tomorrow. i offers (F and we) Shall I give you a hand? ' official orders All the candidates shall remain in their seats until the end of the examination, asking for advice What shall we do now? shan’t prediction We shaw’t get back muck before te. intention I shaw’t let him do that again. shall prediction We shall have finished by this evening. (= Fatare Perfect) ' shaw't have We shan’t have another opportunity ifwe don’t win today. (continued)Modal Meaning / Use Example should/ ought to (those uses marked * are also appropriate to ought to) giving your opinion* The trafic should / ought to be tighter today. expressing doubt I should shink it wil rain today. advice You should / ought to go out more often. obligation* (daty) People should / ought to treat each other beter instructions All vistors should report to eception. conditional (see Unit 5, Section 3.4) Ifanyone should phone/ Should anyone phon, tel then Tbe back this afernoon,.., ‘with tharclauses after certain verbs” I suggested that he should sake a break. with tha-clauses after adjectives ‘tis exsential that you should contact us. in purpose causes expressing doubt They spoke quietly so that nobody should hear what they ‘were saying, shouldn't | (those uses masked * are also oughtn’t to appropriate to oughtn’t 12) advice” You shouldn't /oightn’s to drive so fast. bligation* (dury) People shouldn’t / oughtn’t to be so aggressive. giving your opinion* ‘The traffic shoulan’t/ oughtn’t tobe too bad today. ‘with fhar-clauses after certain verbs I suggested that he shouldn't work so hard. expressing doubt I shouldn’t think he'd enjoy it. should have! advice in the past You should have told me before. shouldn't have/ giving your opinion* about the past The trafic should have/ ought to have been lighter ought to have! earlier oughta’t t0 have expressing doubt about the past I shouldw’t have thought he'd have enjoyed it. obligation* (duty) in the past You should have / ought to have been there howrs age. ‘They shouldn't have driven so fast. with that-lauses after certain verbs I suggested that he should have taken a brea will prediction ‘They'll be here soon. ‘predicting the present They'll be thereby now. truths and faces ‘This car will only ren on waleaed petrol All passengers will proceed to Gate 7 iromediately. ‘She'l always try to help you whenever she can. “He will smoke when I'm trying to eat. TM give you a hand ifyou tik. TIL put the later in the post this evening. won't prediction “They won't be here fora while. predicting the present They won't be there yet truths and facts "This car won't start. refosal “He won't join in unless he's first. intention won't come this evening, I'm afraid. will have/ prediction ‘won't have finished this book by this evening. won't have predicting the past ‘They'll have easity got there by now. YsModal would would have/ wouldn't have Meaning / Use prediction predicting the present describing imaginary situations (for would in conditionals and after ‘wish, see Unit 5, Sections 3.3, 4.2) habits in the past annoying habits in the past requests intention in the past (we use would as the past form of will, eg. in reported speech) typical (annoying) bebaviour advice ‘ prediction predicting the present describing imaginary situations refusal in the past requests intention in the past (we use would’ as the past form of won't, e.g, in reported speech) advice events in the past which didn’t heppen or which did happen tentative thoughts deductions abour the past (we use would / wouldn't have as the ast form of will/ won't have, €g. in seported speech afier Past tense verbs) Example They said they would be here soon. Tthought they'd be there by now, You'd lok better wit your hair shorter She would always try to help you. “He would smoke when Iwas trying to eat Would you open the door for me? “He said he'd pus the letter in the post later, Ie would start raining,just as we went out. PA talk to kim about te sf T were you. ‘They said they wouldn't be here forages. I thought they wouldn't be here yet. You wouldn’t say that if you'd met him. He wouldn't do what I asked. You wouldn’t open the door for me, would you? He said he wouldn't be coming tonight. wouldn't do that ifF were you. Pa have met you at the station if Td known you were coming, wouldn't have told you if known you'd beso upset, Pa have thought he'd have jumped at the chance. [first went to Italy when Twas at wniversity; that would hhave been in 1982. He promised he would have posted it before five o'clock.Grammar: Modals = The modals are: eee Zz | can see smoke in the distance. She can't speak German. When I was at school, | could ploy the piano. (repeated ection) He was able fo escape through 0 window. (single ection) She wasn't able to/couldh’ finish the report on time. (Both types ean be used in-the negative for either a repeated or a single ation.) Qe Tice ‘can ~ could ~ may ~ might ~ must ~ ought to — wall ~ would - shall ~ should ~ have to ~ need ~ dare FUNCTIONS OF MODALS Bieeyresueaa Reckless driving can result in road WF Can | ask you o question? ceecidents. Could you give me some advice? You could be right Might I borrow your newspaper? He may be lucky this me, (formal). Ske might come with us. (but don't May I join you? thik so) You can sit here if you want. You can't be serious! W's almost midnight. She should be here ony moment now. ~~ You may take the last sweet, if you wish, She must pay the rent by Friday. SP I need fo improve my French. You musin't eat in this room. {strong obligation or duty) 1 have fo mest the boss et noon. (cbiigotion) He had to hove on X-ray before going to the consultation. Lee E ess <= Necessily You needn't wony ~ everything's under control 1 don't have to leave vat 3pm. You needh't have woited for me. (but you ai They didh’t need to make any more food. (so they didn't) The house needs cleaning. You may not make persona! phone He has fo s00 @ dente! soon, calls dering working hours. Must | go with you? You are not fo ot in this room. Do I have to/need to Fnish this now? Neod he sign the Form? [e it’s ogoins the rules) You can't park here. (= you aren't allowed fo park here} Een ees (eine) (a ‘can't be yours — tent yours blve? She can't be enjoying herself; she hates clossical music! He can’t hove broken the kitchen window. He wasn’ even there! You can’t have been listening properly. Mory would never be so rude fo anyone. Hie must be norvous about the fet. You must be fooling very sod after the loss of your father. 1s alreody 6:00. She must hove lei by now. He must have been lying all along. i You don’t look well. You should take \F We should have made sure that the FP Can you hurry up, please? o holiday. You ought to try harder. That's what I would do. You ought not to complotn so much. 28 fickots were valid. (but we didn't) He ought to have cooked dinner. Would/Will you pass me the salt? 11 give you o Iie {but he didn’ Shall | make the fea? You could have helped me (but you She should go fo the dents’ didn’ aSTRUCTURAL CONVERSION Perhaps she is abroad. She may be abroad. Perhaps she wasn’t ioking a bath. She may not have been toking a bath Pechops he has been/wos studying. He may have been stedying | think she has lost her way. ‘Sho must have lost her way. | suppose he has let Austia He must have left Austra I think he wess in Germany. He must have been in Germany. {tis certain that hl fil He is bound to fal Wis certain that she (hos) attended the ceremony, ‘She is contain fo have attended the ceremony. ‘She must have ottended the ceremony. 1 mst roject this ple ‘have no option but to'reject this plan 1 val have fo reject this plon. {don’t think she’s forgotten. ‘She can’t have forgotten. I'm sure he isn‘ lying to us. He can’t be lying fo us. wasn’t necessary for you to buy so many roses as you did. You noedh’t have bought so many roses. Was it necessary for her fo behave like that? Did she need/have to behave like that? wasn’t necessary for me fo walk to work os he gave ime o hit, | dlido’t need to walk to work os he gave me a lif There’s no need to correct the tests today. Don’t Bother io correct the fests today. isn't necessary to correct the tests today. You needn't correct the fests today. You don’t need 10 correct the tests iodoy. He in’ obliged to ill you the truth, He noodh’t tll you the truth He doesn’t need/have to tell you the iruth. Nis important for you to learn fo drive. You need/have 10 learn fo drive. ‘Are exams compulsory of tis school? Do you have fo sit for exams at this school? Senior stsdonts don’t have to toke test. Is optional for senior students to fake fests. I's not compulsory for senior stydents fo take fess. 24 2 30 ar 2a Grammar: M his against the rules to write your answers in ink You mustn't write your answers fa ink It’s forbidden fo speed inthe city centre You muzin’t speed in the city conto. Under no circumstances should/must you dive fost in the city conte. Ha couldn’ go out because # was raining. The rain prevented him fom going out tis advisable to speck politely fo your teachers You should speak politely to your teachers. You had better speak politely io your teachers. would be « good idea to go on a diet. You hed bettor go on a diet You should/ought fo go on a det 18s advisable io go on a diet 1s 0 good idea to go on a diet Why didn’t you consuit your lowyer? You should have consulied your lawyer. let's work out the details Shall we work out the details? Whiy don’t we work out the detoils? Shall | help you with the dishes? Would you like me fo help you withthe dishes? Could you come on Monday? Would Monday be convenient for you? How doss Monday suit you? May I borrow your car? Do you mind if! borrow your cor? Would you mind if | borrowed your cor? Could (borrow your cor, please? Twas wondering if | could borrow your car. Would you like to open an accoun!? Would it interest you to open an accoun!? Would you be intrested in opening an account? How would you/de you feel about opening an account? How about opening an account? i She is unltaly to pass har exams ‘ 181s unlkely/not likely hat she'll pass her exoms. | There's litle likelhood/possibilty of her passing her' exais/thot she'l pass her exoms. i 1s doubtful whether she'l poss her exoms. ‘Ho is likely to win the prize. Its likely that he wall win the prize. His vory possible Hat he will win the prize. He could certainly win the prize. There is every likelihood that he will win the prize. 33can, must, should, ought to, had beter 1 Teuldttake any photos in thelr, 0 bought some postards of the paintings. Passengers on the bus mustat distract the drive. ‘We should / ought to go home on the motorway ~ its much quicker. 2 We should have / ought to have gone home on the motorway — it would have been quicker. 3 You'd better post the parcels today of they w 1 The most common modal verbs for talking about permission and obligation ae conf could, mus, and should | cught to. 2 Wecan se should have or cught to have + pst participle to talk about past, events which did not happen and which we regret. 3. Had better i stronger and more urgent than should / ough o and soften used to give strong advice ora warning, It normaly refers othe immediate future + The negative is had better not NOT hada beter fave to have gotto T All passengers wll have wo lin an immigaton on ar You don't have to tip here unless you think the service was expecially good. 2 Pve got to buy a birthday present for my brother 1 We also use ave oto expres obligations. It can be used in any tease 2 We can also use have got fo to expres obligation, but tis normally used for specific occasions rather than repeated or general obligations. it get there in time, need Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. ‘We could go out at night when we were at boarding schodl ‘We werent alowed to go outa night when we were. at boarding schoo. Ofilly you muss park ere but everyone does. Youarent__— here. ‘Pt that cigarette out. This is a no-smoking area. 1 You usually need to checkin atleast wo hours before a light leaves. dont need to take a jacket. its going to be hot today. 2 You needa Tock the car. Nobody wil sta tin tis ylage 3 Wenecdnt have booked / didot need to book table The restaurants empiy! 4 Wehad plenty of petrl so we dida’t need to stop, which saved time. 1 We use need / dont need + to + infinitive to say that something is necessary / unnecessary. You can use these forms for habitual, general, and specific necessity. 2 When we want o say thet something is unnecessary on 2 specifi occasion, ‘we can also use need + infinitive without f, + Weuse dot need 1 (NOT need) for habitual or general necessity, eg. dri ned to wear gases. My eyesight is stil good. NOT need ear gases: 3 When something was not necessary, but you didi, we can use ether needn't have + past participle ordi’ need to + infinitive. NOT 10 Youd This no-smoking area, regret losing my temper lastnight Tshouldst_—__"__lastnight. You cari take Bash photographs inthis maseum. Fash photography is in this museum, ‘Wearing a seat bet inthe back seat of the cris compulsory You. inthe back seat ofthe cat Swimming inthe lake is stitly prohibited. Youarent. inthelake, ‘Wearing ates optional inthis restaurant. You dont —in this restaurant ‘The best thing todo would be to get specials advice You really specialist advice 1 must finish the sales report by Friday Wve by Friday. ‘You dost hae to bring your ca—we can goin mine. yen = wecan go 4 When someting was not necessary 50 youd no oth you mute dit me, sete the sentence with thre words “We hed plenty of petobso re ncedeshave tepped-whtehsaved tt: onl bbe able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed fo 1 Brom tomorrow we won't be able to park in this street. ‘You're not allowed to smoke in any publi buildings in our country. 2 It is not permitted to take mobiles into the exam room. 3 We are supposed to checkin at 3.30. What’ the time now? You arent supposed to pack here ~ ths hospital entrance. 1 We often use beable oor be allowed to + infinitive to talk ebout what is possible or permitted instead of can, particularly when we want t use a form ‘which ean does not have, 2 be permitted to + infinitive is used informal situations, eg, notices and, announcement, to say whit can / cant be done according to the law orto rales and regulations. ‘AL Wie do not use it followed by be allowed to NOT itor tlowede take robles tmo-theerem r99%% 3 Weecan also use be supposed io + infinitive to say what people should or should do often because of rules. There is often a suggestion that the rules are not necessarily obeyed, eg, Students are not supposed to have guests after 1200, but everyone does 1 10 If yon dont finish your homework, you wort be fowatch TV. You dont to go into the art gallery Entrance is fee Smoking anywhere on the aircraft. ‘Anyone caught smoking willbe severe punished. You‘ late ~ you know what Jane is like about punctuality! You back before next month. min no hurry forthe money. You. you didnt like the pasta. You ‘know how sensitive he is about bis cooking. Teas a dficalt journey because we trans thee times ‘Alot of people think that governments ‘more to protect young peoplés health your mobile phone when You arent ‘you are driving. We estes afte alli rely warm Ant suit to the wedding or sit «qt informal ‘MultiROM _ vwnoup.com/el/englishfile/advancedLanguage development 2 ® Grammar reference page 177 Necessity, prohibition, advice, permission 1 a Rewrite the sentences using modal or semi-modal verbs. 1 You are not allawed to demonstrate here. 2. I think the best thing for you to do is to go on strike. 3 It’s essential that we have a vote before we call a strike. 4 It’s not essential to send all these letters today. 5. think it’s too late to protest now — why didn't you protest before? : b Complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. 1 Tcan’t give you my decision until I have spoken. to the staff I to the staff before I give you iy decision. 2 You can go on strike even if you are not in a YOU nsnnmnnnnnnn 0 G0 OR strike, 3. The only way to show we were serious was to go on strike We.. _.in order to show we were serious. 4. The police closed the road, even though it wasn’t necessary. The police... the road, but they did anyway. 5. Ljoined the protest because J had a day off that day. the protest. 6 The police told us to move on, but we decided to ignore their orders. We weonennnmnnes BU We decided to ignore the orders of the police. 7 Lexpected Gary to be back hours ago, 80 oeeeene eee HOUTS 2G. towork that day so I joined c Answer these questions. 1 What things do you have to do every day in your studies or work? Which things do you most/least enjoy doing? 2. Is there anything you should have done this week but haven't? Explain why not. Ability, possibility/probability, deduction 2. Find and correct the mistakes in the following sentences. 1 Harry started collecting last year, and so far he can raise £10,000 for charity. 2 We couldn't get to meet the minister yesterday, but eventually we could speak to him on the phone. 3 Jack could photocopy the leaflets at the office yesterday, but he forgot. 4 They say there can be nearly half a million people ‘on the march tomorrow. 5 Why not come with us on the demo? You could enjoy it. 6 The damage might be caused by the people who were demonstrating, 7 You must know there was going to be trouble when you saw the crowds, Intention, willingness, characteristics 3 Complete the sentences using will, won't, would or shall 1 The new stadium... spectators. \2 When I was at school, my friends and I often hang out in the school playground until it was dark, 3. I don’t know what’s wrong with the car. It just 4 It... start raining just as we're about to go i 5 Til pick you up at eight o'lock, ann I? 6 ccm You mind giving me a hand with my_ homework? 7 What's the matter? Why you talk to me? 8 She... insist on wearing the mést outrageous clothes. I think’she does it to annoy her parents. 91 have thought you'd be pleased that 've ought a new carl 10 You ... do as I say, whether you like it or not! _. hold at least $0,000 Alternatives to modals 4. Rewrite the following sentences using one of the structures below. Which structures are formal? berequired to be + to-infinitive had better bbe under no obligation tobe advisable to feel obliged to __be forbidden to 1 Visitors must report to reception on arrival. 2. You don’t have to answer the following question: 3, Ishould phone home and tell them that I'm going to be late. 4. [thought I had to invite my cousins to our wedding, 5 All library books must be returned by the end of term. 6 Mobile phones must not be used in this area. 7. You should take out insurance when travelling, abroad.speculation and deduction ‘modal verbs: must / may | night must | cast should 1 Mel and Trudy mast be very well ff - they've got an enormous house. ‘You must have seen him ~ he was standing right infront of you! 2 They can’t be playing very well~ theyre losing 0-3. ‘You cant / coulda’t have spent very Tong om this essay - you've only vwsitten 100 words. 3 Thavert seen the eles manager today, He may / might / could be off ick. “The keys ofthe store cupboard have disappeared. Do you think someone may / might / could have taken them? He may / might not have heard the message [left on his voicemail 4 IFT post the letter today, it should arrive on Friday. posted the leter a week ago. It should have arrived by now. 1 Aswalas “we also use mut + infinitive to sy that we ae almost sure someting is true about the present, and must have + pst participle to bay that we aze almost sare something wes rae in he past 2. We use cant and can’ | couldrit + perfect infinitive (NOT mst ( ustrt ‘have to say that we ae almost sure thet something int tru in the present or didnt happen / was true in the pas. 3. We use may / might | could and may | might | could + perfect infinitive to say that we think its possible that something is true in the present or was true | happened inthe pest " + Compare: “Hee might not have done i, “He couldn't have done it (= itis impossible that he di it) aE 4 Use should + infinitive (o should have + participle) to describe a siiation you expect to happen (ar would expect to have happened inthe past. “AL Compare the use ofthe infinitive and the continuous infiniti © these mod mn about a habitial action 5 Tight on in his ofice. He must stil Be working. = eduction about an action in progress at the moment of speaking” 1a He mst work rly hard. He never gets hom before 9.06 pam. my “adjectives and adverbs for speclaton 9) 1 Ties bound / sure to be herein « minute. He lft an hous ago. 4 She's sure to know. She's an expert on the subject. 4 2 Think she’s likely to agre to our proposal ~ weve given her some ‘very good reasons. "The doctors say that this age he’s unlikely to recover. I think is very likely that the meeting wil be over by 600. Ie unlikely thatthe government wil ase interest aes tis year. 3 Shell definitely pass the exam. She’ worked realy hard She definitely wont pas the exam. She hast done any work a all Hell probably be here around 800. He ustally leaves work st 7.30. Hie probably wort be here until zbout 8.15, He's stuck ina trafic jam. Bound and sre are adjectives. We use be Bound or be sare Fnfintve say. that you think something ie certain tobe true orto happen. =" 7 2 Likely [unlikely are also adjectives (at adverbs), We can wse subject © “be ielyPunliely inf, ox slike | unlely + that ¥ clause ‘Defiriely and probably are adverbs. They go before « main verb a afer © the ansfay (i there i one) in sentences and before the auxliary verb ee i Compare The new coach is Hikely to be appointed today. ‘The new coach will probably be appointed today.” - Se a Right (/) or wrong (X)? Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. ‘A Whens Jim arriving? B mot sure, buthe went ikely be here before 7.00. int likely tobe here 1 My glasses arent in their usual place. Someone must ‘move them. 2A Do youknow where Ann is? B She should be inthe library. Thats where she said she was going. 3A What’ that noise in the garage? B Ithinkit canbe the neighbour's cat. 4 Tim sure Barcelona will win tonight. Theyre unlikely to lose thre: times running, 5 [doat think we should use that photo of Tina in the brochure. She wot definitely Like it 6 Julian is bound be late~he always is. 7 No one’ answering the phone atthe shop. They've probably gone home. 8 dont think Marta has gone to bed yet I think she must till study. 9 ts quite likely that the boss will retire in e year orto, Rewrite the sentences using the bold word. Perhaps Lake has gotlost He has no sense of dzetion. MIGHT Lake might have got lost. He has no sense of direction. 1 dost think he'll have time to callin and see ws. His got avery tight schedale, PROBABLY He He as avery ight schedule 2 Tmmnot sure shell ever get over the break-up MAY Sbe__ the break-up. 3. They will probably have heard the news by now. SHOULD ‘They ____now. 4 Tm sure I didnt lave my creditcard in the restaurant. [remember putting it in my wallet CANT I remember putting itin my wallet 5 Tim sare your sister wil like the scarf It’s jst her style BOUND Your sister. fs jst her style 6 ‘The compay director probably wont resign, despite the duacuous sles gues nea UNLIKELY ‘The company director. lsastrous sales figures. 17 Yim sure be was in love with her otherwise he ‘wouldet have marred her. ‘MUST He _____ otherwise he wouldit have married her ‘Are you sure you locked the back door? DEFINITELY Did___ the ack door? 9 According to press reports, the couple will probably tpt divone soon. pitansica TOKELY ‘According to press reports its , despite the S000. ELE mutsrom vowwoup.comyetfengishefadvancedgi ie Teachers Book At es Grammer speculation and deduction |. i aaerieanentamnene © Complete the dialogue, Rewrite the phrases in the list with must, can't, may, might, or should, and a verb in the correct tense. Tits possible thatheshaving 2 almost certainly isn’t 3 Im almost sure he is 44its possible that he's doing 5 Tmalmostsure it wasn't 6 he was almost definitely there Zperhapshe went Spechapshe didnt think 9 will probably be joy Pam, why are you crying? What's wrong? PAM Its Derek. I think 1 he might be having an affair. yoy Come on, Pam, that?___true. He*___one of the most reliable partners in the world. How can you possibly think that he something behind your back? PAM. That's what I thought. Until a friend saw him coming out of a nightclub with another woman! jor Its him. Derek’s never been a late-night person. PAM. No, Joy, it was definitely him. I found this ticket in his pocket, soheé there that night. joy Well, he” there with a group of colleagues from work. He PAM What do you mean, not important enough? jor Look, dor't you think it would be a good idea to talk to him about it? Everything ® fine once you give him a chance to explain, You'll see. it was important enouigh to tell you about it. © Add one word in the right place to make the sentences correct. 1 The traffic is heavy today, so they're sure fo be late for the meeting. 2. Medical expetts say that the disease likely to spread all over.the world. 3 With an experienced guide you probably be able to get to the top in four or five hours. 4 The company is unlikely be in a position to make a profit this year. 5 If we play as badly as we did last week, we bound to lose in the semi-final. 6 Its very that you'll win anything. Td say there’ only a 2% chance. 7 With her presentation skills shes bound be able to convinice the company to diversify. 8 IfSophie doesrit get to the gate before it closes, she definitely mis the flight. @ Prepare a two-minute presentation for the class about how you think life might be in 20 years’ time, Try to use the grammar from a and b. Choose two or three of these topics: * family and friends shopping the environment work _ entertainment the economic situation in your country _ technology __transport ‘First ofall, think it’s very likely that 20 years from email or talking online wil ever replace that, Families now Il still have a small group of very close friends, are bound to become smaller in the future as although if | am married I might not see them as nowadays people are having fewer children and I often as 1do now. People will definitely still want to think that the tradition of large extended family is ‘meet each other face-to-face, and I don't believe that likely to disappear, etc. 183z 2 | LANGUAGE FOCUS.) hea Modal auxiliary verbs i Modal verbs in the present and future Modal verbs in the past | 1 All modal verbs can be used to express varying degrees of lielinood ‘ot probability. Match a sentence on the left with an explanation on. the right. 1 Models expressing probability all form ther past in the same way. Verb + Perfect Infinitive val Im not sure but ts possible. (3) Wer t ; She wl = Met pest ok ir last Reena te | P| bectficut. | have alt of evidence that itis. bn ie ae Ihave a lot of evidence that it isnt. Give some more examples. =F ‘There are times whem its dificult, 2 Modals expressing other meanings alae Ieverything goes according to plan. can have diferent forms inthe past. i We must stop to get petrol. 2 Certain modal can also be used to expres obligation (mild and strong, (present obligation) permission, ability, willingness, and habit. : We had to stop to get petrol. You skould see a doctor. (itd obligtion/advice) {past obligation) You may ga in now. (perission) She will bite her nai. (abit) Give some more examples. D>B> Grammar Reference pl53 3. What are the meanings ofthe modals in these sentences? She could/was able to read at tree. ‘He wouldn't admit that he was wrong You should have seen the doctor. | He would always argue the point. | needa/t have brought my umbrela, >B> Grammar Reference pi53 Which sentences express a degree of probability? 1 He always looks so stressed. He must have a very demanding job, 2. You mustcome with us next time. You'd love it. 3 I can'thear you~ the line's bad. 4. They can't be coming, They'd have been here by nov, 5 She might change her mind if we keep on at her. 6 You couldbe right. 7 You can borrow the cat, don't need it 8 We may stay over at Claire's ifthe party finishes late, 9. No, you may not go out on a schocl night just before your exams. 10 You should have no trouble passing, You're good at exams. 11 You shouldbe studying three hours a night. 12 Willyou give me a hand with this? 13 Isha past ten. She'lbe at the airport by now. 14 It’s so annoying, He won't admit when he’s in the wrong, 15 He can read and he’s only thee, 16 Learning English can be difficult. ‘Cngetleak eto thc ‘What are the uses in the other sentences? Tow I should be happy? 66 Unit + Words of wisdomee” 2. Put the modal in the first sentence into the past to complete the second sentence. 1 Itmustbe raining, Bveryone's patting up their umbrellas. Tt musthave been raining. The ground is stil wet 2 Imust stop smoking. i smoking because I became breathless just walking upstairs. 3 He should stop smoking before it’s too late. He before it was too late. 4 We can go to Bob's party on Saturday. We to Bob’s party ast Saturday. 5. There's the phone. itl be Paul. Did he have a deep voice? It Paul. SPEAKING Dilemma! 1 Workin groups. In this game you have to predict how one of your classmates would behave ina certain situation. Your teacher will give each group cards like this. SITUATION You are a taxi driver. You find a bag in your cab with €20,000 in i ‘The name of the owner is on the bag, but not the address WHAT WOULD YOU DO? 6 You needn't give me a lif, but if you're going my way that’s great. She me alift, ut she did. 7 You needn't give me a lift because I've got my car with me, she re alifi, so she didn't 8 My niece can't read very well because she’s dyslexic. My niece until she was twelve. 9 Lets take a map, Well get lost if we don't. Tim glad we took the map. We ifwehadn't, 10 What’ wrong with him? He'll just sit for hours staring into space. Something was wrong. He _ staring nto space. 3 Look at these pairs of sentences and discuss possible differences in meaning witha partner. 1 He must be on his way. T must be on my way. 2 I must stop smoking. Thave to stop smoking. 3 They must share a flat together. ‘We must share a at together. 4 You dos't have to buy her chocolates. You mustr’t buy her chocolates. 5. The exam will hve started. The exam will be starting. : 6 He cantt be married. We cantt be married. 4 Extend each sentence in exercise 3 to illustrate its meaning. ‘He must be on his way because he sald hs was leaving at ‘ten o'clock. must be on my way. fm meeting John in half an how. 2 Choose a card. Then choose someone in the room and discuss with your group how you think he or she would react in that situation. Write down their prediction. 3. When itis your turn, read out the situation card to the petson you chose. Ask him or her how he/she would react. If your prediction is right, your group scores a point I tis wrong, chllenge them and explain why {ou are right. The whole dass votes to make a final decision. 4. The secret is to match a person and a situation, and then it is a question of how well you know your classmates. Be prepared for some surprises! Unit 7 » Words of wisdom aSame verb, different meanings 6 For each set of sentences, decide which modal verb fits all five sentences. 1 a ‘No one is answering” There sven be a problem with the phone? b Tm so full, 1 another thing! ¢ Inmylast job, 1... start work any time I wanted, 4 eevvene You do me a favour? caw» You feed my cat while Pm away? € ‘Treally need to lose some weight! You... join a gym? 2a... Youlet me know when Mr Burns arrives? b [think it be better to keep that opinion to yourself. ¢ [can't remember what time I got home, but it... have been around ten. Linens love to go to Perv. Ruth was very reliable. She sana Always be the first to acrive in the morning, 3a Weare hoping our petition nou make the councillors change their minds. > Mr Jenkins... see you now, if you... come this way. sso» YoU please be quiet. This is a library! ‘What's that noise?’ ‘That... alteat _ attempt to explain the differences between the two systems. What... I wear for the party? Tkeep an eye on your house while you're away? Lets agree to differ on that topic, we? 7 Read the letter and then decide which ‘word or phrase (A, B or ©) fits each ‘gap. Only one answer is possible. Dear fellow traveller Welcome to everyone who has signed up for our Jungle Saferi Adveriture Tour. Please read the following carefully as it contains Jmportant information about your holiday. Passports/ visas” 1 (1). ike to remind you that (2) documents are in order. Your passport (3)... valid for atleast sic months beyond your return date or you will not be (4... entry to the country. In addition, you will require a visa: Please note tha, in light of recent ‘events, the visa regutajions have changed and many people who previously (5)... a visa now do 50. You are (6). obtain the visa in person atthe embassy. It (7)... be done by post. lf applying by post, you must allow two weeks, and itis {8)._.. use registered post. f applying in person, you (9)... submit your details before 11 am. All applications (10). two recent photos. Health Hf yor received a note about yallow fever, please ignore it Our iepresentatives (11)... given it to you, as it does not apply to this trp. Ifyou have not had a hepatitis vaccination because you thought that you (12). one, then plese think again. We recommend that all travellers have it, There (13)... be « lot of mosquitoes around, so we racommend that you take malaria tablets. For them to be full effective, you (1). start taking them a week before departure, : Ifyou are taking any preserigton medicines, you must inform the guide, Please ensure thal you have enough far the whole rip Also, its (15). to take @ spare pair of glasses. Witdlite ~ 7 Youl Can, of course, take es maiy photos as you wish ‘of ail the emaing plants and animals that you wil see, However, you (16)... take enought film fr your entre trip, as itis unavailable once we arrive. You are, however, (17). bring any plint samples back with you. Be warmed thet some plants are very poisonous, and children in particular (18)... be allowed to touch ther. The guides will explain which they are. you have any further questions, please contact me at the adress above. {make sure that your travel 4 A would B will i © could 2 Ayourequre ——B you must C its up to you 3A could be B must be © noods be 4 A obliged B required C allowed 5 Adidnotneed —_B need not © must not have 6 A not supposed to B not obliged to need not T Acan B ought ¢ is allowed to 8 Arequired io ——_B advisable to forbidden to 9 Aare obliged to —_B had better © require 40 Aarcallowed ——_B require © are obliged 44 A mustnot have B nood not have © should not have 12 Adidntneed ——-B needn'theve had must have 13 A should B will C areto 14 Aarealowedto —B can © must 45 A required B forbidden © athvisable 16 Awillneed io B must not © are allowed to 47 A mustt B not allowed to © cant 48 A needs B should not may not aaMODAL VERBS: Revision Exercises (Language I) Situational dialo; GROUP A 1) You needn’t have done it. 2) She can’t be German. 3) They dared me to do it. 4) He could have been cheating, 5) He will ask silly questions! GROUP B 1) I needn't have taken a coat. 2) That won't have been John. 3) You shall pay for this. 4) Accidents will happen. 5) The car wouldn't start. GROUP C 1) You oughtn’t to have done it. 2) I'd better go and get ready. 3) You don’t have to do it. 4) Ifyou will eat so much, then don’t complain. 5) You might have drowned! GROUP D 1) He can be really annoying, you know! 2) It’s bound to happen. 3) They ought to have arrived by now. 4) That will be the postman. 5) As he grew older, he would talk about his war experiences. GROUP E 1) When shall we go there? 2) May I borrow this dictionary? 3) We would lend him money when he was unemployed. 4) You might have told me! 5) Dare you tell him? asAbility Certainty and uncertainty Obligation Unit 16 Modal auxiliaries, present and future: ability, certainty, obligation Explanations Can and be able to Be able is used in situations where can does not have the necessary grammatical form. T'd like to be able to swim. Not being able to swim is annoying, 1. Must and can’t “These are used to make deductions, when we are more or less certain about something, especially with the verb to be. You must be tired after your journey. (I suppose you are) That can’t be Sue. She’s in Brazil. (I'm sure it’s impossible) 2 May, might and could “These all express uncertainty or possibility. They are vsually stressed in speech. Might is less likely than may. Could is not used with not in this meaning. Temay not rain. I might go out, I don't know. I could get wet! 3 Beboundto This refers to the future, whereas must refers to the present. You're bound to see Paula if you gothere. (I'm sure you will) You must see Paula if you go there. (An obligation) 1 Must and have to Have to describes obligations made by someone else, while must is used to describe a personal obligation. There may be no difference. You must start working harder! (Isay so) You have to turn left here. (It’s the law) Sorry, [must leavelbave to leave now. — (No difference) 2 Mustn’t and don’t have to ‘Mustn’e describes something which is not allowed. Don’t have to describes something which is not necessary. You mustn't leave any bags here. (It’s against the rules) You don’t have to apply yet. (it’s not necessary) 73First Certificate Language Practice 3. Should and ought to "These have the same meaning. They describe ‘what is a good idea’ and can be used to give advice, or polite instructions. I think you should see a doctor. You ought not to continue. You should send in your application by July 18th. 4 Should as expectation ‘Should can also describe actions we expect to happen. Brenda should be home bynow. (She is expected to be.) 5 Had better “This refers to present or future time, and gives advice about how to stop something going wrong. I think you'd better leave now. _ (Beforcitis too late) You'd better not drive.‘ _ (Temight be dangerous) 6 Is/Areto This is used in formal instructions. Not is stressed. 2 atees No-one is to leave the room. You are not to leave the room. Activities 1 a) There’s someone at the door. It can be/must be the postman. Choose the most _b) Don’t worry, you don’t have to/mustn’t pay now. suitable word or ©) I think you had better/would better take a pullover with you. phrase 4d) Jones could be/must be president if Smith has to resign. underlined. @) Sorry, I can’t stay any longer. I have to go/might go. £) Itwas 5.00 an hour ago. Your watch can’t be/mustn’t be right. g) I's school rule, all the pupils have to wear/must wear a uniform. hh) suppose that our team must win/should win, but ’'m not sure. i) Ler’s tell Diana. She could not/might not know. j) Inmy opinion, the government might do/should do something about this. 2 Rewrite each sentence so that it contains the word given in capitals, and so that the meaning stays the same. The word cannot be changed in any way. a) I think you should give up smoking immediately. HAD LT think you had better. ki diately, 74Unit 16 Modal auxiliaries, present and future: ability, certainty, obligation b) expect we will get there by 5.00, if there isn’t too much traffic. SHOULD of Ieioaccdhary iormera htagey poses HAVE d) Tam sure thar the cats in the house somewhere. MUST ©) Anserial is not required with this radio. : HAVE f) tis very inconvenient if you can’t drive. ABLE g) Tam sure that John is not the thief. CAN'T h) Lam certain that Norman will be late. BOUND 3) Allsmdents should report o the main hall 9.00. ARE j) thought that you would know better! OUGHT 3 a) We can’t be lost. Itisn’t allowed Choose the most —_b) Jane is bound to be late. She always is/She must be. suitable word orc) Late-comers are to report to the main office. I's good idea/Ir’s phrase the rule. underlined. d) You don’t have to stay unless it’s necessary/if you don’t want to. ¢) Astronauts must feel afraid sometimes. They’re supposed to/It’s only natural. £) You can’t come in here. It isn’t allowed/I don’t believe it. g) All motorcyclists have to wear crash helmets. I's a good idea/Ie's the rule, h) Tought norto tell Jack. I's not a good jdea/Tt’s the rule. i) We should be there soon. I expect so/It’s absolutely certain. j) You'd better take an umbrella, Jr's raining/It might rain. 4 a) Don’t stand up in the boat! You might fal in the river! Complete each _b) Sue says she’s stuck in the traffic and she wn. be late, sentence sothatit c) You really... start spending more time on your work. contains might, d) Tell Peter he...... stay the night here if he wants to. might not, must, _ e) That's really stupid idea! You... be serious, surely! mustn't, can or) YOU anu realise it, but this is very important to me. can't. Morethan — g) Don’tbesilly. You ..... expect me to believe you! oneanswermay _h) We'renot sure but we 10 to Prague for Christmas this year. be possible. i) Meleara to fly! You...... be joking! }) Bill cooked the lunch, so you ....... expect anything special! 7Rewrite each sentence so that it contains can, could, must, have to or should (including negative forms). « © Choose the most suitable caption for each picture, ~~ i) It’s possible for anyone to break into this house! te Language Practice a) Pm sure that Helen feels really lonely. Helen must feel really lonely. b) You're not allowed to park here. ©) Itwould be a good idea if Harry took a holiday. d) I’m sure that Brenda isn’t over thirty. e) DoTneed a different driving licence for a motorbike? f) What would you advise me to do? ) Mary knows how to stand on her head. h) You needn’t come with me if you don’t want to. j) The dentist will see you soon. Idon’t think he'll be long. b) i a 0 a | Hl a -—— 1) He should be exhausted! 1) We musta’t pay to goin. 2) He must be exhausted! 2) Wedon’t have to pay to go in. 1) Pmafraid we have to operate. 1) Mind out, you could drop it! 2) Pmafraid we should operate. 2) Mind out! You can drop it! 76Unit 16 Modal anciliaries, present and future: ability, certainty, obligation 1) Thanks, but P'd better not! 1) We must be here for hours! 2) Idon’t have to, thanks. 2) We're bound to be here for hours! KEY POINTS — 1 Most modal auniliaries have more than one meaning. You may have to think fa cafefally about the context, or tone.of voice; to understand the meaning. 2 The negative forms mustn’t and don’t have to have different meanings. You mustn’t go. (It is against the rules) You don’t have to go. (It isn’t necessary) 3. Should is a weaker obligation than must and have to, but is used as a polite way of expressing an obligation, in formal speech or in writing. Passengers for Gatwick Airport should change at Reading. Unit 17 Modal auxiliaries: past Unit 20 Progress test 7Unit 17 Modal auxiliaries, past: ability, certainty, obligation Explanations Past ability 1 Could Could describes past ability. When I was young, I could run very fast. 2. Could and was able to Was able to describes the actual performance of an action. Mary was able to help us. (She actually helped us) Masy could belp ws. © (But’pechaps she didn’t) = Certainty and 1 Must have and can't have uncertainty These are used to make deductions about past actions. The have form does not change. I must have left my wallet in the car. (Lam sure did) Jim can’t have noticed you. (Lam sure he didn’t) 2. May have, might have and could have These express possibility or uncertainty about past actions. The have form does not change. Jean might have missed the train. (Perhaps she did) ‘He may not have received the letter. (Perhaps he didn’t) You could have been killed! (lewas 2 possibility) 3 Was/Were to have This describes something which was supposed to happen, but didn’t. Itis formal in use. The have form does not change. ‘He was to have left yesterday. (He was supposed to leave, but he didn’) Obligation 1 Had to Had to is generally used as the past form of must. Somy I’m late, I had to take the children to school. The question form is Did you have to? Did you have to work late yesterday? 2. Should have and ought to have These express the speaker’s feeling that a mistake was made. The have form does not change. 78Pronunciation and writing Indirect speech 1 Choose the most suitable response to each comment or question. Unit 17 Modal auxiliaries, past: ability, certainty, obligation You should have posted the letter yesterday. (You made a mistake) You shouldn’t have told me the answer. (You were wrong) 3. Needn’t have and didn’t need to Needn’t have describes an action which happened, but was unnecessary The have form does not change. Ineedn’t have bought more sugar. _ ({did, but we had enough) I didn’t need to bury more sugar. (I didn’t, because we had enough) Have is unstressed or weably stressed in the past infinitive forms on this and the previous page, and cannot be abbreviated in writing. ‘Must, shall and should ‘Must is reported as had to ot must. Shall with future reference is reported as would. Other uses of shall are reported as should. ‘Youmust go. ... . He oldme Ihad to go. He old me Imust go. ‘shall be there.’ He tolat'w5 he'would be there.~ ‘Shall I help?” He asked if he should belp. Activities a) A: What did I do wrong? B: (1) You shouldn’t have connected these two wires. 2) You didn’t have to connect these two wires. : Whyis the dog barking? : 1) Itshould have heard something. 2) Temust have heard something. ¢) A: Why are you home so early? B: 1) Incedn’thave worked this afternoon. 2) Ididn’t have to work this afternoon. 4) A: Why did you worry about me? I didn’t take any risks. B: 1) You must have been injured. 2) You could have been injured. 79First Certificate Language Practice e) A: You forgot my birthday again! B: 1) Sorry, I should have looked in my diary. 2) Sorry, had to look in my diary. + We had a terrible crossing on the boat ina storm. 1) That didn’t have to be very pleasant! 2) That can’t have been very pleasant! g) A: Where were you yesterday? You didn’t turn up! B: 1) Ihad to go to London. 2) Imust have gone to London. + What do you think about the election? 1) ‘The Freedom Party had to win. 2) The Freedom Party should have won. i) A: There’s 2 lot of food left over from the party, isn’t there? B: 1) Yes, you couldn't have made so many sandwiches. 2) Yes, youneedn’t have made so many sandwiches. j) A: Whatdo you think has happened to Tony? B: 1) [don’t know, he should have got lost. ~ 2) Idon’t know, he might have got lost. ) wp h) we 2 a) Itwasn’t necessary for me to go out after all HAVE Rewrite each Lneednithave cone.out after all sentence so thatit b) There was a plan for Jack to become manager, WAS contains the word given in c) Tt was a mistake for you to buy that car. SHOULD capitals, andsothatthe _d) Idon’t think that Sally enjoyed her holiday. CANT meaning stays the same. The word e) It’s possible that Bill saw me. MAY cannot be ssi changed in {) Pm sure that Karen was a beautiful baby. MUST any way. g) Perhaps Alan didn’t mean what he said. MIGHT h) It’s possible that left my wallet at home. COULD i) Tthink you were wrong to sell your SHOULDN'T j) The only thing I could do was run aw: HAD 3 a) We should have turned left. (We've missed the turning We. followed the Choose the most instructions. suitable phrase b) We didn’t have to wear uniform at school. But I never. did/That’s why underlined. Lliked it. c) The butler must have stolen the jewels. He was ordered to/There is no other explanation. 80Unit 17 Modal auxiliaries, past: ability, certainty, obligation 4) You could have phoned from the station. I’m sure you did/Why didn’t you? ¢) You needn’t have bought any dog food. There isn’t any/There is plenty. f) Ann might not have understood the message. I suppose it’s possible/ She wasn't supposed to. 2) You can’t have spent all the money already! You weren't able to/ I’m sure you haven't. h) Ishoulda’thave used this kind of paint. I's the right kind/It’s the wrong kind. 4 a) T'msure that David took your books by mistake. Rewrite each books by mistake. sentence so that it b) It-was a mistake to park outside the police station. contains: can’t, might, must, 6) Iewas unnecessary for you to clean the floor. should or ee: needa". a) Pmsuré that Liz hasn’t met Harry before ¢) Ann possibly hasn’t left yet. £) Pmsure they haven't eaten all the food. It’s not possible! g) Jack is supposed to have arrived half an hour ago. h) Perhaps Pam and Tim decided not to come. i) I think it was the cat that took the fish from the table! }) Iewas a waste of time worrying, afterall! 3 ® Choose the most suitable caption for each picture. 1) You must have read the notice. @) You should have read the notice. 81First Certificate Language Practice b) °) 1) We can't have worn our raincoats. 2) We needn’t have worn our raincoats. 1) He must have hit him in the right spot! 2) He should have hit him in the right spot! £) 1) You must have caused an accident! 2) You might have caused an accident! 1) You shouldn’t have stroked the lion! 2) You didn’t have to stroke the lion! 82Movacs (KEY, Grammar Answer Key ’) The ear, which was ia good condition, wasn’t expensive. j) The person who found the money was given a reward. 6 a)atynear/beside b)in, on/over c)in,case d)under,on ¢)in,on_f) by, for g)iayin h)on,by i)in,by j)ou, by 7 a) Although Iliked the shoes, I dida’t buy them. b) Despite his financial problems, Joc bought a new motorbike, ©) The soup was to0 hot for me co drink. dd) Susan was so tired that she decided to go to bed. ¢) We spoke in whispers so.as not to wake up the baby. 4) kept looking for my missing watch, even though I knew it was no use. g) There were so many people infront of me that I couldn't see. 1h) My flowers haven’t come out, inspite ofthe fine weather. 4) Tewas such a cold night that we stayed indoors. j) The swimming pool wasn't deep enough to dive into. 8 1)in 2)from 3)although 4)at 5)in/with 6)once 7)through §)to away 10)in i)which 12)who 13)stuch 14)t0 15)before/as/and 16)for 17)t0 18)spite 19) who 20)s0 unitas <4 a)must be b)don’thaveto c)had better -d) could be e)haveto go fean'vbe g)haveto h)should win i)mightaot should do 2 a) [think you had better give up smoking immaediasely, ») Jack should win the 100 metres. ©) Do Thave to bring my passport? 4) The eat must bein the house somewhere, @) You don’t need to have/have to have an zerial with this radio. f) Tes very inconvenient if you are not able to drive. ) John can’t be the thief 1) Normans bound to be late. 4) All students are to report to the main hall t 9.00. ) You ought ro know better! 3 a)[don't believe it_b)shealwaysis c)I¢’stherule d)ifyoudon’t wantto_e)it's only natural f)Icisn’tallowed )I’stherule h)I’snota good ides i) lexpect so j)Iemight rain 4 a)might b)might c)must d)can ¢)can't f) might not g)can’t_h) might )must j) mustn’t 5.2) Helen must feel really lonely. ) You can’t parkchere. ©) Harry should take a holiday. 4) Brenda can't be over thirty. ¢) Do Ihave to have different driving licence for a motorbike? {) What do you think I should do? ) Mary can stand on her head. hh) You don’t have to come with me if you don’t want to i) Anybody can break into this house. j) The dentist will see you soon, He shouldn't be long. 6 22 b)2 1 dt ot H2 7 aa b)B da dc JB NP gis b)c is iA Unit 17 1 a)f b)2 2 d2 e)1 H2 gt h2 |Z 2 2 a) Incedn’t have gone out after all. ) Jack was o have become manager, but he lef. 251First Certificate Language Practice Unit a8 unit 19 ©) You should not have bought that ca. d) Sally can’t have enjoyed her holiday. ) Bill may have seen me. 8) Karen smust have been a beautiful baby. g) Alan might not have meant whet he sid. h) Teould have left my wallet at home. i) You shouldn’t have sold your bike. j) Thad eo run away. ) We've missed the turning )That’s why Iliked it_c) There is no other explanation a) Why didn’t you e)Thereis plenty )Tsupposeit’s possible g) I’m sure you haven't +h) I's the wrong kind 8) David must have taken your books by mistake. b) You shouldn’t have parked outside che police station, ©) Youncedn’t have cleaned the floor. 4) Lizcan’t have met Harry before. ©) Annmightnothaveleftyet. 8) You can’t have seen this film before. ) Jack should have arrived half an hour ago. h) Pam and Tim might have decided not to come. > The earmust have taken the fish from the table> ) You needn’t have worried afterall. 22 2 Ji d2 21 Hi a4 b)10 6 di Q8 HF g9 b2 D7 3 a)6 b)10 c)1 d)2 €)8 f4 g)5 h)3 7 9 a1 1 92 dt 2 H2 gh2 bi D1 p2 2) Would you le «lift home? b) Could you tell me what time the next train leaves? ©) If were you, Pd sell the car. 4) Would you like me to mow the lawn? ¢) Isthis the right way for Downwood? 8) Lwish you wouldn't make so much noise! g) Whit do you think I should do? h) How aboutgoing for a pizza? i) Pmsorry, it's my fault. j) don’t think you should go. a)5 b)B et d)t0 e)2 6 g4 h)3 7 9 a4 b)8 02 d)7 1 5 g)9 b)10 D3 j)6 a1 b)2 92 dt oi H2 g)2 by Dt p2 8) What do you think of Roger's new book? b) Tam-very grateful for your help. * ©) Isitall right if I leave my bag here? ) Why don’t we go to the beach tomorrow? ¢) I'd rather go sailing than (go) swimming. 1) Do you think you could open the window? ) Do you mind taking care of the children? B) I think you should go by train. i) Excuse me, you are in my way. j) Carol congratulated Ron o passing his driving test 252