Determination of minimum depth of boring [As per ASCE (1972)] + Determine the net increase in the effective stress, Ds’, under a foundation with depth as shown, + Estimate the variation of the vertical effective stress, ', with depth. + Determine the depth, D at which the Ds” 110)q, ais the estimated net stress on the foundation, Soil exploration, sampling and in-situ testing «Site exploration usualy ranges from about 5 ~1.0% ofthe total "Elements of site investigation + tnfrmation to determine the type of foundation required (sallow or deep) + tnfrmation tallow the geotechnical constant to makea recommendation on the afowabie load capac ofthe foundation, + Determine the depth, D = Dz at which the Ds/su',= 0.05. + Choose the smaller of the two depths, Dy and Dz, as the approximate minimum depth of boring required, unless bedrock is encountered, + Sufficient datylab tests to make settlement predictions. + Location of ground water table. + Information so that the identification and solution of. construction problems (sheeting & dewatering or rock ‘excavation) can be made. + Identification of potential problems (settlements, existing damage etc) concerning adjacent property. + Identification of environmental problems and their solution.Methods of exploration ‘Auger boring Depths up to about 35 + Alll soil m + Difficulty in gravelly soil Rotary drilling Allsoils ‘Wash boring Depths up to about 70 Allsoils Percussion drilling Depths up to about 70 Allsoils ‘Test pits & open cuts Depths usually less All soils than 6m + Sample disturbance also depends on the ratio of the volume of soil displaced to the volume of collected sample, expressed as an Area Ratio (A) Ar = "2 x 100 ® Where D, = outside diameter of tube, D,= inside diameter of cutting edge of tube * Well designed sample tubes should have an Area Ratio of less than about 10%. Soil sampling + Disturbed sample + Undisturbed sample + This nearly impossible to obtain undisturbed samples of cohesiontess material for strength testing, + Sample disturbance depends on factors such as rate of penetration, whether the cutting force is obtained by pushing or driving, and presence of gravel + For sand, L25.10D, + For clay, L2 10-1 + Common Dy:51, 64, 76 & 89 mm + Another term used in estimating the degree of disturbance of 5D, a cohesive or rock core sample is the Recovery Ratio (L,). Actual length of recovered sample 7 Theoretical lengiho| recovered sample b= ‘Where, recovered length of sample = the length of sampler was forced into the stratum.+ L,of 1 indicates that, theoretically, the sample did not become ‘compressed from friction on the tube. + 1,> 1 indicates a loosening ofthe smple from rearrangement of stones, roots, removal of preload, or other factors. + Counting the number of blows to drive the sampler the last two 150 mm distances (total = 300 mm) to obtain the N number, + Using a 635 kg, height of 760 mm. 1g mass (or hammer) falling free froma Standard Penetration Test (SPT) [As per ASTM D 1586] + Currently the most popular & economical means to obtain, sub-surface information. The test consists of + Driving the standard split-barrel sampler a distance of 460 ‘mm into the soil atthe bottom of the boring, Procedure + The exposed drill rod is referenced with three chal marks 150 mm apart, and the guide rod is marked at 760 mm (for manual hammers). +The assemblage is then seated on the soil in the borehole. + Next the sampler is driven a distance of 150 mm to seat ton "undisturbed soil, with this blow count being recorded,+The sum of the blow counts for the next two 150 mim. is used as the penetration count N unles increment cannot be completed, the last + In this case, the sum of the first two 150 mm penetrations is recorded as N. + The boring log shows refusal and the test is halted if + Bo blowe are required for any 150 mm increment. +100 blows are obtained to drive the required 300 mm. + 10 succerrve blows produce no advance. + Kovacs & Salomone (1982) reported actual input driving nergy E, tothe sampler ranged from 30-80% + N value increases if Liner is used inside the sampler. + N should be larger for soils with OCR > 1 and larger relative density. + N values are smaller if effective overburden pressure py’ is smaller (near the ground surface) for soils of same density +N values increase with the increase in degree of cementation, Input driving energy + Blow count would be directly related to the driving energy. Ein 3) and v= V2gh 6b) + Substituting Eq. (3b) into Eq (23). Fg = EX Ggh) = wh 69 Where, W = weight of hammer, Standardization of SPT + SPT should be standardized to some energy ratio E, Acenl mame energy to romper Eee input nergy in ” + Since there is a wide scatter in E, and the resulting blow count N when itis reasonable to expect there should be a unique N for the soil at some depth, itis suggested the drill system dependent F, be referenced to a standard energy ratio value Ee+ In this way, a dill rig with, say E, = 45 would, on adjustment to the standard Ej, compute approximately the same N count from a drill rig with E, = 70, + The standard blow count Noy is given by Nag = Gy XN 3 Xa Xa 4 ° Where, hy = adjustment factors such as hy is for hammer, hz borehole rod length correction, hs is sampler correction, hy diameter correction. ms = 75 = 35 SPT Correlations «The SPT is used in corelations for + Unt weight g + Relative density, DB, + Angle of internal fetion, + Unconfined compressive strength, da + Bearing capacity of foundations, + stress-strain modulus, E, Na’ = adjusted N using the subscript for the Ey =70 (Cy = adjustment for effective overburden pressure ps’ (kPa) ILiao & Whitman 1986] (exe + Note that larger values of E, decrease the N value nearly linearly Epa x Ny= Era XN o fVeN = 4.5N70 +20 0 D.VaN Wt = 32 + 0.288 py" ® Where, po’ is in kPa, D-is in % Also $ = 28 + 0.150, , Dyis in % [Meyerhof, 1959] QeVsN Qe= KN3o 0 ‘Where, k tends to be site dependent & generally equal to 12SPT Correlations the current practice of recovering samples and routinely inspecting them, performing on-site q, tests with a packet ‘penetrometer or using an UCS test device, itis not necessary. to use strength correlation. Cone Penetration Test (CPT) [As per ASTM D 3441] + It is used particularly for soft clays, soft silts and in fine to medium sand deposits + It is not well accepted to gravel deposits or to stfffhard cohesive deposits Design N value + Early recommendations were to use the smallest N value in, the boring or an average of all ofthe values for the particular stratum, + Current practice is to use an average N but in the zone of major stressing. + For example, for a spread footing the zone of interest is from about one-half the footing width I above the estimated base location to a depth of about 26 below. Nav = 2% (weighted average) 0) Procedure + The test consists of pushing the standard cone into the ground ata rate of 10 to 20 mnysec and recording the resistance. + The total cone resistance is made up of side friction on the cone shaft perimeter and tip pressure + Data usually recorded are the cone side resistance qq, point resistance qeand depth. * Pore pressure, vertical alignment and temperature can be recorded if allowed by the equipment configuration. ye cone system is stationary initially.+The cons ‘cone tip and a short length of cone shaft. This action measures is advanced by pushing an inner rod to extrude the the tip resistance qo +The outer shaft is now advanced to the cone base, and skin resistance is measured as the force necessary to advance the shaft + Now the cone and sleeve are advanced in combination to obtain a que 4c +e CPT Corzelations + q.vs undrained shear strength (S,) c= Sut Po aa) ‘Where pp = ge = overburden pressure where qc is measured, ‘This parameter i in the unit of qcand same type pf pressure (cffective or total), Ni = cone factor & has been found to range {from 5-75 based on plasticity index (,) Friction Ratio (f) x 100 (%) a + The friction ratio f is used for soil classification, Soil Sensitivity (S) sae a2) Where fis in %. J vs unconfined compression strength (q,) Ge = 825.14 1.07644 (1s) Where both q. and qq are in kPa, + qc vs relative density (D,) + The curves are for normally consolidated cohesionless material + qcvs SPT N value 96 = KN (05) Where k ranges from 0.1 ~ 1.0 [Ramaswamy etal. 1982], qcis in MPa,Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) [As per IS: 4968-1976] + A cone is driven into the ground in the same way as SPT, but tinlike in SP, there is ne probing involved, +18 code recommends 50 mm & 60 mm diameter cones with apex angle of 6. + However 65 mm cone is preferable a it yields more consistent relationship with SPT values [Mohan etal. 1970] + Neve STN value neat a) ‘Where Neand N are blow count values from DCPT and SPT for corresponding depths in the same soil C= 08 -1.2 when bentonite is used with 65 mm cone. +News SPT N value ‘When bentonite is not used then N.=1.5 N for depths up to.3 m. And N,=175.N for depths between 3 & 6 m. + When depth of investigation is more than 6 m, bentonite or mud slurry is recommended as otherwise friction on the rods would be tremedous, + Curve is plotted for number of blows (N,) per 300 mm of penetration vs. depth. + Neneeds to be corrected for overburden pressure in cohesionless soil line N values of SPT. DCPT Correlations Limitations + No samples or only wash samples are obtained. + Presence of gravels/boulders within the soil strata can give misleading results.Plate Load Test (PLT) [As per ASTM D 1194] Procedure + Load test on small steel plates of diameters from 0.3 - 0.75 m or squares of side 0.3 x03 m & perhaps 06 x0.6 m. + Bxcavate a pit to the depth the test isto be performed «The tes pt shouldbe atleast times as wide asthe plate & to the depth of foundation. + After the load is released, the elastic rebound of the soil should be recorded for a period of time at east equal to the time duration of a load increment. Interpretation + Where the load vs, settlement approaches the vertical, one interpolates quy- + Sometimes, qunis obtained as that value corresponding to a specified displacement say 25 mm. + Aload is placed on the plate & settlements are recorded from dial gauge. + Load increment should be approximately 15 th of the estimated bearing capacity of the soil, + Time intervals of loading should not be less than 1 hr & should be approximately of the same duration for all the load increments. +The test should continue until a total settlement of 25 munis obtained or until the capacity of the testing apparatus reached + For clay soils quris i dependent of footing width, Gutefoundation = Aultplate an + For sands, utefoundation= utiptae| as) + Bg, 18 is not recommended unless the Breeneaine/ Bye is not ‘much more than about 3