[G.R. No. L-47051. July 29, 1988.

BLUE BAR COCONUT PHILIPPINES; CAGAYAN DE ORO OIL CO; CENTRAL

VEGETABLE OIL MANUFACTURING CO.; COCONUT OIL MANUFACTURING
(PHIL.) INC.; GRANE EXPORT CORPORATION; IMPERIAL VEGETABLE OIL CO.;
INTERNATIONAL OIL FACTORY; LEGASPI OIL CO., INC.; LIBERTY OIL
FACTORY; LUCENA OIL FACTORY, INC., AND 14 OTHER
CORPORATIONS, Petitioners, v. THE HONORABLE FRANCISCO S. TANTUICO,
JR., Acting Chairman of the Commission on Audit; and DR. GREGORIO YU,
Auditor of the Philippine Coconut Authority, Respondents.

Teodulo R. Diño and Quiason, De Guzman, Makalintal, & Barot for petitioners.

SYLLABUS

1. REMEDIAL LAW; APPEAL; MOOT AND ACADEMIC; ISSUE RAISED IN THE PETITION
RENDERED MOOT AND ACADEMIC; CASE AT BAR. — In short, whether or not the
respondent COA Chairman was correct in disregarding the two resolutions of the PCA
Governing Board for being ultra vires is the main issue in this petition. This issue
became academic when the then President of the Philippines informed the Solicitor
General that the Governing Board of the PCA would continue to function until the formal
organization of the new Governing Board. Following this ruling, the respondent COA
Chairman reconsidered his earlier stand and allowed the petitioners to get their subsidy
claims which he had earlier refused. In effect, the respondent COA Chairman eventually
acknowledged the validity of the two questioned PCA resolutions. The issue, therefore,
on whether or not the respondent COA Chairman may disregard the PCA rules and
decisions has become moot.

2. ID.; ID.; FACTUAL ISSUES; NOT COGNIZABLE BY THE SUPREME COURT; CASE AT
BAR. — It is readily apparent that we cannot resolve these issues on the basis of what
appears in this petition. There must be substantial evidence on record from where the
Court’s conclusions may be drawn. As pointed out by the Solicitor General, there are no
established facts presented which are intimately related to the legal issues raised by
the petitioners. The well-settled principle is that this Court is not a trier of facts. "Its
sole role is to apply the law based on the findings of facts brought before it." (Aspacio
v. Hon. Amado G. Inciong, Et. Al. G.R. No. L-49893, May 9, 1988).

3. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; COMMISSION ON AUDIT; JURISDICTION; SECTION 2(1),

ART. IX-D, PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION; AUTHORITY TO EXAMINE AND AUDIT FUNDS
INCLUDES SUCH NON-GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES RECEIVING SUBSIDY OR EQUITY
FROM THE GOVERNMENT. — The petitioners also question the respondents’ authority to
audit them. They contend that they are outside the ambit of respondents’ "audit" power
which is confined to government-owned or controlled corporations. This argument has
no merit. Section 2 (1) of Article IX-D of the Constitution provides that "The
Commission on Audit shall have the power, authority and duty to examine, audit, and
settle all accounts pertaining to the revenues and receipts of, and expenditures or uses
of funds and property, owned or held in trust by or pertaining to, the Government, or
any of its subdivisions, agencies or instrumentalities, including government-owned or
controlled corporation with original charters, and on a post-audit basis . . . (d) such
non-governmental entities receiving subsidy or equity directly or indirectly from or
through the Government which are required by law or the granting institution to submit
to such audit as a condition of subsidy or equity." (Italics supplied) The Constitution
formally embodies the long established rule that private entities who handle
government funds or subsidies in trust may be examined or audited in their handling of
said funds by government auditors.

4. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW; ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS; JURISDICTION; DOCTRINE

OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION; EXPLAINED; RULING IN SAAVEDRA, JR., ET. AL. VS.
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, ET. AL., G.R. NO. 80879, MARCH 21, 1988
CITED. — In view of the above considerations, we apply the principle of primary
jurisdiction: "In cases involving specialized disputes, the trend has been to refer the
same to an administrative agency of special competence. As early as 1954, the Court in
Pambujan Sur United Mine Workers v. Samar Mining Co., Inc. (94 Phil. 932, 941), held
that under the sense-making and expeditious doctrine of primary jurisdiction’ .. the
courts cannot or will not determine a controversy involving a question which is within
the jurisdiction of an administrative tribunal prior to the decision of that question by the
administrative tribunal, where the question demands the exercise of sound
administrative discretion requiring the special knowledge, experience, and services of
the administrative tribunal to determine technical and intricate matters of fact, and a
uniformity of ruling is essential to comply with the purposes of the regulatory statute
administered.’ Recently, this Court speaking thru Mr. Chief Justice Claudio Teehankee
said:" ‘In this era of clogged court dockets, the need for specialized administrative
boards or commissions with the special knowledge, experience and capability to hear
and determine promptly disputes on technical matters or essentially factual matters,
subject to judicial review in case of grave abuse of discretion, has become well nigh
indispensable.’ (Abejo v. de la Cruz, 149 SCRA 654, 675)." (Saavedra, Jr., Et. Al. v.
Securities and Exchange Commission, Et Al., G.R. No. 80879, March 21, 1988).

5. ID.; ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS; GIVEN GREAT WEIGHT AND RESPECT BY

COURTS; EXCEPTION. — It has also been the policy of the courts not to ignore or reject
as incorrect the acts and determinations of administrative agencies unless there is a
clear showing of arbitrary action or palpable and serious error.

DECISION

GUTIERREZ, JR., J.:

This is a petition for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus with preliminary mandatory

injunction to annul certain actions of respondents, the then Acting Chairman of the
Commission on Audit and the Auditor of the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA); to
prevent them from doing specified acts and to compel them to allow the payment by
the PCA of the petitioners’ subsidy claims.

On June 30, 1973, the then President of the Philippines issued Presidential Decree No.
232 creating a Philippine Coconut Authority, with a governing board of eleven
members, which was later reduced to nine by Presidential Decree No. 271 and finally to
only seven by Presidential Decree No. 623.

On August 20, 1973, the President issued Presidential Decree No. 276 establishing a
coconut stabilization fund. Under this decree, the Philippine Coconut Authority, in
addition to its powers granted under Presidential Decree No. 232, was authorized to
formulate and immediately implement a stabilization scheme for coconut-based
consumer goods, along the following general guidelines: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"a) A levy, initially, of P15.00 per 100 kilograms of copra resecada or its equivalent in
other coconut products, shall be imposed on every first sale, in accordance with the
mechanics established under R.A. 6260, effective at the start of business hours on
August 10, 1973.

"The proceeds from the levy shall be deposited with the Philippine National Bank or any
other government bank to the account of the Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund, as
a separate trust fund which shall not form part of the general fund of the government.

"b) The Fund shall be utilized to subsidize the sale of coconut based products at prices
set by the Price Control Council, under rules and regulations to be promulgated by the
Philippine Consumers Stabilization Committee." (Section 1, subparagraphs a and b,
P.D. 276).

Section 1 of the Rules and Regulations governing the collection and disposition of the
Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund (CCSF) promulgated by the Coconut Consumer
Stabilization Committee provides that the collection of levy in every first sale of copra
resecada or its equivalent in terms of whole nuts shall take effect on August 10, 1973 .
Section 2 of the Rules also states:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Start of Collection. — Starting Monday, August 20, 1973, all copra exporters, oil
millers and desiccators (hereinafter referred to as end-users) shall remit the collection
of the levy to the Committee on the basis of their receipt of delivery starting August 10,
1973 up to and including Friday, August 17, 1973. Every Monday thereafter, the end-
user shall remit to the Committee all collections on their weekly receipt of deliveries
from Saturday through Friday . . .

"Further, that contracts entered into on or before August 9, 1973 shall not be subject to
levy; provided, however, that balances undelivered to warehouses by September 10,
1973, and balances undelivered shipside by September 30, 1973 of such contracts shall
be subject to the levy (Annex "A" of petition)." (pp. 484-485, Rollo). cralawnad

The petitioners are all end-users and as such, are levy-collectors and remitters.

On January 8, 1975, the Governing Board of the PCA issued Resolution No. 01-75 which
reduced the rate of levy from P70.00 to P40.00 per 100 kilograms of copra and P110.00
to P70.00 per metric ton of husked nuts. The resolution was effective January 11, 1975.

In the meantime, on December 26, 1974, the President issued Presidential Decree No.
623 further amending Presidential Decree No. 232, as amended, by reducing the
number and changing the composition of the PCA Governing Board to seven (7)
members only.

On January 29, 1975, the same Governing Board of the PCA which issued the January
8, 1975 Resolution No. 01-75 issued Resolution No. 018-75 which deferred collection of
the CCSF levies from the desiccated coconut industry for a period not exceeding six (6)
months.

The reduced Governing Board of the PCA, constituted under PD No. 623, qualified only
on February 26, 1975.
Sometime in 1976, the respondent Acting Chairman of the Commission on Audit
initiated a special audit of coconut end-user companies, which include herein
petitioners, with respect to their Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund levy collections
and the subsidies they had received. As a result of the initial findings of the
Performance Audit Office with respect only to the petitioners, respondent Acting COA
Chairman directed the Chairman, the Administrator, and the Military Supervisor of PCA
and the Manager of the Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund, in various letters to
them (Annexes G-2, H, I, J, L and N of petition) to collect the short levies and overpaid
subsidies, and to apply subsidy claims to the settlement of short levies should the
petitioners fail to remit the amount due.

Reacting to published reports in the issue of Bulletin Today dated March 5, 1977
regarding the above findings of the respondent COA Chairman, the petitioners, as
members of the Coconut Oil Refiners Association, Inc., and other allied associations,
wrote on March 8, 1977 a letter to the said Chairman requesting reconsideration of his
action. The petitioners alleged that the supposed overpayments and/or deficiencies in
their remittances were due to the Chairman’s refusal to recognize the validity of the
resolution passed in January 1975 by the then Governing Board of the PCA.

A follow-up letter contesting the bases for the COA findings was sent by the petitioners
to the respondent COA Chairman on April 14, 1977.

On March 11, 1977, PCA Administrator Luis R. Baltazar wrote the petitioners’ counsel
informing him that the management of the PCA was willing to pay the disputed subsidy
claims provided they are approved by the representative of the Commission on Audit,
herein respondent PCA Auditor. cralawnad

The respondent PCA Auditor, however, refused to act on the matter on the ground that
the petitioners’ counsel had already written the respondent Acting COA Chairman.

On April 4, 1977, the petitioners’ counsel wrote respondent COA Chairman a letter
stating their arguments regarding the disputed subsidy claims.

On May 9, 1977, the petitioners’ counsel wrote the respondent COA Chairman
requesting early action on their March 8, 1977 letter of reconsideration.

On July 15, 1977, the Chairman of the COA Issue Committee composed of the
Philippine Coconut Oil Producers Association, inc. (PCOPA), Coconut Oil Refiners
Association (CORA), Association of Philippine Coconut Desiccators (APCD), and Soap
Detergent Association of the Philippines (SDAP) wrote a letter to PCA Administrator Luis
Baltazar requesting him to make representations with the COA to release the disputed
subsidy payments "pending resolution of the assessments" and proposing that they be
allowed to put up an appropriate bond equivalent to the amounts withheld. Baltazar
indorsed the letter to the respondent COA Chairman.

On August 24, 1977, the COA Chairman wrote PCA Administrator Baltazar that the COA
had no objection to the release of the subsidy payments pending final resolution of the
issues involved in the claims provided that the end-users posted a bond equal to the
aggregate amount of the disputed claims, issued by a surety company mutually
acceptable to the COA and PCA and certified to be in good standing by the Insurance
Commission.
On September 5, 1977, the COA Chairman again wrote the PCA Administrator. In his
letter, the COA Chairman enumerated the following conditions under which the bonds to
be posted by the coconut end-users companies would be accepted: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"a. That what will be covered by the bond shall pertain to the short levy relating to
‘ultra vires’ — ‘void ab initio’ — issued only. Deficiencies based on other reasons shall
be settled immediately by direct payment to CCSF or applying what has been withheld,
if any.

"b. That the amount of the bond shall be equivalent to the total short levy (not merely
on the amounts withheld).

"c. That the bond shall be issued by a surety company of good standing duly certified
by the Insurance Commissioner and acceptable to both the PCA and the COA.

"d. That the bond shall have no expiry date but will be contingent upon the final
decision of the issue by the President of the Philippines.

"e. That it shall be a condition in the bond that if the decision of the President is
adverse to the coconut end-user companies, they shall unconditionally agree as
principals to pay in cash immediately the full amount of short levy.

"f. That what has already been withheld as of July 13, 1977 and applied to the short
levy shall not be refunded, the filing and approval of bond notwithstanding." (p. 34,
Rollo)

A copy of the letter was sent to the United Coconut Association of the Philippines.

On September 20, 1977, the petitioners through the Chairman (COA Issue Committee,
SDAP/CORA/APCD PCOPA) wrote the PCA Administrator informing him that in a meeting
of all those concerned, "it was the consensus that the terms and conditions set by
Acting Chairman Tantuico are unacceptable." cralaw virtua1aw library

On the ground that their letter request for reconsideration dated March 8, 1977 was
deemed denied by the September 5, 1977 letter of the COA Chairman to PCA
Administrator Baltazar, the petitioners instituted the instant petition for certiorari,
prohibition and mandamus with preliminary injunction.

The petitioners contend that the respondents, COA Acting Chairman Francisco Tantuico,
Jr., and PCA Auditor have absolutely no jurisdiction to —

"1. Assess the CCSF levy against petitioners and to make them personally liable for the
payment thereof;

"2. Cause the withholding of the payments of petitioners subsidy reimbursement

claims;

"3. Set-off petitioners’ subsidy reimbursement payments against alleged CCSF levy
remittance shortages;

"4. Institute a retention scheme of subsidy reimbursement claims which adversely

affect even companies not subject to levy;
"5. Audit private corporations like petitioners;

"6. Deny to the petitioners, in effect, their constitutional right to appeal to the Supreme
Court an adverse decision of the Commission on Audit." (p. 41, Rollo).

In a resolution dated August 2, 1978, the case was endorsed to the Court en banc
which set the case for hearing. However, before the actual hearing could be held, the
Solicitor General filed a motion to cancel hearing and suspend proceedings, stating: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"This case is set for hearing on November 21, 1978 at 3:00 o’clock in the afternoon. chanrobles.com:cralaw:red

"The principal issue in this case is whether or not the two resolutions of the Philippine
Coconut Authority (Resolutions Nos. 01-75 and 018-75) issued by its governing board
after December 26, 1974 when Presidential Decree No. 623 was promulgated but
before February 26, 1975 when the PCA Board was formally reorganized under PD 623,
are null and void, which issue is dependent on the intent behind said Decree.

"The Solicitor General has consulted the President of the Philippines on the intent
behind Presidential Decree No. 623, which he has conveyed to the Commission on
Audit, on the basis of which the Commission on Audit is now reviewing the matter.

"The undersigned counsel are therefore constrained to move, as they hereby move,
that action on the instant proceedings be suspended or held in abeyance until the COA
shall have acted on the matter, which action the undersigned counsel will bring to the
Court’s attention as soon as received, to aid the Court in the resolution of this case."
(pp. 345-346, Rollo).

The motion was granted. The petitioners had no objection but manifested that
considering the length of time that this case has been pending, the COA should be
required to act and finish reviewing the matter within a reasonable period of time.

Thereafter, the Solicitor General filed a motion praying that the matter in issue be
remanded to the Commission on Audit for appropriate action consistent with the intent
behind PD No. 623 based on the following ground: chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

x          x           x

"After having been apprised by undersigned counsel that it was not the intention of the
President of the Philippines by the issuance of said P.D. No. 623 to abolish the
Governing Board of the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) as originally constituted but
merely to reorganize it by including in its composition the required management and
financial expertise, and neither was it the intention to paralyze the conduct of PCA’s
business and operations by rendering it without a Governing Board in the interim
period, from the effectivity of said P.D. No. 623 on December 26, 1974, until the formal
organization on February 26, 1975 of the Board, as reconstituted under said P.D. No.
623, the respondent Acting Chairman of the Commission on Audit informed undersigned
counsel that the Commission was reconsidering its earlier stand on the matter and that
it would take appropriate action in the premises consistent with its reconsidered
position." (pp. 357-358, Rollo)

After considering the aforesaid motion and the petitioners comment that "instead of the
case being remanded to the Commission on Audit, the respondents just be given leave
to take the `appropriate action,’ consistent with the Presidential intent in enacting P.D.
No. 623, they contemplate to do, and after the appropriate action will have been taken
by respondents, the parties shall submit to this Court the appropriate motion and
manifestation," as well as the reply of the respondents, we resolved to grant the
motion. We directed the Commission on Audit to review the matters raised in this case,
to take appropriate action in the premises, and, thereafter, to submit the appropriate
action taken to the Court within thirty (30) days from notice of resolution.

The Solicitor General then filed a manifestation to the effect that: chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

x          x           x

"2. In a Memorandum dated May 7, 1979, respondent Acting Chairman of the

Commission on Audit, thru the Commission’s General Counsel, directed the Corporate
Auditor of the Philippine Coconut Authority `to release the amount withheld from the
subsidy claims of coconut end-user companies for their short levy deficiencies as
affected by the two resolutions in question,’ copy of which memorandum said
respondent also furnished the administrator of the Authority under a letter to him dated
May 14, 1979.

3. The PCA Administrator had already ordered the department concerned to prepare the
necessary vouchers. For his part, the Auditor-in-Charge of the PCA informed the
undersigned counsel that his office ‘would process claims for the release of subsidy
payments withheld’ but that as of yesterday, May 31, 1979 `none has been submitted
for audit.’ He has, moreover, requested the proper officials of the COA Central Office to
file specimen signature cards with the PCA depository, United Coconut Planters Bank,
since he anticipates that the claims checks would, in some cases, be beyond the
countersigning authority of the Resident Auditor." (pp. 374-375. Rollo). chanrobles virtual lawlibrary

x          x           x

The Solicitor General filed another manifestation that the petitioners have already
started refiling their claims and that about 50% of them had been/or are being
processed by the Corporate Auditor’s Office.

Because of the foregoing, the Solicitor General filed a motion to dismiss the petition
giving two (2) grounds: (1) the primary issue respecting the validity of the Resolutions
Nos. 01-75 and 018-75 issued by the Governing Board of the Philippine Coconut
Authority is now moot and academic; and (2) the incidental issues are factual in nature,
the resolution of which requires presentation of evidence, and petitioners may file
appropriate pleadings with the Commission on Audit where they may adduce evidence
relevant to the issues. The Solicitor General manifested that on the basis of present
evidence, or lack of it, the respondent COA Chairman is not in a position to change his
stand on the incidental issues.

It is to be noted that the petitioners opposed the motion to dismiss which was filed on
the ground "that there are no factual issues left. The remaining issues all revolve on the
question — After the Philippine Coconut Authority — the authority vested by law to
implement the stabilization scheme for the coconut industry under P.D. 276, which
includes the collection of the levy to support the Stabilization Fund — had acted, can
the Commission on Audit say that the rules and decisions of the PCA are erroneous and
nullify them, to the prejudice of petitioners who obediently complied with said rules and
decisions?"

The above issue was raised when the respondent COA Chairman disregarded the two
resolutions (Resolution Nos. 01-75 and 018-75) of the PCA Governing Board on the
ground that the latter had no more authority to issue such resolutions because of P.D.
623 which reduced the composition of the Governing Board. The respondent COA
Chairman contended that the questioned resolutions were ultra vires, hence cannot be
enforced. It was actually the refusal of the COA Chairman to recognize the two
questioned resolutions which led to the filing of this petition.

In short, whether or not the respondent COA Chairman was correct in disregarding the
two resolutions of the PCA Governing Board for being ultra vires is the main issue in
this petition. This issue became academic when the then President of the Philippines
informed the Solicitor General that the Governing Board of the PCA would continue to
function until the formal organization of the new Governing Board. Following this ruling,
the respondent COA Chairman reconsidered his earlier stand and allowed the
petitioners to get their subsidy claims which he had earlier refused. In effect, the
respondent COA Chairman eventually acknowledged the validity of the two questioned
PCA resolutions.

The issue, therefore, on whether or not the respondent COA Chairman may disregard
the PCA rules and decisions has become moot.

In their Comment to the motion of the Solicitor General praying that the matter in issue
be remanded to the Commission on Audit for appropriate action consistent with the
aforementioned Presidential intent behind P.D. 623, and in their Memorandum the
petitioners listed the other issues involved in the petition as follows:
jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Whether or not the respondent Acting Chairman and respondent PCA Auditor acted
without jurisdiction and/or with grave abuse of discretion when they imposed the
Coconut Consumers Stabilization Fund (CCFS) levy on oral contracts which the PCA
itself the government agency implementing P.D. 276 considered as exempt because
they were perfected prior to the levy;

"Whether or not the respondents acted without jurisdiction and/or grave abuse of
discretion in that they applied and continued to apply the CCFS levy rate prevailing at
the time of delivery and refused to apply the rate prevailing at the time of the
perfection of the contract as decided by PCA:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Whether or not the respondents acted without jurisdiction and/or with grave abuse of
discretion when they imposed the CCFS levy on a delivery under an exempt contract
just because such delivery was slightly delayed whereas the PCA did not impose the
levy under the circumstances in view of force majeure situation;

"Whether or not the respondent Acting Chairman acted with lack of jurisdiction and/or
with grave abuse of discretion in disallowing the moisture content deduction on the
ground that the moisture meter used by one of the petitioners was not certified and in
thus imposing the CCFS levy on such disallowed deduction, whereas the PCA allowed
the moisture content deduction and did not impose the levy on the ground that the
transaction was not the one contemplated in RA. 1365 where a registered moisture
meter is to be used:jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Whether or not the respondent Acting Chairman acted without jurisdiction and/or
grave abuse of discretion when he declared that there were subsidy overpayments: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"a) On deliveries beyond the allocation period, whereas delivery on these sales was
authorized by the PCA Military Supervisor, which authorization was approved by the
Coconut Consumers Stabilization Committee, such delivery beyond the allocation period
being the practice; and because he insists that the settlement price should be based on
open market prices in all coconut trading areas, whereas the Price Settlement
Committee constituted by PCA, which is charged with the function of determining the
settlement price, determines the settlement price by considering the price in Metro
Manila only, said practice having been adopted for reasons of convenience and
necessity; otherwise the PCA has to check the prices all over the Philippines." (pp. 360-
362, Rollo)

Undoubtedly, the issues raised involve both actual and legal considerations aside from
requiring specialized and technical knowledge.

As the Solicitor General observed: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"Not all the issues raised in the petition are purely legal. Thus, petitioners contend: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"1. That respondents acted arbitrarily when they withheld 20% of subsidy
reimbursement claims of petitioners Liberty Oil Factory and Pacific Oil Products, Inc.,
since said petitioners were allegedly only refiners, and therefore, not levy-remitters.
The matter of whether or not said petitioners were only refiners is a question of fact.
chanrobles.com:chanrobles.com.ph
chanrobles virtualawlibrary

"2. That respondents acted without jurisdiction and/or with grave abuse of discretion
when they imposed levy on alleged oral contracts which are exempt because the same
were allegedly perfected prior to the imposition of levy (pp. 60-61 of petition).
Respondent COA Acting Chairman (thru his Audit Team) did not believe that there were
such oral contracts at all on or before August 9, 1973 on the sole basis of a purported
certification of the Manager of petitioner Royal Manufacturing Company, Inc., as to the
existence of the alleged oral contracts (pp. 6-7 of Annex G-2 of petition). Whether or
not such alleged oral contracts really existed is a question of fact that was likewise
raised in petitioners’ motion for reconsideration which should first be finally resolved by
respondents.

"3. That respondents acted without jurisdiction and/or grave abuse of discretion when
they imposed levy on a delivery under an alleged exempt contract, `just because such
delivery was slightly delayed’ allegedly due to ‘ force majeure’ (pp. 68-69 of petition).
Whether or not the delay was really caused by ‘ force majeure’ presents a factual issue.

"4. That respondents acted without jurisdiction when they ruled that the settlement
price of copra in some provinces or places exceeds the open market price, which
situation resulted in the overpayment of subsidy to petitioners (pp. 74-75, id.)
Petitioners further contend that respondent COA Acting Chairman has no authority to
substitute his judgment on the settlement price since that is allegedly the sole
prerogative of the Price Settlement Committee constituted by PCA (pp. 74-75, id.) But
if this contention of petitioners is not upheld by this Honorable Court, can this
Honorable Court completely resolve the matter raised when there is no fact admitted by
the petitioners as to whether the settlement price of copra indeed exceeded the open
market price of the same and by how much?" (pp. 490-491, Rollo).

It is readily apparent that we cannot resolve these issues on the basis of what appears
in this petition. There must be substantial evidence on record from where the Court’s
conclusions may be drawn. As pointed out by the Solicitor General, there are no
established facts presented which are intimately related to the legal issues raised by
the petitioners. The well-settled principle is that this Court is not a trier of facts. "Its
sole role is to apply the law based on the findings of facts brought before it." (Aspacio
v. Hon. Amado G. Inciong, Et. Al. G.R. No. L-49893, May 9, 1988).

The petitioners also question the respondents’ authority to audit them. They contend
that they are outside the ambit of respondents’ "audit" power which is confined to
government-owned or controlled corporations. This argument has no merit. Section 2
(1) of Article IX-D of the Constitution provides that "The Commission on Audit shall
have the power, authority and duty to examine, audit, and settle all accounts pertaining
to the revenues and receipts of, and expenditures or uses of funds and property, owned
or held in trust by or pertaining to, the Government, or any of its subdivisions, agencies
or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporation with original
charters, and on a post-audit basis . . . (d) such non-governmental entities receiving
subsidy or equity directly or indirectly from or through the Government which are
required by law or the granting institution to submit to such audit as a condition of
subsidy or equity." (Italics supplied) The Constitution formally embodies the long
established rule that private entities who handle government funds or subsidies in trust
may be examined or audited in their handling of said funds by government auditors. cralawnad

In view of the above considerations, we apply the principle of primary jurisdiction: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"In cases involving specialized disputes, the trend has been to refer the same to an
administrative agency of special competence. As early as 1954, the Court in Pambujan
Sur United Mine Workers v. Samar Mining Co., Inc. (94 Phil. 932, 941), held that under
the sense-making and expeditious doctrine of primary jurisdiction’ .. the courts cannot
or will not determine a controversy involving a question which is within the jurisdiction
of an administrative tribunal prior to the decision of that question by the administrative
tribunal, where the question demands the exercise of sound administrative discretion
requiring the special knowledge, experience, and services of the administrative tribunal
to determine technical and intricate matters of fact, and a uniformity of ruling is
essential to comply with the purposes of the regulatory statute administered.’ Recently,
this Court speaking thru Mr. Chief Justice Claudio Teehankee said: jgc:chanrobles.com.ph

"‘In this era of clogged court dockets, the need for specialized administrative boards or
commissions with the special knowledge, experience and capability to hear and
determine promptly disputes on technical matters or essentially factual matters, subject
to judicial review in case of grave abuse of discretion, has become well nigh
indispensable.’ (Abejo v. de la Cruz, 149 SCRA 654, 675)." (Saavedra, Jr., Et. Al. v.
Securities and Exchange Commission, Et Al., G.R. No. 80879, March 21, 1988). cralawnad

It has also been the policy of the courts not to ignore or reject as incorrect the acts and
determinations of administrative agencies unless there is a clear showing of arbitrary
action or palpable and serious error. Thus, we ruled in the recent case of Beautifont,
Inc., Et. Al. v. Court of Appeals, Et. Al. (G.R. No. 50141, January 29, 1988): chanrob1es virtual 1aw library

x          x           x

". . . The legal presumption is that official duty has been duly performed; (Sec. 5, m,
121 Rules of Court) and it is ‘particularly strong as regards administrative agencies . . .
vested with powers said to be quasi-judicial in nature, in connection with the
enforcement of laws affecting particular fields of activity, the proper regulation and/or
promotion of which requires a technical or special training, aside from a good
knowledge and grasp of the overall conditions, relevant to said fields, containing in the
nation (Pangasinan Transportation v. Public Utility Commission, 70 Phil. 221). The
consequent policy and practice underlying our Administrative Law is that courts of
justice should respect the findings of fact of said administrative agencies, unless there
is absolutely no evidence in support thereof or such evidence is clearly, manifestly and
patently insubstantial (Heacock v. NLU, 95 Phil. 553).’ (Ganitano v. Secretary of
Agriculture, etc., 16 SCRA 543, citing Pajo v. Ago, G.R. No. L-15414, June 30, 1960;
see also, Central Bank v. Cloribel, 44 SCRA 307, 317; Macatangay v. Sec. of Public
Works, 17 SCRA 31, citing Lovina v. Moreno, G.R. No. L-17821, Nov. 29, 1963;
Bachrach Transportation v. Camunayan, 18 SCRA 920 citing cases; Santos v. Sec. of
Public Works, 19 SCRA 637; Atlas Development Corp. v. Gozon, 20 SCRA 886;
Gravador v. Mamigo, 20 SCRA 742; Rio y Cia v. WCC, 20 SCRA 1196)." cralaw virtua1aw library

In the case at bar, the petitioners have not shown through the laying down of concrete
factual foundations that the respondents’ questioned acts were done with grave abuse
of discretion amounting to lack of jurisdiction.

WHEREFORE, IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, the instant petition is hereby DISMISSED

for lack of merit. No costs.