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    16 views18 pages

    Unit 6 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rani Vijay

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    1 ps i DNITE 6: poe) Ua 2 Mie wOYsAMMCA Convo | SyNabus, : Pees > Fndamental Concephs > Regt Tromafans J — Pexforming an Avittmebic ww Logie Operaction > fering a Wed brow memory 7 Execution of 4 Coumplele Tartruchion ¥~ —> Hawdwired Cowbef / > Mics ~ Programmed Combet — Nico Trstiuchons > Micvo progam Seqpenci + v 6 — Wide- branch padseating > MiceoTustractions with Next: dae ield © Fundamental concspe, \>" > exenlT a Progsam, the prod ome twxbyuction dt a time OMA ponds the operations ed. — Testructions are Letched Accemive memory Locations Until q branch ©) Tump instruction 33 sed, | The prow: Keeps A the addre of the amemory Docotions Conkaiming, the “& ction to be fetched Wiig The program ceuntey, as 1 > Potion key — Ji the procenser ik the Trutruchion Raginter, TR: > Suppde th, imthyucion compvises 1 byt amd that at is Stored ty me mem Osa + To ex ‘an imitvuchon, Ihe procestos has te Poxform the follesing, te Axeps + ¥ Fetch the content cf tte memory, dacation pointed to by th Pe. Thay. ak Joaded intd tte TR. rR <— [cee] ae Assuming that the rnemony Js bylz addvemable, Increment the Contents Of the Pe by Pc Chel +4 # Corny ouk the ackiont Apecifed by Me mstrucion iM the IR. \ > Heve, Ficat too akeps nepratents beteh phase , Third Atep roperects exceution iphone. > Sinplecbus Ovgonigation df the datapally inside o peotetr, 1 Aepicha og ne on ay Mee de os FFOCEH L Taternal Proce Bus, 4s Combet Siyads bade deceden and Conte logic ALD Sony Loaded ita HDR either fom “the memory but Cd Gum the futernal protcemor bus. > The inpuk MAR 33 Connected To the (dexnal bus cmd Le output de Conneded to tie extevnel bus. > The multiplexer Hux elec either the oukpt of xegiator y es) @ Coston Value 4 to be provided oS Taped A of the ALU: a [Ask-co- 6.2 @) Requater Hamster e | ; a Tortruction execution involves a Aeqpente el ateps in which dala one | Fromsjorsd kom one nagiter to another. | —> Fin endl maqattr, ton contol signals ona wed o flate Re contends of that regu om the bus (8) load the dala onthe bus Tah the Heguiten. | roped aod cay gong 4S MOS Ue dapited 22, | ss Tudernal Procenser Bud, ro ul olf neg Re arte. Connected to the bus Via Awitche| Conteelledd by the Aiguals Rigg OM Rice , nespectivelyy, oe ap wshen Rip, ab fel te 1 the dala om the bus 7 Looded ‘vt Soe > Siatleady , when Rfour Js xek tod, the Conkerds of Reqidin laced ou the bus. a iug dala See Brey 38 eetal BO, the bus Cam be ued 42) Lyamnbeoring fpew ottey ros Example > ter te vegister Ry, ©O To tranaler the Contents of vogisler Rte vegis , g — Enable the curpul of Yeqitir Ri ag ty Selling Riot 100, | This places tte Contents of Ron the procwer —Frable tia taput ofr vegister Roy by Acthip Gyan te 1, This loads dala from “the pyocetoy my eqivtin Ry. > Bopt sod Outre gating yh owe YoY ONES MAS cpa at, >The inet and cup \S" a fou | A. Ri, { > b tug multiplexey bs Age —brigged D- fue flee > the fo x a ia pe cote pal Ring 3 eypral te 1, the multiplexer selects tte, when Ri, opal tO the mull see ae een! plxer heeds back Iki Value Ceomente PARI Rog Sa Sahel 0, th gatel owhiak da tog ee Acerca anateatay 3iZae | wed to Acleck the dat applied ‘le tha fapad | | | when Rie et, te gett dwives the bus t 01, depending on th 5 Value dQ. | ) Performing, an Arithmetic Ox) Logic Operation : | >The ALU Ja a combinational civeutt that hat uo iwdernel fto¥a: | yt Performs avithmetic ond Logic operations ow the Stoo BN cxpplad to sls A ond 6 inp G > One of Me Operands J the output ek the multiple oud Th Off) Operaud Ja Obtained directly from the a0 >The jem produced by the ALU Js Bored Agrp anily Tw wegiden L: 0 a Theupre, a Aeqeute ef operations aah conten ef vegivn Ry to theke of vemos R2 and Alore wronulk in egies Re nis , lout 7 Yin NO a te Row , Sect y ed, Zi 3. Lor, Rig) (€) Fetching a wos memory 1 To beth a Word oly information fern memory , tha paocersor has ts Aged de the memory, Ancedion whens this information vig BOveX magpart a Read operation i Vict wheter tte infoxmation to be fetched nepriert ay, BUCION im PYOZFAM (Or) CU Cperawnd Apecibied Pwoemor branes the a dry a inatruction TOT Senet ow conte lagers ifr reyinten ADE is dap ag Memory “bus wtexnal Procewol Beka ss bug MDRouke MDRour MoR X La XQ 6 MORE Mbre. Tt Wes Content Signals MOR G4 AeA MOREL Conbol Sie te te —MORige OA MOR Ge Co: ihevina) bus. the extesnal bug Yrs: Connection to pt om example ea sand poli Move (Rk OM, Connicley the inabeuction, how the Memory bug 5 R2 < CHpey | © Exeation olf A Completi Trstouction , Se eee > Considen the instoucton which addy te Contents of a memory Locakion pointed to oy R3 to Yegitn K+ 5 Fxeanting, tas watvuction qunpaines the blowing OcHoug, — Fetch tie instruction = Fetch tte fist operand (the Content br the memovy ae Pointed to by R3) — Perform tre addition — Load the vesulk into Ry. > The Coubsot ju co LAr ene udion of tke imatr Na (Ray, Ry de given as Step | Ketoy OS 1 | Poor» MAR “Radin, A, | Zour, Poy Mead 7 WHE 3 | MOR KBR, & HARiq » Read Gre Yin 7p AHEC MDRouwr 7 SelectY , AAR, Lin Zour » Plin , End S. Step], We inatvaction fetch operation uz Witiaded doy Norading. the Cowlenls ofthe Pe iWto the HAR oud Seuwding « Rood nespert ‘tb the >The Sloe igual 4 get to Sek . ; HU% 40. ah Coustout reel ae {ep maelbieer PTS Volue Js cdded ty the Openand, ot iupat 8, which athe ; 4, wala contends oh the PC, amd the xesull ib Mosed in mee SS Te wedaled Yolus Ja qroved rem geqister Z back inte the Fi “f Brepr, while woiting fh the memory. to ea eee Tn Hep3, the Word, fetched brow the ynemory- draded re. > From Heel Ang 3 vetted (ustruction 4H pt The Cantina of tegints Re coe trowsfemed Te the MAR tn & y ond a waemonyy Yead operation 18 fuitiated . — Then the Couteus of Q) ana tramiened to Neqister Sees te pwepaxe the addition operation » > When the Read operation is Completed, the Mento fom it available in Yeqwte MOR, and the addition On se performed iM Beeb. >The fun is Atoved iy “ses hae T , the xved +o RI ty BF > From Atopy tbh vers, en a > dy BRANCH Taxtructouss or ea ee >A branch instsuckion raphe Sinbad Othe PO Witt the branch ctonget Addnom . . 9 Th addres is ud Cosine bby oudding aw effet X, which ix given tte byancy i vuction, to He Updated value of- the Pe > Cobol Se Om Uncouditional Brauch iustsuchou Jy gives ox Pout » MAR, Zour , Fe, 1 Read, Selecdy, Mad, 775 m1 Yin y WHEE ASK Co-6.9) © Hordwired Cobol >To exeowke ingtyuchou the Procetsoy rout have Some means ob qroomaticg ‘the Contre. Bi snecded vithe papper Seupenee ras two Categenes 4 tond wired Cowhel de Micno- programmed Combe! > Ts ofp =e Coeteh weit Ogata Oats Gaternal Coin a: anc nl Bigquals step Tmt Aeqpemce Js Completed th one clock period. countin may be Used to Keep track of tlie Cowbol ates, => Each Stale, @r coud, of this counter corresponds -ko one Conhel Step. a Ths neqpirad Combet signals ane determined log Ite fotlersing afesmection - — Contents oftte Combet 2tep Counter — Content of the Tnstyuction vequter — Conkew dy tte condition Code Kags — Eke jap Biquas , juch at MFC and icbonupt veya: ASR-CO-b-I0) CIA Complde Procemor ——— ot is depicted ag >The Bhek diagram ch a Complete Procemey pairs oi apnlleeas tee wit that fetches iwttyucting, pow ay ToStruchion Wain Memory when the derined Nettruchou ane. “im the Cache >t erate Peocemivg unity ta deat with Tlige, data aid point data. => Sepals caches 427 instyuction aud daly th Common Prackice, in Many proeMors todey « >The proceor us Connected OF the Compulin, by meant ot a but inkirfan te the System bux aud | hence ,t0 tke vert @ Micsopsoysammed Conboh ; a The conhrel Riquals one gevweeted by a progam Binilento machine Language propant neprusents a Acheme calk.d Hiom programmed Cownt ; > A Conbet Word (CW) Ag a word whee judividucl bits ‘tke Various Cound 31 > A Beqpemtte of Chis coxves ponding to tke Cowhol reqpen machine ibiuction Constitules the micovodine 407 that Gatsudion, ond tte individual cowhel words in this micwroudine te 03 micyorustsuctions . She micwvoukines fe all imstrucions fu the wasalh Aek ck Compan ome posed 14 a Apecial memory Combrel_Atoxe - The Basic organization oh a mitropsog ya! Combet uni Jt spiced of, a oa te Control words eoprrudtally rom the Conrhel stose, a CAO — progxam Counter(APe) is Wed , Eveugtioe a new instvuttion is Lnaded its th TR, the oudpatot the Blk labeled “starting Addn Genmatoc" ii Loaded fits ‘the JLPe IT UPC is then oustomatically incvementid by the clock, couring Auccasive micwdinstructiong te be guad Pom tte couhel stove. —FHene, the comet siquals ane delivewd te Variout perk of- the PROGMOK Tn the Conreck Aeqpence . areal \ aditionl brovelivg jw the : wise\ uss to allows Cor Organization vk ta Cow micro program iB depicled af > @) Micro instructions ; XS a The Couhsl lord belewyis Cowhel Unik poem certain instruction, , Wsus eos Micdivstyuchiony | > Eodk Hicwoival Hye WEL Microopenations to the Syrtinn >A mica waa hes Gon be Atruckuntd ae mowy wos Dre of thew ose Ae Ss a bit péition to each Coubel Aiqual This Arbus iy Ford rwugh , as dk mewdla im lowg inatyuckion, Aud ali becomre of owl few bits oe sett 1) ak oer net we attr bit space progesby. — Emtode the micinivuitsuch od, Wing bits, with asumphiag. — Group the nukuolly Oycluadve Conbet Aiquals iwcto fields, — Enumercde the patter of raqpirad Aiquals {a all microinstruchong \ \ Trent ode two types of micvoimstsuction folate + & Hovizental Hicsdinttructon Formal (b Vertical Hier imation Forraadt” inatyacion Formal, Jump Condition Credinccr bit, Zexp overflow, Uncoudition) > Hovigentad Micwvinstruction Forest Puppets Q — bong jhweals = ex prens (op serort to bigh loli, Low deg d- encoding information b) vertical Hicwivutsaor foes: S" + i% Fac [mn nari Cotes | OO = vericn) roninaa ret prepovts — lew ‘ole porlleiam fa corr of mitroopenetios. iggy entoding Gu Cate O Couhel teformetion. é Short Fost w& Program, microprogsam 8% pet oh mnicevinttruck os Sq micwoprograny Sependy, pricmoingtr actions ore execuliel tu the Avipetiol orden. Sy Tue Hicroprogsam Seapemeer qemerates te ordan ek exceatinty iticrvivshuchins Jpew the Coudrel Atove + Exempla. > bowsidn hive i i Connie Ao instruction thar adds Ry od Ra ard Atoves tte [Radke Ral > lwhene, Re 28 thy Source operomd Tegittey ond Re 33 th destinechion opereand veqiater” placket fe a wierpriggan 40 the Add re, Rae inttaacion Aepicka as, MAR [PCE Reads 2 «= (PC) +4 oor revert, erring ceeetra ti) Wide -Branch Addwising > Gewnating Caley § Prom addonies ment thet tke cyeathy. becomes indie | => Example , Ke Mockine instruction fetch Js Compleled , oud on appropriale Micw Toudine Aluruld be selected According 40 addrurting woods — Ho, te OPcode. of macline ingtruber Js tyowifaked ivdo 0 Atosti oAdus . —> Tt ss pdtible te imuc a woit fey MEC Command in a branch instyadtion. nF) oO THe WME Siqual mens thelr Hie micoinatyuehion may. te Srere| Check cycles -to Compl « Exavaple | wi so = For ta instruction NO AAA (Reve) +, Rese 0) 7m raat ee EE dee ay NO Hoda (iv) Micvoimstwueh at Adana Field ; The pups micainste Jb te find the addres of the vext sitmaiwstough s be fetched, Tet wmeaiay they do not perform avy Wiebul operation U4 tte Anti pat 2 af the operbting spond ofthe System » ar ifuation becomes worse when the proursor shored Common parta ty sdivstruttions using branch micminttrucken in order to execute Aespoutiol instructioug « Tus, exeenon of owe Rimple instruction needs gevercl branch intbuchog, Which badly aledi tte Sytemts Operating sysinn (08). POs wos to overcems tte clove paobleu st te wods! the Acgptncé techuique bared o% incrementabl ppc. Mt 8 om clternotive ists inckde a special addnors field Called “Nexbaddrass field" iw ead mleapiuatnachion iy orden to Agee tke addNEM d- tha Veit OATC¥O fafa 9 The Micrinstrnchou Serysmabing Orgewigationl is dapicld at, Aa verde, each micro instruchioy qeemalas the effect cba branch wmicrinstruction and alo performs UG Tvteudad function, —$ Se, there is mo weed ta Aeperale Pepe to stove the addrert of vert iuttrudion » Co - UNiTb— Shoxt fruwer Quertiow ————_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—_—s:aeem © what is veqiater trawler? Discus . « paye 62 ' © Briefly disco wncoudtonat ‘brame instruction, , Page bo ® Explain Hardvired Control > page c& © Explain Mice programed Covert wwhle x Page bu © Define gticw-operation &) Meo program 2 borat SA Micsopretion prefers te a Simple @H a omy oporstion thet produces Certain culpur, Which dy stored fa meme Mecation @r) veqivtn. « » Mereprogrann: NS" > Hiow progsam velou toa peach mice iustyuchiovs. red > Tt suede Atored inc nek miewiory « A Hicmprogsam Ja 2xe, by a micn pr0gsamanaed Conbel ait | ©) MiewoTastrucdion: NY Me Cowhst word 4 hug te o Coubel Unik potters Certain iMstructions , pafored Js of micnivstrucha - —> Each ewes) OW Specifies micrvoperahous ter the, Sytter © wri Ned iast ration Formats, ee a) Mi Cavoperation . eae %) Hovizoutal icroinstyucheu Ferued by Vertical N Atemirctrucbien Geral exon @ Difteventis® behveen tHardwived Cowhel ound Mica prog retained Cobol. Micmprogramentd Cowbel Ont Hayd wited_Cowhel wth be Te has tlowor exenstion Speed 2-H Cowhrl fumctind ane Tepleuanted ta Sebhoare ITt hos foster exeustiod 2 TA Cowbe) puuubiad oe implemestid iy’ hardware 3+ Tt com easily accommodate Champs surat wero piyion Specificadiod (or) yery imttyuckious ~edesiqn GiThs deriqn, pyocem As hyttomile 3. Tt ia ot Ponible toagdp Changes QO 7 Godt, dex tae Sb ws Arsgpovts more than too inst yuckions - 8 rt com easily 4 x support 0 AyMlems amd diagnertic TBE Cam eatily howdle Complex la tem fe Ke tyuution oe OME Comme carly on OF and aac tone Ts: Th Commd eonily heudtle Li. Couples imtyucten fet. at Ld Hiewpre 4

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