Exam 2020

Exercise 1

Question 1)
Determine a solution for x0 to the system when a=-1, b=0:

(1.1)

(1.2)

Now this we can solve by hand!

(1.3)

If we set t = 0, we have a solution [-5/2,-5/2,0]

Question 2)
The values are kept at a=-1, b=0. state a vector that spans a solution!

We found the parametric representation, so a vector is:

t* [-2,1,1]

Question 3)
Now a = 1, what are the values of b that have a solution.
 (1.4)

(1.5)

If b-5 is different from 0, we have a problem! rank T is larger than rank A, meaning there is no solution!

0 x + 0 y + 0 z = b-5. b HAS to be equal to 5!

Question 4)
Keep a=1, b=5, now find the solutions.

(1.6)

(1.7)

This is the parametric representation!

(1.8)
 (1.9)

(1.10)

t has to be 0!, then

(1.11)

here t has to be 1!, so and .

Question 5)
Examine if there are other possibilities for a and b.

(1.12)

must be 0, otherwize rank(T)>rank(A). If a is not -1 or 1, it is impossible to have a solution.

if a=1, b must be 5, as seen in Question 3). (to avoid rank(T)>rank(A))

if a = -1, b must be 0, as seen in Question 1). (to avoid rank(T)>rank(A))

For all these values, there are infinite solutions, meaning that no (a,b) exist that have exactly 1 solution!
Exercise 2

Question 1)
a particular solution is:

(2.1)
Determine a and b. This is done by inserting to the differential equation!

(2.2)

(2.3)

A la main solve a and b!

Now we have an equation:

(2.4)

(2.5)

Question 2)
Determine for homogeneous equation.

This you should know by hand! . where P(t) is the integral of p(t) in the standard
form!

(2.6)

(2.7)
Question 3)
This you should know!
So we have:
The only place a constant can be changed is in , meaning that:
1) Correct, 2) Correct, 3) Not possible.

Question 4)
Use structural theorem:

As explained above, xp is a particular solution, and the only constant is in xh.

Question 5)
This you should know!
If you have solutions with , then the solution is:

(2.8)

Thus the roots are: .

Question 6)
Now we want to find the values of k such that .

(2.9)

(2.10)

we have found the values for k1 and k2!

Exercise 3

Question 1)
Explain that dim(U) = 0

the dimension of U is equal to the rank of U!

(3.1)
 (3.2)

Indeed, the dimension of U is 2!

To get an orthonormal basis, we apply the Gram-Schmidt method!

(3.3)

0 (3.4)
The dot product shows that the 2 vectors are orthongonal.

(3.5)
Both vectors have length = 1, So we have an orthonormal basis!

Question 2)
U is the kernel of the linear map, which means that any vector in U, when applied to the linear map f,
will yield 0. Therefore U is an eigenspace where .

(Linear map: can be written as ).

Since ( ) and ( ) and both in U, applying the linear map to them will also yield 0!

Question 3)
Since U is 2 dimensional (has 2 eigenvectors that span U), the map has 2 eigenvalues equal to 0. The last
eigenvalue is given as 4.

Since is the orthogonal complement to U, we can simply use the CrossProduct to find a vector
orthogonal to both and .
 (3.6)

(3.7)

(3.8)

The matrix is a diagonal matrix with the eigenvalues of the linear map!
We need to put them in the same order as the eigenvectors in Q:

(3.9)

We check that :

(3.10)

We can now find the mapping matrix eFe!

 (3.11)

Question 4)
We want a mapping matrix such that (1,2,3) is in the linear map, in other words, (1,2,3) is a column
vector of eGe.

We add a 3rd linearly independent vector in eMu:

(3.12)

We now want v1 to map to 0, v2 to map to 0, BUT, we want v3 to map to [1,2,3]:

(3.13)

Getting eGe we need eGu . uMe:

(3.14)

We now hate a linear map that fulfills (1,2,3)2g( )!

(3.15)
 (3.16)

(3.17)

So both v1 and v2 belong to U, which is also what we want.