BACHELOR OF TEACHING (PRIMARY EDUCATION) WITH HONOURS

SEPTEMBER 2022 SEMESTER

HBSC3203_V2

CHEMISTRY II

MATRICULATION NO : 900318125457001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 900318-12-5457
TELEPHONE NO. : 013-254 0547
E-MAIL : randy90l@oum.edu.my
LEARNING CENTRE : KOTA KINABALU LEARNING
CENTRE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 PLANNING SUITABLE EXPERIMENTS ABOUT THE PROCESS OF FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF

PETROLEUM IN THE PRIMARY SCHOOL SCIENCE ROOM. 2

3.0 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERSPEX AND BAKELITE 6

3.1 What is Perspex? 6

3.2 What is Bakelite? 7
3.3 What is the difference between Perspex and Bakelite? 7
A. Properties of Perspex and Bakelite:.....................................................................................................7
B. Uses of Perspex and Bakelite:..............................................................................................................8
C. Chemical Structure of Perspex and Bakelite:.......................................................................................9
4.0 DISCUSS THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC USAGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT. 10

4.1 How did this happen? 10

4.2 The problem with plastic 10
4.3 How does plastic affect the environment? 11
5.0 HOW TO EDUCATE PUPILS TO PREVENT POLLUTION RELATING TO THE PLASTIC INDUSTRY? 12

5.1 Education and skills can drive innovative solutions 12

6.0 CONCLUSION 14

7.0 REFERENCES 15

PART 2: ONLINE PARTICIPATION 16

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Petroleum is a broad term that groups together a combination of organic liquids and gases
that is formed after kerogen is heated and compressed over long periods of time. This mix
can be complex, but the main gaseous component of petroleum is natural gas - largely
methane - whereas the main liquid component is crude oil. Crude oil itself is a complex
mixture of hydrocarbons, so the exact composition of petroleum is never the same. Secondary
fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, and diesel fuel are all included in the definition
of "petroleum". Petroleum traps energy, first originating from the Sun, that was captured by
photosynthetic plankton in ancient oceans. Just like coal, petroleum is a type of fossil fuel.
The formation of petroleum occurred hundreds of millions of years ago during a
period known as the Carboniferous period. During this time period, dead organic material
accumulated and was decomposed by bacteria. Sediment - mostly mud and sand - then
covered this material, creating high temperature and pressure conditions resulting in the
creation of hydrocarbon molecules. The resulting materials were either liquid, gaseous, or
solid. For more specific explanations of the formation of different components of petroleum,
see the formation of oil or the formation of natural gas. Petroleum exists in many sedimentary
rock formations, and because of its fluid nature it can migrate through stone and collect in
porous rocks. If this petroleum within the porous, permeable sedimentary rock is contained
here by a layer of impermeable rock then a trap is formed. The movement of geological
structures and force of gravity cause these accumulations - called reservoirs - to lie beneath
land or oceans.
Although petroleum seeps do exist, they are rare. Most petroleum is collected through
oil drilling. Once the petroleum has been drilled for by the oil derrick, a pump jack is used to
recover the fuel. Once it has been recovered, petroleum must be separated into its different
components for use. The main method of separation and refinement of petroleum is fractional
distillation. The separation of petroleum yields many useful products. These products are
useful for transportation, fuel oil for heating and electricity generation, and asphalt. Products
include gasoline, jet fuel (or kerosene), propane, petroleum coke, bitumen, plastics and
waxes.

1
2.0 PLANNING SUITABLE EXPERIMENTS ABOUT THE PROCESS OF
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM IN THE PRIMARY
SCHOOL SCIENCE ROOM.

Petroleum can be separated into various types of fuel, by a process called refining, using
fractional distillation. Petrol, Diesel, and Kerosene are all products (or fractions) of the
process of refining Petroleum. On an industrial scale, the different fractions of Petroleum are
separated out by fractional distillation. The Petroleum is heated up, and the gas produced
enters the fractionating column. The column is very hot at the bottom and gets cooler as the
gas travels up the column, this allows different fuels to drain out at different temperatures up
the column, except for Bitumen, which is used to surface roads, this stays liquid and is
drained off at the bottom of the column. The fuels are drained off depending on the length of
the hydrocarbon chain they are made up of. The longer the hydrocarbon chain, the higher the
boiling point and the earlier on the drain from the column:

Figure 1: Fractionating column

2
Title : Fractional Distillation of Petroleum
Aim : To study the distillation of petroleum fractions
Apparatus :
Round bottom flask
Adaptor Expansion
Fractionating Column
Still head
Thermometer Pocket
Reduction Adaptor
Liebig Condenser
Receiver Adaptor
Crude Oil Substitute
Bunsen Burner
Tripod
Gauze
Red Rubber Tubing

Materials :
1. Crude oil (petroleum)
2. Porcelain shards
3. Distilled water
Procedure :
1. 20 ml of crude oil is put into a boiling tube with some porcelain.
2. The apparatus is assembled and the round-bottom flask is clamped with a retort stand.
3. The adapter is attached to a round-bottom flask.
4. The thermometer is inserted into the round-bottom flask by ensuring that the bulb is
on the side of the adapter funnel.
5. The pipe is installed by installing the water inlet at the bottom and the water outlet at
the top of the Liebig condenser.
6. The conical flask is placed on the filter funnel.
7. Water is flowed continuously and next, the Bunsen burner is lit.
8. The oil in the boiling tube is heated slowly.
3
 9. Observations are made on a thermometer according to the temperature set as in Table
1.
10. Four petroleum fractions distilled out at the specified temperature of 30⁰C to 80⁰C
were collected.
11. The heating process continues and the distilled water under the temperature of 80⁰C –
120⁰C, 120⁰C – 160⁰C and 160⁰C – 200⁰C is collected in different conical flasks.
Stage Temperature
First Between 30⁰C and 80⁰C
Second Between 80⁰C and 120⁰C
third Between 120⁰C and 160⁰C
Fourth Between 160⁰C and 200⁰C
Table 1: Distillation stage by time

Figure 2: Apparatus set up

4
Results :
1. The result of petroleum distillation collected in a conical flask.
2. A crucible placed on a piece of white tile is prepared.
3. The viscosity of the fraction is observed by pouring the distillate into a crucible.
4. A stick is lit and tested on the distillate.
5. Flame color, flammability and the amount of soot produced are observed.
6. The observations obtained are recorded in the table of results provided in Table 2.
Fracturing
Temperature Colour Viscosity Flammability
Petroleum
 Very lit
First fraction 30⁰C-80⁰C Clear Watery  Blue flame color
 No Soot
 Easy to ignite
A little  The color of the flame is
Second fraction 80⁰C- 120⁰C Light yellow
viscous slightly yellow
 A bit of Soot
 Difficult to ignite
Third fraction 120⁰C-160⁰C yellow Viscous  The flame is yellow
 A little soot
 Very difficult to ignite
Very  The flames are yellow
Fourth fraction 160⁰C-200⁰C Orange
viscous and red
 A lot of soot
Table 2: The results of the staged petroleum distillation experiment

5
3.0 THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PERSPEX AND BAKELITE

Perspex and Bakelite are both organic polymers, having a very large molecular weight though
there exists a difference between the two based on their properties and usage. Bakelite is the
first synthetic plastic and is known as a “material of thousand uses” due to its versatile
applications. There are so many varieties of plastic materials with unique properties and
applications. In the modern society, plastic materials replace traditional materials such as
wood, glass, ceramics. Bakelite is different from other plastics due to its unique properties.
The key difference between Bakelite and Perspex is, Bakelite is the first synthetically
produced thermosetting plastic with heat resistant and non-conductivity of electricity.

3.1 What is Perspex?

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) belongs to a group of materials called
engineering plastics. It is a transparent thermoplastic. PMMA is also known as
acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Plexiglas,
Acrylite, Astariglas, Lucite, Perclax, and Perspex, among several others. This plastic
is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. It
can also be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.
Although not a type of familiar silica-based glass, the substance, like many
thermoplastics, is often technically classified as a type of glass, in that it is a non-
crystalline vitreous substance hence its occasional historic designation as acrylic
glass. Chemically, it is the synthetic polymer of methyl methacrylate. It was
developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William
Chalmers, Otto Röhm, and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by
German Röhm & Haas AG (as of January 2019, part of Evonik Industries) and its
partner and former U.S. affiliate Rohm and Haas Company under the trademark
Plexiglas.
PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when tensile
strength, flexural strength, transparency, polish ability, and UV tolerance are more
important than impact strength, chemical resistance, and heat resistance. Additionally,
PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in
polycarbonate and is a far better choice for laser cutting. It is often preferred because
6
of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. Non-modified
PMMA behaves in a brittle manner when under load, especially under an impact
force, and is more prone to scratching than conventional inorganic glass, but modified
PMMA is sometimes able to achieve high scratch and impact resistance.

3.2 What is Bakelite?

Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, better known as Bakelite is a thermosetting
phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with
formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed by
Leo Baekeland in Yonkers, New York in 1907, and patented on December 7, 1909
(U.S. Patent 942699A). Because of its electrical nonconductivity and heat-resistant
properties, it became a great commercial success. It was used in electrical insulators,
radio and telephone casings, and such diverse products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe
stems, children's toys, and firearms. The "retro" appeal of old Bakelite products has
made them collectible.
The creation of a synthetic plastic was revolutionary for the chemical industry,
which at the time made most of its income from cloth dyes and explosives. Bakelite's
commercial success inspired the industry to develop other synthetic plastics. In
recognition of its significance as the world's first commercial synthetic plastic, which
transformed the chemical industry, Bakelite was designated a National Historic
Chemical Landmark on November 9, 1993, by the American Chemical Society.

3.3 What is the difference between Perspex and Bakelite?

A. Properties of Perspex and Bakelite:

Perspex : PMMA is a strong, tough, and lightweight material. It has a
density of 1.17–1.20 g/cm3, which is less than half that of glass.
It also has good impact strength, higher than both glass and
polystyrene; however, PMMA's impact strength is still
significantly lower than polycarbonate and some engineered
polymers. PMMA ignites at 460 °C (860 °F) and burns, forming
carbon dioxide, water, carbon monoxide, and low-molecular-
weight compounds, including formaldehyde. PMMA transmits
up to 92% of visible light (3 mm thickness), and gives a
7
 reflection of about 4% from each of its surfaces due to its
refractive index (1.4905 at 589.3 nm). It filters ultraviolet (UV)
light at wavelengths below about 300 nm (like ordinary window
glass).
Bakelite : It is a thermosetting plastic material, does not conduct
electricity, therefore, it can be used in insulating materials.
Bakelite is resistant to heat and chemical actions and it is non-
flammable. The dielectric constant of Bakelite ranges from 4.4
to 5.4. This is a cheap material and more versatile than other
Perspex.

B. Uses of Perspex and Bakelite:

Perspex : Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material
and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications
such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles,
appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in the form of sheets
affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows,
skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs & displays,
sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture, and many
other applications. It is also used for coating polymers based on
MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental
conditions with reduced emission of VOC. Methacrylate
polymers are used extensively in medical and dental
applications where purity and stability are critical to
performance.
Bakelite : The characteristics of Bakelite made it particularly suitable as
a molding compound, an adhesive or binding agent, a varnish,
and a protective coating. Bakelite was particularly suitable for
the emerging electrical and automobile industries because of its
extraordinarily high resistance to electricity, heat, and chemical
action. The earliest commercial use of Bakelite in the electrical
industry was the molding of tiny insulating bushings, made in
1908 for the Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation by
Richard W. Seabury of the Boonton Rubber Company. Bakelite
8
 was soon used for non-conducting parts of telephones, radios
and other electrical devices, including bases and sockets for
light bulbs and electron tubes (vacuum tubes), supports for any
type of electrical components, automobile distributor caps and
other insulators. By 1912, it was being used to make billiard
balls, since its elasticity and the sound it made were similar to
ivory.

C. Chemical Structure of Perspex and Bakelite:

Perspex : PMMA, an ester of methacrylic acid (CH2=C[CH3]CO2H),
belongs to the important acrylic family of resins. In modern
production it is obtained principally from propylene, a
compound refined from the lighter fractions of crude oil.
Propylene and benzene are reacted together to form cumene, or
isopropyl benzene; the cumene is oxidized to cumene
hydroperoxide, which is treated with acid to form acetone; the
acetone is in turn converted in a three-step process to methyl
methacrylate (CH2=C[CH3]CO2CH3), a flammable liquid.
Methyl methacrylate, in bulk liquid form or suspended as fine
droplets in water, is polymerized (its molecules linked together
in large numbers) under the influence of free-radical initiators
to form solid PMMA. The structure of the polymer repeating
unit is:

Bakelite : Bakelite is an organic polymer, synthesized using benzene and

formaldehyde. The repeating unit in Bakelite polymer is
(C6H6O·CH2O)n. Its chemical name is
“polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride”.

9
4.0 DISCUSS THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC USAGE ON THE
ENVIRONMENT.

Plastic pollution has become one of the most pressing environmental issues, as rapidly
increasing production of disposable plastic products overwhelms the world’s ability to deal
with them. Plastic pollution is most visible in developing Asian and African nations, where
garbage collection systems are often inefficient or nonexistent. But the developed world,
especially in countries with low recycling rates, also has trouble properly collecting discarded
plastics. Plastic trash has become so ubiquitous it has prompted efforts to write a global treaty
negotiated by the United Nations.
Plastic pollution is any plastic that ends up in the environment – from bottles and bags
to less obvious sources like teabags and clothes. In the past 100 years humans have produced
(and used) a lot of plastic. It's cheap, strong, light and versatile, but all of it eventually ends
up in the ground, in the air, and in the sea – which is where marine animals like albatross,
dolphins and turtles ingest it. Our plastic waste has invaded the highest mountains and
deepest oceans. No one knows exactly how long it will take to disappear, but it's at least
hundreds of years.

4.1 How did this happen?

Plastics made from fossil fuels are just over a century old. Production and
development of thousands of new plastic products accelerated after World War II, so
transforming the modern age that life without plastics would be unrecognizable today.
Plastics revolutionized medicine with life-saving devices, made space travel possible,
lightened cars and jets-saving fuel and pollution-and saved lives with helmets,
incubators, and equipment for clean drinking water.
The conveniences plastics offer, however, led to a throw-away culture that
reveals the material’s dark side: today, single-use plastics account for 40 percent of
the plastic produced every year. Many of these products, such as plastic bags and food
wrappers, have a lifespan of mere minutes to hours, yet they may persist in the
environment for hundreds of years.
10
4.2 The problem with plastic
Most people are aware of the problems that plastic can cause for the environment. It
can take centuries for plastic to decompose. In that time, it can release harmful toxins
into the ground and water. Marine animals are especially susceptible to the effects of
plastic pollution, as they can mistake it for food and ingest it. This can cause them to
starve or become entangled and drown. While many people try to avoid using plastic
as much as possible, it is still a significant part of our lives. It is used in everything
from packaging to construction materials.

4.3 How does plastic affect the environment?

It is no secret that plastic is bad for the environment. But just how bad is it? First,
there is the issue of pollution. Plastic is a major contributor to both land and water
pollution. When it is not properly disposed of, it can end up in our oceans and rivers,
harming marine life. It can also end up in landfills, where it takes centuries to
decompose.
Second, there is the issue of deforestation. Plastic is made from petroleum,
which means its production contributes to deforestation. The more plastic we use, the
more trees are cut down to make way for oil drilling and refining facilities.
Third, there is the issue of climate change. Plastic production emits
greenhouse gases, which contribute to climate change. Climate change is a major
threat to both humans and wildlife, and it is only getting worse as we continue to
pump more and more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Fourth, there is the issue of human health. Plastic contains harmful chemicals
that can leach into food and water. These chemicals have been linked to cancer,
reproductive problems, and other health issues.
The adverse effects of plastic on the environment are vast and varied. They
range from the pollution of our waterways to the destruction of our marine life. We
cannot continue to ignore the problem any longer, and we must take action to reduce
our reliance on plastic. We can start by making small changes in our everyday lives,
such as using reusable bags and water bottles. Every little bit helps, and together we
can make a difference.

11
5.0 HOW TO EDUCATE PUPILS TO PREVENT POLLUTION RELATING TO
THE PLASTIC INDUSTRY?

Pollution prevention is any practice that reduces, eliminates, or prevents pollution at its
source. P2, also known as “source reduction,” is the ounce-of-prevention approach to waste
management. Reducing the amount of pollution produced means less waste to control, treat,
or dispose of. Less pollution means less hazards posed to public health and the environment.
South Asia is the world’s second largest contributor of solid waste (334 million tons
annually) and is on track to be the fastest growing contributor to plastic pollution over the
next two decades. Urgent action is needed to curb plastic waste that pollutes the land, flows
into rivers, and ends up in oceans. It is killing wildlife, damaging ecosystems, clogging
drainage systems, and harming fisheries and tourism which are key sources of the jobs for the
South Asia region. Marine plastics also make climate change worse. Oceans are our largest
natural carbon sink for greenhouse gases and are vital to regulating the climate. Rising
temperatures break down plastics in the ocean, causing them to release more greenhouse
gases like methane and ethylene, which in turn drives up temperatures.
Solving the plastic problem is part of solving the climate problem. Solutions for
plastics waste and plastics substitutes will need to come through innovations. New skills,
knowledge, and education can help create enduring solutions to plastic pollution and develop
systems whereby communities can turn waste into wealth, a concept that helps to view waste
management of all types as a resource rather than refuse.

5.1 Education and skills can drive innovative solutions

Solutions to marine plastic pollution and the broader challenge of climate change can
and need to come through education and skills. First, education is important for
changing human behavior. For instance, “green classrooms” and environmentally
oriented primary education for children can instill good environmental habits and
behaviors and ultimately impart change to parents and communities.
12
 Second, education can equip young people with skills that can help them
develop innovative climate solutions. Tertiary education is critical for such solutions.
Training on climate change aspects and university-industry linkages can stimulate
innovation, build education pathways between the technical environment, climate jobs
and tertiary education, and expand opportunities; and specialized training can enhance
teamwork on climate-related problems. New skills for green jobs also offer new
opportunities for youth.
Third, education can promote innovation to expand green infrastructure
solutions and equip people with skills to build with environmentally friendly, energy
efficient, and climate resilient materials and renewable options. Such curriculum
content that is focused on climate change adaptation and mitigation can also change
behaviors and foster knowledge that can lead to climate action.
Fourth, through STEM education and climate change research and
development in higher education, the education sector can build knowledge and skills
for adaptation, mitigation, and for articulating appropriate policy responses to address
the transition to a fully decarbonized economy.
Fifth and finally, the education sector can impart solutions for collective action
around innovation, including the scaling up of investments in all forms of capital
(physical and natural); mobilizing the full range of productive power of disabled,
marginalized, men and women in the fight against climate change by harnessing and
facilitating their respective abilities to monitor and evaluate climate change, utilizing
the data to analyze and inform decision-making, and harnessing the commitment and
ownership to climate change solutions.
Education is already starting to put people at the center of climate solutions in
South Asia. In India, the power of education, skills and determination are paving the
way for green jobs in the solar industry, and in turn green jobs are creating synergies
between jobs and community and school education and the solar power stations are
giving back to educate the community here. In the Maldives, several islands are
promoting community engagement for waste solutions and developing courses for
“waste to wealth” skills. The Maldives Authentic Crafts Cooperative Society
(MACCS) is working to help women’s development and island waste committees
define community processes to sort waste, promote kitchen composting, pilot a plastic
bottle return scheme, and teach new skills to convert old clothes into reusable bags.
MACCS is supported in this effort with a grant from PROBLUE, a World Bank
13
 managed multi-donor trust fund that supports a sustainable and integrated
development of marine and coastal resources in healthy oceans.

6.0 CONCLUSION

When we think of plastics pollution, our minds might conjure images of plastic bags on the
beach and marine life trapped in six ring drink holders. Because of this, many of our solutions
are focused on addressing plastics by the time they have already become visible
environmental pollution. While important, these measures only address a symptom of the
larger problem. What is often overlooked is the opportunity to tackle the plastics pollution
crisis at its root, which brings us back to the oil and gas industry.
Many of our solutions to the climate crisis revolve around reducing carbon pollution
in the energy sector. But as we look to address the plastics pollution and climate change
crises, it is vital we take a holistic, systems-based approach. Regulating fossil fuels in the
energy sector must be accompanied by equally strong regulation in the plastics production
sector in order to get at the root cause of plastics pollution and prevent Big Oil from profiting
off the proliferation of the plastics crisis. In the same vein, a cohesive approach is needed to
stop plastics production from undermining gains being made in reducing carbon pollution.
The plastic pollution crisis and climate change are two sides of the same polluting
coin at the root of both are fossil fuel interests. The way out of both crises is to reduce our
reliance on fossil fuels, that means applying the brakes on the expansion of the petrochemical
industry and holding producers accountable for the entire life cycle of the products they
produce.

14
7.0 REFERENCES

American Chemical Society National Historic Chemical Landmarks. "Bakelite: The World's
First Synthetic Plastic". Retrieved February 23, 2015.
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2018, December 4). polymethyl methacrylate.
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/polymethyl-
methacrylate
Cook, Patrick; Slessor, Catherine (1998). An illustrated guide to bakelite collectables.
London:
Quantum. ISBN 9781861602121.
EIA. (May 25, 2015). What are the products and uses of petroleum? [Online]. Available:
http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=41&t=6
G. Aubrecht. (May 25, 2015). Energy: Physical, Environmental, and Social Impact, 3rd ed.
San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.: Pearson, 2006, pp. 217
Hydrosight. "Acrylic vs. Polycarbonate: A quantitative and qualitative comparison".
Archived
from the original on 2017-01-19.
Ishiyama, Chiemi; Yamamoto, Yoshito; Higo, Yakichi (2005). Buchheit, T.; Minor, A.;
Spolenak, R.; et al. (eds.). "Effects of Humidity History on the Tensile Deformation
Behaviour of Poly(methyl–methacrylate) (PMMA) Films". MRS Proceedings. 875:
O12.7. doi:10.1557/PROC-875-O12.7.
J. Kraushaar, R. Ristinen. (May 25, 2015). Energy and the Environment, 2nd ed. Hoboken,
NJ,
U.S.A.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 32
Myer Ezrin Plastics Failure Guide: Cause and Prevention Archived 2016-04-21 at the
Wayback
Machine, Hanser Verlag, 1996 ISBN 1-56990-184-8, p. 168

15
Pepco. (May 25, 2015). How is crude oil separated into different petroleum products?
[Online].
Available: http://www.pepco.ca/blog/index.php/2011/09/25/how-is-crude-oil-
separated-into-different-petroleum-products/?lang=en
R. Wolfson. (May 25, 2015) Energy, Environment and Climate, 2nd ed. New York, U.S.A.:
Norton, 2012, pp. 96-97
Wikimedia Commons. (May 25, 2015). Natural petroleum spring in Slovakia. [Online].
Available:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum#/media/File:Kor%C5%88ansk
%C3%BD_ropn%C3%BD_prame%C5%88.JPG

PART 2: ONLINE PARTICIPATION

16
17
18