Class: Cestoda * The term Cestode comes from the Greek word “Ribbon” which refers to those worms which are flattened & cylindrical in shape. * Cestods are differentiating from trematodes by its tape like segmented body, without alimentary canal and segment contain one or two sets of reproductive organs.General morphology Shape: Flattened. elongated ot eVlindnical in shape Size: Vary trom few mm to several meters Color: Usually white in color but oceastonally gray- \ellow or cream in color, depending upen the absorption of substance Body surface Rarely smooth but usually cross wrinkled or grooved longitudinally Body structure: The adult cestode consists of a head or scolex bearing attachment organs. followed by short un-segmented neck or growth zone and a chain of segments The chain of segments ts Known as storbila and each segment as a proglottid.General morphology a) Scolex: It is a holdfast organ, usually 2mm in diameter and having organs of attachment. Scolex are 3 types- tostelium with Nook ‘ap * Acetabulate > suckers * Bothriate progiotnd oe a * BothridiateAcetabulate: Usually bear four suckers, unarmed & contain a protrusible part called rostellum. Bothriate: It is long and narrow. It has two weakly developed longitudinal muscular grooves which is known as bothria. Bothridiate: It consists of four out growth from the body surface & are usually ear like which are commonly known as bothridia.b) Neck/growth zone: The scolex is followed by short, constricted, un-segmented region which is called neck region. The mature segment or proglottid is formed from the neck region, so it is called growth zone. c) Storbila: The chain of segments is known as “storbila” and each segment as a “proglottid”. When the posterior end of one segment is over lapped on the anterior end of another segment (following segment) then it is called “craspedote” and _ if overlapping absent then it is called “acraspedote”.* All the gravid segments are separated from the body by one = another, and the phenomenon is called “apolysis” but in case of pseudophyllidae the gravid segments are not separated before release of eggs, after release of eggs, the segment exhausted and then separated from the body this phenomenon is called “pseudoapolysis”.ll Reproductive system: Each segment = are hermaphrodite and contains one or two sets of reproductive organs. 7 Male system consists of one or several number of testis, vas efferentia & vas deference. 7 Female system consists of single ovary, oviduct, ootyde, uterus, seminal receptacle, vagina, vitelline glands and vitalline ducts. 7Genital pores open on the lateral margin or margins of the segments. Both self-fertilization and cross fertilization between proglottids may occurs.General morphology Teguments / body covering: The cestodes are covered with tegument which consists of cuticle, sub-cuticle and also microvilli, tegument is metabolically active. Adult tape worm intake all of its nourishment through tegument. Nervous system: It consists of four ganglia in the scolex from which the nerves enter the strobilla. Excretory system: It consists of “flame cell” leading to efferent canals which run through the strobilla to discharge at the terminal segment.Characteristics of cestode eggs: * The egg consists of- —The hexacanth (6 hooked) embryo or onchosphere. — Embryonic envelope (inner or outer capsule/ shell). —A thick, dark, radially striated shell called embryophore.General life cycle of cestode * Atypical life cycle of cestode is indirect (except Hymenolepis nana) with one (Cyclophyllidea) or two (Pseudophyllidea) intermediate host. * With few exceptions adult parasite is found in the small intestine of final host and the segments or eggs come out with faeces. + When the segments are ingested by the intermediate host the host gastric juice & the intestinal secretion digest the embryophore and activated the onchosphere/ hexacanth embryo.weneral life cycle of cestode * Using its hook, it tears through the mucosa to reach the blood or lymph stream or in case of invertebrate, the body cavity / haemocel. * Once in its predilection site, the onchosphere losses its hook and develops, depending on the species, into one of the following larval stages, often known as metacestodes/ bladder worm.Types of metacestodes a) Acystic/ solid type b) Cystic/ fluid type a) Acystic/ solid type: b) Cystic/ fluid type: I Procereoid 1 Cysticereord I] Plerocereoid IL Cysticercus I Tetrathyroidium ee TV Coenurus \ Hydatid evsta) Acystic/ solid type: 1. Procercoid: It consists of — ~ Cup shaped cephalic invagination. ~The cuticle bears bristle like process and a club- shaped portion. ~ Acercomere with three pairs of hooks. It is found in crustsceans as a Ist larval stage of pseudophyllidean cestodes.a) Acystic/ solid type: ll, Plerocercoid: *Elongated in shape. *More / less identical to adult cestode. *Has a well-developed scolex, lack of cercomere & hooks. tis found in the 2" intermediate host (fishes, amphibians, reptiles & even mammals) as 204 larval stage of pseudophyllidean cestodes.a) Acystic/ solid type: Il. Tetrathyridium: + It is solid worm like metacestode and has well- developed acetabulate scolex but devoid of rostellum. * The body is flat or semitransparent + It is found in the free environment or in various organs of mammals a5 4 larval stage of metacestoididae.b) Cystic/ fluid type: |. Cysticercoid: It consists of — 7 Small fluid filled cavity. ~ Ascolex invaginated in the cavity covered with two walls. 7 \tis mainly found in arthropods vector. IL.Cysticercus: ~ Large fluid filled cavity in which well-developed scolex invaginated. ~ \t is found in mammals as an intermediate host of family Taeniidae.b) Cystic/ fluid type: Ul. Cercocystis: * Acysticercoid with tail like appendages which bears three pairs of hooks is called cercocystis. * It is found in mammals as an intermediate host of family Taeniidae. iv. Coenurus : * Itis also a large fluid filled cavity in which a large number of scolex invaginated within the cavity. ‘tis found in mammals as an intermediate host of family Taeniidaeb) Cystic/ fluid type: v. Hydatid cyst: Itis a large fluid filled cavity lined with germinal epithelium from which produced a large number of scolex which are lie free or in branches surrounded by broad capsule. It also consists of daughter cyst and hydatid sand. It is found in mammals as an intermediate host of cestode. (When a metacestode is ingested by the final host, the evaginated scolex attached to the intestinal mucosa and remainders of the structure are digested off. Then a chain of proglotids begins to grow from the base of the scolex.).Different types of life cycle in tape worm: Two intermediate host: > Mesocestoididae — Cystecercoid in orbatid mites and tetrathyroidium in reptiles, amphibians etc. 7” Dibotricephalidae-Procercoid in crustaceans and plerocercoid in fishes. One intermediate host: Anoplocephalidae: Cysticercoid in orbatid mites. Davainea spp.: Cysticercoid in slug & limax.Different types of life cycle in tape worm: One intermediate host: Raillietina spp.: Cysticercoid in Musca,Flies. Dipylidium spp.: Cysticercoid in Flea & lice. Taenia seginata: Cysticercus in herbivorous animal. Taenia solium: Cysticercus in rodents, pig. Echinococcus granulosus: Hydatid cyst in man.Order: Pseudophyllidea Morphology: The scolex has no suckers and instead has two longitudinal grooves/ bothria(bothriate/bothridiate) The egg shell is thick, brown & operculate and the coracidium which emerges after hatching is an onchosphere with an embryophore which is ciliated. Segments are well developed, acraspedote type and each segment contain one set of reproductive organs. They have two intermediate hosts, procercoid & plerocercoid type of larvaeImportant family is Dibothriocephallidae and genuses are — * Dibothriocephalus * Spirometra * Bothridium Genus: Dibothriocephalus | Important Host Intermediate Locati Distribution | _speices | vhosts | on 7 Dibothrioce Man, 18": Crustacean Small Cosmopolita | phalus latus | dog. (Cyclops) intesti nincluding cat, fox 24 Fish ne Bangladesh etc (latiga carp spp.)Life cycle Life cycle: . Adult in small intestine v Eggs come out with faeces and hatches to form ciliated coracidium in the water Within few weeks v Coracidium ingest by crustacean where procercoid developed within the body cavity v Procercoid containing crustaceans ingested by fish (2"4 intermediate host) where procercoid release in intestine and migrate to muscle or viscera of fish where 2™ larval stage plerocercoid developed. v Final hosts became infected by the ingestion plerocercoid containing fish Vv In the intestine of final host plerocercoid release and become adult Prepatent period : 3-4 weeksPathogenesis & clinical signs: In man the tape worm sometimes causes macrocytic anaemia, resembling pernicious anaemia due to its uptake of vitamin B,, from the intestine. Genus: Spirometra Important Host. —sIntermediate | Location | Distribution | species hosts | Spiromera Man, 1 Crustacean Small | Cosmopolitan | mansoni dog. cat (Cyclops) intestine butabsent | & other 24: snake, Bangladesh | camnivor tadepole, | s amphibians etePathogenesis When procercoid ingested by man, there are subcutaneous edema & inflammation in skin particularly the periorbital area may occurs.Order: Cyclophyllidea Few mm to 30 meter in length. Scolex with suckers, may or may not be armed. Rostellum may or may not be present. Segmentation is well marked, rectangular/ quadrangular in shape, each segmentis single or double bi-sexual. Eggs are operculate, rounded or triangular in shape.Important families are- 7 Taeniidae » Anoplocephalidae 7 Mesocestoididae 7 Davaineidae 7 Dilepididae » HymenolepididaeFamily: Taeniidae + Size: Few mm to 25 meter in length. * Scolex: Have four unarmed suckers * Rostellum: Have two rows of hooks/ spine. * Segment: ~ Mature segment is usually square in shape, 7 each segment contains one set of reproductive organs. > Gravid segmentis usually longer than wide 7 Genital pores opens at lateral margin & usually regularly alternative * Eggs: are rounded or triangular in shape and consists of three layers. Important genus are — = Taenia = EchinococcusGenus: Taenia Having numerous numbers of segments. Rostellum with two rows of hooks. Important species are — * Taenia solium * Taenia saginata * Taenia multiceps/ Multiceps multiceps * Taenia ovis Location: Small intestine stribution: Cosmopolitan except Taenia krabbei absent BangladeshDifferences between Taenia solium & Taenia saginata Points Rostellum Hooks Ovary Larval stage Eg Intermediate host s shape Taenia solium Present Present rows) Trilobed Cysticercus cellulosae Spherical Pig (two Taenia saginata "Absent Absent Bilobed Cysticercus bovis “Oval CattleEEE Specification of genus Taenia Important Host Locatio Lanal Intermediat Larval site species as stage ehosts Distrib ution | Taenia solium Man Qysicercus Pig, Man Muscle Small cellulose | | T saginata Mao intestin Osticercus Cattle Muscle e bovis | T multiceps Dog and Cornurus | Sheep, | CNS. Cosmo cerebralis Goat, tle TL hydetigena Dog politan Gysticercus | Sheep, Pig, | Perltonen | es tenuicollis | Cattle m Tovis Dog Arabbei Qysticercus Sheep Muscle | absent ovis T pisiformis Dog in Costicercus | Rabbit Paaee| Bangla pisiformis m T. serialis Dog desh) Coenwrus | Rabbit | Connectiv ] serialis etissue T. taeniformis Cat Cysticercus| Rat, Mouse | Liver fasciolaris T. krabbei Dog Qsticercus | Raindeer | muscle tarandi |——— Life cvcle Adult in small intestine of final host v Segments with faeces and when segment moves or disintegration, the eggs release from segment v Eggs in the environment (2weeks - 2 months lives) v Infection of intermediate host by the ingestion of eggs with food & water v In the intestine, the embryophore is digested and onchospere become activated v Penetrate the intestinal wall and enter into the systemic circulation and reached to their predilection site (skeletal muscle. heart. Brain. liver. kidney etc) v Development of cysticercus within 3-9 weeks of infection, in their predilection site. v Final host become infected by the ingestion of cysticercus containing raw or undercooked meat or viscera of pig. cattle, sheep-goat etc (Only cyst which removed by surgical operation. may also ingest and become infected] N¥ Then the scolex of cysticercus is invaginated & attached to the intestinal wall and become adult within 60-100 days of infection, # Man also act as a intermediate host when infection occur by the following way- 7 Ingestion of egg/ segment through contaminated food & water. 7 Autoinfection (Mainly T. solium) — Segments in intestine from which egg release and then release of oncosphere which penetrate the intestinal wall and inter into the striated muscle where larval stage developed. # When Cysticercus in brain, it is called cysticercus racemosus. It is found in ventricle of brain of Pig.Pathogenesis and pathology: * In case of man there is no specific pathological changes but the following symptoms may be found- 7 Diarrhea/constipation y Epigastric colic 7 Neurological signs may also found including epilepsy, increase intracranial pressure, pseudomeningeal reaction etc. In case of cattle & pig, usually asymptomatic in light infection but in severe infection, there is myocitis, myocarditis, muscular stiffness & weakness. In case of dog only digestive disturbances and anaemic signs may be developedPathogenesis and pathology for Taenia multiceps: It is an important parasite for goat & also sheep which act as an intermediate host of this parasite. It causes Gid / stagger diseases in sheep-goat. The larval stage Coenurus cerebralis is responsible for this disease and characterized by the following signs depending upon the location of larval stage in brain.Pathogenesis and pathology for Taenia multiceps: Ingestion of large number of eggs/ segment by sheep/ goat v Migration of immature larvae (onchospere) to the brain and causes acute meningio-encephalitis. \ In chronic case development of one or more coenuri in brain within 6-8 weeks of infection 3 Destruction of brain tissue Neurological clinical signs, often refers to as Gid disease/ Staggers disease.Pathogenesis and pathology for Taenia multiceps: * Most frequently the cysts are found in parietal region on the surface of hemisphere. Vv Turned into circle towards the location of cyst and blindness may be occurs in opposite eye. * When the cyst in anterior brain, then they walking in straight line & hold head against the cyst and step high. * When the cyst in spinal cord, there is paralysis of one or both hind legs of animal. * When the cyst in the surface of brain, there is softening & perforation of skull bone.Diagnosis of Taeniasis Perineal swab collection and identification of egg. For detection of adult cestode morphological segment found in faeces. Through meat inspection. Control of Taeniasis Treating the infected animal Hygiene- avoid raw or undercooked meat Meat inspection Public education