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Vega BSM 3
Activity 1.
Respiratory System and its function.
1. Antitussives
Act centrally to suppress the medullary cough center or locally to increase secretion and buffer
irritation to act as local anesthetics.
Indicated for common cold, pharyngitis and pneumonia with unproductive cough.
Drugs that cause local vasoconstriction and decrease blood flow to the irritated and dilated
capillaries of the mucous membrane lining the nasal passages thus causing shrinking of the mucous
membranes and a reduction in fluid secretion.
Competes with histamine for receptor sites/ blocks the effects of histamine bringing relief of
patients suffering for itchy eyes, swelling, congestion and drippy nose.
3. Mucolytics
Works to break down mucus in order to aid in the high risk respiratory patients in coughing up
thick, tenacious secretions.
4. Expectorants
a. Non selective adrenergic drugs- beta 1 (cardiac) and beta 2 (respiratory) activities (epinephrine SQ,
IM)
Exhibit both beta 1 and beta 2 agonist activity wherein their main action is on the bronchial
smooth muscle as well as the heart. Isoproterenol (Isuprel) SL Inhalation IV
Since it possess a weak beta 1 response, less risk of cardiotonic side effects. It relaxes bronchial
smooth muscle relieving bronchospasms increasing vital capacity and decreasing resistance of
bronchial smooth muscle relieving bronchospasms increasing vital capacity and decreasing
resistance of bronchial airways. Isoetharine (Bronkosol)- inhalation.
They are longer acting and they have fewer cardiovascular side effects. Albuterol (Proventil,
Ventolin- inhalation. Syrup, tablet.
II. Bronchodilators / Antiasthmatics / Xanthines / Methylxanthines
Stimulates the central nervous system and respiration, dilate coronary and pulmonary vessels
and causes diuresis.
Indicated for patients who are not able to tolerate the sympathetic effects of
sympothomimetics, dilates bronchioles.
VI. Mucolytics
VII. Antimicrobials
Janine S. Vega BSM 3
Activity 2
1. Types of Anti-Bacterial
a. Penicillin
natural antibacterial agent obtained from the mold genus Penicillin.
“miracle drug” during world war I
Indicated for the treatment of streptococcal infections including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, scarlet
fever, endocarditis. High Doses are used to treat meningococcal meningitis.
Example Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Ciclacillin
b. Cephalosporins
They have beta lactam structures and act by inhibiting the bacterial enzyme that is necessary for
cell wall synthesis.
Nephrotoxicity is associated with the use if cephalosporins particularly in patients with renal
insufficiency.
Examples Cephalexin, Cefadroxil, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone
c. Macrolides
Bactericidal and bacteriostatic. Interferes with protein synthesis is susceptible bacteria.
Indicated for treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, intestinal amoebiasis.
Examples Erythromycin (E-mycin), Azithromycin (Zithromax).
d. Tetracyclines
They were the first broad- spectrum antibiotics effective against gram (-) and gram (+) bacterias
and many other organisms such as myobacteria, rickettsiac, spirochetes
Example: Tetracycline ( Terremycin ) – shot acting. Doxycycline ( Vibramycin ) – long acting.
e. Lincosamides
Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions,
depending on drug dosage.
Example: Clindamycin, Lincomycin
f. Aminoglycosides – bacteria
Group of powerful antibiotics used to treat infections.
Adverse effects include ototoxicity – irreversible deafness, confusion, numbness, tingling and
weakness, palpitations, hypo or hypertension.
Examples:
Amikacin (Amikin)- for short term use only because of potential nephrotoxity and ototoxicity.
Gentamycin (Geramycin) – used orally for hepatic coma.
Kenamycin (Kantrex) – used for hepatic coma
Neomycin – milder, used to suppress GI bacteria preoperatively.
Streptomycin – very toxic to the 8th cranial nerve and kidney. Used as combination therapy for
Tuberculosis.
g. Fluroguinolones
New class of antibiotics in which the mechanism of action is to interfere with the enzyme DNA
Gyrase, which is needed to synthesize bacterial DNA.
Useful in the treatment of UTI, bone and joint infections, bronchitis, pneumonia, gastroenteritis
and gonorrhea.
Example:
Ciprofloxacin (Ciprobay) – for UTI
Cinoxacin (Cinobac) – acute and chronic UTI’s.
Levofloxacin (Levox, Levaquin) – respiratory tract infection.
Gatifloxacin (Tequin) – for respiratory, UTI’s prostatitis and skin infections.
Trovafloxacin (Trovan) – to treat acute sinusitis, chronic bronchitis.
h. Peptides
2 groups as antibiotics
Polymyxines (Aerosporins)
Useful when bacterial is resistant to other antibacterial drugs.
Can caused nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity (numbness, tingling of extremeties,
paresthesia and dizziness).
Beacitracin (Bacitracin – USP) – available in ointment form.
2. Antituberculosis Drugs
Mycobacterium Tubercle Bacillin
Causative organism for tuberculosis
Slow-growing treatment must be continued for 6 to 2 years.
Primary Anti TB drugs (First line drugs)
More effective and less toxic.
a. Isoniazid (INH)
May be used at any age and among pregnant women.
Side effects: peripheral neuritis, hepatotoxicity.
Administer Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) to prevent peripheral neuritis
Used as prophylaxis for 6 months to 1 year.
b. Streptomycin
Side effects: ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity.
c. Rifampicin
Side effects: red orange color to body secretions, hepatotoxicity, nausea and vomiting,
thrombocytopenia.
d. Ethanbutol
Side effects: optic, neuritis, skin rush
1. 3 Categories of Adrenergics
Stimulates or causes the release of cathecolamines from the storage sites in the nerve endings
which binds with the receptor to cause a response.
Both directly stimulates the receptor by binding to it and indirectly stimulating the receptor by
causing the release of the neurotransmitter stores in vesicle of the nerve endings.
3. Stages of anesthesia
Analgesia- begins with consciousness and ends with loss of consciousness. This is induction
stage.
Excitement or delirium – loss of consciousness caused by depression of the cerebral cortex.
Surgical – procedure is performed.
- Anesthesia deepens, respirations become more shallow and respiratory rate is
increased.
Medullary Paralysis – toxic stage of anesthesia
o Respiration are lost
o Circulatory collapse occurs
o Ventilator assistance is necessary