Review Article

Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 15, 185--193

Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil

M. Shahinuzzaman, Zahira Yaakob, PhD, & M. Moniruzzaman
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

Summary Soap is the most useful things which we use our everyday life in various cleansing
and cosmetics purposes. Jatropha oil is nonedible oil which has more benefits to soap
making. It has also cosmetics and medicinal properties. But the presence of toxic
Phorbol esters in Jatropha oil is the main constrains to use it. So it is necessary to
search a more suitable method for detoxifying the Jatropha oil before the use as the
main ingredient of soap production. This review implies a more suitable method for
removing phorbol esters from Jatropha oil. Several parameters such as the % yield of
pure Jatropha oil soap, TFM value of soap, total alkali content, free caustic alkalinity
content, pH, the antimicrobial activity, and CMC value of general soap should be
taken into consideration for soap from detoxified Jatropha oil.
Keywords: cosmetic dermatology, skin disease, antimicrobial activity, phorbol ester,
soap making, detoxification

care.4–6 The oil also has components in hair condition-

Introduction
Soaps are one of the major elements which we use in
our everyday life. Basically soaps are the sodium and
potassium salts of higher fatty acids, such as oleic,
stearic, lauric, and palmitic acids.1 These fatty acids
are responsible for foaming and cleansing actions of
soaps. Soaps are generally produced using edible oils,
that is, palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, groundnut
oil. However, usages of nonedible oils have advantages;
it can significantly reduce the consumption of edible
oils and ultimately the dependence on edible oils for
soap manufacturing. Among the known nonedible oils,
Jatropha oil can be used for soap making. Mostly Jat-
ropha soap is known for its medicinal properties and
sensitivity. It is used for the remedy of various skin dis-
eases.2,3 The 36% linoleic acid (C18:2) content in Jat-
ropha oil makes it an interesting candidate for skin
ers.7
Jatropha oil is nonedible due to a toxic ingredient
called phorbol ester.8–10 Phorbol esters have been
found to be responsible for purgative, skin-irritant
effects and tumor promotion as they stimulate protein
kinase which is involved in signal transduction and
developmental processes of most cells and tissues.11,12
So, if we promote the suitable method for removing
phorbol esters from Jatropha oil and can improve
methods for using medicinal properties of Jatropha oil,
it is so beneficent for us. There have several methods
for removing phorbol ester. Some of them are heat
treatment, gamma irradiation, adsorption, alkaline
hydrolysis, and solvent extraction.13,14 Alongside
them, adsorption process is more preferable to remove
phorbol esters from Jatropha seed oil, and by this pro-
cess, phorbol esters removal maximum up to
99.50%.15

Correspondence: M. Shahinuzzaman, Department of Chemical and Process

Extraction of Jatropha oil
Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor,
Malaysia. E-mail: shahinchmiu@gmail.com Dry seed of Jatropha curcas contains up to 60% of oil.16
Accepted for publication December 18, 2015 However, the maximum amount of oil that can be

© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 185

Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil . M Shahinuzzaman et al.

extracted from a given sample of the seeds depends on Table 2 General compositions of the different crude Jatropha oil
the method of extraction and quality of the feedstock. sample
Two main methods of extracting the oil have been
Solvent
identified. They are the chemical extraction method Parameters extracted Cold pressed Nontoxic
using solvent extraction with n-hexane and the
mechanical extraction method using either a manual Phorbol esters (mg/g) 3.10 3.77 N.D.
ram-press or an engine-driven expeller.17,18 It is easier Water (ppm) 197 731 735
Free fatty acids (% as C18:1) 6.87 5.34 3.00
to use a simple mechanical ram-press because of its Elements (ppm)
availability. For the operation, at first the brown ripe P 87.9 35.5 54.9
Jatropha fruits are collected and dried at sun. Then, Ca 51.1 21.6 32.8
husks are removed to separate seeds from the fruit. Mg 23.9 23.0 N.D.
K 15.3 28.7 6.57
Then, seed kernels are opened by removing the black Na 13.3 6.44 1.48
seed shells. These shelled seed kernels are used to Fe 2.5
press, and oil is extracted and collected. From 32 kg of Fatty acid composition (%w:w)
C14:0 0.1 0.1 0.2
unshelled seeds, it is found about 20/22 kg of shelled
C16:0 15.8 15.3 12
fruit. After the milling process, it yields about 6/10 kg C16:1 0.9 0.9 0.6
oil from these shelled fruit. This represents about C17:0 0.1 0.1 0.1
21.5–31.25% of crude oil by weight per kg of the C18:0 6.7 6.8 6.4
C18:1 42.1 42.0 36.7
unshelled dry weight of the J. curcas seed.
C18:2 34.1 34.4 43.5
C18:3 0.2 0.2 0.1
C20:0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Composition of Jatropha seed oil C20:1 1.8 1.8 –
C22:0 0.6 – –
The oil content from Malaysian Jatropha seed kernels
Total saturated 22.8 22.3 18.8
by solvent extraction was 63.16%.3 High oil content of Total mono-unsaturated 44.9 43.1 37.5
Jatropha Curcas indicated that it is agreeable as nonedi- Total poly-unsaturated 34.3 34.6 43.7
ble vegetable oil feedstock in oleo-chemical industries.
It also contains dominant triacylglycerol lipid specie
(88.2%) and an appreciable percentage of linoleic acid the production of shampoo and liquid soap.3 The phy-
(47.3%). The percentage of oil and fatty acid composi- siochemical character of Jatropha curcas seed oil in
tion of Jatropha curcas is shown in Tables 1 and 2.19,20 Malaysia and Nigeria are given in Table 3.22
There are some physicochemical characters such as
iodine value, acid value, and saponification value by
which the industrial value of a particular fat or oil is Market of Jatropha soap
determined. High iodine value indicates the utilization In West Africa, Zambia, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zim-
of oil in soap and shampoo production.21 Acid value babwe, Jatropha soap is used commercially as soft
indicates the extent of rancidity of the stored oil or fat laundry soap. Portugal also use Jatropha oil for soap
sample, thereby deciding on its suitability for cosmetic production.23 Oil extraction is mainly oriented toward
products. The greater the saponification value informed quality soap production which has a high market
the oil is normal triglyceride, and it is very useful for demand due to its known dermatological and cosmetics
properties. It also has potentials for the production of
Table 1 Percentage of oil composition of Jatropha curcas oil

Composition Percentage
Table 3 Physicochemical characters of Malaysian Jatropha curcas
and Nigeria Jatropha curcas L seed oil
Oil 66.4
Unsaponifiable 3.8
Values
Hydrocarbons 4.8
Triacycerols 88.2
Free fatty acid 3.4 Parameter Malaysia Nigeria
Diacylglycerols 2.5
Sterols 2.2 Iodine value (mg/g) 135.85
1.44 105.20
0.70
Monoacylglycerols 1.7 Acid value (mg KOH/g) 1.50
0.07 3.50
0.10
Polar lipids 2.0 Saponification value (mg/g) 208.50
0.47 198.85
1.40

186 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

 Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil
medications and biological insecticides (www.ghajapro-
ject.net). In other countries such as Tanzania, Jatropha
activities also show positive economic results, as far as
soap making is concerned. Specially, the medicinal
properties of the soap make it interesting for the rural
population. The “KAKUTE project” of Tanzania was
able to recognize the Jatropha soap as the medicinal
soap (www.jatrophabiodiesel.org).
Benefits of Jatropha soap
Jatropha curcas is the scientific name of physic nut. The
genus name Jatropha comes from the Greek word
jatr0 os that means doctor and troph0 e that means food,
which implies medicinal uses.24 Jatropha oil and Jat-
ropha soap have many medicinal and cosmetics prop-
erties. The oil-rich seeds and seed oil are used as
purgative and to expel internal parasites, although
their application often leads to strong irritation of the
gastro-intestinal tract or even poisoning. The oil is also
applied internally and externally as an abortifacient,
and externally as a rubefacient to treat rheumatic con-
ditions and a variety of skin infections. The oil is used
as an ingredient of hair conditioners. The latex has a
widespread reputation for healing wounds, as a hemo-
static and for curing skin problems; it is applied exter-
nally to treat infected wounds, ulcers, ringworm,
eczema, dermatomycosis, scabies, and sarcoptic mange
in sheep and goats.25
The glycerin that is a by-product of biodiesel and
bio-jet fuel can be used to make soap, and soap can be
made from Jatropha oil itself. In both cases, the process
produces a soft, durable soap and is a simple one, well
adapted to household or small-scale industrial activ-
ity.24
The high viscosity of Jatropha oil facilitates profitable
soap making than other oils.26 Jatropha oil is also rich
in palmitic acid with greater hydrophobicity which
makes soft, durable soap.
Whereas Jatropha soap contain greater glycerin, it
has good foaming properties and makes white soap
with positive impact on the skin.27 This soap is famil-
iar in many countries for its cosmetics and medicinal
Table 4 Some toxic factors in Jatrophacurcas seed meal
Phorbol esters Lectin (mg meal/
Toxic factors? (mg/g kernel) mL assay)
Variety Cape verde 2.70 102
Nicaragua 2.17 102
Nontoxic Mexico 0.11 51
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
. M Shahinuzzaman et al.
characteristics and used with various skin diseases and
sensitivity to general soap.28 The Jatropha oil has pos-
sible interest for skin care due to the presence of 36%
linoleic acid content.4,5The Jatropha oil has a strong
cathartic properties, and it is used for reducing the
rheumatic pain and for skin diseases.21 It has bacterici-
dal and antifungal properties with skin care.29 It is
also used to treat eczema 30 and for hair conditioning,7
soap industry, and cosmetics.31
Problem associated with soap from Jatropha
oil
Jatropha soap has many medicinal and cosmetic prop-
erties that mean it has much economic value as a
nonedible oil product. It is possible to produce quality
soaps from Jatropha oil for laundry, bathing, and gen-
eral cleaning purposes, still at minimizing cost of pro-
duction. But Jatropha oil contains some toxic
compounds which may cause some adverse effects.32
The Jatropha seed kernel contains mainly five
(Table 4) numbers of several toxic and antinutritional
factors. They are trypsin inhibitors, lectins, saponins,
phytate, and phorbol esters. They might cause or at
least prolong the adverse effects in the long-term con-
tact. Phorbol ester is the main toxic component present
in Jatropha curcas oil which affects the short-term con-
tact.33–36
Toxicity of phorbol esters
As phorbol ester is the main toxic compound of Jat-
ropha oil that is responsible for purgative, skin-irritant
effects 37 and also tumor promotion as they stimulate
protein kinase C which is involved in signal transduc-
tion and developmental processes of cells and tis-
sues.11,12 It may also cause cancer. Ingestion of plants
from the Euphorbiaceae and Thymelaeaceae families
that biosynthesis of verbal-type diterpene esters causes
several symptoms of toxicity in livestock.7 The toxicity
of Jatropha seeds could be attributed to the presence of
phorbol esters in toxic varieties. Due to the presence of
lectins, it appears hemorrhagic spot,8 and Trypsin inhi-
Trypsin Phytate Saponins (% diosgenin
(mg/g meal) (% in meal) equivalent)
21.3 9.4 2.6
21.1 10.1 2.0
26.5 8.9 3.4
187
Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil
bitors produce adverse effects in monogastrics.9 It has
also been reported that humans who had accidentally
consumed seeds showed signs of giddiness, vomiting,
and diarrhea.16,33
Characteristic of phorbol esters
The word phorbol refers to a group of compounds
which is known as tigliance. It is closely related to
diterpenes families with its polycyclic structure
(Fig. 1).9,38–40 Its chemical formula is C20H28O6, and
molar mass: 364.44 g/mol. Phorbol esters in Jatropha
oil have six chemical isomeric forms of structures37
where all compounds possess the same moiety. 12-
deoxy-16-hydroxyphorbol is the main structure of
phorbol ester. Different side chains R1 and R2 with
main structure form six different isomers. All the phor-
bol esters structures are commonly named as DHPB.
Phorbol esters are in white crystals or powders form
when isolated from oil. But it form brittle foams when
isolated by fractionation of oil from volatile organic sol-
vents, which change to amorphous and soften below
1000c temperature. Melting point of anhydrous phor-
bol is of 250–251 °C. But the crystallized phorbol from
methanol and ethanol retains solvent molecules that
tenaciously have sharp melting points in the region of
230–240 °C.41
Phorbol esters are very sensitive to alkali, acid, ele-
vated temperature and also light and atmospheric oxy-
gen. Solid TPA appears to be stable in the dark at
20 °C. It slowly decomposes at 4 °C in the dark and
more extensively decomposes at 25 °C in daylight
within 3 months. The TPA solution in dimethyl sulfox-
ide may be kept at 20 °C in dark for about 6 months
and solution in ethanol at 4 °C under nitrogen for
5 months. The persistent component that have been
identified as main product which is produced by oxida-
tion at double bonds of TPA.41–43
Phorbol esters produce esters and ethers by reducing
Fehling’s and Tollen regents. The C5 carbonyl groups
of phorbol esters show weak activity in the reaction
with carbonyl agents. The double bonds are subjected
Figure 1 Molecular structure of Phorbol, TPA, and 12-deoxy-16-hydroxy phorbol.
188
. M Shahinuzzaman et al.
to reduction and autoxidation. MnO2 and CrO3 oxi-
dized are the primary alcohol group at C20 to the alde-
hyde.44
Removal of phorbol from oil
Methods
Most of the toxic compounds of Jatropha oil (lectin,
trypsin inhibitors, etc.) are heat and chemical sensitive
except phorbol esters. The phorbol esters are heat resis-
tant and even at 160 °C. So heat treatment is not
applicable to detoxify Jatropha seed oil.7 So it needs to
establish a suitable method for removing phorbol esters
from Jatropha, as though it can be used to minimize
the consumption of edible oil. Till now, a good number
of reports are available about detoxification of phorbol
ester substances from Jatropha oil.15,45–48
In the traditional oil refinery process, de-acidification
and bleaching steps can remove up to 55% of phorbol
esters in seed oil of Jatropha curcas. But degumming and
odor removing steps are not able to remove phorbol
esters.46 Chemical treatments, that is, NaHCO3, ethanol
extraction, physical treatment as heat treatment, ozona-
tion, and the gamma irradiation, can remove phorbol
esters from Jatropha oil. It is possible to remove 44% of
phorbol esters from Jatropha oil with the treatment of
NaHCO3, but if NaHCO3 moistening was combined with
the ozone treatment, it can remove up to 75%. The com-
bination of NaHCO3 with heat treatment removes 56%,
but when a water wash is added to the combination, it
removes much more Phorbol esters, that is, 76%.45
About 71.35% of phorbol esters were successfully
removed by gamma irradiation at absorption dose of
50 kGy. But this method need long time, high tempera-
ture, and high dose of gamma irradiation.45,47 Extrac-
tion of phorbol esters using 80–90% aqueous ethanol or
methanol followed by the inactivation of lectins by heat
treatment (moisture 66%, 121 °C for 30 min) might
hold potential technique for converting toxic Jatropha
meal to a high-quality protein source for livestock feed.
But all these processes are time-consuming and not
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

environment-friendly.15 By the use of fungal isolation
process, about 97.8% of phorbol esters can be
removed.48 Alongside them, adsorption process is more
preferable to remove phorbol esters from Jatropha seed
oil. By this process, phorbol esters can be removed maxi-
mum up to 99.50%. It means 0.02 mg/g phorbal
remains in seed oil where the permissible limit is
0.09 mg/g. 2.70 mg/g phorbol esters is present in seed
oil of Jatropha toxic variety.15
Detoxification by adsorption process
Punsuvon and Nokkaew studied detoxification of phor-
bol esters. They used 25 mL of seed oil mixed with
0.8 g of each activated carbon, bentonite 150, ben-
tonite 200, chitin, and chitosan adsorbent into a 250-
mL Erlenmeyer flask. Adsorption was carried out at
room temperature. Stirring rate and time were
200 rpm and 45 min, respectively. After adsorption
seed oil and adsorbent were separated by filtration,
content of phorbol esters was analyzed by HPLC to
select the best adsorbent. In this study, they found that
bentonite 200 is the suitable adsorbent.
Optimization of the one-time adsorption
25 mL seed oil was mixed with the most suitable
adsorbent in a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. To find the
optimum conditions of adsorption, the experiments
were continued in terms of the following factors:
Amount of adsorbent: 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4,
and 2.0 g.
Stirring time: 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 min.
Temperature: 35, 45, 65, 85, and 120 °C.
Stirring rate: 0, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 rpm.
After adsorption oil and adsorbent were separated by
filtration with filter paper, the amount of phorbol esters
was analyzed by HPLC. In this step, they found the
adsorption time 15 min, 3.2% (w/v) bentonite 200,
32 °C temperature, and 100 rpm stirring rate are the
suitable condition. By this condition, 98.00% phorbol
esters were removed.
O
R
O R
O +
O O
R
O S oap
T rig ly c e rid e
Figure 2 Soap making (saponification) reaction. Here, R is the long chain hydrocarbon.
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil . M Shahinuzzaman et al.
Optimization of the two-time adsorption
Twenty-five millilitre seed oil from the one-time adsorp-
tion was mixed with the most suitable adsorbent in a
250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. To find the optimum condi-
tions of adsorption, the experiments were continued in
terms of the following factors:
Amount of adsorbent: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g.
Stirring time: 0, 15, 30, and 45 min.
After adsorption oil and adsorbent were separated by
filtration with filter paper, the amount of phorbol esters
was analyzed by HPLC. The 2nd adsorption showed
the optimum time 15 min, 0.8% (w/v) bentonite 200,
32 °C temperature, and 100 rpm stirring rate are the
suitable condition. By this condition, 99.50% phorbol
esters were removed.
Soap production process
The general soap production method is divided into the
following major steps.49,50
 Mixing the oil/fat and alkali properly, called “prov-
ing,”
 “Boiling down”—repulsion of extra water and
checking for “doneness,”
 Treating with salt for removing water, impurities,
and glycerin, this process is called “graining” which
makes solid washing soaps with good quality,
 Adding colorants and perfumes,
 Pouring the lay into molds,
 Breaking the “green” soap out of the mold and
splitting it into finished sizes, and
 Drying and airing the “green” soap.
Concise chemistry of soap making
Chemical reactions in soap making/saponification
Saponification is the main reaction of soap making
process. In this reaction, esters are broken down into
alcohols and salts of carboxylic acids (Fig. 2). The
word “saponification” comes from the Latin word
O HO
3 N aO H 3 R + OH
HO
ONa
G ly c e ro l
189
Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil
“saponins” which means soap. Saponification is also
widely used in more general terms to refer alkaline
hydrolysis of any type of esters.
The overall reaction of triacylglycerol saponification
is carried out in two steps. Three fatty acid molecules
and glycerol are produced by the hydrolysis of ester
linkages in first step:
Fat or oil þ 3H2 O3 ! 3fatty acids þ glycerol
The second step involves an acid–base reaction
where the fatty acid molecules and a base (usually
NaOH) are subjected to produce water and salts:
3fatty acids þ 3NaOH ! 3fatty acid salts þ 3H2 O
There are two types of operation involved in soap
making. One is continuous operation which is used for
industrial production and another is batch operation
for small-scale production. Both operations involve
three different processes: cold process, semi-
boiled or hot process, and fully boiled process. In cold
process, the reaction takes place substantially at room
temperature; in hot process, the reaction takes place at
near boiling point; and in the fully boiled process, the
reactants are boiled at least once and the glycerol
recovered. Among these processes, simple cold process
is common and widely applicable (http://www.made-
how.com/knowledge/Soap.html).
Simple cold process of soap making
For each soap formulation, 200 g/dm NaOH solution is
added directly with the fat/oil in the ratio 1:1 (v/v) into
a stainless steel container. The fats/oil is warmed gently
and pours into the stainless steel soap making container
followed by the alkali solution to form an intimate mix.
Then stir frequently for 10–15 min using wooden stir-
rer. The additives such as perfumes and other ingredi-
ents can be added before pouring the saponification
mixture into the molds. The mixture into dies turned
into soap, and the soap is allowed around 24 h to
harden by air-drying to obtain bar soap. These soap bars
can then be observed for color, lathering, texture, and
cleaning power. Overall, better products can be obtained
by the combination and proper mixing of ingredients,
accuracy, and stirring at proper temperature.
Cutting
Sometimes, the molded soaps spread-out from the
mold. This soap is split down in required sizes. The
soaps are cut using different designed and sized cutting
machines which can be made locally.
190
. M Shahinuzzaman et al.
Stamping
Stamping and trademarking are important for soap
marketing.37 Now, the special stamp and trademarks
are used on the soap bars which may be either electri-
cally or manually. In this purposes, wooden or plastic
stamp and stamp box are used.
Drying
The obtained soaps are normally having moisture
content. So for carefully defined and controlled level,
especially for toilet soap bars the water content
needs to reduce and mainly drying is required in this
purpose. It needs to be aired for hours or up to
about several of days to reduce the moisture content
in the case of dry hard soap that takes longer to use
up.
Packaging
At last, the final products are packed in cartons, and
the soaps are wrapped. For this purpose, nice paper
and clean polythene can be used which will add
greatly to its sales value. But it should be noted that
the cost of packaging material makes impact on the
production cost. Hence, it is most important for a soap
producer to reduce the packaging cost in order to con-
trol selling price for rational profit or gain.
Quality determination
pH level test
The pH level of each soap checked on the pH meter.
Reaction with hard water
In this test, 1 g and 8 g of Ca(HCO3)2 were dissolved
in each two beakers containing 1 L of distilled water
to make two different levels of hard water. 80 mL of
two different levels of hard water was measured in
100-mL beakers. Individual soap was dissolved in both
low and high levels of hard water and then observes
the change.
Solubility in cold water
 80 mL of tap water in 100-mL beakers.
 Cooled the water to 7 °C.
 Dissolved each soap in each beaker to observe the
solubility.
Flame test
 Took a small piece of each soap.
 Burned each soap and checked its flame color.
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
 Medicinal and cosmetics soap production from Jatropha oil
Bacterial activity determination of soaps
For bacterial activity determination, sterile broth and
agar plates were prepared, and Staphylococcus aurous
ATCC 6538 were cultured in nutrient broth at 370 °C
for 24 h. Here, 1% and 5% of four different soaps in
high-level hard water and, for the control Jergens, only
5% soap solution were used. 10 mL of all solutions
was taken to each test tube. Every 30 s, 0.5 mL of full
culture was added to each tube and incubated each
tube for exact 10 min inside the biological safety hood
(~220 °C). From the each reaction, 100 mL was taken
in the interval of 30 s and added to 10 mL of nutrient
broth to stop the reaction and then plated
100 mL 9 2 from each nutrient broth tube to nutrient
agar plates. The 20 plates were incubated at 350 °C
for 42 h, and the results are noted.
Quality evaluation of soaps
From the further studies, it was observed that % yield
of pure Jatropha oil soap was found to be almost 97%
(48.6 g of soap from 50 g oil). TFM value of soap was
60.20%. According to BIS norms, such soap can be
used for general bathing purpose. Total alkali content
was 0.76% where BIS Limit:- 1%,51 and free caustic
alkalinity content 0.024% where the BIS (Bureau
of Indian Standards) Limit is 0.05%, pH 8.6, The
antimicrobial activity of Jatropha soap is 28.91%
which is much greater than commercial antiseptic
soap (18.07%). From these data, it is evident that Jat-
ropha soap has more bactericidal action as compared
to the antiseptic soap.
CMC value of Jatropha soap is obtained
12.5 9 103 M. Thus, study of micellar properties of
soap synthesized could lead to the development of a
new surfactant of higher efficiency and cheaper rate
which is of industrial significance.51
Conclusion
To reduce the consumption of edible oil, a large field of
oil product, soap can be produced by nonedible Jatropha
oil. Antimicrobial activity of Jatropha oil soap could be
utilized to produce medicinal and cosmetic soap. The
adsorption method could be used the more suitable
method for detoxification of toxic Jatropha oil. By this
method, about 99.50% phorbol esters could be removed.
In other words, 0.02 mg/g phorbol remained in seed oil
where the permissible limit is 0.09 mg/g, and the
amount present in toxic variety is 2.70 mg/g. The qual-
ity parameters of Jatropha soap satisfy BIS standards.
© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
. M Shahinuzzaman et al.
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the National University, Malaysia
(UKM), for providing research facilities and fund. This
study would not have been possible without the coop-
eration of the staff and practical students of Biodiesel
Center, UKM. This project is financed under grant
DIP-2014-011.
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