im Thermal’ Lapineerisg” Thermodynamics is the Setence of energy Pransfer and sts effect on the Physical Proferbies F Substance." + Thee aye fwo point a view fo Sug the behaviour 4 Gubstane (matter). (E] MicraswPic approch CHatsteal) [Al Maczo scopic ApPrach. C classical). 4 Microscopic approach & — Behaviour of Andividuc! molecules is analyzed. + Te Overall behaviour %¢ System ts described by Summin of the, behaviour °F endividual by Some Statistical yeans. — Useful for lout density Chasefred JUS) 04 boyd Pressure ges: 21 MacwoScopic Approach + A Certain Quantity of matter is _ the events occurs taken snl account ~ Average molecular behavrour is faken «nl Considera- tion. Considered Without at the molecular level med ue In dlassical thermodynamics we wilt Relation between Pokerty, Measurable Proferty & Pressure tye fo tspablish Measurable § yon measurable r.2. » lemferature | Volume efe. Non rpecisurable Prefeety = Entropy, Eothalpy , Gatereal frogy ete.fe Conapt F Confinuury & "The Concept % continuum is a kind of idealization % the Continuous desoription matte, Where the ooPerfies oF the matter are Considered as (ontinuous —funclions of space variables.” oe Knudsen Number ¢ Ike = As Mean fre pats. | af L—~ characteristic Lengih. ‘aq mass F System os fixed. Contest sass. > Energy Fatovattion will Jake place. _ én te Sfoned Pransient. (If craves he ie i bounderry J Internat Energy yea. ek,& fisten Cylinder Orrangment- Without volves. & Figid Container. Ws0 qac aro Z. Ofen System Coontro! Volume J c+ Mass transfer & Energy Pransfer & © Tarbine ® ComPrersor se panel fakes place. ro) Pum? Min B A . | Surface | uw Db analysis + ofen System aay os Our (on cenfration i” On Hea | Ww a FIXED voLume in a Space py PI known as Confrol vokume. a 3. selated System i Neither Mass nor Energy Crosses the boundary o system. & O Thermoflask @ Universe. Nore}: 4 Boundary may change shape, Volume , fosilvon or Onien tation . 2, Confrof Surface is fixed in shape, volume, fos: ton and orientation relative (0 observer, te Supraunding & “ Every thing external to the System . i Gate ee Boundary e- "The System is Sefarated from Surrounding by the System boundary”+ Types of Foundary ° 4. Digthen cat Goundary 2s Gy ales eat fransfer, 2. Adiabatic Boundary &- te do rot allows WYeat Pony, ae Thermodynamic Feofeafies f w+ Every System has Corfein characteristics by which. Jte “physic! Condition mey be describe eg. volume, temperature ee. Such characterisfics are catteel Proferties 1 Hee fystem. Fypey Antensive Byensive Preores ties Properties : [De a defends "Defends oe on Mass.” | wr (NOTE: The FRHO yo extensive &. Mass, Volume, Tova! Proferes are always Energy , Total internat “Tntensive. Energy | Ttal enthalpy & Temp, Pressure, density , ete. Ff total Energy, Sp. Internal en , SP. enth tC. ‘miordy, dena a (vclivty, BD Footerfies are kncdePendent oF Pout tfistory, Gy Proferties are Point function or Sfate fanction, GEL Properties are sxact differentat ww Le ZX ke funclon ag x & ¥ which an be rePresented as dxX= Md + Ndy CM and Be fee 2 1 y): OM . an) ond tor (4) @- Penge OoAt ge Cate © “+ Candition 4 System at an insfant of Time. ae Process © : change of State is known as Process = & “Comies of State Hrrough which the tystem Passes during a Process ic knean as Fath.” y Pes VA Process. reversible Trreyersible Process Process i A Process is Said to be > If Process is noe - eversible Process if it ee Hen it ts reverse then fallows the eerie: Same Fath as that (Note|* Farcton # the "ain fervard Path withowt Cause $ irreversibility, leaving ony effect on System — All the Spontencous as well QS Curraunelin Process are irreversible © Process. | : a Quasisfatic Process of Gaasi - Equilibrium Procens " when Process Proceeds in Such a way wee thar the System Femains chsed t wey eshe a Pie equilibrium syate at all times , if is Called Quasisfafic Process." Le Very Slo Process : Le an the intermediale state will Jet Suppicient me to aohieve a Phernjodynamic quality of Temforature. —> No Heat Ppransfer. 2 Mechountcot Equilibrium j- a quality of Att Proferties hy may Cauve wae “transfor. K —+ No work fronsfer. 3 Chemical Equitioriam p — No chemiad veackron on on fransfer of Tater from one fart of He System to another, ft 2 Sueh tae or Solution, Os deftusron, t+ wile hs is aa Sapierve change stan eet atten, Ctte When the Conditions for fermodynamic equilthyium are net Sausfied , tue States Passed Hrrough by a System Can net be desortbed by thermody namic Profertes which represen fae Systern as a whole. (NOTH: 4 fan N/m , Abar = 10° pa atm = (01.325 kpa 4p Ideal Gas © = 9 Rhich r Tdeal Gas equatron at au py, 7 i V=mK Fae Tne Temp. ck) ae. wal Volume. 7 inc eae = kelig. K Reese | (oP) ck “tip faa anion = 0.461 kathe k Mes “K — Re R—* Universal Gas aaa! = 8.314 Eg bmol- & M — Any Gas behave like rdeal Gs Ander very (0a Pressure and Verg High Tem erature. tdeat gas == . ferfect deat Semi - fe Gas Adeat Gas. Toy GW are >~ OF G are functron constant °f Temferature + No. + Moles $ No. % moles Cn) = ass Cm) _ Molecular we. (M) —— + _} tdeal Gs Eaton :| PV=RT | | Y= Molar volume | R = Universal Ge consfart. |te sult of Bute’ Exfeningent- & [w=s@ a Xero” Lous go Thermodynamics & "phen a body A is in theryal Aquatibriam Ath a boo B and also Separacely With a bady C, then 6B and C be in thermal Fpuibrium With each. oer.” — Teis the basis of Tamferature Measurenrent: te Temperature & ~p Macroscopic View Poine : — Temperature is Proferty by We wirfue ayn tha — Proferty for pon eel oy ~~ Miovoseopre view? Point — Temforature is define as ar kinetic En the ryolecule. YT (Notg}:- Tnterna! cregy Retresent atl molecules - TemPerature shows only one Molecules one i Types ¢ Nerpmeter | Rerometric Proferty 4 Const. Volum« Gas Therryometer. Pressure, PVSMRT : va Const. , Pat. ® Const: Pressure i oe aa Pvemet * Ps const Vo T. 3 to- glass Tube Thernyometer, Lenohe. A Thermistor. Flectrical “Fetsfun ce SJ Thermo - couple C Basel on Seeback effect) emg.de Method of Temfera bare Measurenent ie AL Method used before las — Im this ryethod "Q" Feference pints are ened. @ Zee four CO) — CFreesing Prd @ Steam foint Ctoorcd C Bailing re) [tT at 4p] 3 Ps Any therryometric Prferty @ Tce Point => 0 = a+ bf, G@ steam foar > [oo= a4 bf = coke & oo lo oft Ps - Pr R-P S; \Ts - too Py Ps + BH this Suation , enknain temp can be fourd. B} Methad Used After EH & > Single Feforence Print is wed: Pipl Pe op iter, ms Friple fotur i Rater C278.1¢k.) T= aP at Friple Paiute ci Water , Tep = aRp > a= Te Rp : Ts Te op “FF \Norel: All, Temperahure Scales are arbitra / + Normal melting Point 4 jotd = 1063 °c” => An opttoal Mithod is adopted for ayensuring temp. higher Yan the gotel polur (083°C).essure = 101325 Per = [.01sae bar = 760mm of "¢ = 760 Terr = 0.101325 MPa = 14.6959 Pound—faree fer Square inch 2 {Note + datm. Qe ae Absolute Kero, foossure 8 ee Absolute Zevs fressure kb fhe foot Phere there exit a ryininum femforabre he Of. c+ Trat can be fossible on hen Tyelecular Tyomen fam ere Should not be any motion of System becsmes Kero. nro Gllision forticles , kinetic Pasticles So there is nes and de temferafure becomes Zér0. energy nullifi _ tt de Absolute Lore Tenfenabure i Tk femforarire at which the volume Ff gas becomes Zero is Called absolufe Zero emforahire. Absotuta Kero Tempe = ~ 293-16 "C= Ok absolute Zero temperature Pyornenfum “F gas ~ uw At qolecuies becomer Ker? te Comfarison OF Témfewarire Stale. ing ’ oC 212F 373 809 oem Goiling Pe: Teste . A | Temperature B K. — ° ech oa arene Sa") =— Feemeg o'c oar 2K O'S doc KOS om fp tecis =8-0 _x-fo 373 - 273 80-6 gZo-10&. Constant volume Thermo meter: Pre ure Freadings. ee bp i 50.0 100 200, Boo | cmH) Sulphur bp qoy 98 SR se. MD — Each aire being taken With the Same amount °f gas in tu thermometer, but the successive fais being taken with different anyounts of gas in the thermemeter. — plot the ratio of Shp HeOpp Ys the reading at the Water boiling foint and exfrafolate tue Plote tp ero Pressure ar He water dallng rine. i.e, an ideal Gu thermoneter. > whor it pue bailing oler of Gulphur on tee gos Seale g Se" jyater bp. 2B 0 0 0S Lulphar bps qu Ws See SED ” Das 192s 98 TSS 19 P. 40@5 @% @ 200 Gsee - [. +428 — 1-93 mates NPEHNI3 oy xe GR Lge a-s0 sO — [00 Sop? te? 45°.p. Shp 1.92% X BF3 K Sép = 718. 39 = 445" —o—2 Heat © Wark. inition s Werk is done by a system it the Sele effece on Werk] the = Survounding could be Hh ae sei, ES gp 8 a — Thermodynamic Work + Displacement ~ Fre gxfansion / Unzestrained xfonsion, i v Pesohing force =O o | Wl, = of vin Work due fo displacement 4 ayoving ci bendy a Simple. _ Compressible _ Substance andergong an quasi--equiliorizm Fras= ™p8 ~ Wed PA <> Balance i forces on fisfea. Under quilibeium ....... PA = Fres. + Wp dye to Small displacement Y 9 Prpen, Sw=e Fees. dx “ 6We PAdw > Te only focuses on lis Placement of Swe pay ‘Syctem boundary agoinst Fe “Tatensive Change én, Proferty expansive Prferty,(iWorki ts: path quncien! a On k a5 ineyach di fal. inet ifferen tt . @ su # We-) hes / @ Trerryodynamic wlork is Path defendenn except por an aoliabatic Precess. cq 20D pe -Au—> Property F System. O wpot qranster is 2 fath function. and. &Q is an inexact differential. {a+ %-@ © Heat ancl ork are boundary phenenenon. at aud Wark are nor a conserved guantty not G Property of System. AE Other form of Wark 4) shape Work We JTde ay plow Wark ¢ we £2 pe Energy required to maintain Het flow in Presence Ff Pressure fer unk crea. B) Work cone due & -pretching +t wire: fire —> System and it F = Tension in Wire. dw = -Feae 2 2 we-( pat ' me ag De Limit toe Proviem Ditton tue elastic Limi. Fa oA A= os aver of Sire v. Fe BEA o= Stress €= Sfrain. & de= dt > dbaldé dws - EeAlde lw - Act 7. aeLfede =~ Fla” a7@ Werk done in changing He frea of a Surface Film & W=-feda t [Wetel> 1) am the above expression fue work it equal te enteqral of te Product ef an Entensive ee 7 “gts elated P oe Ft change &tensive Proferty., lid to oy Il ©) These gxpressions are Valid only for tnfinitesimall lous Juasi- static Processes. + NetwWvk done _by tue__System & W Ww, +w, totat Woisplacement FON shear electricat Weta boo Hear ¢ Energy in qeansient due 4 Teme. diff” ae Sign Gnreation & Cour M0 Woy Ve > a ie ee A specific year |T* marFP Non flow Procemes for__ferfect 3 ¢ T T w Pp v7 Telation | qeocess | e gamer o gar rw Ea G (Esbaric) | : 2 constant + volume oe = =WAT ° es fi Gq Exsochor?e) ye @ Constant | | = Temnforature | + RY In Ye Ryne ee Crsotehernal) : Y | ® Reversible > 6 eee Pu"= Bw” | - jabatic —- = S (anrtrore) oe ie Ol Toff ¥F lee 5 55 Poly tropic Cn (RT) 2 Tt S n 2a (Exar py hy a inert _ rn) mt Ty t= By ra oa Elan > Choy» | ee | \ | esentaHon i : le ab yeas of Various frecestes on Py igre 2 fe »~——- N= 0 Oo 1 n= n=T Nae + Spansion. rf} > Spe ft lompression + compression. BA Piston - cylinder Arrangement Shown in the fi belo), inifrelly Contains air at 150kpq and 400°C. Tre Setup 4 allowed 40 coef to the ambient temferature of 20°C, (a) Ie the pisqea vesting on fae Sfops in the fined fate ¥ What is the finod Pressure in the cylinder % a (2) Whar is the Specific Werk done by the air during tue Process! Oo crate 4: fie 50h T= Noo'e = 673 Ambient Temp. = 2o’°c = 298k @ Let us assume , it hifs Hue Y= rh/hg oe a ee ee spit hits toe stpft ats tag a ee a from K-22 fable —> Pa=l64-3 kp > P, Hence tt hifs tee stops.(b) Work done ’ 2 24 6 Whe = of Pav = J pav «Lp t t = Pi Cvyq- Y) Iso CN 10) x(F kg " WwW, ous kt * 2h oF Bater is Gnfainel in a Piston [eylinder dith a mass less fisten loactea Dith a linear Spring anal 42 Outside atmosphere. Tnifially the Spring force is Zero and Py= P, = 100 kPa dith a Volume Y 0.2m. 3 tae Piston juse hits He UPPer Hof, He volume is “0.2m> aud T= 640°C , Hear Is now Added nk! the Pressure aeaches | 2MPa . Find Hue final temperature, shoud ue Pv oltagram, ane find tue Work done. during tre Process. Got, Me akg K Mp = 0 : 2° tnipal crate: i= too kfo wm yzo.2m3 x=0. = a2 2o/ ke fond Piston fn Hue epfer sfofs. a wats 2 : Let CHYP) [ ke YP). og = 08 = o.nmilhg Th = 600°C = 873K A, = Mpa Crom 1,0 ble) MP pA = Park other & nelly P= for ke i Pe Pot kv A>Q 7° Wha = J Pav + L pay ai = ECHR“) Ae = 330 ky vookpe ° State 3: ah2Mpa, Boh =o.u lke —> From table .-- Ty = #08 & A Piston (Cylinder aH Ag= o.0lm& and mp= jo) Gontoing Ate oF Water at 20°C with a volume ot o.tm?. Initia the piston vests an Some Stops with the top Sirface Ofen to tre atmosphere, fo. @Q) To Whar temperature thould the L 10 Water be hated +6 tits the Piston ? a & it it heated 40 aprated vapour find the finat temPorabire, volume amd Mark § Sat Aaa = 081" ator nerf tp = lol he Mis tke “ated: T= 20°C = 4934 pe P= 0.1m? |ke State 2: =I (Sabirated va)our ) ; my RA | ay it is mpovie? > Re Feg from yo table. (= Pay Agi = Au + hg } fey = + Meg A yy! Pog = [0]. 32% ae > Vege o0.4 kpo, fa Ac R< PoyR= WOlye = 0.8257 nile P, Ke That. = —120.27¢ =f a @ fy = 120, 2° oa a Mies par = Fa.Ce-w) ! = Qoo.4 (0.8857 -0.1) = IS7E5 kt (S| Tae Springs ith the Same SPring Constant are instatted ina myass lesa Piston [cylinder arrangement With Hie Outside Gr at tookpa. Ty the piston is Ot fe bottom, beth le Zz Spring are relaxed , and fhe Stand | Sprrg Comes “in oe MeectrdP Contact 1 (ith the pisfon at V= 2m. The ie | Cylinder Contains ammonia initia . X= 013. veto, which is then heated antl fae Pressure Teaches [200 kpa . (a) At char Pressure will the Piston touch the Second Sprin . (b) Find He finat temfera ture and tte = fete Work done by the ammonia. Gt aMp=o Fy = loo kPer Sate $$ T=—2 C= 2HK = E0138 yein from NH; Table at T=-ate , YF ye Ps ma ¥e +a) > m= Me vi fre Pear O- 9% *= ame fa-Po RR- Po Se Ve Vp ove P, 694.87 kPa —fs fF = 2 1 y= Bf oa (ot) » ye hee mm | Toor P, =]200 kPa a Whigs Wirt Wr3 " 4 Chath CMM) +b Chr Ps) C4-%) {l [342.6 ky —_—_ Ex A eylinder, Aeye = 7012 em? has 56 pistans Pyounted , the Upper one, Wp, = 00 ke - initia tly esting on the chefs. The lower Paton y= ©, he og 2 Water belonr it, With a spring in vaceum connecting Het +08 pistons. Spzin fore is Zero When he foiter Piston Stands ar tue bottom aud when tue lower piston bit tus stops te Vohime is 03m3 The water Inifially at 56 kpa, v=o. 002060 it then heated to Saturated vapour. | @) Find te juitial temperature and Pressure tat wit | bee tte Upper Piston. ©) Find tue fined TP, anal Wark clone by toe Water, Soi! Aon = 7? on™ Sjate 4: R= Sokpe a 7 toe hg Vy = 0.00206 m8 Ty = Akg Bj~ 0.00206 _ 4 cosas lf gz fo =let.3 kfpen He Ho Pi rw * afer nove tayether, fon T p20 PA pas Poa + Mp q mae for Mat A Pe Page = J0/.3 + [00X#! Fo]2x 16 Pri 1500 kpa ® frye = 0 Ha > Hs 8 1$00 Ye < Vtop 1500 From foble Py? Sq D> 28). 33C 5 Be pate 2 sty, faelokpa > R= Tors so0dpe wig = Whsia + Wave apc afr) (Ya-w) + fra (ve-Mia ) = 3ug-dksX Air x Containel in a dfietion lees Piston / cylin cler arrangement as shown in fd. fo =100 kPa Acs 2 fp -#--- ‘i p= S00 cm Initial uate: Re los kPa Linear Spx 7 k = 12.5N]mm. = Wp, =3 CHeat is added aud the Piston moves Slewl m its iniHat fesitton anti! ot Sot” Mechel us Stops) ‘ KENCEN OR PROS RRQ Wig = Met Wh 3 ai UM + £lh+h) Ca-w) = flor +t (138.33 tres) f 0.08 x B00 x ot X 107 2 = sakt - oO Are Y indica! : = 3 Diagram. OTE sean Effective fressure fn c* k he Length of inc” _ —_—_— di [rp = FobA® py | = N 3 The sfroke faa spring Ooh 0 60 = bs 4-Spoke. For Single ackug FE peuble acting then mruttply by ae. . aaa a ex. Airis helo! insicle @ non insulated = [00 k lindew 7 @ piston Cy 2oke lear 227 and A = 100 crt) ane stoppers (of ae nepligible frvea), as shown mn jue ip. ~paston Ms asy the inital Pressure Fi and Teme. T; | A=teoem= air insiole Hue cylincler ore 300 kpy | 9, aT Tizoo%e | aud 400°C, respectively . The ambient Pressure Ps aud Temp Tea are [00 £fa § 297% vest. The temferarire oF air instle +e cylinder (°C) a which Hee piston witt begin to move If ---... gor’ : = fay = Po At Me Mg 7 =e 1 fae +e uk -: Pog = 100 + 2Ex @IO 2 pele © [00 x (a o. Peg = LAS hpo, < 00 kpa. Fry: A A f= 700kpa ——> 1askpa > piston Sill begin fo move. t at which Volume tS cons{. 700 _ NAST > Te ho. 6s Kf = YR ES PC 673 G a Ee A olosed gylinder of 0.4m diameter ig fittel with a Linke frictionless fiston. The Piston is getainedl in Positron by cotch in He cylinder Jatt anol the Volume On one Sile of Hee Piston Contains dlr ot @ Pressure of. 750 kn|r?. The volume On Hut Other Side F tue Piston Is evacuated. A heltcal Spang 8 Mounted Cariatty With tte Gplincer in this Cvacuated Seite to gue a free of IRON On Hae Piston in Huis Position, The cayeh is released oud te Piston travels Aleug fhe Gylinder amet it Gmes fo vase after 9 Shreke ¢ Lam . The fp Piston is then held in iB Papen of maximum fsavel by a aatchet mechanism. The Spring pews inereane el With fhe piston alisplatereypb a final value f Skn. colevlate jue Work done % the Compressed air on Hee piston Go p= 0.aem Pair = 750 kN|m> Fi= loon Xehom Fis joo t+ kx ham to Fa = |20 +kCi2) = 5000 : ok = 4067 Nim o Fee 140 f 406% x fn ° W.D. = [rh dx = [20x + Hobex® : et = Bo72 Ft = 3.042 kr & System: pv m,T. (re 9) evan» ema 3 Dhere avb RR > const. | Displacement Work lone by Hue fystem =f | During Gnstaut Temperabire expansion from vi — Vy Sor? +r = constant | “(Pt eae = MRT = # \| | pe & a v-b Ve 2 2 : & ble a S [S -& Jaw w= [& InCv-b> +2 77 We kn (WR )+a 4-2) We mT |n HS eee-zy yw)."be A Piston and ylinder machine a Congatining a fluid System has A Chere device In the Qylindes . The Piston is frichonlers 2 Qud tt is heted down agoinse we fluid dug ue atmospheric Presure of [01.32 pa. Tre Sirving device is fumed , [ode ev. With an average torque Gfainst te flud a 4 /.29S5ImN . mean whife tea Piston oF 0.6m diameter Moves our 0.8m, Find He net Work fransfer for the Gysrem 7 Wye + fo (%a-MD a W272 INT = RAL = - 21x [000% |.24S° = fof.32 xT (0.463 0.8 =-80ks = AA Vks - N@b Work foonsfer = ~80F 22.9 = -S>) kg fOO= pow 2A 18 ah $ 6a + Pp Sd Sw + ¢ sw —_@ IA 2B 4a aa 1 28 § sa + fsa oe ia 2c > Substracting é from O it 1B fsa- § f se = (s0 — f eur ae, 8 3e a § (Sa-Su) = $(sa-swd IC 18 CHS »Le f(sa- sur) is Path Ande fen dent co tong asthe end State cre identical. “ SQ- sw =dé . |sq= de+ Ae es ime! + mge 20" togy u. In mang Terngo dynamic Processes. AKE § APE are negligible Other effects. as Comfared 0 . 6Q@= dU+ SW = 4 Conspant Pressure quasi- equilibrium Frecess °F Simple ComPressibie Substance. 2 : > fsa= fae + J sor \ : Y Qe = Ex-E1) + we Qi = CUg—)) + We 2 Qig = Cg - bd * { Pd Creplect AKE, APE_) , Qig = (Bg +PVa) — CUrt PMD Enthalpy CH) = UtPV Sp. enthalpy 4 Hs at pr “4 Spate festulate *- | cy Pr Simple 40% inclefendent intensive ProPerties a Therryoaynamic State foiut. Compressible Pure Substance We rep wire te Venti fy. 1 du > dar + Vl dv oy) ae Cy = Sp. yeat at constant Volume, Imagine c& Constant volume Process , oi =o- 4) due Gt , 6Q = du t+ sw ry" Pee ae | |e n §a & he CrP) wen S dh= \h AT + ak! dp ele oP ; Cp = Sp. year oe constant Pressure. Imagine Const. Pressure Juasi- equi lib>iem Process, dp=o. SQ = att =mGdT ae ie o- + Fl, + Observations. ———— I prey a Gass > ie es Che, Ar, ef) Cp. Ge Virfarotly ogeno ater Sie — hein oy gases (Ox Na ete) Gp. G defends On. JomP, bur net Severly —— G&D deferds on T ryuck § ere Severely, > Piafomic ae polyatomic Gases (Cy ae )3! for Ideal oh) oY Cy are funclon ¢ Temp ont. Cy, = de ade i Q,- by = A Ca-hy = 4 (PH) oT aT = d (RT) dT um bee Fi +eHTE) x For Zdeat Gas — S aC is fun” o Tom). only oe For Calovically ferfect Gas —- & CG are cost f 4 pe Incompressible Substance 3 B-Ge= Cc. a1 A Piston (glade arsaugenent Contains ake of water = ga Shown in Hufig. The Piston is Spring loudet aud initatly rests On Some Stops. A Pressure BookPa Wil just floor He Piston. aud ot @ wlume F LLIL, LenB, a Pressure oF 50° Lpo ill balance [the a Hus Piston. The dvitiod Stare of Water be cemcmtl is, Joo kpa Dik» OQ volume %F 0.57%, Hear fs nou added until & Pressure Of foo kpa is reached, (@) Find te IniHal temp & ter fined Volume. coy Find He Werk aud Yeae transfer in Kee frecess aud plore He p-v chagram, Foi". Myre t ka. R= loo kpo , V, 2053 sare £! Frat” Boeke sate 2: fa > Hokpa Ris So kpo , Ylessm?© Bifiat Teme § Final volume: Ce smek a > 4ookpa st f= 1 bar =o.1mpo —F-996% ‘ 22 col. ' at _o.IMpa, 8} = 0.001043 9g \ He hb !00 ( = 6940 | i 2 = ANF33 key | ke \ ¥ Uae R606.1 les} hs v ¢@ tes lhg. = Ane cD) Ags R088. > kes Ihep, —» From P-V Diagram. 3 Va- 05 _ 400-300 = Va=in 1-0. §bo — 50.0 2. f= 400 kpa & % = 1 rhe Noi Yaosn? <% ——+ Sate 1 is in Q-phase Region. F@omper : = Gt % Vg > Ye 049s - ya Up +71 Mpg > N= 1033.4965 kslke. at P= L00 kpe rh) ae Cke| keg) 0. $89.34 3129.2 > % = 3294.033 ko lh dws Ue —. 4 R 1.cosss- 3300.2 cb Work Ok ransfer tn iC oe lack: 5 tear TTeanster tn Process Wi = Wliq + Wa-2 = 3 (fat B) Cy~ ve) “Why = (75 ks Qjgz Vg- 1 + Wir Big = M (%y—41) + Wo “Big = 433.54 kx& ~ Consider the System Shown #4 pee G below: , Fania aa has GuavOlume: ofatcay tines | | and (Confens Mprated oe | Vapour R134 at Bo, | Tank-A le | ede when the valve is Gracked | F-B4a Pie ofen, F134 4 flows Slowly lr subs Gyliuder GB. he fisten ayass “Feguires a Pressure Valve {B00 kpa in cylinder 8B te qaise the Piston. The Process ends hen the Pressure in tenk A has feiten 6 300 kr. During this Precess , Pear i exchaugest DIK te Survounclings Such paar the 1340 Alulauys cerqains at Zoe, “Calculate the heat transfer Jer ps Procen. Pda system : AtB oS state 4° aate Vj = 100XTS m3 We Wosce ie i ah = “bo a0'c State 2: R=300kpa =fige | — R= __. Be 0c Uys hh = Rye C%~ M1 = — Qyg = 7 Cy — U1) +p = 84.btkg consider the Piston /eylindler arrangeryent= chown in fue fig. in hich a frichonless — P gisjon is free te rove between tev sets 0 of stops: When the Pisten vests ON the Lower stops, the enclsed Volume is 400L. phen He Be each tae fe Steps, | volume is 600L. The incler — initial Qnfeirs jpoter at (00 kpa , with ais quolitg, a beat agit tee Water evenbiatly exists 0s ahratet 'of\” xe mass of Ha Prien requires Bod kp, Pressure ¢ 3nyove it ogtiost foe Outsiodle Anbrent Pressure, detex mine... (® The final Pressure in He Cylinder. The heat fransfer aud fue Work fr the Overall Process, san Bored: P= lookpa, 220.2 V, =490 x16? m3 @ fiztokpa ,@ %, = 0.001043 m/ke Vop= [6940 of [ke V. 7y,= AIRS Wkalka 3 F= 0.3396 "Fey fy, = 2088-7 ko lke Ty oe Lae kg. 4) = 835-07 ks Ike ( Vips = 600x70° m3 | s S00x 10° mal ‘ype = Se = Mm OSCR INNG % 6 sookpa = 0.606 WP lb > Dips. oe eq 2 Bs tee 0.093 73 [ig oil en ald Repzon i Go fieal resuels all (oie) pep fi, - 36 0.093 - o510 Fa. Chot - é 3ho 370-360 OAFF — O50 0.510 . Wo Fyg= 95098 ff : > Py = 360. saz kpa % 31 kpa 0.497 | i) yeat pansfer and irk cbne * m R(-%s) . 0 | Hip We + Ws Why = = L198 x 3860 (0-693 - 6.339% ) Wy, 2 60kx Pare lig) —_—Ag Chath) esto agang | hy a9snge brlig 47h, 0, $093 hy=? y= 2549.10 ks Tha 0.497 234.1£ Gy = 10% - a) + by Ay = |. bee (asug. te - 83899) + £0 * Gry & 2080 kt fx.4A ‘copper block oF volume itd is hear treateo ce ~ ail bath Sbo'c aud now (Cooled in O $00 btre ini pally Qt &o° as Shown in the fig. Assuming no feat transfer with Surroundings , wher is the fino Teruferature 3 Given $= 81M ban 7 ancl Goin = 410 Agfo®. Coy= O42 kathy. K and Con=18ks leg 4 . ee ers Moi = looxidex qe = ake. jo ° Sa Uy—U; + We Wy-Wy = 0- Weg Oley Cun CTa~ Tew) + Moir Coin Ch- Tan) =o 8.9x 0-42 (Th S00) = - WX hE CT ~ 20) Ta = 29. V°C ces A comPuter 17 closed orn f volume 155 om = dlssipates 20" at He vote of AokW . The air in pee THOM «Was OE GOK , too kPa, hen tae air Condi Honer Suddenly Stops. Whar is te air temperature after IS min. 3 Sort . _ SSS Gott stem: fuer Cineflater. oo 7 \ Vy =Vae0m = Isom «Th = BOOK, Fiztoo kpc, 1 lost] ( p= lokw = lek Pv = PART: em me PM = 1OOXISD Lig, em RT 0.287 »300 7 kg= U-V, + iS loxiSy 60 = MG (™%—T) > Ths 332K | EX © A Piston] cylinder Contains .9 . oe | thos al iy me Pin ig habe aan OF AFT eookpa, @ linear Spr rhyAss aud atmasphere | P= SPs are mounted So thar Vop= 3m? ° cu which P=<00 kfo is required | balance tte Piston forces. The cuir ic mow heated 40 Istor. (G) Find the finat Pressure aud . Volume aud Wark aud her ‘transfer. yen (b> Find tee Work clbne on the Spring : Gor? Mg= 2k stare: Te 27°c= 300k, B= 200 kPa Vetop= Snr, gw | Av =7R7, | Vj= PRT: = 0.861 nf? r pi PoP RHA Vg =2861 3-0. 86) Pa 700 Mn 086! > Pde = 183-0 (V_ - 2-861) G0 200 8-0-1 oy p= 1994 + 38-993 —O Pag = MRR = RX 028% x 1500 Pavy = 86) —® , a- @ Vg | «ye 0.208 +rf0.0437-418-4 a See BEL 137-4 +98-793 9.208 U 24 & » goa RYE + 39-973 Va ‘Wye =0 va + 0.408 14 — 4.60 Vg = 9.043 9?“Pee BL > fhe 4213 kpa 8.043 Wa = £ f+) (%-) (200 + 421.3) (2,043 ~ 0-861) ple Sie Wr = 364.2 ko A sok Gaz mfGat tia = qase ks Whe = Work done + Work done on Spr an oltmosphere (Wopring ) C Warr). png = Wr — f Cy-“) = 37R2-— lolsas (8.043 - 0. 26) ) = ays ks Is al! A done high Yluder , With a fs B area ot alm®, fos a suas fers {ae fisyan at tie bottom IH Worer SI ery) ak go°c on t0P OF it, as shown ON tn the fig. Air oF BOOK, idith ea a voluye %F o.ams, ander the ee Piston is heared SO tar the Picton ryoves i up , spilling fue Waiter Out Over te Gde. Fiad tur toto hear ‘transfer to Hu air when al) Ke pater has been fusheol out. = oo etom , A=0-1m? Vs Aree Tra sok , yeo3m X= 2:3 mam Pe + Suh 2 [8-3 = Fm oo Pre (Ol Skt woex Bix te = 169.99 keg oo :fg= fy = tol. sae kpa Vg= Ox 10 = Lm? Mee $C +BIW-%) = 94.96 ks Gig = Ug- By + Wo Aine 04 Ch Th) + Wr fv =mRTy M= 169.99 x 0-3 Vv Vs a us ” = Shs $96.06 K 0.2BF x Zoo 1 2 ™ = 0.592 ko . Bya= 0.592 X 0.718 (s96.06 — goo) tT 44.96 JQ = ARO. ks ae Raynotal!s “Foansport Theorery e Lie That Connefs Confrof volume baseel Conservation Lays to the Came Conservation lad applied With veference fo G Confrof ass System Let, N ——> Extensive ProPerty *t =ysten, : hee 2 —= N Per Unit mya, Ye . 2 fe Oundaed mth Wryal ap Vector. q dN 4 — cam stem 7 at [entav 7 {Cs¥er4 dan = = — A ate ef change te of change Flour across the CV. oe a np Wet. @ @nfret Ce “9 with gome Volume. freferty nm. Mass System.te | i st * law of = — Applied ts ae} volume - [— Tile “f+ Conservation of Maw: e— Fit. Nem, nea - amprO _ a + \|@ eCy,- ort # (sav | C¥ha" 4A v ov i ing 2 Cmay> Me - Mi 7 26") +Me- My =O. eee Conservation of Gerpy 2 N=E& , nse de aac: Za se stem ot fe eat fesci 2 eh = Ew 4 [escir 9 a0 de ot ai 4st Law” fra closed Syscem, Sq = de + BP SW SQ de + SWo Ce Oe act Get Fl G-w), = ew, (Gul, = Fe + [4s Cite} an cv o wave gz 2 Wey = w+ WooWhur = Srv csig-a) an cs oe a _ PiPe GW | pr (siy-4de _ — . PH = 96. : asl a + [8 Gextge tear poe ket —— - SS P-otiniforey over os. pei ame + fe Chew ege Cir p9 WD. Abe (jai tee arctan ai a = = PAAR Assumplion 2 Psoferties are aio doross ce ah cach flow Section. fod 2 = Pe eR za Che Seg) Ea poe) He Steady State steady Flow~ Process *[SssF] +{Sfeady“Flosl o At given loca ton Velocity % suid Proferfies do not change With fime. Le For Steady Flow” > [Se . °| at + {Steady “fate? t- The energy Sfate associated with the SO OU Ba be oo Contre Valume Ce) ees not nge ith, time. Le For Steady state Steady Flow > [el Mass Balance 2 4 . aD 42Me BN, = e i* Energy Balance a = a a ae gE (6 + zm Creag) = Eee (herbage) 4] AL Thoottli conf Throteli # Prscers § —— Throttle vole A Mass Balance | — 1%] = ne =m ee / We — FB Laur , Chongy Bolanee errr G+ oh; Ch tig) = ye (het $rgx) of! Faifia Process > Very Short time & emaatt area a alolove fr hece tbansfer. Le Neglect APE. Melo os Guijerec! f ve z Meo a Con fared t o | Were b- Enthalyy before thvotrlng § after throttling Femains Same Bur doing He Hhreteling Beg at oe not be a dame. — Not an Lsenthalpic Process Le Pressure AD ae, fue troteling, ce Temperature mi Inevesse, cleorenoe or Constant, “Ahich: is Signifies by Fou - Thomson. Goetfrcient. z). On: As = er ho TW Ooo | are [deal gs] Le Bint on te graph § Galted Trvertion Rut. 4s CrVed >T Ww Ce 2 | Ct)y Free expansion Process r dW =o. - d= ay dae. insulatea! t+ ou =o > fale Energy Femans $ Same before x After fee 7 = [2.029 fy/'Ex Super teopeat Vapor Ammonia enters an insula tect | "nozzle at 0° and 200 kpa, Dith a fou vebcity and at the g ely crate of 0.01 kals . The ammonig Kits at Sookpa with a Velocity of 450 m/s. Determin, the temperature Cor quality, if faberated) and tug ! it area of He nozzle, ' aks Flute : Nu, Given Data: 7= 20° , f= G00 kPa, Mie) ny 30.01 ke /s , Qo Fe=Sookpa Ve 4Som/s AF , Ae=* | SSSF Energy &%) Bo (hie Bags) = Hk CherGaghes +94 a hth tes hea hte “ At tithpo, zo'c hy = [573-7 ka lig o he= 1593.7 —Gso)? 4000 Shes 1472.05 kaka. At 200 kpa —~hy=? haent chee hge +20 Chge— hye) > Fe=_O.94F j= 6 AVe = AeVe =AeVe_ ae a) . eve Pe Yer, e= S.56xicH my Ext A differ has air entering at l00kpq ond 300k with = a Doty of oom/s- Teo ade dil areq me Aifuser 's womnf. At the Gib, the Area ts 860mnz, na eat & Lom - Determine the exit fecssare cnc Tinferohre °F Hu ade Sal" it om Pztookpa, I= . Ae=sbounr?, Ve = Zom/s , eal eed Kr, Mz zoom, Ai = loomm?tt Law, sssr ; fon (or Prix f 4. hire = herve H . = ae he- hi _- = . yiiye Tes T+ i > Te = 319. #2K Oe ae = AeVe Ss a AM. a cc Be AeVe > ae oe Cy a ti 6 8 Pee Te Pe eB > Pe= 123.92 kpa EA heout gxchamger , as Shoidn in fig. is ‘used 40 Cee? On Coy flow from g0ak to BOK, bot, Slates at £4 Pa. The Coolant is a Weiter flour ae ee Ic, O1Ma. xt the Water ay FLU leaves as Saturated vaPor, 7 LA te find the OHO of the iow = =, ates Mair ™ prater col? Given Dara: T= 800, T= s6ok, fair = LMP. 7 © ageiste,, Racimre . %=! 48 emu esigh) - Em Cher iglagee) vi? ‘i le al 2 v4 = hy = Mo meg = Mw * rhahy +P ha = Mahe + Pty hyMa (hha) = ha~ hs Nw hy + _. ha-ha = hy-hs : Norse We he Goon) hy # ha@ompa. “Na - 1766 So # Profosal lr ryade fp we 4 9eothernal Supply of hot Water 9 Oferate a Steam furbine , as chown in Fig. The Aigh- Dy ssier Pressure weiter ar I-SoPa ,(80'c is - pt & Sabrated throttled intt aw 1 tosh . flash evaforols, —{ traporatr ; chamber , Thich. = 7 Turbing forms Liquid aud Vapor ata lower Pressure ay 400k Pa, Sapurated The liquid is Liquid our ae dtecardet while the Sah rated var feeds te forbi aud exits Or lo kpa Dik 40% quai, Ee oe Shoute Produce 2MW. Find jue tired wass crate of hot Jeotheryal Water eo kale ass flo” Sate t: bs Mpa, I80°C ——> 4 . poss fem Tle. crate ts hy at, , 400 kpa — io Ay Nov, * Ne cies D X= 0.03434 . 71a = 0.07439 my Confro} volume ——> Turbine : Behl Bg) = Curgs "Doui thy hy = righy + 0 hee ve 4yookpa —, ~W'= |o00 kw : erosge® 3 $90 4 tp 5 ay 04 - my) X0.0939 x hy = Mhhy + WH My = My = My X0.07439 ™) = Ia8075 As/h. 4 1 Low Law Applied _te eee Sfate '¢_ Uniform Flou__Process ( USUF) é e Le sage Within he Confrof Volarye changes from : = syete 2 fo Safe 2. 1 ev 7 Art 4X we & dN =o i * =~} = 2 \ned¥ + [on Ciera ly x ln J rp ‘NE. & HE one - = g aA het Ape +f ely A [ire Roe re — UPA ] = Sela? Me (wes ge), —™ (ari tge), gm (Omega )- FL, +mMe (her +92.) —© Agsum ion? _Séates Land locatly unger, and alee not chauging with tire.= Thteprate ey" Q over t. gq +m; (hi rv azi ) = (Fe -F),, t Me Chere gre) +1 L Qin, (hit Ms qa) = M2 (20 as ga) -™ (arviage,) +My, (he+¥E+ gx) ae Mass Galance §— rh: — re = a OO | 4; = Me = On) ey w IS el Ctank Filling 1 A aS tank; chown in Hee te that is initially evacuated is dsnnected by Q valve to an air Supply line flowing -- dir iT = at 20°C, cs epot The i Tank valve is opened , Qual cir flows dufo te tink H anti tue Prewsoe aces © 600 kpa. Determine tue fiuaf TamPerapire aud "Yass inside te tank, onsuising fue Process is adiabatic. Develop an & Pression fer tue aelaton betuleen tte line temforatire gud tee fined tenuperature 7 Const. SPecifie heaps. iven_ data : veasd m=O, T=4oc , Ft =800kpa , Gzs0 Meno Unsteady state Uniform Flew” Precess. or Wy as Veeck ) ao . fm (untbigh) «malar fog ps tle Che +1 a2, ) of!eee phe = RA mass Balance Mg ne _ ma Meme | hr = Yee } a CAT = Co 0. ’ R ok ° " a Fa Va = Ma R Ta , 600 X 2S xi = ™,X 0.287. x 4)0.5 2 Ma 0.1275 9. x4 C Tank Emptying J A JOoL vigid dank —Confains Carbon digxicle fos at AMpa , Sook. A valve }s cmacked oft, aud arbon diigride escapes Sbuly aungl we feank Pressure has dropped o 500 kpa. At this Pott tue volve is Qosed The gas aenpining assumed te have undergone inside the pank may be ‘poly fropic expansion , With Polyfoopic ¢xPonent 2=/.1s: Find te fad ryass insicle and the hear ‘fransferred to the fank abving foe Process. . Gol V=loo£ == (e~ a ook nehis pose == gate 1: fiz AMP Ge 4 = 0. Stare 2+ P= Sbokpa Tey [8392 \ oy A klk K | Pyr= 6 a! (| oe i=! co Ro(% we x Gs API” ~ XP = AM nye a0 Xie = 136ug kg a7 OOLRR92 x.300 Mz = Ve S00 x 100% ie — anoeqa eg, 0.966 kg A ee O.1B8FLX 2T4 —Mats Balance : Pr) wf Me = Mg -™, mee m—me > Me= 0-798 ka Energy Balance: ge mtb tagh) = (ter Bengal) - 0 ( wif) +me (he tpagh) . 1 @ = Tigh, ue tmehe | Bhere he= hen then, 2 Gs taal ks > Apr, = Cvs Ta : = ee = Pat Oy = 0: 6529 ks lho. & Go = 0.8418 ket lky b, Eis A ane fank. Contains anwonia at 1sokpa, 25°C. Te gank is attached to @ line fritirg ammania at eo pe, go'c. Tre volve is opened auol nass fi in ant tue tank is half fur oF hiquial Choy volume) OV gon Calculate tbe heat transherreat from He tank dlusivg fais Process. é on Vel @) — - feo) Stare 4: [60kpa, spore £3 1400 kpa, Be —> hi grate A: 2c, Vp = Vg —™ 2g = AM gg = is = a 7 2 HaMg+m = = 4 yO Mass Galance : ° minaf mam mPaSeer ee a ee 2° Kaw) Usur Se Ue ay i Dad i 2 q Pwr g4) ; elma Bagh )— one gira | rhea gh) +f Qe My 2, — m2, + Cy —rrg) gt Lge ™ (4 © fi) smi Chi 0) « Q= —374. 036k sh | (6. A steam | Gigine based on turbine 1 shown In tig. Tee boiler tank has @ volume © of 400. and initia = » Contains Subrated liquid a Tee ad ith Aver Smau —___|_ _ __. Fig [7 | Anjount of Vapour Ot uj | w : lOokPa . Hear is noew- , Boiler 1 oe i Adeled by tHe burner! | = H The Pressure equlator, ae ae Which keePs tue Pressure @nstaur, dees note oPen re pe boiler Pressure | Creches okpo. The Salurated Vapor enters Te atm. tae furbine ar 900 kpy anol is discharged Fo “Hie Atmosphere as Saturoted Vapor at (okpe The burner is furned eff hen no rere lute i$ Presene Ine tee boiler. - Find tue botew Perbine Wark cna! topeuy heat transfer to the — boiley for fois “As, wu" CV#L: v= Vs pool Satet: leokpa, x20 —> Fe, emiaM m= y, Slate: Fookpa , x21 —> B= HB PMH %= tHe, m,= shape @: Feokpa, xt he = he @ seakpa on? 7 y— Me = ™Ma-™) Me= ™-48¢ Lau USUF : geri (here’sgs:) = "almryfagee) —m (rysiigy ) ame (her figde) + B= Me My ~My + C1 -M2D he Q@ > 8a. gms CVHQ . Turbine, (SSSF) 4; = me = Lia Me oe ey, i emi (hi + Mirges = me (her Weare) +H mike amghe +00 > We ott Chik) u le hizhe | he = fe eoatte “We S405 ks Get 12 An snsulateol pig Loaded Piston fey fi Shown in Sp a @nnected to ar div Line flows air OF 660kPo, 70K | by a valve. Tai tia Uy | | tee gpliader is empty and Hr Spring force is zero. he valve is then ofened antil ue Yylinder Pressure reachen 300 kpa - % noting tak, .. = Aine + CG. (1, -Tik and hine~ ine=R Thine Fincl an exfreysion fer T, as a fanchon of fe, B. Thine, With Po= too kpa find Tm St cu. + Gap bet” pispen & oe += b600kfa , Th= ook m=O , P= Boo kpa : a. Ie keeoe 4; — Uy ERT} ¥_Moss Galance. mi — fe my ft? > mj =m, e 45° Law fer USUF: aim Chi +h i= 1 (a+ Es +g) rh (m # ¥ og opr # Fe ) Mihi = Mgt, + BH WT .. Bur We | pv = 1 ffeRooe. a : % (+B) 2" mide = My + Ln (Atk) MG (WART ) = MRR + IMG CR-T) +h im % BRD ART = Ax Ce (TW +4 9h BHR) RT = G(G-T) + RAM) = & (B-T) + RR CR+RD 2k Be PF RIGHT = Wh — “Pf Co +R) T= Fo, + RAR) 77, [ ene [ Gtr | | es Tr Pe | The PRBFKExpy 4 a@ m3 Entulaged vessef chown in Fe Confeins Sanrafed vapour steam I at 4mfa A valve on the top of the tank & Ofened and Steam poo ee is altodea f° escape. During fie 4 Process amy liquid fryer lllerts Ho OF tue bottom of fue veHsel , vo dere : fuer only Saturateot vapour Sits. wz coleutare He fore mae thot has eloped Dhen the Prejsure “inside Teaches amfp. or Va kr Sire i: fiz Amro. med — ¥-%, 12a, spore 2: fo=tnpa - aoe gate e: Re & bythe —cassume) 2 ts Mass ibelanes : fe Re ee x (OF low fer DSUF - dicey > kp) CAD / +me (he ryfiegz) + O = Pgh M4 +mehe Vv v m= — =a 7 R CHE) Gat 0% ig = Xa) Ata + 2B my My = mate +7 A —-4) > xy= 0.7436 MY = amy —_mete pp My = ——: a Me= M- MM = 2 ap—— erase nee te Work done in Flow Process a = => | vap 1 open System speady. sour Neglecting AKE 8 ape. Reversible Process. Le The area under the Carve When foojectedt on Pressure axis give open system reversible Work in P-Vv diagram fh fNore]s- For Tsotherryal Process , ofen © closed spstemm Reversi ble Work done is Same because isotherwat Curve win P-v diagram is ee ee hy Por bate , So if De~ will Projected en 70 ex Vv gives Same Tesutts. rel = ie i ie dif ferent Substance am amount my Fm, at chaos alt texen Hes Pe) yiel eee ce differene G 4 bs mixpore |S... mG TE Crrnpare = Gl nt Gat ™ +m, +.... | sm SPeafie Fret Consumption (SFC) &- i> Tpis requireryent Mass flow” rate of fuet te Produce Quit pider. SFC =_% lout,+ ly Seoud ip e a ascextain fermi saible directions ot Poovesses. Y Cases te Ferfornyance of Theavyo dynamic cycles. 3 To” fix-up Condition for equilibrium, A) To ascertain TemPerarire Sale sndefenclent- of of Hae ProPenyies PF He therwomepric Substance, (Absolute Temp. Scale.) I TO quantity Proferfres lhe a4 tear are nat directly ryeasurable. a Hecut. En ine & —- A Device pat oferates ina cycle aud Preduces a net tlork output. att lair ey 1p + {se sum | % - GH = J, = Wer 2 @y- GL Efficiency - = ake = Op Wet if d 1 4 Ga Pye & weg] + Tages oe ia | al (desired ) / Win wy aL acops Draned eect Win Cop) = Ge (CP), = Gy - P Win L= Wirking bi dome Tom ane (cop), €2P? ea | CoP p= 1 (cP) | 4 Taomol Fesenvoin uo From [to fais heat Can be éndefinertely transfer Dittour incuvring ang change in ats temp = Very High hear aft Copbcity (c.) Sfotemenfs of Second Low $f T1D. p+ Kelvin -planck Sfatement Clausius Sfotement. Lek is Ampsible fo Conspouct Le "ZG is impossible to a device Which Oferates Corsteuct a device, raat ina gyele and Produces Cferates ina cycle aud no dtect Other thar Toisin Produces MO effect Other Gi Bel and oxchavec than effective fransjer hear cdith a Single Reservair S$ yeat from Lot tem Ty} Source A7° ee " High Tomy. o a yer ge Das aren 1m ara 7; Imeab Fyuavoknee 4 Kp_statement Cu Clausius statertent - ie Violation % clausius Sjatement cutgoryaficalty leads to Violation of KP Stateryents. quad Vice Vena, 4 Peefermat Motion Machine + Cimfssible, yockie] * PMM oy at kind 2 I violates 4° Los og T/D. * PMM op 2d kiud & Tt violates 284 Lowe “tp. * Pum 3m kind s- It iolates 37 Lad” TI Citar Friction ) $ © Hewrsible Process " A reversible Process is a Process oo nove taken place can be reversed and in doing So leaves no net change in the Systeny aul Suryoundiug” Win - ¢ + Puasi- Haire Frocess as a Reversible Process. lw Wour Win>Wour Surround @) irreversible Procers. cfors aki . Process aF Faefer ine ~ | inreversible $- snl Frreversibilty SS 7 te reat a J Priotion. , j ite oe Unvesfrictee Gefaansion. a finite Toanp. iff 8) mixing. 4 aystesisis/ eddy current losses ef+ Grample 4 a oersible tele t slow” CompreSis0 | | Aster | hag \ remo £ | ean | Fevensible. 4 Reversible a f ‘ + —— wy adiabaye Te Keversible + Exfuunsion. Reversible + sorherwat sother med Heat addition Hear Rejection. FA Cornet oycle for a Confeot Mass fpiteny. ty oy Rev.t Isotherwal _— Ty -ATh Year Rejection. Solege ee | Lo tq sor [Tirbine — Wi ps Rev Adiabatic 1 &xfansion | Condenser __ _t TetdTe | Rev. Teothermal Heat Rejectvon 9. 1 Jor + Aeversible adiabatre Compression 93; Keversible Tscthermal Heat addition aot Rev. adiabatic Scfansion. Aot + Kev. Tothermol Heer Kejection. Jae Carnot Treorenp: 3 ‘. [ Profsifions eed efficienty a Carnot qycte (q] Novking bli the Same TemP tinut efficiemey of yy irreversible Cycle is less than the efficioncy value i a reversible Oycle. Vine < eev. Rl Porat betw: the Same teuP Lui Alt areverible le have te 6 vei ‘° 'S @ ‘ame efficiency Cheri” revs” wo) [NOR]? 1 et Feversible gyele is the tle function Te Temjeratere Limit of fue yele fe I- & — f{(%, h) only fr Foenibic gye. FCT, TH) for Rev. Oele, ; Be fom.) t Qa =e GB Orr, af a Ze f (i, T a, 2; f ED) 4 =: wo, Gr. Gi, Ga | GO Gx & Ci B) = fOr, B®) * #7, G) &% “i only fable form: fCt.75)« ite eB] pgm, 8. a — 900) gens) to ee GOED... For Fev. Gyete. 4 gHSimpler form f gor -T. oo " Gy Ty aa Abselute Témfera ture Far Rieu: tyele, ext IEF frie Gycle Teversible, irreversible ar imPowible % get f9 = fon Bare ag = 200 DP 700= foo. > y Satigy toe 4% Lait % Th. 1 I- Ge = o.1- Gy eee trey = rz. 0.6 7 ’ 3m 1? Ve = Ampbesiole Device. = Gas = KCly-Te) Determine tee minimum elechic wa Gram lee paler required fo drive phe heat Pump as a functon 4h i 4, : tee 455 temperature. 7 fips House | ol? For oy : Gas a Lait op T)D : $ sq $our jury OH pd for min. Work 4 : reat famp must be a Ffeversible Gy. Ge + Wrage KOGA" % Te % w= Ay — Gu : : 5 Wrin = Qa ~ oy 7 { Win = Gy (1- =) Ty 17 Goreot x2 . a Gy =3 ar make |Tem= 38. are . a All Processes are Reversibte. La, 4Qn, | ae 7 7 e oo Mt p= Morera = ATE ( 5) VaR) tg = G03 K | | Tamp, = 30+ 273 103 Gon 1a. Trig = 30-213 = 203K fe | a tad Tole | lol =30'C = 80! = Tho mm = Oy Limb. i rt, Teta Thue a Re Oy Ga Ol W= @y (1- Eos Es.) —O Gm _ Tos > QT Ge Teotot ig Teatel for e{~i qevater. W+Gi= Gm, > W=4m,-Ge We Gu (ms. a ") —® Teoid From & © & ©. Oy Tor — Fem b= G Tam — Teatd 4 Thot Dis ore Teopet ) a Qe Clams = rb ~ Trot). Tote = 0. 68F Ge True —Tant) Tag) we a4 Consider a Cavnst- -Yyde- hear engine oferatt an outer Space. tear can be Lm | rejected fer Hus engine only bg 1G; thenget radiation, Pbich i Propertonat =. MT $0 the Tadiater crea Quol fue fourth RYE power % absolute temp. @aag= KATA ot w shew pace fer a gen engine WO” 14. Ourpul- aud given Ty, the racdoler area Pu be minimum When te robe r -3 ae The, = 4.ool? @= KAT" For Gite Ty & Wr Gy oy a ana q Kir= Gy “Ge . woe] ws KAT! (4-1) | | - Ff Koy Eee AKTyT = wr (B) Gy Le A= AKTy4 Al= Wet sae (ae-1) 4 do dx (x-1)(423)- xt = 0 ~h >ae4 > LT gta > x8 >a gd Pr Ane &a! - = Rxd- nxt = 8 (nx-12) >0 Axx a ini hen Be free da mpnionm t a es Gy= K CTs — Th). oT Te design fhe hear engine a nexium le iJoxk autpur , chow me AN Tonporatare ‘ in He gee a i a \. Selecteal as a Th oseDame oe Sal Here, Zalane ear Sible cornoe “ggele Cendorevd4siblé Carnot oycle) Gy Ty = Oy, 7-4 = iS w= K (Tees = ~hy) (1- #) fos max. Bok outpuy , dir. 5 AT on Te es KO) + 9 es eG ee | | ye WDA Fes ET | ys Che ZI me $8, FS =8 +e Kevessibie ape $59 = Gy ~ G@ zo Lm [ay eb, Bee FAT i Gy vog clese- J y = § 8 - ote Gee i pe ya 4a Tat die” te = & & no, hh | , ‘ aa , Se Gu .T [Absolute rnp. Seale Ge. Th]) fevensible. yp P / Refi: de 5@ = Q-Gy £0 1G, [anally yords Dhen my $% Is very che] ogtdty ww GQ. Ge a T Tee Be” iL if aioe ot CB ge 7 +> Irreversible 4.6. he —> Consider Internally Trreversib fe “yee. y . ene enfire Peversibility des fro y, Y We fsq = Gy - Gtr =O "i. i Cequality iyelds Bhen &xfreme mreversibilitg] Give ete §s2= Qh — Quin 7 2 @ Sut, Gtvev. < Gurr. 1. § 88 co. 7 dE Terreversible I-2 [Refi Sore = CH] fe Sain Bo Gy, er a as § SQ= Ge Gain . ay et one : Bur, Sy je = Gy R00 hh * §58 <6 ta from above amples Bis observed buot § 59 =0 3 Pr All Reversible yyele, ge <0 5 Pr All Taveversible cele. =ae ( lausius Tyequality Gg + For AU fossible aye fep

Toreversible cycle § §8 =o Lompssible cyele xg : S$ $e > fa fr ‘Feversible ocesses $$ Cycle : AtB CH) A+C CReu) For A+B CRev.) 2 V fiero > [+ 8 7 a Similarly For Atc Chev) Ie 2A Sa + (88 =o. {s+( Sno —@ A S@) 7 —— fith Indefencleut . EE = d& hana Fe (Es to cg ty cial Case &- a + Adiabatic process ds =o - "Tsen tropic Process’reer eee ere cere eee cs $_Diagran, go Carnot —ayele 8 {su = $54 = chsed Area = Area (2-3-4, Loin . 4 =| — Ara |-4-A-8 Area 2-9-A-B T= (- TAS aye 1-E oe Ty: AS % 4 — f = has te be Antegrated Over a Feversible fats only aud we fe chauge th entropy and This change entropy if used for am Process, hecauoe entropy is @ feuh function. Lis an fate rated factor that Converf: the — foe boget diferent 0 yact differential. 5Q),,,= TAS 4st lawl 9% TD t 69 = dE + SW Leongrof Ms perc —> Neglect AKE, APE > de2 dy ~ onty moving boundary Work > Sw =pdv SQ vey = du + pdv2 Ts = dv pay stg his is applied pr any Process ——____ Bap ante ie a Ole, a 7 Hell fe “ Td¢= d(H-pv)+Pdv Tas = oll - pa — vp + pA ds= @v 2 fas =fcar 1 ’ TT Peete Te Speciod case “& Teal Gas dU=™GdT \ Pye maT > Pe eT Tds = GAT + OKT av . dg= mee dT sR t % vg = mele Boneh Me Calorically fertect-- Tds= maT - mune af L [ & _7___P ______, z Bem Porpece-| mw Awe op fe 7 RY roe ote In Be + mg nt — in hn i RS = aes ree “bricnty Perfect Ge. Reet Adiabapic Process oF an 9 _-Lelece!_Gas Tae a Pav £9” of i Py = mkT “. pdv +vdp= mRar ee Pav+valP. AR ze (pdv+vdp)+pdv =0 Gy Cpdv +velp) + Rpdv=9- -plGtR)dv + Grvp =o . G-pav + GQ volp =o. | dv ap our Gr af =o. . & dv 4 oP 20. ei venene (WV +(ah =(0. fF . v Inpearlny zene In py” =Inc free] i [vies fox Be] Yor SfpHe Ay Adiobatic Process %f an ideal Gas see du + su sh = — Gy aT We =f Gar 2 bly2-m fh ae : Wha = meen) (for Ong. 7), ir A Slope {Conant Pressure line carol _Conspaut yolume. Vie in Te £ diagram :- ° Tas = diJ+ paw” ds = Moy AT |Fl-# Se a “Tas = MGdT oe op mG Sb) gs Sle 1, =p hi ivreversi ble Process # change tn _enprory 44 a0 irreversible Px Pe Fe ae §& =o. te fs 8@ so, u, Per irreversible cyole Re e =e | a?1), < fas Efe -/# gest yea ae ‘Pah dePendent” ah hinome 4 of syste boundary across, ahi SQ is interpreted. Seen —_— ‘physical Measure i extent of irerersibiity” $F Spun Cifgh) —> More irreversibility, + en Clow) —~ Less irreversibility, H Lost Work re Lest oppoopinity of doing irk, Sthog= pav Gas x Vaccum — equilibsiam : Sw=0 Procers _ pdv= SW+ S(LW) dUut+ Pav dv + Sw+SClw) Tas Tds = 4st Lair: 8Q=dU+ SW u +. Tods= SQ+ SCLW) . ds= SQ + [Sti 5, Ben oc ' ri ' uaes Foigeiple merente Y ately 7 ds, tem 2 Gog. FAS gu IO i AS = Oe” oy 4 ae alee Tnoreases. (Rete): Earozy changes [Br = - r® re Aj pra System : $752 £e f+ 5-78 wv Qr-F = t + 0 TB. Adiabatic: Process. ew + 1 we Torevessible Process. Po Entropy t system may be +¥e, O,-Ve. J Fev. adiabatic Process is always isentropic bur aw iSentrofic frocers need moe to be Feversible adiabatic, Adiababe t aersible Adiabatic Tereversible Adiabatic 7 ds=( SY” ds =( SEY" sn ? rev ds=0 , 6920. ds>o , 9-0. Nore &_Durin adiabatic Process entrery %f fhe gystem Never decreeses.citi, |Nore f- oe According t 2 tom energy of wniverse it Gnep, Le According 2"! Louth, entropy ¢f 2niverse Rever | deoreuse, it invreuses fowards BKB. nae Entropy is quantita tive Sfatement for Secouct lad of THe. +e The enfoopy an tsolatect system al tnoreases and becomes Q maximum at Hee State a equibb sium, al Mixing Process if Irreversible. + tery can be transferred +e or fom a System ie 40 forms 3:6 tect: Transfer ® mass flows ue Work is thus enfropy fece and no entropy ie fransferreel Dith Work, Le Erengy is trans erred With beth heat and work | Whereas enfropy is fransforred only Di heat. + The First lao F T/D makes no disfrefion betdeen yea qransfer and Work. It considers them as uals. | a 7 distinclon by hear fransfer and Work transfer i | brought abou y te Second fou? | =o hick ts not accompanied | “An energy Anteroction ' by enteohy transfer is Work ane an energy taloractron hick in accorapanicd by enpvopy transfer is Hear ‘Ponster” Ae Fictt and Second baw Combined + : dv mis 7% Felates only a Proferty F System. a reeset Lyte QB Tds = 69 = Et su > Holds Good pr any Process ; Reversible - or irreversible and for aye System. J] ee chjed System, Ohen Only pdv work is 4 6+ dU pa pesca a true ‘only far revert Cquasistefic ) Proves. e