2236 TH DIMAS oF UBERAL DEMOCRACY INTHE 19208 During Woeld War, American farmers expanded prution enormous ander 1919 pene inpostibe to retur to prewer patos of trade, agricultural and other thts input boca ofthe tari walls aad economic natonasm of the ans new Tnlons but aso because “overpraductie" Ameccan ogeculture worked to depress ‘reitoel pees in Bure, angeing andradcalzing Furope’s peasantry, alas that {moat cumries had lo ben uncomfortable with peincples of re rae. The d= fomten of furupe’s peasaney with the ups and downs ofthe ree market tad ben anlar enough etwees 1815 and 1914, but Ube downward plunge of Nowmber 11929 prove obethe big one” asst of earthquas, in both severly and dura- tion macking theend ofthe relates optimistc 1920s andthe beginning the deeply tcoubled 19305. By the eri 1930s era democrat parliamentary rule had been severely disceed- uel ear everyere Europe’ major economies were dependent upon American Investments, whether directly oF indict, and when American investors began to tithdrye invest fonds rom Butope~ actualy beginning in 1928 bat with special tracy ler the sock markt crash- many European economies went nto fetal BY 1532 the dst! peuction of Germany and the Uae States had deopped nearly 50 percent unemployment reached around 6allion in Germany and 12 milion n he Ted States The perdesof the radical ight and gained new appeal (tobe explored inChapter 18), whereas inthe forme srt empire Stalin's eadership of what came to Tetermod the Soviet Experiment ioved Only into unknown eeritorycontradllory. rpeting, and in many wis ling tobe dlscussed in Caper 17 Farther Reading eu lisoresof modern Grane Mary Plo, isi of Garman The De [itr 914-2008, 2008) an thos of he Nal pd ae Cheper 1) hae penn hap- Toren bw sl why democrey an the Wear Repl An ols lngstandard ask ‘50: Wil lei’ arma rid Doce 965) Fetters berg Ln Humanist os (1987) can sera an stro utter they France in he rw years (st eevarl i the opr ‘ropter oe Cher 19h he ees ted fre 1938. "Th et epee nthe years promoatbly assed in Sel Hee’ Bish asin te Coleco (1969). Thc thecomom mp of eal fein the ner years Soe Kine The Wilt Inbar, 1929-1939(0979 17’ Stalinist Russia and International i Communism the county's pga AMhough god water michesdo oweve. the contradictions Mla Mae m5 ds Pts AC em 2013 Abert Unset 205 or We ectas the mes Communion sil re Raa i newly aan Tae cc appalel Nankncoaped wir ssc, inte Rann eran ese he ig pow World War a cto appear, in their Communist and Nazi incarnations, the voice ther may opt ar thot oh Dereon nat 1929 the aa aeration cobecivnton ad thee jer lan n Ras “tae ies, laughable even, only ri ernie wnat ig aga ely eer ay neste te pont Peng tested neat Ba ne mata diferent Stalin active as tthe repr thee Me store and ersnaliles were markodh a Concur ciaertgteat apenas cies tise tga Umea the pry congres of 1939, hee come a towering perece By ta yar teehee ‘ vast expanses and the dversity of is rons only ‘ruler with great ones ‘ould prove nt the tart empire rem dsolving int chaos. That argument came tha eee os ‘now t preserve Communist rule and save “the revolution, ‘Schr fobs conde oi 24a that sot soto ell owe ssa not a Napoleon: that is, not | Snaeeee tent gemaaeon ‘evolatonary in Georgi, on ‘The 1920s; Lingering Dilemmas and the Industriallzation Debate hd ing hao 9-2 oer etn ven taee nese tench deena he FEMS os medyoesearcrl ace Tener a shee melo chen a ace me “eta erty eee te eCity dt mora ei . een it onion a ie fea: eattanin 1924 Other liom sgh ie tts yet nt eb 13 are aero tissue tatoos cso: ey eae hte mel acta ean tier tore In the estimation of most Bolshevik leaders, however, the mismatch ruler and led the dlemma of proletarian revoltionaris ring a bourgeis peas coat, bad by 20 means boon resolved in ts fst tag. the NEP was heat some 'ecoherent response tothe increasingly violent opposition to Bosker ale ee March 1921, the lsheiks seemed tobe assuming conllatory posure neon Soci and ultra erm However, Bolshevik rule became ever mene ditto, The Increse emphasis on the ned for a mlitaryledsipline within the Destoolk Far ‘a palpably related the recognition by pry lode’ othe prave dangers actin allsm, given the partys declining popu apport Bolsevik leaders, then, prsenied contradictory faces to the ret ofthe wor in the «tly 1920s. On the one hand, they expressed a dese to have the Soviet Uno eco nied as normal sovereign state. On te other, the Communit Inertial Cont ted is actives, under Bolshevik direction, in uding up Communist parts out Russa, wich thee too obvious ulimate ga of avclent overthrow of eer secon states The NEP also had its contractions, in thot hy is wey nature the coor ‘eoovery ofthe NEP conisiuted to anssety about he ature and to growing lcs thin the par: These diferences were expeessed in what has oten Boe dsb a the indstrilzation debt.” in which the partys right or iveral wing called ox a ) and the arty’ et wing looked 1 an accelerated an "cereus of att stomth, linked to renewed empass on fomenting world revelation (ermuneat evolution) Homer the terms of debates 50 often with Russian Maram tay nisundee stood Aside fom the fact hat “earl” Soviet Rasa thse leds te ‘08 relation to what those terms meant elsewhere all Bolshevik leaders wpreed thet Soviet Rusia or te immediate fire needed industralie on ts or, wh nos niflcan id rom outside the country. Sinan all rect tha hele ios ok {Communism in Russia could only come afer the hose captalist world ed el ‘umb éo proletarian revolution. The diflerences between the ght and nthe Bolshevik Putty had most fundamentally wo do with attitodes to the peasants How uch should they be coer bythe sae in onder to the ane tgs promt desived rom such coercion for Investment in eaty indusey?roskye) the ‘hoaght the coercion shouldbe stepped up wth an emphasis the most rap pea stowth of wy industry and indus tnastracture. whereas the sgt ed SBokharn. believed in continuing the more operative sta in regan to the peat ‘i relatively ree market and an emphasis on the proton of consumer soe ta ‘atistled peasant demands. Buen argued tht touch "guessing thepecanes {hrestened io alienate them oa dangerous degree. Hukharin andthe pasty ret wing ‘made much ofthe ned to preserve the delicate sme. the pocalaecostrat, union” thot Russia's peasantry and proletariat had etablisied,scconng offal loci. under Blsheie leadership, "ven the terms “cooperation” ws. “oreo” tend to oversimplif: inealfons of ‘e party recognized the ned fr both the diferetces came down toa alert ens eather than starkly diferent paths at east unt early 1928, Bt matters here er complicated bythe fact that these diferent peresptions of ht wos eau ‘sonomically became intertwinad with the sigue for power among, Leis STALINIST WSSIA AND HTERNATIONA COMMUNISM 239240 eatenants. Lenin had been in poor helt since the mle of 1921 when he ha su fered a il heart attack, bot in mi 1922 be sllered a paralysing stoke and party Tenders hel ther breaths es thee sein replceale leader lingered between ick rnessand health rover eas with periods recovery followed byelapses. On anoary [311924 afer slfenng a farther tok, he was nally ld tors, Just short of fity-four years of spe Tenis death let'a chasm and & hugely problematic legacy AS Maras, the Bolsheviks were commited to abel inthe owe f impersonal forces, notin personalitin bot they nonetles aly recognized that Lni’s personal roe had ren crucial in the creton of the Bolshevik Party inthe success of the November Revolution, and In the survival of the Bolshevik regime thereafter. Akhough often tknounced as aspirin the prewar perio, Lenin Was nonetheless credited afer 1917 with keeping party diferenees within manageable propodons. only barely ‘Already by his mites he was being referred as start the od man)-He gradually tron the respec of hs younger hewtenats, whe fin difered with him bat ultimately ‘accep his dein By the time of isis stroke, Lenin had boeome the undisputed leader not only of ‘theparty but also of the entre Soviet nation the Vos leader” aterm with chris Imatc connotations much Uke Duct, term that was coming into usage i the erty 1920s in Fascist aly or Per which would later be applied to Hitler). Alhough Lenin resisted flitery and adulation remarkable personality clt began to grow up ‘round him: Statues posters. and books poring him proliferated. Prtogeod was enamel Leningradin 1924. His embslmed remains were put on public display that ussas masses could she by in veneration, His mausoleam served as a farther ‘Symbol of the contradictions ofthis regime ~led by modern revoltionaies who ‘Seapine te superstions ofthe past But who were perfecdy wing to explo them ‘when was ws 0 dos. ‘Some seers ave specalse that Lenin bd lived normale span the authoe- ity he eojoyed would have allowed him to guide the country in ection less horret- ‘dus than thoe ofthe next tm dcades Others have suggested tht. aterm of bls Sulsequeat reputation, Lenin was icky tohave ded when he di forthe county faced Sich immense challenges that no single man. however capable could have avoided futhesy harsh means in confronting them. Aside trom the catastrophic mata Toss ofthe years 1974 to 1921, by the ine of Lenin's death, corruption, cynic. ‘and planincompetence inthe Party andtate wererampant A thought haunted many {Coil the Reldhik Revnstion have Boon some sorte deeadal mistake. a "wrong turn’ that history” had smebow made? Stalin's Victory in the Struggle for Power In January 1924, twas obvious that none of Lenin's eutenans conld replace hi "They spoke caer hallow of “collects ladership” that woud follow Lenin Pncipes” However, those principles were miro n ambiguities they "wrked” nly Inhen Lenin was present to providetheir"cortec™ interpretation and application, which ten enough seed to violate the peineples he had only recently proclaimed, eer 171 clan rein’ starts, Th pega wana oein tha San aed. Sac SEP Get ages onthe correct side of history, that rect, whatever means nacesary. ‘sew model of how the party coud be led was also dd not rely upon the threat of vieence st “therevoltion” asthe end that aed In tospac can eng ony ine oe ta east not at frst. es 7 of tein bat though bs eer Bowes bis arty maces incomarabiarett mptane oa anor loyal ons ee ot tao Tet nto wept Sacs neat in weenie danas bt aed pry. dita se Sti’ ear sie was his ee a conc. 17.1 Taps ata apiece seemed Tenia’ most likly sensor He was adie for hian tela liane and elebeted or bisects olesin the revolution and cvlwa, uth was aso notorious for his aerogance, oay nothing of hisll-concealed contempt fo man other party leader, Trosky may have been widely venerated by the party ak and ile but he was also died and feared by many party leaders ‘Stlnffectivey played apoa ne apprehensions eter Teeders had about Trashy’ anions, and he oten brought upto ling fle. Trotsky’ ferocious doctrinal eon troverses with Lenn before 1974, As head of the Red Army athe tne of Lenin's {lat res could hve potently calle gpon the ultimate source of power ina Shown but hed nt use Quite the contrary he was solnfent on demonstrating fs lek of Napoleonic abtions ~ de anforgivable sia foe Maris ~ hatin early 1925 bellowol isa posts to ip fom his ras. Tray ley meee extent ofthe eppensins about hr, ade shared he fuer he ther Boldevik leaders in notresoanlang Stalin's cunning,Stalin'petsonal ‘ie no dub lacked Teta’ ence at Stlsts would later mock Sains ow Ly singe and rept prose "Dats (ater his orginal Georgian nas ‘ere Dahugasv). butte simple ra sat Stalin plodding in se, was more {Meee anc ily move ntelget than was ally recogni rosky and mony ther ntectualsin the party coe never ute grasp the exten ofthat inteligence. ‘Stas contro the pert 8 sensor in Yarous pry votes had become exten sive by 1927 end 30 foo ws his contol rough the Cominter, ofthe Communist pares pts Russia Hs apd set len talus in those artes may be considera ‘Repay inthat he wos not known for any prominent olen the revolution and had thot even stended the Comintern's Best mesings- Stalin spoke no wesern-uropean Tanguage and had spent nosigicant ime n Europ, In the 1920s he wasn 0 pos tout ake the kinds of appointments tothe leading positions of western Communist, partite wes making the varios braches of dhe Part in Russia The simplest explanation of Stalin's rapid te to prominence and popularity inthe non Russan pares was that those partis andthe Comintern had been “Sttiate”— by toe Bolhevik leaders ~ although the process was desrbed at that time as “olsbevtation.* "The pont i revealing io regard to the long-standing debate aboot Sow much Stalin corrupted the principles of Lenin In fact from the beginning ‘the Folseviks ale the Comintern "Staiaistials” Coiray othe official postion {that the Comintern was ule by is einer Communist pais) twas in truth led truck asthe Bolshevik Party ise Rosia was ruled ~by a party elite, from the top hn, tery intolerant of assent Stalin and the Jewish Question in the Bolshevik Party Statin as lender of the Soviet Union bocame Stalin the personification of “the ‘Nolin tobe petectedaallcots for those Communists outside Rusia who had [o'r Elle) to make thee own revoluon, The Stanization of the non-Russian Communist partes alo old promoting &dlferent lass of ears, men of lower (Gs cig Ie euated and sinc less nteectal than those who had headed “ne pram thetfest few years These new party aes were also es often af Jewish {Mckgcoundpuralling the tea side Rosia i te 1920s fr "workers from the tench oh rms tothe uppers irewards 1ere was, then, i: ine Pr ro 897-8 St od a toto ie nai reo daca tal eo font hn th a ni es rip ts ‘cad ati ings were nthe nel ppt aioe en ae ‘ary was rng cahatic ts ppulra to ase fen such a Tey oe Kamen) Leis succesor Sta, re not Ruan, we ue acee nown for making cade emer -mainspeing of every subversive teRuniane sel ey sversie ment and bad eeipel ieee oe ico thc eben] the uipte mas none eee ls he a thr srg pared cated vhs Baber etn ‘at rom had ben primal sap nh tn ong 7th acl el was fleet a tet ana oa withsch fest here wos el ‘ths es three area tht news had ely ae soy: The oon. bil end pum pom a ews in Eo hehe ae Canty enhance 1917 even le ma 7, even wl the mas ofthe es Poor. ewes. and vlnenble pal ae 1929, = eh Pun rene oor wea cee tree inet wltaccepted, as they later ad played a major ole at the Pars Peace Confrence ompiont the minor tees: The new Wena epics ees the role Jews had plage in is oration, 7 intry in which Jews played a dominant role. oe Scere teense anette an ime. as Churehil charged. SSLA AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM 243a state and another headed the Communist ternational Jews were expecially numer ‘usin the party controlled pres, andthe Beshevk Party secretary fom 1917 1g 1922 ‘as Jw replced by Stalin tn rat. care were ew arenas of atheeity and int fence in the new regi In which Jews were not strongly overrepresented in elation to ‘hee percentoge ofthe general population. However. majority of Rusa’ Jews were hot Bolsheviks, and Ralshevikjews were noreligiosfows. ln act religious ews ended {oer the Haass a leas emia x Casta i for the simple reason that the Bolsheviks were opponents of ll elon but also because revolutionary Jews were blvd toring dcr and acing threat of volence-toal Jews Collectivization and the Five-Year Plan Stalin's rie to leadership of the Bolshevik 2urty represented a kind of solution to the ‘iernas left by Lenin's death (hats, bow the party was to function). A larger ‘one remained: how to rconcil rule by Ue party of the pecetariat in acount that remained cverwiclningly peasant Bakara, one of Stlnsales in deleting Toth, ‘conned to argue that preserving the NEF wa te best wa to ull scam none ‘oun, Bathe had also bog to rethink xe of his postons, troubled ashe was by the many emerging problems asoiated with the NEP One of particlar importance twas the NEP slow pace in uldig heaty nds. gt the widespeea bei nthe Party thatthe coptat powers wire intrt an ovethroving the Soviet repime. War scares epetely arose underlining the pal of Russ vulerabiy to invasion. ‘akarin ada basc concern: to presere as muchas possible the peasant-poletar- ian nes (amg of 1917 In ae 1927 hs concer was suey eval tobe Juste, when run procurements trned dato be oly hal of what they ad been a eat before in a sina period. The reasons weed clear Those peas wth sep fran o ober agrculaal prods to sell were wo longer dolng so largely because the Imarket prices for agricultural goods, whic were subject o manipulation bythe sate, Jha dropped olny, Bukhara argued tha the crs could be overcome by allowing sgrcultrl pices to rise higher and by dusting te product ofthe indostial vector Inthe discon of providing more consumer goods of the sort dhe peasantry would ‘vant to buy rather than the state concentnting on hesry inne and aking a ‘Sractre), But many party lenders were alm eves inclined o pune bythe sudden ‘ropin grin procurements Sain apparent conctded that ths hosrdng represented 'portentous challenge to Balsheie rule, oe that rogue e resolute response. nt the ‘concessions and compromises favored by Bukhari, ‘Other developments by te late 1920s hud conte to grumbling and ring content in the parts: tending opt the dup in grain procurements in & more oinous light Party morale was low in prt hecawse the NEP had become an affront o those activists who ad ecrfced suclin the revoltionay steals of 1917-21 ont find themselves in en economy where, a they sae It unscrupulous pty eataliss {dabied"Nepen”) and greed large peasants ("laks” rom Russian word sugest- Iing-tght st") were daly gaining renter welt, confidence, and power. ‘alin and other party Tenders decid is January 1928 upon “eareordinary meds lures" atleast for the short term. These developed ino something starkly coerce, the cooperative empha of the NEP wong various othe op re that ws mre xtemeinaesng te yoy santa Sta hae take. Bvidence suggests that, as roa ‘The aten erate more thao espe of taking ne the nde Jnlas The tube (ered rm the Russa eageae hs sso would supondy bal he mre tract oes ae and neck units could be seale and facilate the use of246 ‘the peasants yas lective enough to support rapid growth inthe urban-ndusral se tor That sector as now alo fendamenaly organize in what was called the “ve- ‘eae plan’: Private enterprise ws otlaved anda planned economy itreduce The ‘cemingly impose fet of extracting sucen eaptal from the countryside to sup- port esivelnestment In industry and population growth ofthe urban sector was Sccomplihed by insitating working condos inthe new colective farms that were ‘Sos toslavery, Cousunplon levelsin the couneyside were radealy entailed a ines Pushg the polation to sareation. act numbersremain uncertain, butit hasbeen ‘Sdmated that as many ae 8 lig men, women, and children perished as direct Fesult of “dekulaization "foro collectiviautlon, mass exccutons. and superised Sarvation a iguce roughly comparable to that ofthe men who ded at the font orld Wer In the emerging factories the proletariat. the county's purported ruling clas ‘ions of whom were peasants who ad been mewed into dhe ces with Ue onset fea lection endure ons hours, low pa and “voluntary” work on the weekends and ‘lays. n materia terms, ere for the mont fortunate dhelower odes his was snstre period for other twas simply catastrophe. Yet itcould be said that a socialist ‘economy wa nally etele, capitalism demolished ‘Whether the gal wes worth prc anther question entirely Much of theo work ‘Rusia ad en deste rom 1917 on The tris pola siactres were ne and the wcalthy css expcpinted, However, as noted n Chapter 14. when the Blshlks ‘atone the taleoner bythe peasant of Indl plots flan, something ike a bor isrevotion occured, that peat proparty samedi ave ben allied The lar tiousof practi ithe 1920s remain predominantly nonsnlt(orhnd bck the"pety-bouras captain ofthe NB) The"second revolution” Fo 1928 0 1934 ws. hen. rl seas revolution: The countrys, where most ces of the Soviet Unions ed wee ruthie soll enonomicndtduais. the pivtecxplataton fo de land sae eurtaled nthe urban nds sector the Nepmen and the ‘markt economy were relaco ty cently planed, scat cca. "Term these changes” tends to stretch the concep beyond tolerable lim: ts. It wae certainty no the sols that Marx had envisaged, characteriaed by high levels of producti, pesonal fread. and the withering away’ ofthe state, ater & Ine proferianditatorsip. more resembled he staledeecte tenors of Tussin society that had brn imposed by Peter the Great in the early eighteenth ‘century ~oFpechape even more closely atleast in tems of the subjagaion of the ‘Population. the ave scetis of ancient tines “A is the casein cancoptualing the Hoshevk Resolution sel, Marxist categories tend to be misleading to desert what happened between 1828 and 1934. And fst the Bolshevik accesson to power in November 1917 seemed inconcelble seve rmonthsearr nothing ike de second evoutlon cool ave een success before the Holsheviks had concentrated enough power histme requiring ovr a decade, to under take what consted an allout atack onthe country’s peasantry. oe that was | Hee acl wa of nightmarish densions "Tha the second revouton imately accomplished its oss may be considered 022 ofthe most astonishing development of the twentieth century, pethops of al tes. However totem it sues sho stetches the meaning of the wordt intolerable Hints. ts success resembled that of the November is ates bie hat of the Notember Remon i ts pres The thomscves bad on the fuimenism a the of production ase No ew continue tomake emartble the rest of the 1930s sin nda poison hel ea take-oatteeict chat terse dea ae Sd ange con aia ag eae wma Bu, even aceting sich quaicans, the accomplices a ae Russia's upheavals ware not ove Wh th way: the country experienced! anaher kind dones~and horrars of Bolte second Bees plan was wel under tlt, ne that need sey vik victory even further. oe The Blood Purges the Cores Vi ero Vos eof lato, ea The county and at es sme of tn ea period of relative relaxation, after the en ration, were everywhere Pact were loking fared to a Beoceful development. Similarly, oo i fe impressed with the ering ivaved was not since those achievements std inst stark burope, which wassilstggering fom heels Sit los onan nic acronis eet Uo widely appreciated in the west), especially hore ach Sorat alpen cap ofthe Great Depression. STALINIST RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM) 247248 However tsoon became apparent that all was nt harmony and forgiveness within ‘the Communist Paty. Atthough since 1928 Sala had achieved ever more im control ‘ofthe prty and county, abot «quarter ofthe delegates othe seventeenth congress ‘oe epnns is contlng a party secretary. apparently surprising and alarming him Hewas atthe kind of man tole sich opposiin survive. His revolutionary name Stalin, derived fom the Russan word for sel (sta): be had been further hardened by {he travail of ellectstztion, Those clase to him observ growing paranoic tend ‘es Precisely what was ong tough is mindisof course unknowable butt appears They thet he baleved ecoaion of moderates inthe party. including some of the {younger upand-coming members he hinsel had appointed. was maneuvering to impose limits oni ule perhaps evento replace him. As was the casein the struggle Tox power efter Lenin's stoke, alin moved ill with disarming sublet, masking ruthless intent and meres follow shroug. ‘On Deember 1, 1954, the Leningrad party secretary Serge Kirov, as asst. ‘iro wes oneof Sai souttanding protégé, hapsomse and popular. amuch-raunted ‘row Soviet mar.” onedt man emerging rom the common people growing up under Communist rule, nd wasting leadership postions by the 1930s. Stain, seemingly fretricken and outapel bythe assasnaion, alluded darkly to conspiracies alot. tnd vowed rot out howe uly However, evidence emerged alter Stal’s death that. fhe was himself the instigator of the asasintion, since he feared Kirov was Being roomed ta succeed him. Previously Stalin had arranged fo bis opponents be raced and expel rom thePart, but now they wore rgd with rial conspiracies and sentenced io death ‘riolengy pson tems, chain reaction stn: various ares were made, ones ‘Sons implicating ces were regularly announced in the newspapers. A seks of how tras ws nally el, nie prominent party ears, Including «large number of (id Bolsheviks, confesed Yo the mos mplausble of charges (ea, co having plated, Seas before, to asssinnte Lenin} Stal mitary leaders, such as Marshal Mail Tukhacheroky, revered for srl n Russa cl war, weee rested and charged with {eeason. Neary ll of thos charged eventually confesses exccutions oie followed fevdaysafer theirs Many obervrs athe ime suspected that those who confessed Tha been tortured, and subsequent evidence has supported that suspicion, Hower ‘some of the most prominent figures seem to have ben subject fo psychological presure rather than the mote gruesome forms of physical abuse or they were lao Felice thai they confuse fares would be sve fom arrest and torture ‘Accusationsof counterrevtlonaryermes” and asocatin with various consp- ack spread even tothe lower ranks of party and government. developing into an ogy (of denundtions, counerdenuncltions, and mas arrests. Ordinary elizens were ple in, innocent of any real cies charged wilh such things as telinga plist Joke unfavorable t Stalin Millons of Soviet izes were sentenced to death oto ears ‘of hard labor (en reli in deat). Perhaps as any as 20 milion were impr fed, bovoming part offs lavelabor poplin. in what later became known 3 the Gala, an ueronym mad famousby the 1973 novel The Guapo, by Nake laureate in terature Alexander Solbentsyn in the mst lafuaousof thos amps, such as the one at Vorkuta, an arctic mizing town. deaths cecurred potas an explict policy of mass exterminatlon as ln Naz Germany bt rater because wn us of unspedbiy hars morn condi Sto cn rut ett by ur) Te wee comin ee ag collectivization, that included the ge and ‘evenminors, numbering at the very least ousende usualy by aban epmbors umbong at they ean etc hunni ecg a Soe clr ae 930and 1 ‘Union murdered lions of lake et ions of us and art of dangerous soil cass The en the Cn mans yen of ale no emote iio cat nol a a pt and absolute power to corrupt absalataly 1939: The Balance Sheet: Paradoxes and Imponderables2250. Tatas ROSSIA AND INTERNAT cr eng har spe nn ts eset Ma esas ete ce ros al rhe . “Seber slo ough te dankes of Camu in Sve Rai 18 | The Rise of Fascism and Nazism Ten nl Combo Sve omni cottons | aan Norte prt alo carne an bi ee Tat sian an Geran vrei tok om particularly mencing dimensions, cul 191 ce 2 1 / ae aa mother ord we spanang yet mone mass der 9-39 ang in et not : Parther Reading ensign emi ‘Retest Su ec fe (205) apy Si (207) ahr a SUA une heb teks Sho eit, 19791929197) we Saati hares ern and central Burop derived in part fom the fated aspratbns of the prewar Socialist parties, but they were reinforced most of allby the suacess ofthe Bolsheviks in aking and retaining power fe the or Russian inp, In their origins both Communist and Paci may Be secu og ‘roduts of the many fares ofthe democrat le. Communisn ney be ered fan extreme ldtwing product, Fascism an extreme righting rode wah a drldedobviows factor hat fear of Commons was central tothe peas Fasc, ‘As desrtol in Chapter 14 and Chapter 17. revolution falled to spread out of Russia after 1917. Yet Communist rule in Rusia, with ts promise to pread reve Tuton to all crnersof the word intensfd exit ‘on with fevor by many conservatives ns (nluing Charchl, uni the mid-19303), whether socialdemocrate or Communist. ‘hemos derisive factor of lin strengthening the redial ight wos the depres sion that bors in ate 1929, Coalitions either the efor ight tn Germany ee unable to deal etvely with it leading ta the asuplion af poner ete Nene, {alate January 1933, aturaof events with argreserimplieatons han Muscling takeover in a, Pen ire Fro ted 201 iy Sn