CAVTnRI DGE
I Descr ibingt echnical
f unct ionsand
applicat ions
f,
Explaininghowt echnology
works
Em phasising t echnical
advant ages
and illust r at ing
Sim plif ying
t echnicalexplanat ions
T Descr ibingspecif ic
m at er ials
m at er ials
Cat egor ising
Com m onm at er ials
Cat egor iesof m at er ials
f,
consist
SpeciÍ ying and descr ibing
propert ies Pr oper t iesof m at er ials
Discussing qualit yissues
Phr asesf or descr ibingr equir em ent s
CompoundsoÍ resist ant
Adverbsof degree
I Descr ibingcom ponent
shapesand f eat ur es
Explainingand assessing
m anuf act ur ing
t echniques
Ex p l ai n i njgo i n t i n gan d
f ixingt echniques
Descr ibingposit ionsof
n assem bledcom ponent s
I Wor kingw it hdr aw ings
Discussingdim ensions
pr ecision
and
f,
Descr ibingdesignphases
and pr ocedur es
Resolvingdesignpr oblem s
T Descr ibingt ypesof
t echnicalpr oblem
Assessingand int er pr et ing
f ault s
Descr ibingt he causesof
f ault s
n
Discussingr epair sand
m aint enance
Cont ent s
Wordsst emmingfrom use
allow, enable, permit, ensure,
prevent
List ening
GPS applicat ions
Spaceelevat ors
Ver bst o descr ibem ovem ent Advant ages of a new pum p
A guidedt our
Ver bsand adj ect ives t o descr ibe
advant ages Reading
Spaceelevat ors
Adver bsf or addingem phasis
Ot is lif t t echnology
Phr asesf or sim plif yingand Pile f oundat ions
r ephr asing
of, comprise, made of, made
List ening
An envir onm ent al
Specialised t ools
audit
from, mode out of High- per f or m ancew at ches
Reading
Mat er ialsr ecycling
Regener at ive br akes
Kevlar
Shapesand 3D f eat ur es
Wor dst o descr ibem achining
Phr asesf or descr ibingsuit abilit y
List ening
A pr oj ectbr ief ing
Elect r icalplugsand socket s
Met al f abr icat ion
Ver bsand nounst o descr ibej oint s
UHP w at er j etcut t ing
and f ixings
Opt ionsf or f ixing
Pr eposit ionsof posit ion Cl u st erb al l o o n i n g
Reading
Cut t ingoper at ions
Flow wat erj ett echnology
Joint sand f ixings
Thef lyinggar denchair
View son t echnicaldr aw ings
Phrasesrelat edt o scole
Phrasesrelat edt o t olerance
List ening
A dr aw ingquer y
Scale
length, width, thickness, etc. A f loor design
Designpr ocedur es
Dr aw ingt ypesand ver sions
Revisinga det ail
Ver bsf or descr ibingst agesof a
Reading
designpr ocess
Super f latf loor s
Ver bsand nounsf or descr ibing Ouer iesand inst r uct ions
d esi g np r o b l em s
Ver bsand adj ect ives
t echnicalpr oblem s
f or descr ibing
Wor dsf or descr ibingf ault sand
List ening
A r acingcar t est session
Testsessionpr oblem s
t heir sever it y Tech n i cal
h el p { i n e
Phr asesf or descr ibingcer t aint y/ Tyr epr essur epr oblem s
uncer t aint y A m aint enance check
Adj ect iveswit h prefixesfor Reading
descr ibingt echnicalpr oblem s Air Tr ansatFlight236
Ver bsf or descr ibingr epair sand
m aint enance
 t

n Discussing t echnical Phr asesf or r ef er r ingt o issues List ening

ry
r equir em ent s Phr asesf or r ef er r ingt o quant it y Sim ulat orr equir em entand
s ef f ect s
Suggest ing ideasand and ext ent Lif t ingopt ions
solut ions Phr asesf or suggest ing solut ions Hole r equir em entand
s f or m ing
Assessingf easibilit y and alt er nat ives A proj ectbriefing
Descr ibingim pr ovem ent s ldiom st o descr ibef easibilit y Reading
and r edesigns Ver bsw it hr e. . . t o descr ibe Mam m ot hpr oblem
m odif icat ions
ldiom st o descr iber edesigning

n Descr ibinghealt hand

safet yprecaut ions
Em p h asi si nt gh e
Typesof indust r ialhazar ds
Typesof pr ot ect ive equipm ent
List ening
A safet ymeet ing
Hazardanalysis

ffi
Phr asesf or em phasising im por t ance
im por t ance of Ter m st o descr iber egulat ions Liveline pr ecaut ions
pr ecaut ions Saf et yt r aining
Com m onlanguageon saf et ynot ices Or al inst r uct ions
Discussingr egulat ions and Languagest ylein w r it t en Reading
st andards
inst r uct ions Li v el i n em ai n t en an ce
Wor kingw it hw r it t en
inst r uct ions and not ices Helicopt ersaf et yon oil plat f or m s

T Descr ibingaut om at ed
syst ems
Ref er r ingt o m easur able
Wor dst o descr ibeaut om at ed
syst ems
Wor dst o descr ibem easur able
List ening
I nt elligentbuildingsand aut om at ion
Monit or ingand cont r olsyst em s

f,
par am et er s paramet ers Elect r icit ydem andand supply
Discussingr eadingsand Wor dst o descr ibef luct uat ions pr oblem s
t r ends Wor dsand phr asesf or Pumped st oragehydroelect ricpower
Givingappr oxim at e f igur es appr oxim at ing num ber s I nt er nalr eview s
Reading
I ndust r ialpr ocessm onit or ing
Dynam icdem andcont r ols

I TE Explainingt est sand

exper im ent s
Exchanging view son
Wordst o describet est t ypes
Wor dsand phr asesf or st at ing
assum pt ions
List ening
Vehicledesignand t est ing
Wat er rocket s

f,
pr edict ionsand Wor dsand phr asesf or agr eeingand Air dr op pr oblem s
t heor ies disagr eeing Moon landings
Com par ingr esult sw it h Phr asesf or com par ingexpect at ions Reading
expect at ions and r esult s A r ocketcom pet it ion
Discussing causesand Wor dsf or linkingcausesand ef f ect s Chickencannon
effect s

ET Discussingper f or m ance
and suit abilit y
Descr ibingphysicalf or ces
Discussingr elat ive
per f or m ance
Descr ibingcapabilit iesand
Adj ect ivesf or descr ibingsuit abilit y
and per f or m ance
Wordst o describet ypes of forces
List ening
Wind t ur binet ow er s
Tallst r uct ur es
foctof criteria, criterion, TCVworld speed record
consideration The st or yof John Paul St app
Wor dsand phr asest o descr ibe Reading
Wind t ur binesf act f ile

n
lim it at ions degreesof difference
Wor dst o descr ibecapabilit ies and Solar t owers
lim it s Tr ansporaltt er nat ives
The Sonrc Wind tests
The r ocketsled pr oposal

Cont ent s
 ,* ly ?"'

I Descr ib in gt ech n icalf u n ct ion s I

I
an d ap p licat í on s
1 a ln pair s, t hink about t w o or t hr ee pr oduct syou use
r egular lyand discusst he f ollow ingquest ions.
\r
o W h at ar e t h e m ai n f u n ct i o n so f t h e p r o d u ct s?( W h at d o t h ey d o ?)
o What ar e t heir dif f er ent applicat ions? ( What ar e t hey used f or ?)

What do you know about Global Posit ioning Syst em ( GPS) devices? ln
pair s, descr ibe t heir m ain f unct ion, and give som e exam ples of dif f er ent
applicat ions of GPS devices.

2a ) 1. 1 Paula, a design engineer f or a CPS m anuf act ur er , is discussing pr oduct

developm ent w it h José , a senior m anager new t o t he com pany. List en t o
t he conver sat ion and com plet e t he f ollow ing not es.
o t h e p r im ar yap p licat ion
of GPS (l)
asso ci at edap p l i cat i o n s Tr ackingsyst em sf or ( 2)
Tr ackingsyst em sf or ( 3)
m or e cr eat ive f eat ur es ( 4) alar m s
( s) b u t t on s
o n o t t ech n i cali n n o v at i o n s ( 6) t h e t ech n o l o g y

Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he discussion w it h w or ds t hat com e f r om use.
1 Then Aou've got associat ed applicat ions, - t hot are relot ed t o
n av i g at i n g . . .
2 ... t raclsing sAst ems Aou can for monit oring deliverg vehicles ...
3 . .. from t he end-- point of view, accuracg is no longer t he main selling
point . Most devices are accurat e enough. The keg is t o make t hem more

Un i t 1 Tech n o t o gi yn u se
 I

3a Ma t ch t h e GPS a p p l i ca t i o n s ( 1 - 6 ) t o t h e d e scr i p t i o n s ( a - f l .

1 t opogr aph icalsu r veyin g- a n aügat ion an d saf et 1rat sea

2 geot ogical.
explor at ion
3 ciüt en gin eer in g
4 avion icsequ ipm en t
5 m ar it im eapplicat ion s
6 GPs in car s an d t r u cks
\ b set t in g ou t posit ion san d levet sof n ew st r u ct u r es
\ c m appin gsu r h ce f eat u r es
d appt icat ion sin m in in g an d t h e oil in du st r y
e h igh w ayn avigat ionan d veh ict et r ackin g
f air t r af f iccon t r ol,n aügat ion an d au t opilot syst em s

l n p a i r s, p r a ct i se e x p l a i n i n g t h e a p p l i ca t i o n s o f GPS i n Ex e r ci se 3 a t o a
co l l e a g u e w h o h a s l i m i t e d k n o w l e d g e o f t h e d e v i ce s u si n g t h e f o l l o w i n g
p h r ases.

u sed f or - in g u sedt o u sef u lf or an ot h er/ a sim ilar u se

4a Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion by under lining t he
cor r ect w or ds.
1 ... t here's a set t ing on t he CPS t hat allows/ prevent s it t o det ect t he
m ovem ent . . .
2 ... an alarm sounds t o warn gou, and allows/ prevent s t he boat from drift ing
unnot iced.
3 ... and enables/ ensures t hat gou don't lose t rack of where gou were, which
t hen enables/ ensures uou t o t urn round and come back t o t he same
point ...

Mat ch t he w or ds in Exer cise 4a t o t he synonym s.

: m ak essu r e 2- I : p er m it s 3 = SI oPS

Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om t he user 's m anual of a GPS device
u si n g t h e v er b s i n Ex er ci se 4 a. So m et i m es, m o r e t h an o n e an sw er i s
p o ssi b l e.

The cor e f unct ion of your GPS r eceiver is t o ( 1) you t o locat e your pr ecise
geogr aphical posit ion. To ( 2) - t he device t o f unct ion, it r eceives at least t hr ee
signals sim ult aneously f r om t he GPS const ellat ion - 30 dedicat ed sat ellit es w hich
( 3) - receivers can funct ion anywhere on eart h. To ( a) - ext remely precise
posit ioning and ( 5) er r or s f r om occur r ing due t o ext er nal f act or s, t his device is
designed t o r eceive f our separ at e signals ( see enhanced syst em accur acy on page 18) .

I n p ai r s, ex p l ai n t h e m ai n f u n ct i o n s an d ap p l i cat i o n s o f a p r o d u ct m ad e
b y y o u r co m p an y o r a p r o d u ct y o u k n o w ab o u t . St u d en t A, y o u ar e
an en g i n eer i n g m an ag er ; St u d en t B, y o u ar e a n ew em p l o y ee. Use t h e
l an g u ag e f r o m t h i s sect i o n an d t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x . Sw ap r o l es an d
p r act i se ag ai n .

I se e .5 o . . . 0 K. I n o t h e rw o r d s. . . So v o u m e a n. . .

Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se
I Ex p t ain in gh ow t ech n olog yw or k s
6a ln pair s, look at t he pict ur e and discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions.
o Ho w d o y o u t h i n k a sp ace el ev at o rw o u l d w o r k ?
. W h at co u l d i t b e u sed f o r ?
. W h at t ech n i calch al l en g esw o u l d i t f ace?
o Ho w ser i o u sl yd o y o u t h i n k t h e co n cep t o f sp ace el ev at o r si s
b ei n g t ak en at p r esen t ?

b Read t he f ollow ing ar t icle and com par e it t o your answ er s in

Exer cise 6a.

lN h is 1979 n ovel,I h e Fou n t ain sof Par adise,Ar t h u rC
Clar ke w r ot eabou t an elevat orcon n ect in g t h e ear t h 's
su r f acet o space. Th r eedecades lat er ,t h is scien ce-
f ict ioncon cept is pr epar in gt o t ake ot f in t h e r eal w or ld.
NASA h as lau n ch edt h e Space Elevat orCh allen ge,a
com pet it ionw it h a gen er ou spr izef u n d,an d sever alt eam s
an d com pan iesar e w or kin gon ser iou sr esear chpr oj ect s
a i m e da t w i n n i n gi t .
As it s n am e su ggest s,a space elevat oris design edt o
Í aise t h in gsin t o space' Sat e| | it es, com pon en t sÍ orspace
sh ips, su pp| iesÍ orast r on au t st n space st at ion s,an d
even ast r on au t st h em selvesar e exam plesof payloads
t h at cou | d be t Í an spor t ed j n t oor bitw it h ou t h e n eed
Í orexpI osivean d en vir on m en t aI ulyn Í r ien d|r yocket s.
How ever t, h e alt it u deof or bit alspace - a colossal 35, 790
km above t h e ear t h- is a m easu r eof t h e ch allen gef acin g
en gin eer s.How cou ld su ch a h eigh tbe r each ed?
Th e an sw er is by u sin g an in cr ediblyst r on gan d
ligh t w eighcable,
t st r on gen ou gh t o su ppor t it s ow n
w eigh tan d a h eavy| oad'Th e design oÍ su ch a cab| e is
st illlar gelyt h eor et ical.
Th is w ou ld be at t ach ed t o a base
st at ionon ear t hat on e en d an d a sat ellit ein geost at ion ar y
or bit ( lixedabove a poin t on t h e equ at or )at t h e ot h er .Lif t
veh iclesw ou ld t h en ascen d an d descen d t h e cable,
pow er ed by e| ect r om agn et ic Í or cean d con t r ol| ed
r em ot elv.

C Mat ch t h e v er b s ( l - 9 ) f r o m t h e t ext in Exer cise 6b t o t h e def in it ion s ( a- i) .

1 con n ect in g a carried ( obj ect s, over a dist ance)

2 raise b h ot d som et h in gf ir m t y/ bear it s w eigh t
3 t ranspoÉ ed c clim b dow n
4 su ppor t d provided w it h energy / moved by a force
5 at t ached e j oin in g
6 ascen d f driven / have movementdirect ed
7 descend g fixed
8 pow ered h ct im b u p
9 cont rolled i t ift / makesomet hing go up

7a Jam es, an en g i n eer , Space Elevgf or s

is giving a t alk on
qble is sign ií con t .
space elevat or s. o To ( 2) - it s ow n w eighf, ond be securely ( 3) _________ o.!
Com plet e his not es
each en d, cable w ou ld n eed ph en om en al st r en qt h _t o_w eigh t
using t he cor r ect r at io. _
. How cou ld veh icles be ( 4) _ in t o
f or m of t he ver bs cable?
( l - 7 ) i n Ex er ci se . Self - con t ain e4 slt er gv sou r ce pr oblem ot ic, du e
t o w eigh t ( h eavy f u el ol
6 c. _ bat f er ies r equ ir ed
cu t o ( 5)
^ )
u \)/ _
L ^ l \ I
veh
Ve n l ic
cle. ) .
r r \

c Tw o possible w ays r ou n d pr oblem :

_* : yt . l" r : , r , r y - , r " l. u t f ech n iqu e on ly ot r esear ch st age.

z , ' o l a rp o w e r . B u tw o u l d otuffio* ty.
""ty Not
y: t t : : ! ! : f blem , as cor cou ld bu , or t r ollJ
Yllg_! . ,t
f t :f "
, u , r ot n ly- t b- kq
.! _-
(t -1\
// _ payloads u n m on n ed.

Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se
 I

b ) t . Z t i st en t o p ar t o f Jam es' t al k an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s i n Ex er ci se 7 a.

c W h at k i n d s o f w o r d ar e m i ssi n g f r o m t h e n o t es? l n p ai r s, co m p ar e t h e
au d i o scr i p t o n p ag e 8 6 w i t h t h e n o t es i n Ex er ci se 7 a.

8a So m e sp ace el ev at o r d esi g n s p r o p o se an o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n . I n p ai r s,

d i scu ss h o w su ch a sy st em m i g h t w o r k u si n g w o r d s i n Ex er ci se 6 c. W h at
advant ages m ight an of f shor e base have com par ed w it h a land base?

) t . 3 Jam es g o es o n t o d i scu ss o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n s. Li st en t o t h e t al k an d

an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
] Ho w w o u | dan o Í f sh o r eb ase st at i o n b e su o o o r t ed ?
2 W h at w o u l d t h e f u n ct i o no f i t s an ch o r sb e?
3 Ho w w o u l d p ay l o ad sr each t h e b ase st at i o n ?
4 W h a t p r o b l e mw o u l da m o b i l eb a se st a t i o nh e l p t o p r e v e n t ?
5 W h at w o u l d t h e p r o ced u r eb e i f t h er e w as an al er t ?

9a Yo u ar e m em b er s o f a sp ace el ev at o r r esear ch t eam d esi g n i n g a co n cep t

f o r o f f sh o r e b ase st at i o n s. l n p ai r s, an al y se t h e n o t es b el o w , w h i ch w er e
m ad e d u r i n g a b r i ef i n g g i v en b y y o u r m an ag er . l m ag i n e y o u ar e g i v i n g a
p r esen t at i o n . Beg i n b y r ead i n g o u t t h e ab b r ev i at ed n o t es i n f u l l .

* \ . . \ \ \ L\ \ L\ r L r r r r r r I I r r . r = l - L- t
....... Úf 3 o 3l3 e 0 Ü0 0 o t t o | | J
- AN'HoR| NGa?w?uL6l0N l56uÚ6
oFF6HoR'É AsE6TA.t1oN
Anchoring
ayat om
ulindloadson Lablevrillbe huge.ulhatim plicaiions
f or anchoring
slst om ?
É aseWilln?,od
lo bg m ovodcont inuall1,
som et im es
urgent l1.
vrlhat
t om p
syst emcouldbe ussdt o holdbassin posit ion?
9a* in shallowwat grnear coasi,or deepwalerfurt heroffshorg?
óhoicewill
haveimpacton dosignoÍ anchors1st em.
?ropulsion
st st em
\ ^ lillWeight
oÍ cab\ allow
e baset o bs m ovedb1ow nProPollors?Or m ore
pow erf ul
5.í 5t 9m
f or propulaion
andcont ro|noc.?o.g.ert ern'pow ersource?

! n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e q u est i o n s r ai sed i n t h e n o t es an d t h i n k o f so m e su i t ab l e

so l u t i o n s f o r t h e an ch o r i n g sy st em an d t h e p r o p u l si o n sy st em . At t h i s st ag e,
t h ese sh o u l d b e o v er al l co n cep t s, n o t d et ai l ed d esi g n s. Rem em b er t o m ak e
not es.

l n sm al l g r o u p s, t ak e t u r n s t o g i v e a sh o r t t al k u si n g y o u r n o t es t o ex p l ai n
h o w t h e sy st em s w o r k , i n g en er al t er m s. l m ag i n e y o u ar e sp eak i n g t o a sm al l
g r o u p o f co l l eag u es, i n cl u d i n g y o u r m an ag er .

w r i t e t w o o r t h r ee p ar ag r ap h s t o su m m ar i se y o u r t al k . Th ese w i l l b e i n cl u d ed
in your m anager 's longer r epor t on of f shor e base st at ions.

Un i t 1 T e ch n o l o g yi n u se
I Em p h asisin tgech n icalad v an t ag es
10 ln pair s, discuss t he t er m t echnical advant age'

77a
Give som e exam ples of t echnology you ar e
f am i l i ar w i t h .

Read t he f ir st Par agr aPh of som e

OTI Sf,,ioJl
pr om ot ional lit er at ur e f r om Ot is, a leading
elevat or com pany. What is t he Gen2" syst em ?

b t vt at cttrhe w or ds ( l - 6) f r om t he t ext in At t hehear tof t heGen2r uelevat orsyst em

Exer cisel l a t o t he sYnonYm s( a- 0' i s a Í | atb e| (t d ev eI o pbed yan du n i q u teo
l t i
Ot i s) . l u sts 3 m m t h i ck . i t i s st r o n g er
Yet
1 convent ional- a decreases
t h anco n v en t i o n al st eelcab l es.l t l ast su p
2 elim inat es b bet t er / t he best
\ t o t h r eet i m esl o n g erAn . di t h asen ab l ed
3 super ior \ c im pr oved t ht eel ev at oTh r' e
Ot i st o co m p l et elr e- y i n v en
4 energy-efficient \ d st andard,usual
f l at ,co at ed - st eel el
b el tt o t al l y i m i n at es
5 enhanced e get s rid of
t h em et al { o - m etefalf ecto f co n v en t i o n al
6 reduces f h as low en er gYcon su m Pt ion Co u p l edw i t ha sm o o t h - su r f ace
sy st em s.
cr o w n ed m ach i nsh
e eav e, t h er esu lits
Com plet et he f ollow ingt ext using t he cor r ect n dsu p er i o r
ex cep t i o n alqluyi eto p er at i oan
f or m of t he w or ds ( 1- 6) in Exer cise I I b' You t . r t h er m otrhe,eÍ | ex i bÍ| e
r i d eco m f o r Fu l at
w ill need t o use som e w or ds m or e t han once' b el ten ab l es a m o r eco m p acten , er g y -
eÍ f i ci enm t ach i n e, w h i chcanb eco n t ai n ed
i n t h eh o i st w aY. Th i s
en h an cedt ech n o l o g Y
r ed u cesb u i l d i nan g d
syst em oper at ing cost s,
an df r eesu pv al u ab l e
sp ace.

nar
berts,
,,0; ; ; ; ; ; m
: : p; ff: Y pu,.r'
in
ilHlillililiuing th."; ffi; ,T# .
tliiltiügl;;:ö
H,
Hli.űJ
m#
.d;É
.uto
,x[ Jff
J,üi { ljil'
* ti,u
rrvt.-t., jnl'iff
tffi ,.?ffil il ;1,.'n
m at n t en anpce
er so n n fel
jJ;:ll''' or

sYst em
ffi ;;:í?':fi
;* ;-ff ilT
t hat1a) -
ih. * .d f r _
-

; .il i.
: T*lT # ; lnom
lTili,',liT; ,:; ,,': ica
r

belt syst em . Discuss

d I n pair s, sum m ar ise t he advant ages of t he f lat
aut om at ion'
dur abilit y, w ear , noise, space' cleanliness' ef f iciency'
m ai n t en an ce an d co st .

10 n u se
Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giY
 I

72a Com plet e t he f ollow ing t ips on em phasising t echnical advant ages using t he
w or ds in t he box.

convent ionat et iminat ed enhanced reduced superior

W h en d escr i b i n gt ech n i calad v an t ag es,i t ' s u sef u lt o em p h asi se. . .

a( l ) - p er f o r m an ce, co m p ar ed w i t h t h eo | d er m o d e| o f t h esam e
p r o d u ct .
b n eg at i v ei ssu est h at h av eb een ( 2 ) - , o r co m p | et e| y
(3)_.
c special f eat ur es t hat dif f er ent iat et he t echnology f r om ( 4)
sysr em s.
d p er f o r m an ce| ev e| st h at m ak et h et ech n o | o g y ( 5 ) - t o t h e
co m Det i t i o n .

) t . l St ef an, an engineer , is br ief ing som e sales colleagues on t he advant ages

of a new pum p design. List en t o t he br ief ing and m at ch t he t ips ( a- d) in
Exer cise I 2a t o t he ext r act s ( l - 4) .
Ext r act I - Ext r act2 - Ext r act3 - Ext r act4

Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences f r om t he br ief ing by under llning t he cor r ect
em p h asi si n g w o r d .
1 We've come up with a completelg/ significantlg unique profile.
2 lt completelg/ dramaticallg reduces vibration.
3 Machines lilse t hese can never be ent irelg/ highlg free from vibrat ion.
4 The new design runs dramaticallg/ extremelA smoothlA.
5 Another advantage of the new profile is thot it's consideroblg/ entirelg lighter.
6 So compared with our previous range, it's highlg/ totallg efficient.
7 Trials so far suggest the design is completelg/ exceptionallg durable.
8 We expect it to be entirelg/ significantlg more reliable than rival units.

Mat ch t he w or ds in Exer cise 12c t o t he synonym s.

considenbly dnmat ically ent irely except ionat t yhight y t ot at t y

I -l- : com plet ely

2 -l- : si g n i f i c a n t l y
3 -l-: ext rem ely

13 You ar e Ot is engineer s back in t he l85Os, w hen elevat or s w er e new .

ln pair s, pr epar e a shor t t alk t o br ief your sales colleagues on t he
advant ages of elevat or s f or lif t ing people and goods. Em phasise t he
point s below using t he phr ases and t echniques f r om t his sect ion.
Rem em ber t hat people at t his t im e ar e scept ical about t he t echnology.
El ev at o r sar e . . .
o saf e - a r el i ab l e b r ak i n g sy st em el i m i n at est h e d an g er o f a car f al l i n g
i f a cab l e f ai l s
o si m p l e - t h ey ' r eco n t r o l l edf r o m t h e car an d ar e v er y easy t o o p er at e
o co n v en i en t- t h ey ' r eeasi er o n t h e l eg s t h an t h e co n v en t i o n al
alt er nat ive ( st air s)
o v al u ab l e- t h ey en h an cet h e v al u e o f l an d b y al l o w i n gt al l er b u i l d i n g s
o n sm al l er ar eas

Unit 1 Technologyin use 11

I g dil[ u st r at in tgech n ical
Sim p lif y í nan
exp lan at ion s
t4 a ) r .l Richar d,a st r uct ur al engineer ,of t en t akes client s on guided t our s
of t heir new buildingsdur ing const r uct ion.He is t alking about explaining
t echnicalconcept st o non- specialist s.List en and answ er t he f ollow ing
quest ions.
t ech n icalcon cep t s?
I Wh atd oesRich ar dsay ab ou tex p lain in g
2 Wh atd oesh e m eanb y d u l/ex p lan at ion s?
3 What is being pat ronising?

b ln pair s, t hink of som e t ips on how t o solve t he f ollow ingpr obt em s.

I not being under st ood 2 b ein gp at r on isin g
3 ex p l ai n i n gd i f f i cu l tco n cep t s 4 so u n d i n d
gull

C ) r .o Richar d is giving som e advice about t he pr oblem sin Exer cise l4b.
List en and sum m ar isehis ideas. Com par e his t ips w it h your suggest ions.

15 d Richar d has m ade not es f or a

guided t our of a sit e. The pr oj ect
is a skyscr aperin t he ear ly
st agesof const r uct ion.Dur ing
t he t our he explainst he t echnical
t er m s t o t he non- specialistgr oup.
ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ing
t er m s and t r y t o int er pr et t hem
using ever ydaylanguaget o
r ep h r aset h em .

SUBSTRUCTURE
Pi/ e foundations (in generaD

Bored in situ concrete pi/ es

Pre-cast driven concrete pi/ es
Pi/ e driver
7/ e auger
Bentonite

) t .l Rict r ar ais giving a t our of a const r uct ionsit e. List en and m ake not es
of his explanat ionsof t he f ollow ingt echnicalt er m s. Com par eyour ideas
w it h his.
I t he subst r uct ur e t he.e* r t .- of .t h.e.5t vr act $r e.5 pr e- castpiles
. . . .t.o. .d. r. .i v ei n ( a p i l e )
be! p. w . 9! , . q! ^ 14. . . . . . . . . . 6
2 a p i l e f o u n d at i o n 7 a p iled r iv er
3 t o bor e ( a pile) 8 a p ileau g er
4 i n si t u co n cr et e 9 bent onit e

t2 Unit 1 Technologyin use

 I

List en again and com par e Richar d's explanat ions w it h t he t ips in Exer cise
l4c. Which t echniques did he use? Wer e t hey successf ul?

Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he w or ds in t he box.

basicat t y( x2) ca[ [ effect ivet y essent ially imagine ot her

picture refer sinrpk simply

Funct ion Words/ Phrases

1 Sim pt i[ r ing
t he language 1n sinple t er m s/ put / in - w or ds f -
2 Sim pt if oing
t he concept / - / -
3 Focusing
on t echnicalt er m s w hatw e / w hatw e- t o as
4 llt ust rat ingwit h images if you - / if you

l n p ai r s, p r act i se ex p l ai n i n g t h e t ech n i cal t er m s i n Ex er ci se l 5 a u si n g t h e

si m p l i f i ed w o r d s an d p h r ases i n Ex er ci se l 5 d .

t6 Read t he t ext book descr ipt ion of t w o t ypes of pile f oundat ion. Use t he w or ds
and phr ases in Exer cise l5d and t he f ollow ing not es t o r ephr ase it .

From a st ruct ural perspect ive, pile foundat ions can be divided int o
t w o cat egories: end-bearing piles and frict ion piles.
lmargirnewart ev
End-bearing piles are driven or bored t hrough soft ground in order at \ á t he sea| beL
t o at t ain firm subst rat a below . The pile t hen t ransmit s load vert ically
Like statrráitg o\ t o firm subsoil or bedrock. The soft ground surrounding t he sides of
stilts i\ warfev pile
t he is st ruct urally redundant .

Frict ion piles count eract dow nw ard loads from t he st ruct ure
Like ar h4il i\
t hrough frict ional resist ance bet w een t he sides of t he pile and t he
w oo) t
surrounding ground, and do not t herefore rely on firm subst rat a. I n
luaargile ar leg some cases, t he diamet er of t he concret e at t he pile's base is w idened
a,| \ ) , é \ Poo| by compact ion, allow ing t he increased area t o give t he frict ion pile a
cert ain degree of end-bearing resist ance.

17 You ar e sh ow in g a n on - specialist visit or ar ou n d you r com pan y an d explain in g

t ech n ical con cept s u sin g sim plif ied lan gu age. I n pair s, pr act ise explain in g a
pr odu ct or t ype of t ech n ology t h at you ar e f am iliar w it h .

Un i t 1 Tech n o l o giyn u se 13
I
n
a
a
UNI T 2
Describingspecific mat eriat s
Cat egorising
mat erials
o Specifoingand describing
propert ies
Discussingquat it yr
issues

- Descr ib in gsp ecif icm at er iat s

l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e b en ef i t s an d p r o b l em s o f
r ecy cl i n g . Use t h e f o l l o w i n g ex am p l es an d y o u r o w n i d eas.

br eaking
up ships dem ol. ishing
buit dings r ecycling
elect r onicsscr apping
car s

2a Read t h e f o l l o w i n g w eb p ag e an d co m p l et e t h e m i ssi n g h ead i n g s u si n g t h e

w ords in t he box.

Alum inium Copper Gt ass Plast ic Rubber 5t ecl Tim ber

1í í cEYcLABLE Li!ÁÍ ERl ALs

t Sf eel Scr ap can be sor t edeasilyu sin g m agn et ism .lf t h e m et alis galvan ised( coat ed
w it h zin c) t h e zin c is Í u | |ryecyc| ab| e'
| Íit is st ain | essst ee| ,ot h erm et a| sm ixedw it h t h e ir on ,
su ch as ch r om iu man d n ickel,can also be r ecover edan d r ecycled.
rE
2 - Sodin g is cr it ical,as t h er ear e key dif f er en cesbet w eent h e clear an d colou r ed
m at er ialu sed in bot t lesan d Jar s,an d t h e h igh - gr adem at er ialu sed in en gin eer in g
applicat ion s,w h ich con t ain st r acesof m et als. y

3 - Scar cit ym akes r ecyc| in gespecia| lydesir ab| e,an d j u st iÍ ies

t h e cost of r em ovin gin su lat ion
Í r ome| ect r icw ir es,w h ich ar e a m aj orsou r ce of scr ap. Pu r e m et a|can also be
r ecover edf r om alloysder ivedf r om it , n ot ablybr ass ( w h ichalso con t ain squ an t it iesof zin c,
an d of t enlead)an d br on ze( w h ichcon t ain st in ) . t-
4 - Th e cost of m elt in gdow n exist in gm et alis sign if ican t lych eapert h an t h e
pr ocess of elect r olysis,
en er gy- in t en sive w h ich is r equ ir edt o ext r actn ew m et alf r om or e. rE

5 - Har dw oodan d sof t w oodcan be r eu sed,How ever t, h e f r equ en tn eed t o

r em oveir on m on ger yan d saw or plan eof f dam agededges, can m ake t h e pr ocesscost ly. y

6 - Tyr esar e t h e pr im ar ysou r ceoÍ r ecyc| ab| m

e at er ia|Th
. ese can be r eu sedw h o| e
in cer t ainapplicat ion s.Th ey can also be gr ou n din t o cr u m bsw h ich h ave var iedu ses. y

7 - An obst aclet o r ecyclin gis t h e n eed t o son w ast e car ef u lly.

Wh ilesom e t ypes
can be m elt eddow n f or r eu se,m an y can n ot ,or r esu ltin low - gr adem at er ial. y
a)

74 Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y

T
 I

Mat ch t he m at er ials f r om t he w eb page ( l- 8) in Exer cise 2 t o t he

def init ions ( a- h) .

1 st ainlessst eet .,''a a met alusedt o makebrass,andin galvanisedcoat ingson st eel

2 zinc I b t he predominant met alin st eel
3 iron \c a \ rpe of st eelnot needinga prot ect ivecoat ing,as it doesn'trust
4 bronze d a dense,poisonous met al
5 lead e rocksfromwhichmet alscan be ext ract ed
6 hardw ood f an a[ [ oymadefromcopperandt in
7 ore g t imberfrompinet rees
8 soft w ood h t imberfromdeciduous t rees

Com pf et e t he f ollow ing sent ences using f r om , w it h or of .

I Br o n ze co n t ai n ssi g n i f i can tam o u n t s o { co p p er .
2 Cal v an i sedst eel i s st eel co at ed - zi n c.
3 St eel i s an al l o y d er i v ed - iron.
4 Pu r e m et al s can u su al l yb e r eco v er ed- al l o y s.
5 To p r o d u ce st ai n l essst eel , i r o n i s m i x ed o t h er m et al s.
6 St ai n l essst eel co n t ai n sq u an t i t i es ch r o m i u m an d n i ck el .
7 Gl ass t ab l ew ar eco n t ai n st r aces- m et al s,su ch as l ead .
8 W h en n ew m et al i s ex t r act ed o r e, t h e co st s can b e h i g h .

ln pair s, ask and answ er quest ions about dif f er ent m at er ials using t he
f ollow ing phr ases.

3 a lr ina, an ecological adviser , is

t alking t o a gr oup of engineer s
o n a t r ai n i n g co u r se ab o u t
envir onm ent ally f r iendly design.
ln pair s, discuss t he ideas
f r om her slide and give som e
exam ples.

) z. t List en t o an ext r act f r om t he t alk and com par e your

ideas w it h w hat lr ina says. What exam ple does she use t o
i l l u st r at e h er m ai n p o i n t ?

) z. z lr ina asks t he engineer s t o do a sim plif ied

envir onm ent al audit . Their t ask is t o com par e st eel and
alum inium car bodyw or k f r om an ecological per spect ive.
List en t o Sophia and Pet e, t w o of t he engineer s, discussing
t he t opic and m ake not es of t heir ideas.

ln pair s, do an envir onm ent al audit f or t he f ollow ing

applicat ions and m at er ials. Use t he w or ds and phr ases in
t he box.
Ap p licat ion Mat er ials
I elect r icalw ir esin v eh icles co p p e ra n d a l u m i n i u m
2 ex t er n alw allsin h ou ses br icksand sof t w ood

as f ar as I kn ow . . . I t h in k so / I 'd say so I 'm ( n ot ) su r e

t h at s an im por t an tcon sider at ion t h at n eedst o be r esear ch ed
coat ed der ived m ixed r ecover ed r ecycled
- Cat egor isingm at er ials
What do you know about br aking syst em s? I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing
q u est i o n s.
I Cen er al l y sp eak i n g ,w h at d o b r ak es d o an d h o w d o t h ey w o r k ?
2 W h at k i n d s o f m at er i al ar e u sed i n b r ak e p ad s an d b r ak e d i scs i n d i f f er en t
v eh i cl es?

5a Read t he ar t icle on br aking syst em s. I n t he t it le of t he ar t icle, w hat do t he

colour s gr een and r ed r ef er t o?

b I n pair s, answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.

I W h y d o m o st b r ak i n g sy st em sw ast e en er g y ?
2 W h at ar e r eg en er at i v eb r ak i n g sy st em s,an d h o w d o t h ey sav e en er g y ?
3 W h at ch ar act er i st i csar e r eq u i r edo f m at er i al su sed f o r t h e b r ak es o n r aci n g car s?
4 W h at i s m ean t b y h eat so ak , an d w h y i s i t a p r o b l em i n r aci n g car s?

GREEN Br ÜAKEs
- A RED HOT TOPI C I N MOTOR RACI NG
As m ot or r acing goes gr een, m at er ials, and discs m ade of
For m ula I is aim ing t o lead f eÜous m et al. The r esult ing
aut om ot ive r esear ch in f inding f r ict ion gener at es heat , w hich
hi- t ech ef f iciency gains. One is w ast ed. I n per f or m ance car s,
of t he keys t o t his ecological t his phenom enon is t aken
dr ive is r egener at ive br aking t o ext r em es, and due t o t he
( also know n as kinet ic ener gy high t em per at ur es gener at ed,
The pot ent ial f or r ecover ing
r ecover y) , w hich r ecover s br ake discs ar e of t en m ade out
ener gy also ext ends t o t he
ener gy gener at ed dur ing of cer am ics. heat gener at ed by engines
deceí er at ion.and st or es it as a
The car bon discsand pads used and exhaust syst em s. This
sour ce of pow er f or subsequent
on For m ula I car s gener at e ar ea has also been discussed
acceler at ion. as a oossible ar ea f or f ut ur e
so m uch heat t hat t hey glow
Regener at ive br akes lim it r ed hot . High t em per at ur es exploit at ion in m ot or r acing.
t he ener gy loss inher ent in ar e, in f act , necessar y f or t he Heat r ecover y m ight of f er t he
t r adit ional br aking syst em s. I n ef f ect ive oper at ion of car bon added benef it of r educing
m ost vehicles. convent ional br akes. But t her e3 st ill plent y heat soak í t her m a|absor pt ion
br akes com pr ise pads of pot ent ial f or r ecover ing t he by t he chassisf as delicat e
pr eviouslym ade f r om asbest os- kinet ic ener gy, r at her t han alloy par t s and sensit ive non-
based com posit es, but now m er e| y dissí pat ing it í n t he m et allic m at er ials, such as
consist ing of com pounds* f or m of heat . polym er s, ar e suscept ible t o
of exot ic. non- hazar dous h eat d am ag e.

C Ma t ch t h e m a t e r i a t s f r o m t h e t e x t ( l - 7 ) t o t h e d e scr i p t i o n s ( a - g ) .

1 com pou n ds1 a m at er ialst h at ar e n ot m et al

2 exot ic \ U iron and st eel
\
3 f er r ou s \ g com bin at ion sof m at er ials
4 cer am ics d mixt ure of met als
5 al.Loy e plast ic mat erials
6 n on - m et allic f mineralst ransformedby heat
7 polym er s g r ar eor com plex

16 Un i t 2 Mat er i al st ech n o l o g y

I
 I

ln pair s, t ake t ur ns t o descr ibe an obj ect using t he w or ds f r om Exer cise 5c

and t he phr ases in t he box. Ask your par t ner t o guess w hat it is.

com pr ise con sist of m adef r om m adeof m adeou t of

6 a You ar e going t o give a t alk on com posit est echnologyat a const r uct ion
m at er ialst r ade f air . I n par t of t he t alk, you f ocus on r einf or cedconcr et e
as a w ell- know nexam pleof a com posit em at er ial. Pr epar e your t alk using
w or ds and phr asesf r om t his sect ion and t he f ollow ingnot es.

hmpositematerials
(ammonetample:reinforcedconcrete(verywidelyusedcomposite)

Lement(derived
fron lime)
-
ftgregate f:i:r:fgrrg"te(und) + clarseaggregate or crushed
(qravel

Water + chemical additives (e.9.plasticiser to improve w1rk^ bility)

kinforcement (steel barq fixed together with steel tie wirQ

b ln sm all gr oups, t ake t ur ns t o give your t alk.

c Mar git , a sales engineer , is descr ibing a

high- volt age cable. Bef or e you list en, label
t he cr oss- sect ion w it h t he par t s ( a- e) .
a i n su l a t i o n
b w at er or oof m em b r an e
c ou t erj ack et
d ar m ou r edp r ot ect ion 2
e con d u ct or

) z3 t ist en t o t he descr ipt ionand

check your answ er sin Exer cise6c.

Mat ch t he par t s of t he cable ( a- e) in

Exer cise6c t o t he f ollow ingcat egor iesof
m at er ials ( l - 5) . You w ill need t o use som e par t s m or e t han once.
I n o n - m et al l i c at 4 n o n - f er r o u sm et al
2 m et al l i c 5 p o l y m er - b ased
3 f er r ous m et al -

I m agineyou ar e pr esent inga pr oduct or applianceyou know w ell t o a

pot ent ial client . Descr ibet he cat egor iesof m at er ial used t o m ake t he
dif f er ent par t s.

Unit 2 Mat er iat st echnology t7

I Sp ecif y in gan d d escr ib in gp r op er t ies
8a I n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at y o u k n o w ab o u t t h e p r o p er t i es o f Kev l ar @an d h o w i t
i s u se d .

b Read t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om DuPont '" 's t echnical guide t o Kevlar @.
Co m p ar e t h e i n f o r m at i o n w i t h y o u r i d eas f r o m Ex er ci se 8 a.

\ ^ / HATI SKEVLAR,@?
Dt r Pon t Í l'KEVLAB@
1 is an or g ar r icf ib er
in t h e ar or n aiicp oly an r id ef an r i{ yTh . e
l u n i q up
e r o p e r t i easn d d i st i n ctch e m i ca l
Co | - 1 p o s| Lloot nKEVLÁRe d i st i n g t r i sn
it Í r omot h ercot - , r t ller cia] t llan
' n lad e
Í i b e r s'

KEVLAR@h as a u n iq u econ r b in at ion

o f l ' r r g nh r o d u i u s, t o u g h n e ss, a b r a si o n
r e sr st a n ce a r ' crI l r e r n r astl a b i tl y .l t r , v a s
d ev elop edf or d er - n an ciiningd u st r ial
a r l d a d v a n ce d - t e ch n o l oagpyp l r ca t i o n s.
Cu r r en t lyr.r an y t y p esof KEVLAR@ar e
p r o cl u ce d t o r r r e eaT o r o a dr i r n g eo f e n d
u se st h a t r e q u i r est r o n g l, t g h t w e r g h t .
cl t i r a b l rer a t e r i a l s.
t Po n td e Ne m o u r s
Co p y r i g hDu

Du Po n t an
" dKev t arar
@er eg i st er ed r s m p anoyr i t s af f i t i at es
t r ad em arokrst r ad em arokfsE. I . d uPo n td e Nem o u Co

Fi n d w o r d s i n t h e t ex t i n Ex er ci se 8 b t o m at ch t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s.
1 f o r ag h n ess : t h e o p p o si t e o f f r ag i l i t y
2 - : r esi st an cet o d am ag e cau sed b y f r i ct i o n
3 - : r e S| St a n c e t o p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e
4 -: l o n g - l ast i n g
5 - : t h e o p p o si t e o f h eav y

9a Mat ch t h e au t o m o t i v e p ar t s ( l - 5 ) t o t h e d escr i p t i o n s ( a- e) .

t drivebelt s a sheet sinsert edbet weenpart st o preventgasor fluid leakage

2 br akepads b pneum at envelopes
ic in cont actw it ht he r oadsur f ace
3 t yr es c f lexiblebandsusedin t r ansm ission syst em s
4 sealinggasket s d pr ot ect ive
bar r iercapable
s of r esist inggunshot s
5 ar m our e
but let - r esist ant padspr essed againstdiscst o inducedecet er at ion

Read t h e i n f o r m at i o n f r o m Du Po n t ' u o n t h e f o l l o w i n g p ag e ex p l ai n i n g so m e
o f t h e au t o m o t i v e ap p l i cat i o n s o f Kev l ar @.Co m p l et e t h e t ex t u si n g t h e
aut om ot ive par t s in Exer cise 9a.

18 Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y
 I

( 1 )-
Car an d t r r - r ck h av er n co r p o r at ed al l o l vt h er nt o l ast l o i ' r gan d st o p t h e r r el r i cl e
Kev l ar @i n t ot h ei rco n st r u ct i o b
n ecau sei t o f f er s saÍ e| an y d q r t i et l y .
< ur fr rnco r l _v r p
n ru lr t lavi r( u r r oa . ehu rl o
r cor lnu' ' g ) l) iOl
J o l O r U lHOl !8, Kev | ar @ p r o v i d esan eÍ Í ect l r1l e' i g h t w ei g h t
T h e h r g h| n o d U I U a
Sn c j a b Í a S| o lr le s | St a l l c o
ef ( 4 )- so l u t i o rfro r r . ' eh r ci es
t h at r eq u r r e
Ke v l a r @h e l p ( 2 ) r e t a i nt h e i r o r g i n a l p r o t ect i o n
ag ai n s{b al l i st i cat t ack .al l o w i n gcar s
c, h : n p an. l l p r r cr n n n \ / Ar l h e t T l r l l r g p t Ot an d l i g h tt r u ck st o r et ai nm o st o f t h ei ro r i g i n al
r ev o l r r t , crt rl t eu
s n o t h r o u g no v er l h e l i t esp ano { h an d i i n gch ar act er i st i cs.
a v en r ct e. Ch e r n r c .st r l a i l i i i ta\ 1 o l l r e !! a ' sl a D , l ' ir)e i o
Í o r cest h at ( 3 )-
Th e f r i ct i o n a| ar e d esi g n ed m ak e ( 5 ) r ei n Í o r ced w i t h Kev i ar @p u l p
t o e n d u r et a k el e sso f a t o l lo r rt l \ o sen ' d d ew r t i r st r o n gan cjd u r ab l e.Th e g ai v an i cco r r o si o n
Ker r l ar @ p u l p .Th e en h an cedt h er n r alst ab i l i t y r esr st an ce o f Kev l ar ' @ al so co n t r i b u t es to
an d i n h er enab t r asi o nr esi st an ce o f Kev l ar i S i r n p r o v edi o n g t er n ren g r n ep er f o n r an ce.

ln pair s, discuss w hy t he pr oper t ies of Kevlar @ar e especially im por t ant f or

each ap p l i cat i o n d escr i b ed i n t h e t ex t .

) Z. q List en t o a conver sat ion about t he pr oper t ies of m at er ials used in a

specif ic t ype of t ool and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
1 W h er e d o es t h e co n v er sat i o nt ak e p l ace?
2 W h at t o o l i s b ei n g d i scu ssed ?
3 W h i ch m at er i al scan b e u sed f o r i t s d i f f er en to ar t s?

Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion using t he pr oper t ies
in Exer cise 8c. List en again and check your answ er s.
1 The handle m ust n't be heavy.ldeallg, Aou w ont it t o be
2 Resi st i n gf r i ct i o n i s essen t i al .Th e k eg r eq u i r em en t i s-
5 The bur has t o be built t o last . Obviouslg, t heg need t o be ver g
4 Heat b u i l d s u p i n t h e b u r . Yo u n eed o g o o d d eg r ee o f -

Mat ch t he w or ds and phr ases ( | - 5) f r om Exer cise | 0b t o t he synonym s

( a- e) .

1 ideal.t y a ií s cleart hat

2 obviously b for t he best result s
3 t he lastt hingyou w ant c t he m ostim por t antf uct or
4 t he keyr equir em ent d a lot of l a hight evelof
5 a gooddegr ee of e t he worstsit uat ion

a You w or k f or a m anuf act ur er of .,-\

Harprme's a! Joi're" s' hat mme's ( t ov rat t ls)
hand t ools and have ; ; ; '; ; n* a
hat wrmet s( fov uaat sorrvy
ro) Lt au'rp chisels)
invest igat e using alt ernat ive mat erials
- -
in your product s. ln pui.., ." uá t r'" Co\ siáev t he harr" rmerheot A at \ A t he harmwrevshart | .
not es and discuss t he m ain pr oper t ies Sat w s a| Wooá Sar w s( €o v ct a| t ir r gw ooá)
required of t he mat erials used t o make b) Harcksarws( fov craffirrg uaet at l)
t he t oo| s. Coqsiáev | he sat wb| oA,e aú O,| v\ e sarw hat r,t áleo" €
v arrre.

Th i n k o f a p r o d u ct y o u k n o w w el l .
l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e m at er i al s u sed i n i t an d w h at p r o p er t i es m ak e t h e
m at er i al s su i t ab l e. Di scu ss w h et h er al t er n at i v e m at er i al s co u l d b e u sed .

Un i t 2 Mat er i at st ech n o l o g y 79
 I Discu ssin qg u alit yissu es
72 I n pair s, answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I ln ad v er t isin gw, h at h i- t echh, ig h - p er f or m an ce
sit uat ionsar e of t enusedt o pr om ot ew at ches?
2 Wh at m essag es ar e t h eyin t en d edt o sen dab ou tt h e
qualit yof pr oduct s?
3 What qualit yissuesdif f er ent iat e higher - qualitw y at ches
f r om low er - qualitones?
y
4 What is t he dif f er encebet w eendescr ibingsom et hingas
and w at er pr oon
w at er - r esist ant

13a ) ls t ouisa, a m ar ket ingexecut ivef or a w at ch

m anuf act ur er ,is discussingm at er ial select ionw it h
Tom , one of her engineer ingcolleagues.List en t o t he
discussionand com plet et he f our qualit y issues t hat ar e
m ent ionedin t he m eet ing.
I - r esist ance
2 - r esist ance
3 - r esist an ce
4 - r esist an ce

b I n pair s, discussw hat is m eant by each of t he qualit y

issu esin Ex er cise1 3 a.

14a ) z.s t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.

I What point doesTom m akeabout t he r easonsf or select ingm at er ials?
2 What does he say about subm ar ine- gr ade st eelt o exem plif yt he above
p oin t ?
y m an y
3 Wh at p r ob lemd oesh e d escr ib ew it h r eg ar dt o t h e m ar k et ab ilitof
m at er ials?
4 What har d com m er cialf act does Louisagive?

ln pair s, m ar k t he f ollow ingst at em ent sTr ue f I ) or False ( F) accor dingt o

t he view sexpr essed in t he conver sat ion.Read t he audioscr ipt on page 87
and check your answ er s.
t ech n ically .
ar e n ot t h at su it ab le,
I Of t en ,ex ot ic- sou n d inmgat er ials
2 Peop let h in kt h at a su b m ar in est eelw at chm u st b e t r em en d ou sly
w at er - r esist ant .
3 The cor r osionr esist anceof subm ar inest eel is except ionally good.
4 Su b m ar in e- g r adsteeellook sf air lyg ood .
5 Tomt h in k ssu b m ar in est eelis p ar t icu lar ly
su it ab lef or w at ch es.
6 The f ir m has of t enused m at er ialst hat ar e not adequat elydur able.
7 Of t en,t he com posit ions of good w at chm at er ialsar e r elat ivelycom plex.
8 Mat er ialsw it h com plicat ednam esar e pr et t ygood f or m ar ket ing.

20 Unit 2 Mat er ialst echnot ogy

I
E"
E- . - r

C ) z.O List en t o t he f ollow ingphr asesf r om t he conver sat ionand under t inet he
st ressed syllable. Pract ise saying t he phrases.
I n ot p at j eu lar lysu it ab le 4 t r em en d ou sly m ar k et ab le
2 except ionally r esist ant 5 r elat ivelycom plex
3 n ot at all su it ab le 6 n ot all t h at g ood

d Com plet et he f ollow ingt able using t he w or ds in t he box.

cxrcÉ ia* y fairty insufficientty not adequatety not (alt)that
not partí .culartypÍ etty ntativety tetendousty

ext r em ely quit e not ver y not enough def init elynot
excepfiohrrlly

15 I n pair s, discusst he key pr oper t iesand dif f er ent t ypes and gr ades of
t he f ollow ingm at er ials.Give exam plesof t he pr oper t iest hat m ake each
m at er ial good or bad f or w at ch- m aking,f r om a qualit y per spect ive.

Mat er ials
st eel glass at um iniumt it anium got d pt ast ic copper r ubber

Pr oper t ies
w at er - r esist an t abr asion - r esist an t cor r osion - r esist an t sh ock- r esist an t t ou qh
brit t Le et ast ic durable heavy Light w eight t hermalt yst able

16 ln sm all gr oups, choose a w ell- know nconsum erpr oduct or applianceand

discussit f r om a qualit y per spect ive.How suit able ar e t he m at er ials used?
How good is t he pr oduct , com par edw it h ot her s sold by com pet it or s?

Unit 2 Mat er ialst echnology 27

I Descr ib incom
g p on ensh
t ap es
andf eat ures
t What do you know about t he elect rical plugs and socket s used in different
count r ies?ln pair s, descr ibe som e specif icdesigns.

2a ) lt Jan, a pr oj ect m anager f or a f ir m t hat m anuf act ur eselect r icalplugs

and socket s, is briefing some of his engineering colleagues. List en t o t he
br ief ingand sum m ar iset he aim of t he pr oj ect .

f n pairs, discuss what is meant by profile of t he pins and st andard

configuration.

) U Er in, an engineerw it h t he sam e com pany,is descr ibingdif f er ent

elect r icalplug and socket f or m at s dur ing t he br ief ing.List en and m at ch t he

tu
descr ipt ions( l - 6) t o t he pict ur es( a- f l.

e_

22 Unit 3 Com ponent sand assem bt ies

 I

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he descr ipt ions using adj ect ives
based on t he w or ds in br acket s.
1 . . . t her e ar e c\ vcviav pins f or live and neut r al. ( cir cle)
2 . . . t he eart h slot 's got a flat base wit h one side over t o form a
sem i- cir cle. ( r ound)
3 This one has blades f or live, neut r al and ear t h. . . ( r ect angle)
4 . . . it has a - slot t o r eceive t he ear t h pin. ( cylinder l
5 ... t he pins are arranged in - configurat ion. ( line)
6 . . . t heg'r e laid out in - conf igur at ion ( t r iangle)

g ) t . l Li st en an d u n d er l i n e t h e st r essed sy l l ab l e i n each o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
w or ds.
r edangle r ect angular t r iangle t r iangular
cy lin d er cy lin d r ical line linear

3 a ) S. l List en t o a longer descr ipt ion f r om t he m eet ing. Which pict ur e ( a- 0 in

Exer cise 2c does Er in descr ibe?

b Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he descr ipt ion using t he cor r ect f or m
of t he w or ds in t he box.

flushwit h groove ffie pin recess ridge set back

1 . . . t her e's a cir cular slot at t he t op. I t 'sobviouslg a bt ind V, ole , i7

doesn't go right t hrough.
2 . . . t here ore t wo plast ic , one on eit her side of t he plug
casing, and t heg slot int o corresponding - at each side of t he
so c k e t . l n a d d i t i o n . t h e c e n t r e o f t h e so c k e t l s- . So r a t h e r t h a n
being
t he front of t he socket , on t he same face, t he circular area
t hat receives t he plug / s - from t he surrounding casing ...
3 These covers onlg open when pressure is applied t o bot h bg t he t wo
- of t he plug sim ult aneouslg.

C ! n pair s, descr ibe t he dif f er ent plug and socket f or m at s in t he pict ur es in

Exer cise 2c.

4 a ) l . s An d y an d Kar i n , t w o el ect r i cal en g i n eer s, ar e ev al u at i n g a p l u g an d

socket f or m at in Exer cise 2c. List en t o t he conver sat ion and m ake not es of
t he advant ages and disadvant ages of t he f ollow ing f eat ur es.
1 Pl u g sl o t s i n t o a r ecessi n t h e so ck et :
Advant ages
Di sad v an t ag es
2 Co v er sp r o t ect l i v e an d n eu t r al sl o t s:
Advant ages
Di sad v an t ag es

b ln pair s, discuss t he advant ages and disadvant ages of t he plug and socket
f or m at s in Exer cise 2c. Use t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he conver sat ion.

an advant age/ disadvantofage t hisf or m atis . . . anot heradvant age/ disadvantisage ...
t he pr oblemw it ht his syst emis . . . t his ( shapef or m at f eat urst e)ops. . . f r om. . . - ing
t his ( shape/ f or m at / f eat at
urte)owits t o , / hel. ps
it t o / m akes
it easyt o / m akes it dif f icut tt o . . .

Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan
s d assem b l i es 23
n Exp lain in g m an u f act u r in g
an dassessin g
t ech n i q u es
5 l n p ai r s, t h i n k o f so m e ex am p l es o f m ach i n i n g o p er at i o n s t h at ar e o f t en
used in m anuf act ur ing involving m et alw or king.

6a ) l. S Suan, a sales engineer w it h a m et al f abr icat ion com pany, is show ing Mr
Bar r et t , a new cust om er , ar ound t heir plant . List en t o t he conver sat ion
and m ar k t he st at em ent s Ti'ue ( T) or False ( F) .
I Th e co m p an y sp eci al i sesi n sh eet m et al w o r k i n g .
2 Th e co m p an y d o es a l o t o f m et al cast i n g .
3 Met al b ash i n g i s a p r eci set ech n i calt er m f o r h am m er i n g .
4 Dr i l l s an d m i l l i n g m ach i n esar e al w ay sn o i sy .
5 Cr i n d i n g i s a p r o cesst h at u ses ab r asi v es.
6 Th e p r ess i s u sed f o r sh ear i n gm et al .

Com plet e t he f ollow ing t r aining m at er ial f or gr aduat e engineer s using t he

w or ds in t he box.

Drit t ing Flame-cut t ingMit t ing Sawing Shearing

l'| fiilÜilGT| ||Rl|GI tGl|l|l 0ut HnlÜ[ I 0 sptllll 0l|s

| l|: cl| I Tll| 0
Key Í act or sin det er m iningt he m ost appr opr iat ecut t ingt echniquear e: m at er ia|
char act er ist ics( not ablyhar dness,and t her m aland elect r icalpr oper t ies) ,
com ponent t hickness,com ponent shape and com plexit y,r equir ededge qualit y,and \
pr oduct ionvolum e.Select cut t ingopt ionsbelow f or a det ailedanalysisof t echniques.

Gunil8oPiloilS
( 1 ) - : a b r a si v e c u t t i n g , r e m o v i n g a k e í o Í m a t e r i a | . | n c | u d e sc u t t i n g w i t h t o o t h e d b | a d e s
and abr asivew heels. @

( 2 ) - : u seo f p r essu r eo n sm o o t h - ed g ed b | ad esf o r g u i l l o t i n i n g an d p u n ch i n g @

( 3 ) - : r e m o v a | o f m a t e r i a | a c r o sst h e Í u | | d i a m e t e r o Í a h o | e , o r u si n g h o l e - sa w sf o r
cut t ingcir cum Í er ent iar kens. j ! ! il! *

( 4 ) - : r e m o v a | o f su r f a c e l a y e r sw i t h m u | t i p | e c u t t i n g w h e e | p a sse s@

( 5 ) - : u si n g o x y f u e | ( o x y g e n + c o m b u st i b | e g a s' o f t e n a c e t y | e n e ) . @

C Com plet e t he f ollow ing def init ions using t he w or ds in t he box.

abrasivewheel guit Lot ine hole-saw kerf punch t oot hedblade

I A p q \ ch m ak es h o l es b y ap p l y i n g p r essu r et o sh ear t h e m at er i al .
2 A- m ak esst r ai g h t cu t sb y ap p | y i n g p r essu r et o sh ear t h e
m at er i al .
3 A- i s t h e w i d t h o f t h e saw cu t .
4 A- h as sh ar p ed g es f o r cu t t i n go r m i l l i n g .
5 A- h as a h ar d , r o u g h su r f acef o r cu t t i n go r g r i n d i n g .
6 A- cu t saci r cu l ar o i ecet o r em o Vean i n t act co r eo f m at er i a| .

24 Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan
s d assem b l i es

I
 I

7 a Read t he f ollow ing ext r act of pr om ot ional lit er at ur e f r om a leading pr oducer

o f u l t r a- h i g h - p r essu r e( UHP) w at er j et cu t t i n g m ach i n es. l n p ai r s, ex p l ai n t h e
p h r ases i n b o l d .

\ A / h at
V V Wat er
m ak esw at er j et su
j et s
s cha p op u larcu t t in gop t ion ?
r equir ef ew secondar y oper at ions,
pr oducenet - shapedpar t s w it h no heat - af f ect edzone, heat dist or t ion,
= Ffow
or m ech an icalst r essescau sedb y ot h ercu t t in gm et h od s, can cu t w it h
a nar r ow ker í and can pr ovidebet t erusageof r aw m at er ia|sincepar t s
can be t ight ly nest ed.As a r esultof t he Flow Mast er r uPC cont r olsyst em
and int uit iveoper at ion,w at er j et sar e ext r em elyeasyt o use.Typically,
s b e t r ain edin h ou r san d ar ep r od u cin gh ig h - q u alit py ar t sin
op er at or can
h ou r s.Ad d it ion allyw,at er j et can
s cu t v ir t u allyan y m at er ial, leav inagsat in -
sm oot hed g e.

) l . l f v an i s t al k i n g t o Mr Bar r et t ab o u t UHP w at er j et cu t t i n g . Li st en t o t h e
co n v er sat i o n an d m at ch t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x t o t h e ex t r act s ( 1 - 4 ) .

heat -affect ed
zone mechanical
st resses narrowkerf part s
net -shaped

Ex t r act I Ex t r act3
Ex t r act 2 Ex t r act4

Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion by under lining t he
cor r ect phr ases.
1 So t heg are especiallg good when / not so good when gou have int ricat e
shapes.
2 Saw blades are obviouslg pert ect when / useless when you're cut t ing curved
shdpes.
3 ... sawing is t he ideal solut ion / not t he best solut ion if gou want t o avoid
alt ering t he mat erial.
4 ... it 's ideal for / t ot allg unsuit able for met als.

8 I n pair s, assess t he dif f er ent cut t ing t echniques in t er m s of

o shape/ size of cut o m at er ial t ypes/ char act er ist ics . cut w idt h/ qualit y.
Use t h e p h r ases in t he box.

ideaL/ per f ect / especiaU. y f or + - in g

good t h e ideal. / per f ect solu t ionf or
n ot par t icu t ar lysu it able/ n ot so good if you n eed . . .
n ot t h e best sot u t ionif you don 't w an t . . . t ot alt y u n su it abt e/ u seless

Cu t t in gt ech n iq u es Shape/ sizeof cut

dr il. l. inw
g it h a bit angular bLindhol. es cur ved lar ge sm a[ [ st r aight
dr it Lin gw it h a h ole- saw t h i ck t h i n t h r o u q h o t es
f lam e- cu t t in g
grinding Mat er ial t ypes/ char act er ist ics
gui[ [ ot ining cer am ics m et als plast ics t im ber har d t ough
m il. Lin g brit t t e
p u n ch i n g
sa w i n g Cu t w i d t h / q u al i t y
w at er j etcu t t in g heat - af f ect edzone nar r owker f s no ker f r oughedges
sm oot hedges w ideker f s

Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan
s d assem b l i es 25
I Ex p lain in gj oin t in g an d f ix in g t ech n iq u es
9 I n pair s, t hink of som e exam ples of w ays of j oining m at er ials t oget her .

10a ) g. A pear o, a pur chasing m anager w it h a kit chen appliance m anuf act ur er , is
t alking t o Alicia, a sales m anager f r om one of t heir m ain supplier s. List en t o
t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
1 W h at o b j ect i v ed o es Ped r o d escr i b e r eg ar d i n gh i s co m p an y ' sr el at i o n sh i p
w i t h su p p l i er s?
2 W h at i s Al i ci a co n cer n edab o u t ?
3 Ho w d o es h e r esp o n d t o h er co n cer n s?

Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he w or ds in t he box.

adhesive ü'ot t ct ip rivet screw weld

Mech an i calf i x i n g s No n - m ech an i calf i x i n g s

bolf

C Lab el t h e p h o t o s ( l - 5 ) w i t h t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci se l Ob .

l w elá 3_

Mat ch t he t ypes of connect ion in t he box t o t he f ollow ing gr oups.

bot t ing bonding conncct ing fixing gt uing j oining rivet ing welding

1 cor r \ ect iqg : descr ibes any kind of connect ion.

2 - : d escr i b esm ech an i calco n n ect i o n so n l v .
: d escr i b esn o n - m ech an i calco n n ect i o n s
on ly .

26 Un it 3 Com p on enan
t s dassem b lies
 T

l1 d Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s u si n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x .

eachot her on ont o t o t oget her

I Ho w can w e f i x t h ese t w o co m p o n en t s- ?
2 Ho w can w e f i x t h ese t w o co m p o n en t st o - ?
3 H o w c a n w e f i x t h i s c o m p o n e n t- ?
4 Ho w can w e f i x t h i s co m p o n en t I- t h i s co m p o n en t ?

b Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g t r ai n i n g w eb p ag e u si n g t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci se | | a.

il[ ilUrA8I UB
ll| Bllcl| l|l| lÜtEURI ÜI0l|
I ! :J0ll| I sll| l| rilI ilBs
The most suit able met hod ot j oÍ ning component s depends on many t act ot s, whí ch
ext end beyond t he obvious í ssue oÍ requí rcd st rengt h.
. Wil| t he . j ointneed t o be disconnect edin t he Í ut ur e?| Í a par t is bo| t ed( 1)- , it can obvious| y
be r em ovedat a | at erdat e. | Ít w o com ponent sar e bonded t o ( 2)- w it h st r ong adhesive,or
w elded ( 3)- t hen subsequentr em ovalw ill clear lybe m or e dif f icult . @
. What ext er nalf act or sm ight af f ect t he j oint ? Wat er or heat can w eaken adhesivej oint s.And no
m at t er how t ight lynut s ar e scr ew ed ( 4)- bolt s, vibr at ioncan cause t hem t o w or k loose
^ .,^ - + i- ^ 4t llF
vvvr Lil rv. t llllliblr

. How qualit y- sensit ive is t he j oint ingt echnique?Com ponent sar e r ar elyj oined ( 5)- each
ot her in idealcondit ions.lnadequat elyt ight enedf ixings,im pr oper lypr epar edsur f aces,or f law ed
w elds ar e inevit able.How could such im per f ect ionsaf f ectt he j oint negat ively?@

-
< 't

C I n p ai r s, an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s u si n g t h e i n f o r m at i o n o n t h e w eb
page in Exer cise 1 I b.
I W h at ar e t h e m ai n ad v an t ag ean d d i sad v an t ag eo f m ech an i calf i x i n g s?
2 e f n o n - m e c h a n i c jaol i n t i n g ?
W h a t i s t h e m a i n d i sa d v a n t a g o
3 W h at i ssu escan n eg at i v el yaf f ect m ech an i calf i x i n g s an d n o n - m ech an i cal
j o i n t s?

72 a l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f o l l o w i n g j o i n t i n g t ech n i q u es u sed i n ai r cr af t an d say

how t he par t s ar e f ixed t oget her .
1 Ear l y ai r cr af t :t i m b er f r am e / ad h esi v eo r scr ew s
2 Mo d er n j et ai r cr af t :al l o y b o d y p an el s/ r i v et s
3 Ai r cr af t cab i n s: seat s/ f l o o r / b o l t s
4 Ai r cr af t co ck p i t :w i n d sh i el d / f u sel ag e/ ad h esi v e

b Yo u r co m p an y h as l au n ch ed a co m p et i t i o n f o r i t s en g i n eer s t o b u i l d a
h o m em ad e m o d el g l i d er t h at i s as ch eap as p o ssi b l e t o assem b l e. l n p ai r s,
d i scu ss w h at t y p es o f m at er i al s an d j o i n t s y o u co u l d u se.

Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan
s d assem b t i es 27
n Descr i b i n g p o si t i o n so f assem b 1 ed co m p o n en t s
13a ln pair s, r ead t he t it le of t he ar t icle and suggest w ays of m aking a gar den
ch ai r f l y . Di scu ss an y p o t en t i al p r o b l em s.

b Read t h e ar t i cl e an d m at ch t h e q u est i o n s ( a- d ) t o t h e p ar ag r ap h s ( l - 4 ) .
a Ho w d i d t h e act u al f l i g h t d i f f er f r o m t h e o n e t h at w as p l an n ed ?
b W h at i n ci d en t so ccu r r edj u st b ef o r ean d j u st af t er t h e l an d i n g ?
c W h at i s sai d ab o u t t h e m o d er n eq u i v al en to f t h i s t y p e o f act i v i t y ?
d W h at co m p o n en t sw er e u sed t o assem b l et h e f l y i n g m ach i n e?

ANDTHEFLYI NGGARDENCHAI R
CRAZYBUTTRUE:LARRYWALTERS
I On July 2, L982, a Californian gradually t o earü. But as t he cu r iou s spect acle ou t side, as
t ruck driver named I -arry helium gas cont ained w it hin w ide-eyed as t he garden chair
\ ü?'alt erssat out side his house t he balloons w armed up in t he pilot hovering beside t hem.
on a garden chair.To say t hat su m m er su n , it pr ogr essively
Evenrually, aft er managing
h e w as ou t t o get som e air generat ed more lift . \ ü7hen t he
t o sh oot som e balloon s, Mr
is an underst at ement , for anchor ropes w ere released,
Walt ers descended safely t o
proj ect ing above him a clust er t he self-assembly airship shot
eart h despit e an anchor rope,
of r opes w as t iedt o 42 h eliu m - up like a rocket . Too shocked
w h ich w as st ill su spen ded
fi lled w eat her balloons. Anchor t o reach for üe pist ol insert ed
ben eaú üe ch air , get t in g
r opes, sit u at ed u n der n eat h ú e in his pocket , t he first -t ime
t angled w it h a pow er line
chair, w ere fast ened around pilot h eld on f or lif e. I n iu st
locat ed alongside t he landing
t he bumper of his car, w hich a few minut es, l-arry rWalt ers
sit e ( in som eon e's gar den ) .
w as posit ioned j ust below t he w as 16'000 f eet above üe
He w as immediat ely arrest ed
makeshift flying machine. ground, float ing over t he
by w ait ing police of6cers, and
cit y of l-ong Beach. A short
2 MrWalt ers int ended t o climb w as lat er fined for breaking
t ime lat er, t here w ere furüer
gent ly t o an alt it ude of a few Federal aviat ion law s.
complicat ions; he suddenly
hundred feet , before drift ing
found himselfinside cont rolled Today, clu st er balloon in g,
slow ly out of t ow n and across
airspace, adj acent to Long w hile st ill a fairly marginal
count ry. He t hen planned
Beach Airport . The occupant s sport , is st eadily st art ing t o
t o use an airgun to shoot
of passing Delt a Airlines and gain in popularit y.
som e balloon s an d descen d
T$í A aircraft looked on at t he

C An sw er t h e q u est ion sin Ex er ciseI 3 b .

74 a Lab el t h e d iag r am su sin gt h e p r ep osit ion sin t h e b ox .

abor/ e adj acent t o alongside around below beneat h beside

in side ou t side over u n der n eat h w it h in

a at bove
'! . " 8.
!
,f f i
u a

28 Un i t 3 Co m p o n e n tasn da sse m b l Í e s
 I

co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces ab o u t t h e f l y i n g g ar d en ch ai r u si n g t h e
pr eposit ions in t he box. Check your answ er s against t he t ext in Exer cise t 3b.

in above ar ound beneat h w it hin

1 Pr o j ect i n g t h e ch ai r w as a cl u st er o f r o p es' t i ed t o 4 2
h el i u m - f i l l edw eat h er b al l o o n s.
2 An ch o r r o p es w er e f ast en ed t h e b u m p er o f t h e car .
3 Lar r y Walt er s had an air gun inser t ed - his pocket .
4 T h e h e l i u mc o n t a i n e d t h e b a l l o o n sw a r m e du p i n t h e su n '
5 Af t er t ak eo f f ,t h e an ch o r r o p es r em ai n edsu sp en d ed- t h e ch ai r .

co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d escr i p t i o n s o f h o w t h e g ar d en ch ai r ai r sh i p w as
assem bled by under lining t he cor r ect w or ds.
I A q u an t i t yo f h el i u m g as w as co n t ai n ed / su sp en d edi n si d e each b al l o o n .
2 A t u b e w as i n ser t ed / p r o j ect edi n si d e t h e o p en i n g so f t h e b al l o o n s,t o i n f l at e
t hem .
3 Th e b al l o o n sw er e si t u at ed / su sp en d edo v er t h e ch ai r , i n a l ar g e cl u st er .
4 Th e ch ai r w as co n t ai n ed i su sp en d ed u n d er t h e b al l o o n sb y r o p es.
5 Ar m r est s,co n t ai n ed / l o cat edb esi d e t h e p i l o t , at each si d e, h el p ed t o h o l d h i m
i n p l ace.
Th e l an d i n g g ear , i n ser t i n g / p r o j ect i n gb el o w t h e seat , co n si st ed ,si m p l y ,o f t h e
ch ai r l eg s.
7 Th e p i l o t w as p o si t i o n ed / p r o j ect edu n d er n eat ht h e b al l o o n s,so h i s w ei g h t
w as l o w d o w n .

d Wt r ict r t w o ot h er w or ds h ave t h e sam e m ean in g as posit ion ed?

cont ained fast ened insert ed Locat ed proj ect ed sit uat ed suspended

t5 a I n p air s,look at t h e p h ot o an d d escr ib eh ow y ou t h in k t h e clu st er

b alloonis assem b ledf r om t h e f ollow in gcom p on en t s.

bags balloons helium nyt onropes nylonst raps par agt iding
har ness
bat last t ies t ape
pLast iccabt e sand/ wat er

b ) il Eva and Lenny, t w o engineer s w or king f or an ext r em e spor t s

eq u i p m en t m an u f act u r er ,ar e d i scu ssi n g cl u st er b al l o o n i n g .
List en t o t he conver sat ion and sum m ar ise w hat t hey say about
t he f ollow ing issues.
I a sse m b l yt i m e t h e ad v an t ag eo f t y i n g
2 h o w o l ast i c cab l e t i es ar e u sed e a c h i n d i v i d u abl a l l o o n
3 a t r ee st r uct ur e t h e p r o b l em o f u si n g a n et
4 h o w w at er b ag s ar e u sed t o co n t ai n t h e b al l o o n s

I n pair s, discuss w ays of over com ing t he pr oblem s m ent ioned in t he

conver sat ion. How could clust er ballooning be m ade m or e accessible t o
a m ass m ar k et ? W h at o t h er eq u i p m en t / assem b l i esco u l d b e u sed ?

s d assem b t i es
Un i t 3 Co m p o n en tan
E
UNI T 4
. Workingwit h dnwings .n
o Discussingdim ensions
and
l - r; r - fL
r- . 9Íj$l
precision rI
o designphasesand
Descr ibing {; ilil
I llt t
procedures
o Resolvingdesignproblems
.-f
-:StT.:
* l l a e p
NI
I
r+ lJ " .-j;t'

I t "

.6 tf,d* .;
..1
I
r* 'ii$* i*
ffiitrLn: fa
u-

I Wor k in gw it h d r aw in g s
l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en t t y p es o f d esi g n i n f o r m at i o n n eed ed o n a co m p l ex
en g i n eer i n g p r o j ect , su ch as t h e co n st r u ct i o n o f a l ar g e cr u i se sh i p . Ho w m an y
dif f er ent dr aw ings do you t hink m ight be pr oduced f or such a pr oj ect ? How
w o u l d t h ey b e o r g an i sed an d cat eg o r i sed ?

2a ) l . t l o e, a t ech n i ci an at a sh i p y ar d , i s t al k i n g t o Li n d a, o n e o f h i s en g i n eer i n g
co l l eag u es i n t h e d esi g n o f f i ce. He i s ask i n g ab o u t so m e i n f o r m at i o n w h i ch h e
can ' t f i n d o n an y o f t h e d r aw i n g s. Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d an sw er t h e
f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
I W h at ar ea o f t h e sh i p ar e t h ey d i scu ssi n g ?
2 W h at d o es t h e t ech n i ci ann eed t o k n o w ?

Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s u si n g t h e t y p es o f d r aw i n g i n t h e b o x .

cross-sect ion elevat ion explodedüew not e phn schemat ic

specif icat ion

1 X p\ art \ gives a view of t he whole deck, t rom above.

2 An - g i v es a v l ew o f al l t h e p an el s,f r o m t h e f r o n t .
3 An - g i v es a d eco n st r u ct edv i ew o f h o w t h e p an el sar e f i x ed
t oget her .
4 A- g i v es a cu t aw ayv i ew o f t h e j o i n t b et w eent w o p an el s.
5 A- g i v es a si m p l i f i edr ep r esen t at i o no f a n et w o r ko f ai r d u ct s.
6 A- g i v es a b r i ef d escr i p t l o no r a r ef er en cet o an o t h er r el at ed
dr aw ing.
1 A- g i v es d et ai l ed w r i t t en t ech n i cald escr i p t i o n so f t h e p an el s.

Which t w o t ypes of dr aw ing in Exer cise 2b ar e exam ples of gener al

ar r an g em en t d r aw i n g s, an d w h i ch t w o ar e ex am p l es o f d et ai l d r aw i n g s?

30 Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d
g esi g n
b-- -

Read t he f ollow ingt echnicalquest ionst hat cam e up dur ing t he

shipbuildingpr oj ect and decide w hich t ype of dr aw ingis r equir ed t o answ er
each quest ion.
l H o w m a n y p a n e | s a r e t h e r e a l t o g e t h e r o n t h i s w a | l ?-
2 What pr of ilear e t hesehollowbeam s:r ect angularor cir cular ?
3 What ar e t he posit ionsof all t he f loodlight sar oundt he deck per im et er ?

4 H o w m a n y b r a n c h e s c o m e o f f t h e m a i n s p r i n k | e r s u p p | y p i p e ?-
5 How do all t he int er nalcom ponent of s t he f an unit f it t oget her ?

3a What is meant by scale on a drawing? ln pairs, o< plainhow a scale rule,

like t he one show n in t he pict ur e,is used.

b ) u nft er receiving t he drawings for t he panet s, Joe is now discussing

some det ails wit h Pavel, a colleague. List en t o t he conversat ion and answer
t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I What pieceof inf or m at ionis not show non t he dr aw ing?
2 What golden rale is ment ioned?

Complet e t he following ext ract s from t he conversat ion and explain what is
m eant by each one.
I / s fhis drawing scale?
2 lt's one - five.
3 ... gou shouldn'tscale - drawings...
4 ... it 'sact ual size, on a --scale drawing...

4 You are engineers on a proiect t o design t he met al

handr ail t hat w ill r un ar ound t he per im et er of t he
t op, out door deck of a lar ge cr uise ship. ! n pair s,
discuss what drawings you will need t o produce for
manufact uring and inst allat ion wit h regard t o t he
f ollow ingissues:
o t he t ypesof viewt hat w ill be r equir edand w hat each
on e w ill sh ow
o t he appr oxim at escaleof dif f er entdr aw ingsand view s
o w hat w r it t eninf or m at ionyou w ill needt o pr ovidein
t he specif icat ion.

5 You are going t o provide design informat ion t o enable

a pr oduct iont eam t o m anuf act ur ea pr oduct or
applianceyou know w ell. Make a list of som e of t he
dr aw ingst hat w ill be needed, not ing w hat each one
w illsh ow .

Unit 4 Engineering design

 d i m en si o n san d p r eci si o n
Di scu ssi n g
6 d ln pair s, discuss w hat is m eant by pr ecision and accur acg.

Read t he t echnical advice w eb page and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
1 Ho w i s a su p er f l atf l o o r d i f f er en tf r o m an o r d i n ar y co n cr et ef l o o r ?
2 W h at accu r acycan b e ach i ev edw i t h o r d i n ar y sl ab s, an d w i t h su p er f l atsl ab s?
3 W h at p r o b l em i s d escr i b ed i n h i g h b ay w ar eh o u ses?

Floors:FAO
SuperÍ lat
What is a super f lat f loor ?
Co m p act ian n gdf i n i sh i nt h
g esu r f aceo Í W etco n cr eti sean i n h er en it m p r o cess.
| yp r eci se Fo rano r d i n ar y
co n cr etsleabt o b el ai dw i t h i n t o l er an ce,
en g i n eer
cans o n l yr eal i st i calexl yp ect
t h esu r f ace
t o b ef i n i sh ed
t o p l u so r m i n u5s m mBy. co n t r ast su, p er f lco
at n cr etf leo o rar t o m eetex t r em el
s ef i n i sh ed clyo set o l er an ces,
'1m m
b ei n gaccu r att e ow i t h i n acr o ss t h ei u
r p p er
su r f ace.

Wher e ar e super f f atf loor s used?

Fl o osu
r r Í aces w i t hex t r em e| t i gy h t o I er an ces ar eÍ r eq u ensp t | eci
y f i ed
i nw ar eh o u ses w h er e Au t o m at ed
Gu i d edVeh i cl es o p er at Un e ev en s eesp eci alpl yr o b l em ati ni h
f l o o rar c i g hb ayw ar eh o u ses, w h i chu se
au t o m at fed o r k | i fwt si t ha v er t i caIr eacho Í 3 0m et r es o r m o r e'
At su cha h ei g hs|t , i g hvtar i at i o ni nsÍ | o o r
| ev eIar eam p | i f i edi nt h ef o r mo Í v er t i caI t i | t cau
, si nign accu r at mean o eu v r at
i n hg i g h| ev el| 'Ít h ese
v ar i at i o ar
n seo u t si dteo l er an ce t h eycanl eadt o co l l i si o nwsi t hr ack i nel g em en tos,r cau sei t em tso b e
d r o p p edÍ rom p a| | et s.

ln pair s, discuss w hat is m eant by t oler ance in t he cont ext of dim ensions and
p r eci si o n .

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he w eb page w hich ar e used t o

d escr i b e t o l er an ces.
I - t o l er an ce( i n si d et h e l i m i t s o f a g i v en t o l er an ce)
2 - o r - Sm m ( + / - 5 m m )
3 - t o l er an ce( cl o set o l er an ce)
4 - t o | er an ce( n o t i n si d et h e| i m i t so f t o | er an ce)

e Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e ex p r essi o n s i n Ex er ci se 6 d .

I Th e f r am e' st o o b i g f o r t h e o p en i n g .Th e o p en i n g ' st h e r i g h t si ze,so t h e f r am e
m u st b e
2 Th e t o t al t o l e r a n c ei s I m m . T h e o e r m i ssi b l ev a r i a t i o ne i t h e rsi d e o f t h e i d e a l
is
Th e en g i n eer sp eci f i ed + / - 5 m m f o r t h e sl ab f i n i sh , an d w e g o t i t t o
+ I - 2 m m . So i t ' s w el l
4 Yo u can ' t f i n i sh co n cr et et o + / - 0 . I m m . Th er e' sn o w av v o u can w o r k t o su ch

ln som e sit uat ions, engineer s descr ibe t oler ances using p/ us or m inus,
f or exam ple + / - I m m , and in ot her sit uat ions as w it hin, f or exam ple
w i t h i n l m m . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en ce i n m ean i n g b et w een t h ese t w o
d escr i p t i o n s, g i v i n g ex am p l es o f si t u at i o n s w h er e each d escr i p t i o n m i g h t b e
u sed .

32 Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d
g esi g n
 I

7a ) q. i f \ 4ei,a st r uct ur al engineer , is t alking t o Lew is, a pr oj ect m anager , about

t h e f l o o r sp eci f i cat i o n f o r a m an u f act u r i n g p l an t t h at i s cu r r en t l y at d esi g n
st age. List en t o t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h at h as t h e cl i en t r eq u est edw i t h r eg ar d t o t h e f l o o r sl ab ?
2 W h at ar e f r ee m o v em en tf l o o r s an d d ef i n ed m o v em en tf l o o r s?
5 W h at i ssu e d o es t h e en g i n eerd i scu ssr eg ar d i n gq u al i t y ?
4 W h a t o p t i o n i s d i sc u sse di n v o l v i n gg r i n d i n g ?
5 W h at can b e d o n e t o t h e r ei n f o r cem en t o p er m i t g r i n d i n g ?

Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g t ab l e u si n g t h e w o r d s i n t h e t ex t i n Ex er ci se 6 b an d
au d i o scr i p t 4 . 3 o n p ag e 8 9 .
Nam eof dim ension Lar gedim ension Sm at [dim en sion
1 Whaf st he- ? I s it - ? I s it sh or t ?
2 Whaí s11] w
g iá| h ? I s it - ? I s it n an ow ?
3 What 's
t he- ? I s 11high 7 I s it [ ow ?
4 11gt hickr r ess?
What 's I s it - ? I s it t hin?
5 t he- ?
What 's I s i1 a\ eep 7 I s it sh allow ?

Mei has done a r evised dr aw ing f or t he f loor slab. Read t he ext r act f r om her
em ai l ab o u t t h e n ew d esi g n an d co m p l et e t h e m essag e u si n g t h e co r r ect f o r m
of t he w or ds in Exer cise 7b.

To: Lew is Rosas

Su biectBev
: ised f loor slab d r aw in g

P| easef ind at t acheda r eviseddr aw ingÍ ort he Í | oors| ab,now r econf igur edÍ ordef inedm ovem ent .
| n or der t o accom m odat eguidedvehicI es1 08Om m ( 1) w iáe ( as specif iedby t he c| ient )
W e p r o p o Se a s t a n d a r d ( 2 ) - o f 1 2 8 0 m m f o r e a c h s u p e r f | a t | a n e . A t 1 4 . 5 m , t h e
( 3 ) - o f t h e| o n g est | an eo n t h en et w o r k i sw i t h i n t h em ax i m u m sl ab r u n t h at can b ecast
in a singleconcr et epour ,t hus avoidingconst r uct ionj oint son st r aightr uns. On cur ved sect ions,a
st an d ar d8 . 5 m t u r n i n gr ad i u si s u sed ,as p er t h e g u i d edv eh i cl em an u f act u r err' seco m m en d at i o n s.
y f ut ur egr inding,w e have | ocat edt he t op | ayeroÍ r einÍ or cem ent
| n or der t o a| | owf or t he event ua| itof
1Om mdeeper below t he slab sur f ace.This addit ional( 4)- has not , how ever ,been
added t o t he over allslab ( 5) , w hich r em ains275m m . The r einf or cingbar s also r em ain
in I 2m m diam et er As . a r esult ,t he levelsof w all- m ount edpr ocess inst allat ions - m any of w hich need
t o be f ixed at a pr ecise ( 6)- -
above f inishedf loor level ar e unaf f ect ed.

W h i ch t w o w o r d s i n t h e em ai l r el at e t o ci r cl es? W h at asp ect s o f a ci r cl e d o

t h ey d escr i b e?
W
8 Th e m an u f act u r i n g p l an t i n Ex er ci se 7 w i l l
be built f r om a st eel f r am e. The ver t ical
el em en t s o f t h e f r am e w i l l b e Un i v er sal
Co l u m n s ( UCs) . Lo o k at t h e sect i o n o f a UC. f langes
l n p ai r s, d escr i b e t h e d i f f er en t d i m en si o n s
t hat def ine a UC pr of ile by explaining w hat
t he let t er s on t he sect ion r ef er t o.

TI

Un i t 4 En g i n e e r i n g d e si g n 33
- Descr ib in gd esig np h asesan d p r oced u r es
9 ! n pair s, discussw hat is m eant by a design pr ocess.ln engineer ing,w hat ar e
t he st ages in t he developm entof designs?

10 a The f ollow ingext r act sf r om em ails r elat e t o a pr oj ect t o build an indoor ski
com plex in Aust r alia, using ar t if icial snow .The m essagesw er e cir culat edby
an engineert o m em ber sof t he design t eam , and t o a specialist cont r act or .
Read t h e em ailsan d , in p air s,an sw ert h e f ollow in gq u est ion s.Not e t h at t h e
em ails ar e not in t he cor r ect or der .
I Wh at ar e all t h e em ailsab ou t ?
s e m en t ion ed ?
2 Wh at d if f er entty p esof d ocu m en t ar

We now have a f ullset of w or kingdr aw ingsf or It I at t ach a sum m ar yof our m eet ingw it h t he
t he m ain ski lif t( at t ached)These
. incor por at e I client last Tuesday.lt out linesideas expr essed
som e am endm ent sr equest edby t he client , i OVt he client 'sm ar ket ingt eam , and descr ibes
w hich have now been appr oved.Har d ; w hat an exper ienceat t he ski com plex should
copies have been Í or uvar ded t o t he r e| evant be like,f r om a visit or 'spoint oÍ view .We'| |be
cont r act or s'pr em ises,f or f abr icat ion. Soing t hr ought hese not es at t he pr olectkick-
oÍ Ím eet ingnext Thur sday,t o c| ar if yt he design
. , p| easeÍ or m ulat any
br ieÍ so e quer iesbeÍ or e
..
P| easef ind at t acheda f u| |set oÍ pr e| im inar y II t hen.
dr aw ings,as subm it t edt o t he clientf or
appr ova|/ com m ent s.These ar e Í orinf or m at ion
only at t his st age. , "
Please not e t hat dw g 18A is cur r ent lybeing
o r evised,t o r esolvepr oblem sencount er ed
At t ached ar e a f ew r ough sket chesset t ing dur ingassem blyof t he ski lif t .BevisionB w ill
out t he over alllayoutof t he ski com plex.At be cir culat ednext w eek. Unt ilt he am ended
t his point ,t hese ar e init ialideas based on dr aw ingis issued, pleaset r eatdw g 18A as
t he client 'ssuggest ionsand t he appr oxim at e super seded.lf you r equir especif icdet ails
dim ensionsspecif iedin t he design br ief .I look ur gent ly,please cont act m e, and I w ill ar r ange
||
f or w ar dt o any f eedback by t he end oÍ t his Í ora suit ab| esket ch t o be issued'
l|
w eek. II

b Pu t t h e em ai l s i n t h e co r r ect seq u en ce.

l_2_3_4_5

C Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g d ef i n i t i o n s u si n g t h e t y p es o f d r aw i n g i n t h e b o x .

designbrief pret iminary

drawing sket ch workingdrawing

l A- i sar o u g h d r aw i n g o f i n i t i a| i d eas, a| so u sed w h en p r o d u ct i o n

p r o b l em s r eq u i r een g i n eer st o am en d d esi g n d et ai l san d i ssu e t h em t o t h e
w o r k f o r cei m m ed i at el y .
2 A - i s a w r i t t e n Su m m a r y i n t e n d e d t o s p e c i f y d e s i g n o b j e c t i v e s .
3 A- i san ap p r o v ed d r aw i n g u sed f o r m an u f act u r i n g o r i n st a| | at i o n
Th er e i s o f t en a n eed t o r ev i set h ese d r aw i n g st o r eso l v ep r o d u ct i o np r o b l em s.
I n t h i s case, am en d ed v er si o n sar e i ssu ed t o su p er ced et h e p r ev i o u so n es.
4 A- i sad et ai | ed d r aw i n g t h at co | | eag u esan d co n su | t an t sar e
i n v i t ed t o ap p r o v e i f t h ey accep t t h em , o r co m m en t o n i f t h ey w i sh t o r eq u est
an y ch an g es.

34 Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d
g esi g n
 I

d Find synonym s f or t he f ollow ing w or ds in t he def init ions in Exer cise I Oc.
1 accept I aQ?vo\ le 5 give f eedback | -
2 am en dl- 6 r e Pl a c e / u Pd a t e l -
3 appr oxim at el- 7 st at el -
4 cir culat el- 8 so lv el-

e I n pair s, suggest w hat needs t o be done next in each of t he f ollow ing

sit uat ions.
1 Th ey ' v ef o u n d a p r o b l em w i t h d r aw i n g 6 3 o n si t e. Th e d et ai l w e' v esp eci f i ed
d o esn ' t w o r k .
2 I ' v ed o n e a p r el i m i n ar yd esi g n f o r t h e d u ct l ay o u t ,b u t t h e cl i en t h asn ' t seen
it yet .
3 I ' v eg o t a f eel i n gt h e d r aw i n gt h ey h av e o n si t e i sn ' t t h e l at est o n e.
4 W e' v ej u st r ev i sedd r aw i n g 1 4 . Th e ch an g esar e g o i n g t o af f ect t h r ee
dif f er ent cont r act or s.
5 Th i s i s t h e cl i en t ' sw r i t t en d esi g n b r i ef . Ho w sh al l w e k i ck o f f t h e d esi g n
w ork?

Ll a Leo is t he ski com plex pr oiect m anager . Wit h design Aust r alian Ski com plex - Design
w or k about t o begin, he is m eet ing senior engineer s Coor dinat ion Meet ing Agendj
f r om t he design t eam s t o discuss design coor dinat ion. Tuesday 8t h May
ln pair s, exp| ain t he it em s on t he m eet ing agenda and ConÍ er encer oom 9. 30am - í 1. 00am
suggest w hat kinds of issue m ight be discussed. To: RN, LG, SB, CW, Sf t

lt em
b ) t l List en t o t hr ee ext r act s f r om t he m eet ing and
m at ch each ext r act ( l- 3) t o an agenda it em ( a- c) . a Design int er f ace( m echanical.
2_ 3_ et ect r ical)
l_
b Design and inÍ or m at ionÍ | owpr ocedur e
c } l'l List en again and m ake not es about t he pr oblem . ( st r uct ur al'm echanical, elect r ical)
discussed in t he m eet ing. ln pair s, discuss som e
possible solut ions t o t he pr oblem s. c I nt er - t eamcom m unicat ion -
Í or m a|and inf or m a|
d } s. s List en t o Leo sum m ar ising t he solut ions t hat
have been agr eed in t he m eet ing. What has been decided
r egar ding t he f ollow ing Point s?
I Th e d eci si o nt h at t h e sen i o r en g i n eeri n each t eam m u st m ak e, r eg ar d i n g
d r aw i n g s
2 Th e ci r cu l at i o np r o ced u r et h at w i l l b e u sed f o r each d r aw i n g
3 Th e r o l e o f t h e M& E co o r d i n at o ri n r el at i o nt o t h e sen i o r en g i n eer san d t h e
p r o j ect m an ag er
4 Th e ar r an g em en tt h at w i l l m ak e i n f o r m alco m m u n i cat i o neasi er

e ln pair s, discuss how t he design pr ocedur es discussed in t he m eet ing w ill

w or k in t he f ollow ing sit uat ions.
I l ssu i n gt h e f i r st d r af t o f a sp eci al i sedh y d r au l i ch o se d r aw i n gf o r t h e sk i l i f t
2 Desi g n i n gan el ect r i calsu p p l y sy st em f o r so m e w at er - co o l i n geq u i p m en t
3 Rev i si n gt h e co n n ect i o nd et ai l s b et w eenso m e sk i - l i f tm ach i n er yan d i t s
co n cr et ef o u n d at i o n

Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n g
d esi g n 35
f Resot v in gd esig np r ob lem s
72 I n pair s, discuss pr oblem s t hat can ar ise w hen dif f er ent dr aw ings t hat
m ake up a design ar e not pr oper ly coor dinat ed.

13 d The f ollow ing r ecor ds ar e f r om t he indoor ski com plex pr oj ect . They show
cor r espondence bet w een t he design t eam and const r uct ion t eam . Read
t hr ough t he t ext s quickly and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h at i s t h e g en er al su b j ect o f t h e co r r esp o n d en ce?
2 What is m eant by quer g and inst r uct ion?
5 So m e q u er i es r ef er t o ear l i er co n v er sat i o n s.Su g g est w h y t h ese h av e b een
f o l l o w edu p i n w r i t i n g .
4 What is m eant by dw g and dim s?

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o n d 7 8 E, w h i ch i n d i co t eco n Í | i ct i ndgi m en si o n fso r
t h ew i d t h o f t h e r o o f o p en i n g .Pl eo secl o r i f yw h i ch
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As d i scu ssedt h i sm o r n i n go n si t e,w e co n f i r mt h er e Pleosew or k t o ot t ochedsket chS33.
is o closh bet w eent he pr oposed coble hoy ( dw g Revisionof dw g E5ó t o f o| | ow .
E5 ó} o n d o i r < o n d i t i o n i ndgu ci w o r k( n o w i n st o | | ed
o s p e r d w g M l I 8 ) i n t h ec e i l i n gv o i d o t Gr i d D l 4 .
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b o se o f t h e sk i l i f tco b l e su p p o r t Th
. i sco n t r o d i ct tsh e o r e p r o p o si n g .
sp eci f i co t i o nw, h i ch st o t est h o to l l i o i n t st o co m p r i se
Hi g h St r en g t hFr i ct i o nGr i p b o l t s.W e p r o p o seu si n g
HSFG f i x i n g so t t h i sl o co t i o n .
CONTRACTOR'S
QUERYNo. 870 ENGI NEER'SI NSTRUCTI ON
Fu r t h ert o Qu er y 8 ó9 , t h e p r o p o sedHSFG b o | t so r e Ap p r o v ed .
o s p er t h o sesp eci f i edf o r o l l o t h erb o l t edi o i n t so n
t h e sk i l i f t su p p o r t s.Ou r i n t en t i o ni s t o u se o si n g l e
b o l t sp ec t o f o ci l i t o t eo ssem b l y .

Read t he cor r espondence in det ail. Wr it e t he quer y num ber s in Exer cise
1 3a next t o t he descr ipt ions ( l - 5) . You w ill need t o r ef er t o som e quer ies
m o r e t h an o n ce.
l An i n st a| | at i o n
t h at w o n ' t f i t , aS co m p o n en t sar e i n each o t h er ' s w ay 8é ,8
2 A r esp o n sef r o m t h e en g i n eerask i n g f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n
3 Ou er i es t h at su g g est a so l u t i o n ,w h i ch w i l l r eq u i r et h e en g i n eer ' sap p r o v al

4 Req u est st o t h e en g i n eert o i n st r u ctt h e co n t r act o ro r m ak e so m et h i n gcl ear .

5 Sep ar at e d o cu m en t sr ef er r i n gt o d et ai l st h at d o n ' t co r r esp o n dw i t h each

o t h er

36 Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n d
g esi g n
 T
{

C Com plet e t he f ollow ing pair s of sent ences using t he ver bs in t he box.

advise ct arifo ct ash propose request

I Th e co m p o n en t sar e i n each o t h er ' sw ay . : Th e co m p o n en t s- .

2 Pl ease ask f o r m o r e i n f o r m at i o n .: Pl ease m o r e i n f o r m at i o n .
3 Can I su g g est a so l u t i o nt o t h e p r o b l em ? : Can | - a so l u t i o n ?
4 Pl ease i n st r u ctt h e su p p l i er t o sen d t h e p ar t s t o t h i s ad d r ess. : Pl ease
t h e su p p l i e r .
5 An y co n f l i ct i n gd et ai l s m u st b e q u er i ed . : Yo u m u st - an y
co n f l i ct i n gd et ai l s.

4 a I n pair s, look at t he f ollow ing plan and sect ions f r om a dr aw ing on t he ski
com plex pr oj ect , show ing st eelw or k det ails on par t of a ski lif t . Exam ine
how t he r ect angular plat e is bolt ed t o t he T pr of ile below it . Can you
f ind t he discr epancy bet w een t he det ails, and t he clash pr event ing t he
connect ion f r om being assem bled?

ooo
oo
ooo Sect i o n B- B Sect ion A- A

Ch en , a t ech n i ci an , i s ex p l ai n i n g t h e p r o b l em i n Ex er ci se 1 4 at o Ro n , an
engineer . Com plet e t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box.

alt ernat ive as per ct arifo clash confirm cont radict s dj t c'€
e 'afiey propose

Chen: There3 o ( 1) áiscvePart rc/ bet ween t hese det ai3 t hat gou might be
oble t o ( 2) - st raight awag. On t he plan of t his plat e, it
shows eight bolt s. But on sect ion A, here, t here are no bolt s shown in t he
m i d d l e , So t h e r e w o u l d o n l y b e si x , w h i c h o b v i o u sl a ( 3 ) - t h e
plan. But as Aou can see, t his plat e's going t o be bolt ed t o a T profile.
So we couldn't put a row of bolt s down t he middle, because t heA'd
( 4) - wit h t he flange running along t he middle of t he T. So I 'd
( 5) - j ust going for t wo rows of bolt s. The ( 6)
would be t o redesign t he T sect ion, which would obviouslg be a bigger
j ob.
Ron: Yes. Let 's go for t wo rows of bolt s, ( 7) - t he sect ions.
Chen: OK fine. Will gou send an email t o ( 8) - t hat ?

) o. g t ist en t o t he conver sat ion and check your answ er s t o Exer cise l4b.
How does t he explanat ion com par e w it h your descr ipt ion of t he pr oblem ?

Wr it e an em ail f r om Ron t o Chen, conf ir m ing t he r evision agr eed in t he

discussion above.

Un i t 4 En g i n eer i n g
d esi g n 37
 rt! tI a

I Descr ib intgy p esof t ech n icalp r ob lem

1 I n pair s, discuss t he t echnical challenges of endur ance car r aces like t he
Le Mans 24 Hour s spor t s car r ace.

2a ) S. t Sanino, an engineer w it h a spor t s car r acing t eam , is giving a t alk

t o som e of his t eam 's sponsor s at a t est session. List en t o t he t alk and
answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
1 W h at say i n g em p h asi sest h e i m p o r t an ceo f r el i ab i l i t y ?
2 W h at ex p r essi o nr ef er st o t h i n g s t h at can cau se f ai l u r es?
3 W h at ex p r essi o nd escr i b esd am ag e cau sed b y n o r m al u se?

) s. t l n t h e t al k , Sab i n o n am es f i v e en g i n eer i n g en em i es. Co m p l et e t h e

f ollow ing list . List en again and check your answ er s.
I h- : h i g h t em p er at u r es
2 p- : l o ad s f r o m ex p an d i n gg ases o r l i q u i d s
3 v - : co n t i n u o u sh i g h - f r eq u en cy m o v em en t o r sh ak i n g
4 s- : su d d en i m p act s
5 a- : dam age t o sur f aces caused by f r ict ion

ln pair s, suggest w hich engineer ing enem ies in Exer cise 2b can be t he m ost
pr oblem at ic f or each of t he f ollow ing car par t s.
I ch assi s 4 su sp en si o n 7 w rngs
2 en g i n e 5 b r ak es ö coolin gsy st em
3 g ear b o x an d cl u t ch 6 t y r es J n u t san d b olt s

3a ) s. z t ist en t o Sabino t alking about som e t echnical pr oblem s t he t eam have

had at t he t est and m ar k t he f ollow ing st at em ent s Tr ue ( T) or False ( F) .
I So m e l i q u i d w as l o st f r o m a p i p e.
2 A car l o st al l i t s co o l an t w i t h t h e en g i n e st i l l r u n n i n g .
3 A car ' s en g i n e st o p p ed o n t h e ci r cu i t .
4 So m e t y r es w er e d am ag ed .
5 A w h eel n u t f el l o f f a car o n t h e ci r cu i t .
6 A car ' s su sp en si o nw as b r o k en .

38 Unit 5 Br eakingpoint :
 I

b Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he w or Cs in t he box.

bend blochng cnck j am snap

1 ... gou don't wdnt ongt hing t he airflow t o t he radiat ors.

2 . . . t heg had a w heel nut - , it w ouldn't t ur n.
3 . . . he didn't hit t he bar r ier s and - t he suspension or
it complet elg.
4 . . . it didn't - t he t ub - t he chassis.

C Com plet e m or e ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he cor r ect f or m of a ver b in

box 1 and a w or d in box 2.

7 2
blow ct og cut leak run wear rvo'r* t oose up out

1 ... a y1u1 wovbe) \ loose on a radiat or pipe, which result ed in coolant

liauid -
2 . . . he sw it ched of f bef or e t he sAst em had - of coolant .
3 . . . t he engine on one of t he cor ner s.
4 ... t he openings in t he side pods alwags wit h dirt .
5 The t Ares weren't close t o
6 . . . t he r adiat or pr oblem didn't cause t he engine t o -

d ) s. z t i st en ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s t o Ex er ci ses 3 b an d 3 c.

e Read t h e f o l l o w i n g co m m en t s m ad e b y r ace t eam t ech n i ci an s. Co m p l et e t h e

f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e co r r ect f o r m o f w o r d s i n Ex er ci ses 3 b an d 3 c.
I Th er e' ssm o k e an d f l am es p o u r i n g o u t o f t h e en g i n e.; 1 ' 5 b l o w \ q P
2 Th er e' sa p o o l o f o i l u n d er t h e car . So m et h i n g ' s
3 Th i s cy l i n d er h ead b o l t w o n ' t l o o sen . l t ' s - .
4 Th eai r f i | t er ' sf u | | o f d i r t . | t ' sco m p | et e| y - .
5 Th i s w i n g su p p o r t ' sb een m o v i n g ab o u t . Th e b o l t s h av e - .
6 So m et h i n g ' sst o p p i n gt h e o i l f l o w Th e p i p e m i g h t b e
7 Ar e y o u su r e t h at p u sh r o d ' sst r ai g h t ?l t l o o k s as i f i t ' s
8 We' | | n eed t o ch an g et h eseb r ak ep ad s. Th ey ' r en ear | y - .
9 Th er e' sh ar d l y an y f u el l ef t i n t h e car . I n an o t h er l ap , w e' l l

Read t h e t ech n i cal f act s ab o u t t h e l t al i an m o t o r r aci n g ci r cu i t , Mo n za,

and sum m ar ise how t he t r ack is dif f er ent f r om m ost ot her s.
Parabolica
l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e t ech n i cal p r o b l em s t h at r aci n g car s co u l d
have at Monza as a r esult of t he f act or s descr ibed in t he t ext .
t
St arVFinish

Thecircuitis characterised bylongslraights andchicanes. Thismeans thecars'engines

ar eatÍ u|t hr
| ot tÍ | or
eover75%oft he| ap,a higher per cent age
t han m ostot her cir cuit s. ?
Thetrackrequires heavier-than-averagebrakingovera givenlap,asthecarsrepeatedly
dece| erat atteheendofsom e oft hew or ld's
í ast esl Í or
st r aight st heslowchicanes. Ch ican e
Ret t ifilio
Thechicanes ar elinedbyr ugged ker bs.
Riding overt hese har d iscr ucialf orf astlaps.
The| ong st r aight r equir
s sm Í orm inim um
e a|w| ings dr ag.Thism eans low eÍ dow nÍ or ce'
r esult ing
in low er gr iponcor nerands under andlessst abilitover
br aking, y bum ps. l" lr
Lesmo2 rl
.' , - 1
Themainhigh-speed Lesmol, Lesmo
corners 2 andfurabolica areall rightturns. a
Par tof
s lhecir cuit ar esunoundedbyt r ees,
w hich m eans leaves canbeblow n { f}
ontothetrack. Chicane Della Roggia

Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 39
r an din t er p r et í nf gau t t s
Assessin g
5 á | n pair s, discuss a t echnical pr oblem you've exper ienced w it h a device,
equipm ent or vehicle. Descr ibe t he f ault , and how you t r ied t o solve t he
p r o b l em .

Re a d t h e t r a i n i n g n o t e s f o r t e l e p h o n e h e l p l i n e
st af f w or kin g f or a m an u f act u r er of m in in g
p l a n t . l n p a i r s, d i scu ss w h a t e a ch p o i n t m e a n s.

?'ob / em-so / ving check/ is t

/ User s observattons.'
- nature oí fau/ t
- circumstances of fau/ t
- externa/ foctors
2 Process of e/ imination
3 / dentií v the í ai/ ure
4 Determine action and urqency

6a ) S, l f Ur Ro o n ey , an en g i n eer at a q u ar r y f i r m , i s t al k i n g t o Al , a h el p l i n e
co n su l t an t , ab o u t a t ech n i cal p r o b l em w i t h a d i esel en g i n e. Li st en t o t h e
conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h at d o es t h e w ar n i n g m essag esay ?
2 W h at ex t er n al f act o r i s d i scu ssedas a p o ssi b l ecau se?
3 W h y i s t h i s p o ssi b l ecau se el i m i n at ed ?
4 l n w h at ci r cu m st an cesd o es t h e f au l t o ccu r ?
5 W h at d o es t h e co n su l t an ti d en t i f yas t h e m o st l i k el y cau se?
6 W h at act i o n i s r eq u i r ed ,an d h o w u r g en t i s i t ?

Mat ch t h e w o r d s i n t h e b o x t o t h ei r sy n o n y m s i n t h e sen t en ces ( l - 7 ) .

defect defect ive fut faut t y int ermit t ent t y maj or minor propert y syst emat icalt y

I Ther e's a pr oblem . lat qlt I-

2 Per h ap ssom et h in in sy st emis w r on g .-
g t h ef u elin j ect ion I
3 lt ' sa ser iou sp r ob lem .
4 lt ' sa slig h t p r ob lem-.
5 ls it w or k in gcor r ect ly ?
6 Th e p r ob lemon lyoccu r sf r om t im e t o t im e.
7 Th e p r ob lemd oesn ' toccu rev er yt im e.-

C Al m ade t he f ollow ing not es about t hr ee engine pr oblem s. Mat ch t he f ault s

( l - 3 ) t o t h e p ossib lecau ses( a- c) .

ISiart ormot oraomet imos vrorKs,

somo't imesdoesn'i. a holing a1s't em pr oblem .
ongineis í 1ear sold. Fan?ulat erpump?
2 Diet r ibut ion
boltf ailed.t ngineblevrbe|
. t r eplr acYó conlaclproblom
b O\ ect rica\
-
recent ly almostnew l-ooseconncction?
7 Nswengine. Runsf qr 2o m ina,ihcniem p.gaugoalw als c Manufact uring dcÍ Ycil
goesint ored,and enginecult out ( safe\override) lncorrYclfit t ing?Noi wear

40 Un it 5 Br eak inpgoin t
 I

d I n pair s, descr ibet he pr oblem sin Exer cise6c using t he f ollow ingphr ases.

a f u u t t ypar t a su ddenpr oblem a syst em at icpr oblem an in st allat ión pr gblem

an in t er m it t en tpr oblem cau sedby w ear an d t ear I f s / I t w as . . . I t 's / I t w as pr obably. . .
Pe r h a p si f s / i t w a s . . . T h i si s / w a sa . . .

e Com plet e t he f ollow ing t able using t he phr ases in t he box f r om t he

conver sat ion.

I doubtifs it can,tbe it couldbe it mightbe it : mt st áe it soundslike iÍ s

7 it t ^ l'^ stbe
1 I í s cert ain| .y
2 I í s probab| /.y-
3 I t sp o ssi b Ly
/ -/ - a pr obt em w it h. . .
4 I fs probabl.y not / -
5 I í s cert ainlynot / -

f ) S, l Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he conver sat ion using phr ases in
Exer cise 2e. List en again and check your answ er s.
1 Obvioust g, it mqsf be some sort of defect in t he fuel iniect ion sAst em.
2 So - a soft ware problem.
3 . . . m agbe a def ect ive sensor .
4 Presumablg, - angt hing t oo serious.
5 - wat er, t hen, if t he fuel went in direct lg from a deliverg.
6 - a fault g fuel pre-heat er.

7 a I n pair s, analyse t he pr oblem descr ibed below . Under line t he w or ds in t he box

t hat descr ibe it .

maj or minor sudden syst emat ic int ermit t ent

The pr oblem
Th ed r iv erof a d u m pt r u ck ,w h ichop er at esin a q u ar r y h as n ot icedt h at t h e
t r uck'sdieselengineis slight lydow non pow er .The pr oblemhas becom e
pr ogr essively w or seover sever alw eeks.Apar t f r om t he pow erloss,t he
en g in eis p er f or m in con
g sist en t ly w,it h n o m isf ir in gan d n o ov er h eat in gTh
. e
degr eeof pow erloss r em ainsconst antt hr oughouta givenper iodof use,
f r om st ar t ingt he enginet o t ur ningit of f . No incr easein f uel consum pt ion
h as b eenn ot ed .

Read t h e n ot esan d assesst h e p ossib le

causes of t he pr oblem in Exer cise7a using ?ossiblecdf f ies0f t he enginePr obler n
t he w or ds in Exer cises6d and 6e. . w dt erin t hef uel supply
' a lubricat ionProblen
' a cloggedfuel filt er
, a blockagein t he exhduit ll; t em
o d cornPres,i\ nle^ Kfr1m t he pist on
qlinders

Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 47
 I Descr ib Í nt h
g e cau sesof f au lt s
8 Look at t he f ollow ing st r at egies f or pr event ing and dealing w it h t echnical
pr oblem s in aviat ion. ln pair s, discussw hat is m eant by t he f ollow ing
t er m s and how t hey ar e used by engineer sand pilot s.
I ch eck l i st s 3 b ack - u pi n st al l at i o n s
2 st an d ar d p r o ced u r es 4 p l a n n e dm a i n t e n a n c e

9 a Read t h e ar t icleon t h e r ig h t an d " We have a problem"

answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
Thet ruest oryof AirTnnsat Ft ight236.
I How d id t h e p r ob lemst ar t ?
t T,h. chain of event s began during rout ine maint enance
2 Wh at w er et h e in it ial,u n seen
I w ork on an Air Transat Airbus A330. An incorrect
con seq u en ces? hydraulic pipe w as fit t ed t o t he right -hand engine. The
3 Wh at w er et h e su b seq u en t component w as oversized, leaving inadequat e clearance
con seou en ces? w it h an adiacent fuel line. Subsequent ly, t he t w o pipes
rubbed t oget her, causing t he fuel line t o w ear progressively.
The problem w ent undet ect ed, unt il t he night of August
24,2001, at 35,000 feet above t he At lant ic. ! ( rit h Flight
b Com plet e t he sequence of
236 en rout e from Toront o t o Lisbon, carrying 30ó
event s t hat f ollow ed t he people, t he fuel line rupt ured, result ing in a maj or leak.
f u el l eak o n t h e Ai r b u s Less ú an t w o hours lat er, t he aircraft w as complet ely out
A3 3 0 u sin gt h e of fuel, gliding silent ly t hrough t he night sky . . .
ext r act s ( a- d) .

Ül: ] B r r r e f light dat a r ecor der am ount of f uel r em ainingin 116: ll -

r egist er edan abnor m al incr ease
in f uel consum pt ion.At t his
st age. how eve[ t his slight
anom aly w as insuf f icientt o
cause w ar ning light st o com e
on t o alef t t he cr ew t o anv
im m inent danger .
ilS: ll n w ar ning m essage
cam e up. aler t ingt he cr ew
t o an í m ba| ancebeNveent he
am o u n t o f f u el i n each w i n g
t ank. I nit ially.t he pr oblemw as
t hought t o be an inst r um ent
m alf unct ion.But f ur t heranalysis
bv t he crew revealed t hat t he
t he r ight t ank w as signif icant ly
below t he planned quant it y.
05: t l5 , qsa pr ecaut ion.t he cr ew
decided t o divef t t o t he near est
air por t- t he Laj esm ilit ar yair base
in t he Ázor es.
ÜE: dE r r uc 2 FAI Lappear eo,
and t he lef t engine cut out .
Having com plet elyr un out of
f uel, and w it h bot h engines
now dow n, t he Air busA330
w as g l i d i n g .d escen d i n gat
2. 000 f eet oer m inut e.
ÜE: lE, w it r r t he air por t in
si g h t ,t h e l an d i n gg ear w as
low er ed m anually.The pilot
t hen per f or m eda ser iesof
spect acuí ar z| 9za9 m anoeuvr es
t o slow t he plane dow n as
m uch as possible.The air cr af t
t ouched dow n on t he r unw ay
at 37 0 km / h - exceedingt he
st andar dappr oachspeed
by over 100 km / h. The pilot
applied em er gencybr aking.
causingsever alt yr est o blow
out and cat ch f ir e.But t he plane
st opped safely.well before t he
end of t he r unw ay.

a An alar m sounded, a r ed m ast erw ar ning lit up
and t he m essageENG I FAI Lcam e up on t he
scr een.Secondslat et t he r ight engine f lam edout
due t o insuf f icientf uel.
b Dur ing a r out ineinst r um entcheck, t he cr ew
not iceda dispr opor t ionat e am ount of oil had
been used by each engine. Oil pr essur eand
t em per at ur er eadingsf or each engine w er e also
ir r egularbut
, t he levelsw er e f ound t o be w it hin
acceot ableoar am et er s.
As t he air cr af tw as now pow er lessand pot ent ially
uncont r ollable,an em er gencyr am air t ur bine
w as deployedaut om at icallyt o gener at eback- up
elect r icalpow er f or t he f ly- by- w ir cont
e r olsand
inst r um ent s.How evel w it h t he m ain hydr aulics
shut dow n. t he f lapsand spoiler sused t o slow t he
plane bef or eand af t er landing w er e inoper able.
The co- pilotcalculat edt he plane could r em ain
air bor nef or 15- 20 m inut es.and t hat l- aj esair base
w as an est im at ed20 m inut esaw ay.
The cr ew decided t o t akeact ion t o cor r ectt he
anom aly,opening a cr oss- f eed valve t o t r ansf er
f uel f r om t he lef t t ank t o t he r iqht t ank.

42 Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t

I
 T

C Make opposit es of t he f ollow ing w or ds using t he pr ef ixes in t he box.

ab- dis- im - in- ( xa) ir- mat - over- un-

I cor r ect irrcow ecf 7 pr opor t ionat e

2 u n d er sized I r eg u lar
3 ad eq u at e 9 b alan ce
4 det ect ed l 0 f u n ct ion
5 n or m al l l op er ab le
6 su f f icien t

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds in Exer cise 9c. Som et im es
m or e t han one w or d is possible.
l Th et em p er at u r eg au g eW asf au | t y . Th at ' sw h y i t w asg i v i n g -
r ead i n g s.
2 Th e sh af t w as t h i n n er t h an i t sh o u l d h av e b een , so i t s st r en g t hw as

3 The pow erout putf r om t he m ot orvar ies.We don't under st andw hy it 's

4 Th e b o l t ' s . l t ' s t o o b i g t o f i t i n t o t h e h o l e.
5 Th em ach i n e' sn o t w o r k i n g asi t sh o u | d . Th er e' sso m ek i n d o f - .
o Th e b r ak i n g f o r ce o n b o t h f r o n t w h eel ssh o u l d b e t h e sam e. Th er e sh o u l d n ' t b e
an_.
Th ef au l t W as- . No n eo f t h em ai n t en an cet ech n i ci an sh ad n o t i ced
it .
8 Th e co n t r o l p an el i sn ' t w o r k i n g ,so y o u can ' t co n t r o l t h e m ach i n e.l t ' s t o t al l y

0 , p h on in gAlan , a colleag u e,ab ou t

a ) S. l Ju lia, an air cr af tser v icet ech n icianis
a pr oblem w it h t he t yr es on a plane. List en t o t he conver sat ionand m ar k t he
st at em ent sTr ue O) or False ( F) .
I Th et y r ep r essu r eson t h e b lockb ein gd iscu ssed ar e OK.
2 Th er eis t oo lit t leair in sid esom eof t h e t y r es.
3 The t yr e pr essur esar e t he sam eacr osst he air cr af t .
4 The degr eeof w ear acr ossall t he t yr esis t he sam e.

Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using w or ds in Exer cise 9c

t o m ake t r ue sent ences about t he conver sat ion.
I Th et y r ep r essu r eson t h e b lockb ein gd iscu ssed ar e - .
2 Th er eis air p r essu r ein sid esom eof t h e t y r es.
3 Th et y r ep r essu r eson t h at b lockar e
t o t he r est of t he air cr af t .
The w ear r at e is - acr ossall t he t vr es.

ln pair s, discusst he possible causesof

insuf f icientt yr e pr essur e in gener al,and
t he specif icpr oblem Julia descr ibesin
Exer cise 10a, and say w hy each gener al
cause you discussedis likely or unlikely
in t his case.
I Discu ssin gr ep air san d m ain t en an ce
tta I n pair s, discuss t he dif f er ence bet w een r epair s and m aint enance and
declde w het her t he f ollow ing w or ds r elat e t o r epair s, m aint enance or bot h.

broken ct ogged defect ive faut t y worn

b ! n p ai r s, co m p ar e car m ai n t en an ce w i t h ai r cr af t m ai n t en an ce. W h i ch
aspect s ar e quit e sim ilar and w hich ar e ver y dif f er ent ?

72a Mat ch t h e co n t en t sect i o n s ( l - 1 0 ) o f an ai r cr af t ser v i ce m an u al t o t h e

descr ipt ions ( a- j ) .

Cont ent s
I Open in gan d dism an t lin gaccesspan els nrl
LEJ a Sw i t ch i n go f f t h e p o w er su p p l y
2 Toppin gu p, dr ain in gan d r eplacin g b Mak i n g su r e cer t ai n p ar t s h av en ' tw o r k ed
coolan t san d lu br ican t s ! l o o se
3 Replacin gf ilt er s ! c Ch an g i n gp ar t s t h at can b eco m e cl o g g ed
4 Saf ely isolat in gelect r icalcom pon en t s ! d Ad d i n g a n d c h a n g i n gf l u i d s
5 Saf ely discon n ect in gan d r econ n ect in g
e Eq u i p m en tt h at n eed s t o b e set u p p r eci sel y
elect rical component s !
6 Mech an icalcon n ect ion st o be ch eckeÜ
maintenanee
t igh t en edat each ser vice !
7 Part s suscept iblet o w ear/ damage,t o be g Tak i n gp ar t s o f f an d r ef i t t i n gt h em w i t h o u t
exam in edat each ser vice ! d an g er
8 Sen sit ivedevicest o be adiu st edat each h Co m p o n en t st h at can ' t b e r ep ai r edo n si t e
ser vice ! i Det ai l so f h o w l o n g p ar t s ar e d esi g n edt o
9 I nformat ionon non-serviceablepart s/
l ast
sealedu n it s ! j Mak i n g su r e p ar t s ar e st i l l i n g o o d co n d i t i o n
l0 T a b l eo f co m p o n e n lti f e sp a n s !

b Mat ch t h e v er b s ( l - l O) f r o m Ex er ci se l 2 a t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- j ) .

1 adj u st a car r yout plannedm aint enance

2 dr ain b changean ot dor dam aged par t
3 discon n ect c checkcarefut t y
4 dismant le d em pt ya t iquid
5 exam in e e add moreft uidt o fit t a t ank t o t he recommended
level
6 replace f set up car ef ully
by m akingsm a[ changes
[
7 r econ n ect Í 1 t akeapar tassem bt edcom ponent s
8 service h appt yt he correctt orque,for exampt teo loosebot t s
9 t ight en i est ablish a connect ionagain
10 t op up j removeor isolat efroma circuitor net work

44 Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t
13a ) s. s n ser v i ce t ech n i ci an i s ex am i n i n g so m e m ach i n er y an d t al k i n g t o
a co l l eag u e. W h at d o es h e say ab o u t each p o i n t o n t h e m ai n t en an ce
ch eck l i st ?

l4aí ntervance
ClwcL| tst
1 Caalp.nt t awL
2 Caalp"wt
canlí tí an
3 Caa| n,wt
fi,Ltcrcanlí tí an
t+ BLal,owenr/ da,rrr,qe
5 BLala aLr,gnruwt

) s. S t i st en ag ai n . Do y o u t h i n k t h e t ech n i ci an s ar e w o r k i n g o n an ai r cr af t
o r o n an i n d u st r i al m ach i n e?

c l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at m ai n t en an ce n eed s t o b e car r i ed o u t o n t h e

m ach i n er y i n Ex er ci se | 3 a, d escr i b i n g t h e o p er at i o n s st ep b y st ep .

74a Yo u w o r k f o r I PS, a p r o d u cer o f i n d u st r i al p ack ag i n g m ach i n er y .As a

m em b er o f t h e g l o b al ser v i ce t eam y o u r r o l e i s t o t r av el ab r o ad d eal i n g
w i t h ser i o u s t ech n i cal p r o b l em s at y o u r cl i en t s' p l an t s. Read t h e f o l l o w i n g
em ai l f r o m a p l an t i n Hel si n k i an d su m m ar i se t h e p r o b l em .

To Ch r is McLean
Su bj eclFor k lif td am aoe t o lPSl5 Helsin k i

Fo| | ow ing our phone conver sat iont his m or ningI conf ir mt hat a Í or k| ift rt uck has hit
o u r l PSl 5 u n i t .Th e i m p acth as m ad e a l ar g eh o l ei n t h e m ai np an elo n t h e si d e
oÍ t he m achine.our t echnicianw ho is t r ainedt o car r y out r out ineadj ust m ent s
on t he m achinehas m ade an ext er nalvlsualinspect ion.He has advised m e t hat
t he m echanism sf or adj ust ingt he pr ecisealignm entof t he cut t ingblades have
b een d am ag ed .Li q u i dl u b r i canits al so l eak i n go u t f r o m u n d ert h e m ach i n ean d a
cr acklingsound can be hear d insidet he unit w hen it is sw it chedon - pr esum ably
due t o ear 1hing/ shor t - cir cuit ring
esu| t ingÍ r ome| ect r ica|dam age.
by your ser vicet eam '
I conÍ ir mm y r equestf or int er vent ion

l n p ai r s, d escr i b e t h e seq u en ce o f st ep s y o u ' l l n eed t o

lPs ls Helsih Li
t ak e t o car r y o u t r ep ai r s w h en y o u ar r i v e i n Fi n l an d ,
u si n g t h e n o t es t o h el p y o u . e i\ t ev\ arl ) t ot uat ge
e ol/ garrfs
75 Th i n k b ack t o so m e r ep ai r s o r m ai n t en an ce y o u d i d , r elec| ricarl srapgly: our / o€
€
o r h ad d o n e f o r y o u , i n t h e p ast , f o r ex am p l e o n a r lt abvicai\ t :
i\ ,/ oqt
car , b i k e o r d o m est i c ap p l i an ce. I n p ai r s, ex p l ai n w h at r ext evrrarl gart rels
ser v i ci n g o r r ep ai r s w er e r eq u i r ed , an d t h e m ai n st ep s e at ligruaert oP craft it g bla/ res
i n v o l v ed i n car r y i n g t h em o u t . e t est
e \ ew Pavfs

Un i t 5 Br eak i n gp o i n t 45
 UNI T 6
Discussingt echnicat ,-
requirement s 90 -t
a Suggest ingideasandsolut ions
a Assessingfeasibit it y
a Descr ibing
im pr ovem ent s
and
redesigns

E Di scu ssi n g
t ech n i calr eg u i r em en t s
What is needs analgsis? ln pair s, discuss w hy t he f ollow ing f act or s ar e
i m p o r t an t i n n eed s an al y si s, g i v i n g ex am p l es o f p r o d u ct s an d i n st al l at i o n s.

budget capacit y dim ensions t ayout looks per f or m ance

r egut at ions t im esca[ e

2a ) O. t Cl au ai a, an en g i n eel i s ask i n g Kev i n an d Dav e, t h e m an ag er s o f a f u n

p ar k , ab o u t t h ei r r eq u i r em en t s f o r a p r o p o sed sp ace m o d u l e si m u l at o r cal l ed
Mar s Lander . List en t o t he conver sat ion and not e t he t hr ee m ain ar eas
Cl au d i a ask s ab o u t .

) t f How do Ct audia and Kevin f ocus on specif ic subiect s? Com plet e t he

f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in t he box. List en
ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s.

concer nedr egar d r egar dingr egar ds t er m s

1 ... w it h t o t h e cap aci t A, . . .

2 ... in o f t h e n u m b er o f p eo p l e . . .
3 . . . as f ar as size is -
4 . . . An d o s - t h e g r ap h i cs . . .
5 . . .- t h e sc h e d u l e. . .

W r i t e q u est i o n s u si n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o m p t s an d t h e p h r ases i n Ex er ci se 2 b .
I dim ensions: w hat / over all size / m odule? \ , it h vqgot v) 'f o f he / , ir ^ , r er r sior r s,
what | is t he overat ll size o| | he wroáqle7
2 m at er ials: w hat I bodyw or k I m ade of ?
3 sc h e d u l e w
: h e n / w o r k sf a r t ?
4 p o w er :w h at / m ax i i r u m o u t p u t I n eed I b e?
5 h eat r esi st an ce:w h at so r t / t em p er at u r e/ p ai n t / n eed / w i t h st an d ?
6 t o l er an ce:w h at l ev el/ p r eci si o n/ y o u w an t u s / w o r k t o ?
46 Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t

T
 I

I a ) O. Z Claudia goes on t o ask about t he physical ef f ect s t he sim ulat or needs

t o pr oduce. List en t o t he conver sat ion and m ake not es on t he f ollow ing
point s.
I Po ssi b l ev ar i at i o ni n si m u l at o r m o v em en t
2 Ext ent of physical ef f ect s r equir ed
3 Best w ay t o assess physical ef f ect s

) O. Z t ist en again and expt ain w hat is m eant by t he w or ds and phr ases
in bold.
1 ... t o what ext ent do gou wont t he experience t o be phgsical?
2 The degree t o which it moves can be varied ...
3 ... t fb obviouslg difficult t o quant ifg somet hing like t his ...
4 The onlg wag t o det ermine what 's right is t o act uallg sit in a simulat or ...
5 ... gou con ossess t he possibilit ies.

Follow ing t he m eet ing, Claudia w r it es an em ail t o updat e Rod, an

engineer ing colleague. Read t he ext r act and choose a w or d or phr ase f r om
Exer cise 3b t hat m eans t he sam e as t he w or ds in bold. Som et im es m or e
t h an o n e an sw er i s p o ssi b l e.

To: Rod Nelson

Su biectMars
: Lander

I nor dert o ( ] ) Í . ndout about t he sim u| at or 's

dynam iccapabilit ies,w e | ookedat t he
shou| dpr oduce'and ( 2)t he am ount t hesephysica|
t ypesoÍ ef f ectt he sim u| at or , r SSeSS
I
ef f ect sshou| dbe Í e| byt passenger s'SpeciÍ ical|t y'heÍ ol| ow ingissuesw er ediscussed:
2_
- ( 3)How sever ely shouldt he m odulegener at evibr at ion, t o sim ulat eenginet hr ust ?
- How m uch buf f et ing Thatis, ( 4)how sever ely t he m odule
shouldbe sim ulat ed?
3
gener at esj olt ing,due t o supposedat m ospher ic
t ur bulence.
4
- ( 5)How m uch w illpassenger sbe exposedt o const antlinearGJor ce, t o sim ulat e
deceler at ion?
| nor dert o ( 6)w or k out t he m agnit udeoÍ t heabovepar am et er s, it w as decidedt hat
t he pr ot ot ype
w illbe equippedw it hvar iablecont r ols.Thisw illenablet heclientt o
( 7)eva| uat edif f er ent| eve| oÍ
s sever it yt hr ought r ia| sinsidet he sim u| at or '
-a-t

4 You ar e consult ing engineer s pr epar lng t o w or k w it h a space agency t o

design an unm anned landing m odule. The m odule, w hich w ill car r y scient if ic
equipm ent , is int ended t o det ach f r om a space ship or bit ing Mar s and
land on t he planet . At t his st age, t his is all you know about t he pr oj ect . I n
pair s, pr epar e a list of t he m ain quest ions you w ill need t o ask at t he needs
analysis m eet ing using t he f ollow ing ideas.
. t y p e o f sci en t i f i ceq u i p m en t
o si ze/ w ei g h ot f eq u i p m en t
o so l i d i t y / f r ag i l i toyf eq u i p m en t
o su r f aceco n d i t i o n sat l an d i n g si t e

Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 47
 Su g g est in gid easan d solu t ion s
) I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions about cr eat ive t hinking.
o W h at ar e t h e m o st ef f ect i v ew ay s o f co m i n g u p w i t h i d eas an d f i n d i n g
i n g en i o u sso l u t i o n st o t ech n i calp r o b l em s?
o W h at d o y o u t h i n k o f b r ai n st o r m i n g- g en er at i n gl o t s o f i d eas r an d o m l y
in a group session, wit hout analysis init iat t y, t hen subiect ing each idea t o
an al y si san d cr i t i ci smas a seco n d p h ase?
o W h at d o y o u t h i n k o f ev al u at i n gi d eas p r o g r essi v el y- co n t i n u al l ysu b j ect i n g
t h em t o an al y si san d cr i t i ci sm ?
o W h en cr eat i v et h i n k i n g i s r eq u i r edt o so l v e p r o b l em s,w h at ar e t h e p r o s an d
co n s o f w o r k i n g i n d i v i d u al l y i,n sm al l g r o u p s,o r i n l ar g e g r o u p s?

6 a Read t he new spaper ar t ict e and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I Ho w i s t h e st at u e b ei n g m ad e, an d w h at i s i t b ei n g m ad e f r o m ?
2 W h at i s Ri ck Gi l l i am ' sr o l e?
3 W h at w i l l t h e st at u e b e p l aced o n i n i t s f i n al p o si t i o n i n f r o n t o f t h e
m u se u m ?
4 W h at t ech n i calp r o b l em d i d t h ey h av e t o so l v e?

t Th " n ew st at u e o u t si d e t h e
I Museum of Nat ur al Hist or y
has been a m am m ot h pr oj ect ,
lit er ally. The soon- t o- becom plet ed
sculpt ur e por t r ays a lif e'sized
w oolly m am m ot h, car ved f r om a
sing| e block oÍ sandst one. I nit ially,
one aspect of t he pr oj ect had
engineer s baí f led. Rick Gilliam ,
t he engineer over seeing t he
logist ics, adm it t ed t hat he and his
colleagues had f r ied t heir br ains
t r ying t o f igur e out how t he
36- t onne m onst er could be
low er ed ont o t he st one plint h t hat
w ill suppor t it .
'We
knew t hat w e could put slings
under t he base of t he st at ue,
and pick it up w it h a cr ane, ' he
explained, and t hat t r anspor t ing
it f r om t he st onem ason's var d t hey can be w it hdr aw n? We couldn't t hink
on a low Joader w ouldn't be a pr oblem . of an easy w ay t o do it . ' The cr eat ive
'The pr oblem
is placing it on t he f lat plint h answ er event uat ly cam e, not f r om t he
t hat suppor t s it . How do you pr event engineer s, but f r om t he st onem asons, w ho
t he cr ane's slings f r om get t ing t r apped had af f ect ionat ely been nicknam ed t he
'cavem en'.
bet w een t he base and t he plint h, so t hat

48 Un i t 6 Tech n i cat
d ev et o p m en t
b Ri ck i s t al k i n g t o Gab r i el l a, an en g i n eer i n g co l l eag u e, ab o u t t h e p r o b l em o f
p l aci n g t h e st at u e. Bef o r e y o u l i st en , ex p l ai n w h at i s m ean t b y t h e f o l l o w i n g
t er m s an d t r y t o g u ess w h at t h e t h r ee p o ssi b l e so l u t i o n s ar e.

bar drit t frict ion a grab( on t he endof a cranej ib)

horizont al lift ing eyes resin vert icat

C ) O. g Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d su m m ar i se t h e i d eas. Ho w d o t h ei r i d eas

com par e w it h your s? Why is each suggest ion r ej ect ed?

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing suggest ions f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in
t he box.

about at t ernat ively anot her cout d couldn't don't not

1 Whg \ ot come up wit h a wag of hooking ont o t he side of t he st at ue?

2 Well, w e dr ill int o it , hor izont allg . . . ?
3 We fill all t he holes, couldn't we?
4 Or, - , we could mal: e sure t he holes were out of sight .
5 What drilling int o t he t op, vert icallg?
6 I suppose opt ion w ould be t o use som e sor t of gr ab, on t he end
of t he crane j ib.
7 Whg w e ask t hem ?

g Yo u ar e en g i n eer s w o r k i n g o n t h e m am m o t h st at u e p r o j ect , w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
t ech n i cal r eq u i r em en t s. l n p ai r s, d i scu ss p o ssi b l e so l u t i o n s t o t h e p r o b l em o f
p l aci n g t h e st at u e o n t h e p l i n t h u si n g t h e p h r ases i n t h e b o x .

Al t e r n a t i v e l y An o t h e ro p t i o nw o u l db e . . . t e ...
Co u l d n ' w W e co u l d . . .
W h a ta b o u t . . .? W h yd o n ' tw e . . . ? W h yn o t . . . ?

l No holes, s| o| s ov gvoTves w.ot ybe cut ih | he s| at | qe. fl| l o€ i| s sh'€

a ces mhs! vemat ih iht ,rc| .
, NT sP,rcevS l,q,rYbe le€
t belweeh t he qt láevsiáe o* | he st ar| ue,s { lar| barse au/ t he + lat
h| | ev J[ av| a16eo€ | he glirr| h. Í he t wo sh'Paces mus| be le{ t i\ áivec| co\ t ,rc| wit h earch
olhev.
o Í Áe st art qe u,rl^ s|lrot be srabj ec| eá | o shocks. Sra/ áe\ ) ,vols, evelt oQ ar € e w u.rillimet ves,
at ve oht o* | he qqes+ io\ giverr | he * vargilit y oP t he sch| Pt qY€ / especiat lly art it s covhevs at \ á
e) t geS, which cort \ be ) ,ov,t age) , eat Sily.
, A'ly accessovy eqrriguaerr|u,rat ybe raseá, wit hit t t he liprit s o€ t ech'ricarl possibi| it 7 at rrá
rearsot lrrble cost

Th e st o n em aso n s su g g est ed a so l u t i o n t o t h e st at u e p r o b l em . Read t h ei r i d ea

o n p ag e 9 9 an d co m p ar e i t w i t h y o u r so l u t i o n . W h at ex t er n al f act o r s co u l d
cau se so m e p r o b l em s w i t h t h ei r i d ea? Ho w co u l d t h ese b e so l v ed ?

Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev et o p m en t 49
 Assessingf easibit it y
8 a I n pair s, dscuss w hat is m eant by f easibilit g.

b Look at t he f low char t and, in pair s, discuss how budget s and schedules
af f ect t he t echnical f easibilit y of design, developm ent and m anuf act ur ing
so l u t i o n s.

Si ze o f b u d g e t
A b i g g er / sm al l erb u d g et o f t en m ean s . . .
Le n g t ho f sc h e d u l e
A l o n g er / sh o r t ersch ed u l eo f t en m ean s . . .
Tech n í cal f easi b i t i t y
. . . m o r e/ l essso p h i st i cat ed / i n n o v at i vdeesi g n .
. . . h i g h er / l o w erq u al i t y / r el i abl iit y / ef t i ci en cy .

9a ) s.l vit t oa an engineerf r om a Ger m an

com p an yt h at m ak esan d in st allsin d u st r ial
gant r y cr anes, is phoning Raiesh, t he
const r uct ionm anager of a m anuf act ur ing
p lan t cu r r en t lyb ein g b u ilt n ear New Delh i,
lndia. They ar e discussingt he gant r y cr ane
due t o be inst alled at t he plant . List en t o
t he conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ing
quest ions.
w alls?
I Wh y ar e h olesn eed edin t h e con cr et e
2 What are core drilled holes and what are
preformedholes?
3 l n t h i s co n t ex t ,w h at i s m ean t b y p l ag ?
4 W h at i m p act w i l l t h e l ack o f p l ay ar o u n d t h e b o l t s h av e ( o n t h e
co n st r u ct i o n ) ?
5 Ap ar t f r o m t ech n i calq u est i o n s,w h at t w o i ssu esw i l l d et er m i n et h e m o st
f easi b l ew ay o f f o r m i n gt h e h o l es?

ln pair s, com par e cor e dr illing and pr ef or m ing w it h r egar d t o t he f ollow ing
f easibilit y issues. Which t echnique is m ost suit able f or t he sit uat ion in
ü: Exer cise 9a?
fr
cost precision ümescat e

) O. S Vif t or and Raj esh ar e assessing t he m ost suit able m et hod of f or m ing
t he holes in t he w alls. List en t o t he conver sat ion and com par e t heir
answ er s w it h your s.

) o. l t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.

I What ar e t he advant ages of using pr ef or m ed holes in t er m s of cost and
t i m escal e?
2 W h at ' s t h e m ai n d i sad v an t ag eo f co r e d r i l l i n gt h e h o l es?
3 What t oler ance can easily be achieved w it h pr ef or m ed holes?
4 What t oler ance is r equir ed f or t he holes on t his pr oj ect ?
5 What 's t he r isk of using pr ef or m ed holes?
6 What key f easibilit y issue does Raj esh ident if y?

50 Unit 6 Í echnicaldevet opm ent

 I

e Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he conver sat ion using t he w or ds in
t he box and indicat e t he degr ee of f easibilit y each expr ession descr ibes.

borderline dcad forever t eg painst aking peanut s perfect l.yst ret ching.t at t way

@-e @l p er f ect ly
f easib le o
1 it ,t lbe AeaA 2g5g Ú ! tr
2 it ' t t cost - tr D !
f easib le b u t
ch allen g in g o
3 it 'llbequ it ea- j ob ! ! tr com p let et y
4 it 's- f easible tr ! ! u n f easib le @
5 it 's achievable, but it 's - it !! tr
6
-l
t her e's no - Aou can do it !l !
it 's - !! !
8 if 's o - or der !! !
9 i t ' l l t ak e - trtr !
10 it 'll cost an ar m and a - !! !
f How f easible do you t hing t he f ollow ing suggest ions ar e? Label t t r em @ Q
or @ accor ding t o t he key in Exer cise 9e.
1 Th e m ach i n ep ar t s ar e t r i ck y t o p ai n t w i t h b r u sh es,o r t o sp r ay .W h y d o n ' t w e
dip t hem in paint ?
2 Th e st eel b ar i s l OOm m i n d i am et er .Co u l d n ' t i t b e cu t b y h an d , u si n g a
h ack saw ?
3 Silver 'sa good conduct or .Why don't w e use it f or w ir ing, inst ead of copper ?
4 I n st eado f p u t t i n gl ead b al l ast i n t h e h el i u m b al l o o n b ask et ,w h y d o n ' t w e u se
w at er cont ainer s?
5 They'veused t he w r ong t ype of f uel in t he engine. I 'd suggest st r ipping t he
w h o l e t h i n g d o w n an d cl ean i n gi t b y h an d .
6 Th ey p r o d u ce6 , 0 0 0 u n i t s p er d ay an d n o r m al l yd o a q u al i t ych eck o n l 0 l oo f
t h em . Co u l d n ' tt h ey ch eck ev er y si n g l ep r o d u ct ?

g ln pair s, give an appr opr iat e r esponse t o t he suggest ions in Exer cise 9f
using t he expr essions in Exer cise 9e.

10 I n pair s, discuss t he f easibilit y of t he f ollow ing solut ions t o t he pr oblem of

f or m ing accur at ely posit ioned holes t hr ough t he plant w alls in New Delhi.
St udent A, you ar e Vikt or ; St udent B, you ar e Raj esh. Discuss t echnical
issues, cost and t im escale, and r ank t he solut ions in or der of f easibilit y.
I l s a d i am o n d d r i l l r eal l y n eed ed t o g o t h r o u g h r ei n f o r cedco n cr et e?Su r el y y o u
can d r i l l i n t o co n cr et ew i t h an o r d i n ar v h am m er - act i o nd r i l l ? W o u l d n ' t t h at
r ed u cet h e co st ?
2 Co u l d n ' t t h ey m ak e t h e p r ef o r m edh o l es w i d er t h an r eq u i r ed ,so t h er e' sex t r a
t o l er an ce?Th en , o n ce t h e b o l t s ar e f i x ed , t h e sp ace ar o u n d t h em co u l d b e
f i l l ed w i t h cem en t .
3 W h y n o t d r i l l t h e h o l es i n t h e st eel b eam s o n si t e, i n st ead o f p r e- d r i l l i n g
t h em ? Th en t h ey co u l d b e p o si t i o n edt o su i t t h e l o cat i o no f t h e p r ef o r m ed
h o l es i n t h e w al l . Th at w ay , i t w o u l d n ' t m at t er i f t h e h o l es i n t h e w al l s w er e
sl i g h t l yo u t o f p o si t i o n .
4 I n st eado f b o l t i n g t h r o u g h t h e co n cr et e,w h at ab o u t ad d i n g ex t r a st eel
co l u m n st h at r u n d o w n t h e w al l s? Th e b eam s co u l d t h en b e su p p o r t ed o n
t h ese, an d n o h o l es w o u l d b e r eq u i r edt h r o u g h t h e co n cr et e.

Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 51
 Descr ib in gim p r ov em en tan
s d r ed esig n s
Look at t he slide f r om an engineer s't r ainingcour se, Tot alTechnical
lm pr ovem enÚ.| n pair s, suggest exam plesof t echnica|im pr ovem ent st o
illust r at e each one. Ar e t her e ot her point s t hat could be added t o t he list ?

t2 it Look at t he slide f r om a design m eet ingat a com put er pr int er

m anuf act ur er .ln pair s, suggestw ayst hat t he f ollow ingpr int er f act or s
m ight be im pr ovedin som e of t he ar eas on t he list .

cables/ connect ions cart ridges papeÍ poweÍ soft ware

case ink/ t oner

Pccolble oneoe Í or improvemonÜ

I Aesthetics
2 User interfoce
3 Reliobilit y
4 Gonsum obles
5 Out pur quolit y ond speed
ó MoinÍ enonce
7 Monuf oct uring
I Environmentql impocr
'LO. O
f t 4" . t " , a m anager at t he pr int er m anuf act ur er , is br ief ing t he design
t eam on key requirement s for t he redesign of a print er. List en t o t he st art of
t he m eet ing. Which t w o ar eas on t he slide in Exer cise l2a ar e discussed?

) O. O t ist en again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.

I Sh o u l d t h e l ay o u t an d co m p o n en t so f t h e n ew p r i n t er d i f f er m u ch f r o m t h e
ex i st i n gd esi g n ? W h y ( n o t ) ?
2 Ho w m an y t i m es h as t h e ex i st i n g m o d el b een i m p r o v edi n t h e p ast ?
3 W h at co n si d er at i o ni s b eh i n d t h e d eci si o no n h o w d i f f er en tt h e n ew so f t w ar e
sh o u l d b e ?
4 To w hat ext ent should t he new sof t w ar e syst em dif f er f r om t he exist ing one?

Look at t he f ollow ing ver bs f r om t he discussion and f ind t hr ee exam ples

w her e r e- m eans again. Mat ch t he ot her t hr ee ver bs t o t he def init ions in
t he box.

improveoverall improvet he det ails st ay ( t hesame)

I r ed esi g n áesiqrr arqarirr 3 r ef in e 5 r et h in k

2 r ei n v en t 4 r ev am p 6 r em ain

52 Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t
 ) O. O Com plet e t he f ollow ing expr essions f r om t he discussion using t he
w or ds in t he box. List en and check your answ er s.

Achil.t es back dnwingboard ground heel improvement

leap quantum rcinvant room scntch up whct

1 veirrve\ f the wheel

2 designing t he whole t hing from t he
for
4 t he
5 t o t he
6 m ake a
1 designing t he sgst em from

Mat ch t h e ex p r essi o n s ( l - 5 ) i n Ex er ci se l 2 e t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- 0 .
a w ast e t i m e r e- cr eat i n gso m et h i n gt h at h as al r ead y b een cr eat ed I
b t h e b i g g est w eak n ess
c st ar t ag ai n b ecau set h e f i r st p l an f ai l ed
d m ak e h u g e p r o g r ess-
e d esi g n f r o m t h e b eg i n n i n g I-
f p o t en t i alf o r d o i n g a b et t er j o b -

Rew r it e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he cor r ect f or m of t he expr essions
i n Ex er ci se l 2 e.
1 Un f o r t u n at el yw
, e h ad t o scr ap t h e co n cep t an d st ar t ag ai n .
We hará | o qo barclr | o | he zt varwir,rq boav) ..
2 Th i s p r o b l em i s t h e p r o d u ct ' sm o st ser i o u ssh o r t co m i n g .

3 Th er e' sn o p o i n t r ed esi g n i n gw h at al r ead y w o r k s p er f ect l yw el l .

4 l t ' s a t o t al l y n ew d esi g n - w e st ar t ed f r o m t h e v er y b eg i n n i n g .

5 Th e n ew d esi g n i s so m u ch b et t er - i t ' s a t r an sf o r m at i o n
I
6 I t h i n k t h er e' sd ef i n i t el ya p o ssi b i l i t yt o d o b et t er i n t h i s ar ea.

.3a ! n pair s, discuss how com put er point ing devices have im pr oved since t he
f ir st m ouse w as invent ed. Use t he language f r om t his sect ion and t he
w or ds in t he box.

bat t bu t t on s f ir st m ech an icalm ou se opt ical m ou se opt ical sen sor s

r ef in edm ech an icalm ou se sen sit ivesu r f u ce t ou ch pad w h eel w ir et ess

You have been asked by a com put er har dw ar e m anuf act ur er t o t hink of
som e f unct ional im pr ovem ent s and t echnical solut ions f or point ing devices.
l n p ai r s, d i scu ss y o u r i d eas.

í QrEffi
Pr esent your ideas in Exer cise I 3b t o anot her pair .

Un i t 6 Tech n i cald ev el o p m en t 53
 UNI T 7
Describingheat t hand safet y
pr ecaut ions
Em phasising t he im por t ance
of
pr ecaut ions
Discussing r egulat ionsand
st andards
Workingwit h writ t en
inst r uct ionsand not ices

n Descr i b i nhgeal t han dsaf et y

p r ecau t i o n s
tl So m e en g i n eer i n g o r i n d u st r i al act i v i t i es ar e esp eci al l y d an g er o u s. l n p ai r s,
t h i n k o f m o r e ex am p l es t o ad d t o t h e f o l l o w i n g l i st .
o M a n u f a c t u r i n gp r o c e sse su si n gd a n g e r o u sc h e m i c a l s
e Ca st i n ga n d w e l d i n gi n v o l v i n gh i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s

2a l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h at i s m ean t Dor ian Food Pr ocessin g

b y t h e i t em s o n t h e Heal t h an d
Saf et y m eet ing agenda.
b ) l , t Ro san a, t h e assi st an t
m an ag er at a Do r i an Fo o d
Pr o cessi n g p l an t , i s ch ai r i n g
t he w eekly Healt h and Saf et y
m eet ing. List en t o f our ext r act s
f r o m t h e m eet i n g an d m at ch
each ext r act ( a- d) t o an
ag en d a i t em ( l - 7 ) .
a_ c_
Healt h & Saf et y Meet ing Agenda
W ed n esd ay l ó Ap r i l , Co n f er en ce Ro o m , 2 . 0 0 p m - 4 . 0 C
To: RM, MA, DB, SM, BP, LJ
Ch ai r : Ro san a Mar t i n ez
I Hazar d o u ssu b st an ces& Per so n al Pr o t ect i v eEq u i p m en t
2 Har m f u l g ases/ f u m es6 asp h y x i at i o n h azar d s
3 Fi r e / Ex p l o si o n h a za r d s
4 Mach i n er y : g u ar d san d saf et y d ev i ces
5 Accessw ay s, g u ar d r ai l san d em er g en cy ex i t s
ó El ect r i caI i n st al l at i o n s
7 No i se h azar d s

) l . t Li st en ag ai n an d m at ch t h e w o r d s f r o m t h e m eet i n g ( l - 8 ) t o t h e
d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- h ) .

1 con f in edspaces a bu r n st h e skin

2 C0, det ect or b con t act ( w it h a dan ger )
3 exposu r e c sou r cesof ign it ion
4 ir r it an t d sm all ar easw it h ou t ven t it at ion
5 t oxic e m easu r escar bondioxide
6 corrosive f poison ou s
7 f lam m able g causesskin t o react
8 naked flames/ sparks h cat chesfire easily

54 an d p r ecau t i o n s
Un i t 7 Pr o ced u r es

L
 Which f our t ypes of PPE show n in t he phot os ar e m ent ionedat t he
meet ing?

I n pair s, discusst he hazar dsin t he f ollow ingsit uat ionsand t he pr ecaut ions
t hat should be t aken.
I Wor k in gin sid ea con t ain erw it h lim it edair cir cu lat ion
2 Clean in gm et alu sin gacidt h at can b u r nt h e sk inan d w h ichg iv esof f f u m es
3 Usinga gr indert o cut t hr ougha st eel plat e
4 Ap p ly in gp ain tt h at can cau sep ain f u rl ash eson t h e h an d s

3a St ephanie,Dor ian'ssenior saf et y of f icer ,is at t endinga m eet ingon

st andar d pr ocedur ef or som e engineer ingw or k t hat w ill be car r ied out at
sever alof Dor ian'splant s ar ound t he w or ld. Bef or e t he m eet ingshe m ade
not es. Read her not es and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I What is meant by hazard
Hazardanafusts & safesptenoft^ rorL.

b
analgsis?
2 What is anot herw ayt o saysaf e } peratÍ sn:t4aí nten'a,we,
tagraí nsí hs . ' G- ,
3
sAstem of work?
What t ype of w or k is goingt o be
í nva| ,ví ltg ng(ufthary-ar,etgb'w)
weaí U
car r iedout , and w her e? kcat isnlI nterí nn
a( enptgsí ks(apprar
4 What is m eantby accesst o 3n dí nrwt er
r,| 5n daep),
at bat t ans
silos?
5 What ar e t he specif ichazar ds f[ aí nsa| etgí ssws:ilcussta sihsforr.,orters
r elat ingt o conf inedspacesin & quí pwnt' Can!í wd, spoa hnzards
t h issit u at ion ?

b ) l: St ephanieis discussingsom e of t he hazar dsw it h Ben, one of Dor ian's

engineering managers. List en t o t he conversat ion and not e t he hazards
t hat t hey m ent ion.
I Access hazar ds:
2 Conf inedspacehazar ds:

C ) lf List en again and answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.

I What saf et ypr ecaut ions
ar e discussed?
2 Whichpr ecaut ionm ight m akeone of t he hazar dsw or se,and how ?

I n pair s, discusssuit able healt h and saf et y pr ecaut ionsand PPE f or

t he following operat ions on an exist ing st eel pet rol st orage t ank at a
pr ocessingplant . St udent A, you ar e a saf et y of f icer ; St udent B, you ar e an
engineer ingm anager .Use t he phr ases in t he box. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise
again.
a An op en in gn eed st o b e cu t t h r ou g ht h e w all.
o A n ewst eelou t letp ip em u stt h enb e w eld edon t ot h e op en in g .
a The exist ingpaint m ust t hen be r em ovedf r om t he ext er nalsur f aceof t he
t an k ,b y sh ot - b last in g .
The t ank m ust t hen be r epaint ed.
Them aindanger / hazar isd. They'thave
L t o t akecaret hat ...
Anot herdanger / hazar isd. . . havet o be ( very)caret ul...
They'l.t
a r iskof . . . - ing
Ther e's To be safe,t hey't l.needt o ...

Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions 55

 of p r ecau t ion s
Em p h asisintgh e im p or t an ce
a Dor ian Food Pr ocessingis cur r ent lyst andar disingsaf et y pr ocedur esat
it s plant s ar ound t he w or ld. Read t he f ollow ingext r act f r om t he cont ent s
page of t he com pany'snew saf et y docum ent at ionand answ er t he f ollow ing
quest ions.
I Wh at is m ean tb y LVan d HV elect r icalm ain t en an ce op er at ion s?
m ig h tb e car r iedou t in a f act or y ?
2 Wh at k in d sof elect r icalm ain t en an ce

LV &HV ELECTRI CAL MAI NTENANCE OPEMTI ONS

Part I I dent ifying and designat ing Rest rict ed Areas
( sw it chboar ds, t r ansÍ or m erst at ions, ar eas w it h
exposed conduct ors)
Par t 2 Aut hor ising m aint enance
- The r ole of t he Elect r ical Super visor
- Pr ocedur es f or issuing Per m it s t o Wor k
Par t 3 I solat ing and ener gisingcir cuit s
- Lock-Out Procedure
- Temporary Warning Not ices on swit chboards

) l.l t ist en t o St ephanieexplainingt he saf et y pr ocedur est o Lin, t he plant

m anager in Beij ing.What is m eant by t he f ollow ingphr ases?
I r est r ict edar eas
2 a p er m itt o w or k
3 t h e elect r icalsu p er v isor
4 t he lock- outpr ocedur e

) l.l Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ionby under lining
t he phr ases t hat give t he st r ongest em phasis.List en t o t he conver sat ion
again and check your answ er s.
1 Rest rict edareas are places wherea serious danger is present .So it 's
essent ial t hat t hese should be kept locked at oll t imes / all t he t ime.
ll, 2 Under no circumst ancesshould angone / Nobodg should under ang
lli circumst ancesbe able t o access t hem ...
3 ... it 'simport ant t hat permit s are issued each t ime / everg single t ime
som eoneent er s...
4 And it 'scrucial t hot t here'sj ust one / j ust a single keg t o eoch rest rict ed
area.
5 Then,whilet heg'reworking,it 's vit al / it t sadvisable t hat t heg keep t he keg
o n t h e m. . .

Which of t he f ollow ingphr asesgive m or e em phasist han r t 3 im por t ant , and

w hich give less?
I it ' scr u cial 3 it 's pr ef er able
2 it ' sessen t ial 4 it 'svit al

56 Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions

I
 I

Rew r it et he f ollow ingpr ecaut ionsusing t he phr ases in t he box t o add em phasis.

atatFtirrrcseverysingte ií s crucial ií s essential ií s ütat

undernocircumst ances

I Th ef ir e ex it sh ou ldalw ay sb e k ep tclear .
Í he s'e exi| shorrla\be kept clearr at | arllt rt .les.
2 lt ' sim p or t antto t est t h at t h e cir cu itis isolat ed .

3 Yo u sh o u l d r eset t h e al ar m r o u t i n el yw h en y o u st ar t t h e sy st em .

4 l t ' s a g o o d i d ea t o ch eck t h at t h e cab l e i s n o t d am ag ed .

t h at y ou sh ou ldon lyst or en on - f lam m abm

I t ' sr ecom m en d ed leat er ialsin
t h iszon e.

6 No b o d y sh o u l d en t er t h e r est r i ct edar ea w i t h o u t p er m i ssi o n .

7 Bef or ep r essu r isintgh e sy st em m

, ak esu r eall t h e con n ect ionar
s e t ig h t .

I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing basic pr ecaut ions f or w or king on elect r ical cir cuit s.
Bef or e st ar t ing: Dur ing w or k: To f inish:
o l so l at e ci r cu i t at sw i t ch b o ar d o Ti g h t en co n n ect i o n sf u l l y o Ch eck n o l o o se w i r es
o Test ci r cu i t - n o cu r r en t o Do n ' t d am ag e i n su l at i o n o Test ci r cu i t

6 d Read t he f ollow ing ext r act f r om an elect r icit y com pany new slet t er . What
pr ocedur e does t he ar t icle descr ibe?

A helicopt erhover sbet w eent he t ow er ingpylonsof an ext r a- high- volt age pow er
l i n e. I n a cr ad l e,su sp en d edsev er alm et r esb el o w t h e ai r cr af tst , an dt w o l i n e
m en , sh r o u d edi n h o o d ed ,st ai n l ess- st eel t h r ead edh o t su i t s.Ju sta f ew f eetaw ay
i s a l i v e el ect r i ccab l e,f i zzi n gw i t h 4 0 0 , 0 0 0v o l t s.On e o f t h e m en , h o l d i n ga
sh o r tm et alw an d , r each eso u t t o w ar d st h e cab l e.Po ck er si zedl i g h t n i n gb o l t s
ar c t h r o u g ht h e ai r .Th er et n o d i scer n i b l eel ect r i csh o ck ,, i u sta sl i g h tt i n g l i n g
sen sat i o nA. l ead i s t h en cl i p p edt o t h e l i v e cab l e t o m ai n t ai nan el ect r i cal
co n n ect i o nw i t h t h e cr ad l ean d h el i co p t erTh . e l i n e m en ar e n o w o n , an d
m ai n t en an ce w o r k o n t h e l i v e p o w er l i n e can b eg i n .

I n pair s, discuss t he m ain pr ecaut ions you t hink should be t aken dur ing
live line m aint enance w or k by helicopt er w it h r egar d t o t he f ollow ing hazar ds.
I Co l l i si o n san d sn ag g i n g( g et t i n gcau g h t / t r ap p ed )
2 Hazar ds f r om elect r ocut ion and heat
3 Mech an i calf ai l u r e( h el i co p t eran d eq u i p m en t )

) l. l f r isaof , an elect r ical engineer , is descr ibing live line m aint enance by
helicopt er f or a TV docum ent ar y. What pr ecaut ions does he descr ibe f or
each of t he t hr ee t ypes of hazar d in Exer cise 6c?

ln pair s, t hink of an oper at ion you ar e f am iliar w it h t hat r equir es saf et y

pr ecaut ions. St udent A, you ar e a saf et y of f icer ; explain t he pr ecaut ions t o
a new em ployee. St udent B, you ar e a new em ployee. Sw ap r oles and
pr act ise again.

Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand

tl
ll
- Discussingr egulat ions
and st andar ds
ll
8 ln pairs, discuss what is meant by regulat ions and st andards, Í or
example safet g regulat ions and design st andards. Give some examples of
or ganisat ionsand depar t m ent sin your count r y and lnt er nat ionalbodies
t hat pr oduce t hese kinds of r ules.

9a Of f shor e oil plat f or m sar e cover ed by ext ensivesaf et y r egulat ionsand

design st andar ds. ln pair s, discusst he m ain hazar dst hat oil plat f or m
w or ker s f ace and suggest som e saf et y pr ecaut ionst hat need t o be t aken.

) 7.5 lsobel, a Healt h and Saf et y specialist ,is speakingt o new lyr ecr uit ed
oil plat f or m t echnicianson a t r aining cour se.List en t o t he int r oduct iont o
her t alk and answ er t he f ollow ingquest lons.
I Wh at k in d sof r eg u lat ion
w ill t h e cou r sed ealw it h ?
2 Wh at ex am p lesd oest h e t r ain erg iv e?
3 Wh at im p or t an pt oin tis em p h asised ?

Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act f r om lsobel'st alk by under liningt he cor r ect
w or ds.

Thefocus of t he course will be on Aour personal ( 1) legislat ion / obligat ions in

t erms of looking aft er Aour own safet g, and t he safet g of ot hers.That meons
we'll be focusingon specificsafet g regulat ions.For inst ance,we'llbe looking at
personal prot ect iveequipmentt hat 's ( 2) compulsorg/ prohibit ed. Or act ivit ies
t hat are ( 3) compulsorg/ prohibit ed in cert ain oreos, such as smoking. The
maj orit gof t he obligat ionswe'll deal wit h are legal ( 4) requirement s/ permit s.
I n ot her words,t heg're( 5)permit t ed / st ipulat ed bg law as part of healt h and
safet g ( 6) legislat ion / obligat ion. lf gou ( 7) cont ravene/ complg wit h t hese
kinds of regulat ions,it 'snot t he same as t urningup for work lat e, or merelg
breachingAour cont ract of emplogmentin some wag. I f someonefails t o
( 8) cont ravene/ complg wit h healt h and safet g regs, t heg'rebreaking t he law.
I t 'sas simple as t hot . I h sure Aou'reall aware of t hat , but it is an import ant
point t o emphasise.

It
tr Com plet et he f ollow inggr oups of synonym susing t he w or ds in bold in
Exer cise9c.
l i| | ega|/ banned/ f or bidden7 pvohbi| eá
2 allow ed/ au t h or ised I-
3 adher et o / conf or mt o / -
4 st at ed I -
5 b r eak( t h elaw )/ b r each( r eg u lat ionIs) - ( r eg u lat ion s)
6 law s/ r eg u lat ionIs- / leg al- / p er son al
7 obligat or yI -

58 Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions

I
 I

) a Read t he ext r act f r om a guide t o saf et y in t he of f shor e oil indust r y.

Com plet e t he t ext using t he w or ds you w r ot e in Exer cise 9d.

Th e h el i co p t erf l i g h t st h at f er r yp er so n n elt o an d f r o m t h e p l at f o r mar e su b j ectt o

specif ic saf et y ( r ) legislar t ior r. The pr ocedur esand st andar dst hat ar e
( z) - b y t h i s r eg u l at i o n sr el at e,p r i n ci p al l yt,o t h e f o l l o w i n gar eas:
o Hel i co p t ersea cr ashev acu at i o nt r ai n i n g .Co u r sesar e G) - f o r al l
p e r so n n e l
o Desi g nan d saf e o p er at i o no f o i l p l at f o r mh el i d eck s
o Sp e c i a l i se dp i l o tt r a i n í n g .
Fo r N o r t hSe a o i l p l a t f o r m tsh a t f a l l w i t h i nUK ( + )- , o p er at i o nm
s u st
G) - t h e l eg al ( 6 )- o f Br i t i shHeal t han d Saf et y
r eg u l at i o n s,an d Ci v i lAv i at i o nAu t h o r i t yr u l es.Th ey m u st al so sat i sf yt h e
ad d i t i o n alsp eci f i c( ) - l ai d d o w n b y t h e UK Heal t han d Saf et y
Ex ecu t i v ean d t h e Of f sh o r eI n d u st r yAd v i so r yCo m m i t t ee,Hel i co p t erLi ai so n
Gr o u p ( OI AC- HLG) .

b Read t h e f o l l o w i n g n o t es o n t h e d esi g n r eq u i r em en t s f o r h el i d eck s o n

oil plat f or m s. ln pair s, discuss t he possible r easons f or t hese design
st andar ds.

' oPlarvges|
helicogter
T;:H s } :yí ."* ffi ;;::l.r:*
7 f,q7voach/ tal.eolP vohtes: ar{ iarcerrt stvqclqves below level oP
he| iáecL - ho t,ill stvhctqves

j Pevir,retev gvofec-Fiorr (fo pveve\ f peysohhel fvoua * arllirrg): harta\ raril

| hart car't be loweveá ov hovieorrt arlrt el - \ o $xeA hart ávai| s

4 Eqrei7u.rerrt| o co7e with bará wearthe' / poov y!foi| i1': geviuaetev .)

larrráirrg lights arrrá arrrchor goirrts

I I m agine you ar e t r aining new engineer s in your w or kplace ( or a w or kplace

you know ) . ln pair s, explain t he m ain r equir em ent s of som e r egulat ions or
st andar ds t hat ar e r elevant t o your indust r y using t he f ollow ing point s.
. k ey l eg al r eq u i r em en t s
o t h e k i n d s o f o p er at i o nt h at m u st co m p l y w i t h r eg u l at i o n s
o pr act ices/ pr ocedur est hat ar e per m it t ed
o pr act ices/ pr ocedur est hat ar e pr ohibit ed

Unit 7 Pr ocedur esand pr ecaut ions 59

I Wor kingw it h w r Í t t eninst r uct ionsand not ices
12 Th i n k o f si t u at i o n s w h er e w r i t t en n o t i ces an d i n st r u ct i o n s ar e u sed i n
i n d u st r y . I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
1 W h at d i f f er en tk i n d s o f i n f o r m at i o nd o t h ey co m m u n i cat e?
2 W h at ar e t h e ch ar act er i st i cso f ef f ect i v en o t i cesan d i n st r u ct i o n s?

13a Th e f o l l o w i n g w ar n i n g n o t i ces ar e f r o m a g u i l l o t i n e f o r sh eet m et al an d a

p r eci si o n w ei g h i n g d ev i ce i n a m an u f act u r i n g p l an t . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss w h et h er
each n o t i ce w ar n s o f a p r o b l em t h at co u l d i n j u r e w o r k er s, d am ag e t h e
m ach i n e. o r b o t h .

/ 5\
DANGER
I MPORTANT CAUTI ON WARNI NG
El€
ctüut| on dskt Na ar* r-* rt i* " b| " g u illot in e Taka orc whcn
ln ercnt of firc usa p ar t s in sid e. Moist u r e- sen sit ive | lf t lng m ach| n€
.
co2 Üt| ngubhaB onlt| .
blade bef or e device. St or e in a Hmk crane to rcd
op en in g p an €| llÍ t| ng GyCr on| y.
Do not u$ watal
in v aI id at esg u aÍ an t ee. cleaning d r y p l a ce .

a b c o e

b Lo o k at t h e f i r st w o r d i n each si g n an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
1 W h i ch w o r d i s o n l y u sed t o w ar n o f a r i sk o f i n j u r yt o p eo p l e?
2 W h i c h w o r d i s o n l v u sed t o w ar n o f a r i sk o f d am ag e t o eq u i p m en t ?

t4 d Th e f o l l o w i n g ex t r act s ar e f r o m t h e i n st r u ct i o n m an u al s o f t h r ee o f t h e
m ach i n es i n Ex er ci se | 3 a. I n p ai r s, an sw er t h e q u est i o n s ( l - 6 ) .

b
I Wh en lif t in g t h is m ach in e, it is essen t ial
I n t h e even t of a f ir e w at er ext in gu ish er s
I' t h at on ly t h e t w o lif t in g eyes m ar ked in
sh ou ld n ot be u sed on t h is m ach in e as it r ed sh ou ld be u sed. No ot h er par t s of
con t ain s elect r ical cir cu it s, an d can t h er ef or e t h e f r am e ar e load- bear in g an d m u st n ot ,
cau se elect r ocu t ion . On ly a car bon dioxide t h er ef or e, be u sed as an ch or poin t s.
ext in gu ish er sh ou ld be u sed.

I W h y i s i t u n saf et o p u t w at er o n t h e m ach i n e? W h at i s t h e p u r p o se o f t h e i t em s m ar k ed
2 W h at t y p e o f f i r e ex t i n g u i sh eri s r eco m m en d ed ? in r ed on t h e m ach in e?
W h a t c o u l d h a p p e ni f t h e m a c h i n ew a s
l i f t ed b y o t h er p ar t s o f t h e f r am e?

Car e sh ou ld b e t ak en w h en clean in g b elow

t h e g u illot in e b lad e as t h er e is a d an g er t h at
t h e b lad e m ay d escen d . Bef or e clean in g , t h e
con t r ol lev er sh ou ld alw ay s b e set in t h e Blad e
Lock ed p osit ion . Pr ot ect iv e g lov es sh ou ld b e Wh y is it im p or t an t o lockt h e g u illot in e
w o r n d u r i n g c l e a n i n g a s t h e su m p b e l o w t h e blade?
b lad e m ay con t ain sh ar p m et al of f - cu t s.
W h at o t h er d an g er i s t h er e, an d w h at
o r e c a u t i o nsh o u l db e t a k e n a s a r e su l t ?

60 an d p r ecau t i o n s
Un i t 7 Pr o ced u r es
b ) l.O Pet r us, an engineerf r om a m achinem anuf act ur er is , giving
inst r uct ionsabout t he m achinesin Exer cise l4a t o a client . As you list en,
f ollow t he w r it t en t ext s ( a- c) and ident if y as m any dif f er encesas you can
bet w eent he spoken inst r uct ionsand t he w r it t en inst r uct ions.Use t he
f ollow ingideas.
1 g r am m at icald if f er en ces
2 use of cont r act ions
in w or dsused
3 dif f er ences

a Read t he f ollow ingspoken explanat ionsof t he oper at ing pr ecaut ionsf or an

indust r ial blow er .Rephr aset hem as w r it t en inst r uct ions,m aking changes
based on t he differences bet ween spoken and writ t en language st yle you
ident if ied in Exer cise l4b.

You shouldn'tp| aceobj ect sin Í r ontoÍ t heair in| etAnd . you shou| dkeept he in| etgr i| | e f r ee
and c| eanit r egu| ar | |y.Ít her e'sdam aget o t he in| etgr i| | e,
Í r omobst r uct ions, st op t he b| ow er
im m ediat ely.
For eignbodiesent er ingt he duct can causeser ioushar m ,becauset he unit
cont ainspr ecision- engineerpar ed t sr evolvingat speed,so it 'shighlysuscept iblet o dam age.

obiecfs shorela\hot be plot ce) , irr Qvorrt o* t he ariv irrlet

BeÍ oreyou st artt he b| ower'it 's import antt o ensuret hat t he e} t erna|Vent sat t he end oÍ
duct ar e open.Whenyou open t hevent s,Í u| |ext
t he air - int ake y endt he adj ust inghand| e.
Thenw henyou closet hem ,t ur nt he handleand allowit t o r et ur nundert hef or ceof t he
spr ing.Don'tpusht he handle,becauset hatcan st r aint he spr ingm echanismand , r esult
in dam age.

Ee€
o ve st arvt ihq | he b| oweÍ ,,..

Think of som e saf et y or oper at ing pr ecaut ionsyou ar e f am iliar w it h f or a

m achineor pr ocessyou know .Wr it e one or t w o par agr aphsof inst r uct ions,
explainingt he m ain pr ecaut ionst hat should be t aken.

! n pair s, explain t he saf et y or oper at ing pr ecaut ionsf or t he m achlneor

pr ocess using your inst r uct ionsas a guide.

and pr ecaut ions

Unit 7 Pr ocedur es 61
lI Descr ib in au
g t om at ed
sy st em s
ln pair s, discusst he dif f er encebet w eenan aut om at edand a m anual syst em .
What do you t hink a Building Managem ent Syst em ( BMS) does in int elligent
buildings?Suggest som e oper at ionst hat can be m onit or edand cont r olled
aut om at icallyby t he BMS in lar ge buildingssuch as of f ices.

2a ) s.t Roland, a m echanicaland elect r icalser vices( MeE) engineer ,is t alking
t o Saskia, an ar chit ect ,about t he design of a new building.List en t o t he
conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I Wh at is a k eych ar act er ist ofic t h e clien tcom p an y ?
2 ic f ectt h e b u ild in gd esig n ?
How w ill t h isch ar act er ist af
3 What do you t hink is m eantby pr esencedet ect or s?
4 Wh at d oesRolan dsay ab ou td esig nop t ion san d h owd oesh e d escr ib eop t ion
on e?

) sz Rolana gives som e exam plesof sensor sand cont r ols.List en t o t he next
par t of t he conver sat ionand t ick t he point s he m ent ions.
I con t r ollin tgh e elect r iclig h t in gin sid et h e b u ild in g !
2 co n t r o l l i n gt h e am o u n t o f so l ar r ad i at i o nen t er i n gt h e b u i l d i n g !
3 co n t r o l l i n gt h e ai r f l o w i n g i n an d o u t t h r o u g h t h e w i n d o w so f t h e b u i l d i n g !
4 co n t r o l l i n gt h e f l o w o f w ar m an d co o l ai r ar o u n d t h e i n t er i o ro f t h e b u i l d i n g !
Mat ch t he w or ds in t he box t o t he synonym s ( l - 5) .

detect dettctor pick up reading regutate set off trigger

I sensor/ áet ec| ov

2 m e a su r e m e In-t
3 cont r ol( adj ust I) -
4 sen se/ - I
5 act ivat e | - |

62 Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ot

 Com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ionby under liningt he
correct words.
1 Not j ust t he usual sAst emst hat act ivat e/ det ectt he light s ...
2 We could use presencedet ect orst o pick up/ cont rolot her sgst ems...
3 ... a presencedet ect or set s off/ sensest hot evergone'sleft a meet ingroom -..
4 ... a t emperat uresensor picks up a posit ive det ect or/ reading...
5 ... t he sensor det ect s/ regulat essunlight ,and senses/ t rigges t he blinds ...
6 ... t hosesensor sset of f / sensea cir culat ionsAst em...
-l
... we'd use presencedet ect orsand heat sensorst o det ed/ regulat e as mang
sAst emsas possible?

I n pair s, descr ibe t he f ollow ingaut om at edsyst em susing t he w or ds in

Exer cise2d.
sensor par am et er syst em
I pr esencedet ect or m ovem ent lig h t s
2 sm okedet ect or sm oke f ir e alar m
3 t her m ost at r oom t em per at ur e elect r icconvect orheat er
4 pr essur eplat e w eightof a per son in t r u d eralar m

la ) g. l RolanA and Saskia go on t o discuss an alt er nat ive cont r ol syst em in t he

building. List en t o t he conver sat ion and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h at assu m p t i o ni s t h e i d ea b ased o n ?
2 What design appr oach m ight be t aken w it h r egar d t o cont r ols?
3 W h at i s t h e ad v an t ag eo f t h i s ap p r o ach ?

You ar e in t he Mör E design t eam f or t he new bui| ding pr oj ect and have
r eceived t he f ollow ing em ail f r om t he pr oj ect engineer asking f or your input .
Read t he em ail and, in pair s, discuss w hat t he engineer w ant s you t o do.

a
To: LaurenHarvey
Subj ectPresence
: det ect ors

Could you look int o t he pr act icalit iesof using pr esencedet ect or sf or cont r ollingt he
| ight sin differentpaft s of t he building?We'| l probab| yhave a mixt ureoÍ det ect or-
cont r olledsyst em sand m anualsw it ches.The quest ionis, w hich Wpe of cont r oldo
we want t o have in each locat ion? ( Please see my list below.)A crit ical issue will be
set t ing t he swit ch-off delay in differentlocat ions, i.e. how long t he light s remain on
aft er t he last movement is det ect ed. On my last prolect , we had a lot of complaint s
f r om t he c| ientabout t he | ight sgoing of Í w hi| epeop| ew er e st i| |in r oom s. So can
you t hink about dif f er entt im er delaysf or dif f er entlocat ionsin t he building?
Main locat ions:open- planof f ices,individualof f ices,m eet ingr oom s, cor r idor s,
st ore rooms
T,,
I
Pr epar e not es f or a shor t t alk t o br ief t he pr oiect engineerusing your ideas
f r om Exer cise3b. St udent A, you ar e an Mör E engineer .Br ief t he pr oj ect
engineeron your ideas. St udent B, you ar e t he pr oj ect engineer .List en t o
t he br ief ing and ask quest ionsabout specif icdet ails. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise
again.

Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ol 63

 Ref er r ingt o m easur abtpar
e am et er s
l n p ai r s, t h i n k o f m o n i t o r i n g an d co n t r o l sy st em s t h at ar e w i d el y u sed ar o u n d
t h e h o m e. Di scu ss h o w t h e f o l l o w i n g p ar am et er s ar e m easu r ed an d / o r
co n t r o l l ed i n t h ese co m m o n d o m est i c ap p l i an ces.
Par am et er s:t em p er at u r e p r essu r e t i m e act i o n s/ m o v em en t
Ap p l i an ces: b o i l er s h eat i n gsy st em s r ef r i g er at o r s w ash i n g m ach i n es

5a Mat ch t h e sen so r o r m easu r i n g sy st em ( l - 5 ) t o t h e i n d u st r i al ap p l i cat i o n s

( a- e) .

1 pr essurme easur em ent a monit oring t he speed of w at er t rave[ t ingat ong a suppt y pipe
2 t em per at urmeeasur em ent b measuringt he [ eve[ of heat generat edby an exot hermicreact ion
3 f lowm easur em ent c m on it or in gt h e n u m berof can s m ovin galon g a con veyorbelt
4 levelm easur em ent d m on it or in gt h e am ou n tof et h an olcon t ain edin a st or aget an k
5 processrecorders e checking t he force exert ed by st eam inside a vessel

b I n p ai r s, t h i n k o f o t h er u ses f o r t h e k i n d s o f sen so r an d m easu r i n g eq u i p m en t

i n Ex er ci se 5 a.

6a ) s. l Jo ch em an d Kat er i n a, t w o p r o cess en g i n eer s at a ch em i cal s p l an t , ar e

d i scu ssi n g t h e m o n i t o r i n g an d co n t r o l sy st em s t h at w i l l b e n eed ed f o r a n ew
pr oduct ion line. List en t o t hr ee ext r act s f r om t heir discussion and answ er t he
f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
Ex t r act I a W h at p r o b l em i s d i scu ssed ?
b W h at m ech an i calsaf et y p r ecau t i o ni s p r o p o sed ?
Ex t r act 2 c W h at i ssu e i s d i scu ssed ?
d W h at t h r ee p ar am et er sr el at ed t o co n su m p t i o nar e i m p o r t an t ?
e To cal cu l at et h e p ar am et er s,w h at d o es co n su m p t i o nn eed t o b e
c o n t i n u o u sl ym e a su r e da g a i n st ?
Ex t r act 3 f W h at i ssu e i s d i scu ssed ?
g W h i ch t w o m easu r em en t sn eed t o b e t ak en ?
h W h a t o p t i m u mv a l u e n e e d st o b e d e t e r m i n e d ?

b Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( I - I O) f r o m t h e d i scu ssi o n t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- j ) .

1 input a t he best / t he most effect ive/ efficient

2 ou t pu t b h ow of t en som et h in gh appen s
3 opt im um c t h e am ou n tof su pplies, f f u el
u sed
4 different iat d t h e t ot al qu an t it yso f u r
5 con su m pt ion e a specif iedper iod
6 cu m u lat ive f a valu e of t en expr essedw it h per ,f or exam pleu n it s per h ou r
7 rat e g t h e exit valu e,f or exam pleat t h e en d of a pr ocess
8 cycle h t he ent ry vat ue, for exampt eat t he st art of a process
9 frequency i t he gap bet w eent w o values
10 t im esca[ e j at t t h e st epsin a pr ocess,f r om st ar t t o f in ish

64 Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l
 The f ollow ing specif icat ion w as w r it t en f ollow ing t he conver sat ion. Com plet e
t he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise 5b.

Vessel Bl: Sensor and Measur ing Syst em Requir em ent s

Two pressure sensors: one locat ed inside t he vessel, and a second sit uat ed
on t he pipe running downst ream, t o enable any pressure ( l) ái$Pevet | iarl
t o be det ect ed.
A flow met er t o monit or gas ( 2) . Dat a will be recorded as a
( 3) - figure ( t ot al usage) , and as flow ( 4) - , in
lit res per second. Not e: Soft ware will be configured t o log flow against t he
( 5 ) - o f a sy st e m c l o c k , i n o r d e r t o p i n p o i n t p e a k f l o w p e r i o d s
occurring bet ween t he st art and finish ofa given react ion ( 6) -,
and t o assess t he ( 7) wit h which t hey occur.
Two t emperat uresensors: one at t he ent ry point of t he vessel, t o measure
( 8 ) - t e m p e r a t u r e , a n d a se c o n d a t t h e o u t l e t p o i n t t o m o n i t o r
( 9 ) - t em p er at u r e. No t e; Pr eci ser eg u l at i o n o f t h een t r y
t em per at ur ew ill be key t o obt aining ( 10) r eact ion
performance.

7a You and your par t ner ar e pr ocess engineer s w or king w it h Jochem and
Kat er ina at t he chem ical plant . You need t o assess t he sensor s and
m easur ing equipm ent r equir ed f or t he st eam pr oduct ion f acilit y. ln pair s,
discuss t he r equir em ent s using t he inf or m at ion in t he diagr am . Make not es
o f y o u r i d eas.

St eamou t
( lit r es/ sec)
oC bar

Wat er V
Lev. oC

Wat erin
( lit r es/ sec)
oc
Gasb u r n er
or

Pr o p a n ei n
( lit r es/ sec)

b I n pair s, discussw hat par am et er scan be det er m inedf or t he inst allat ionof a
heat ing cycle using your ideas f r om Exer cise7a. You should assum e t hat all
t he m easur em ent sw ill be r ecor ded against a t im escale.

Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l 65
 Di scu ssi n gr ead i n g san d t r en d s
o
tl l Ín |IpJd
ai r| s,
Í s'u
d il scu ss tf h
n e tf act
acf ,oor rsst h
n at cau se m a|
ai nnss el ecf
ect r |i ci
c|t tyyco n su m p rt i| oonnt o v ar y .

b ) g . S Hel en , an el ect r i cal en g i n eer at a p o w er st at i o n , i s g i v i n g a t al k t o a

gr oup of visit ing invest or s. List en t o t he t alk and not e t he f ive f act or s t hat
i n f l u en ce el ect r i ci t y co n su m p t i o n .
I 3_ 5
z 4

C Com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he t alk using t he cor r ect f or m of t he
w or ds in t he box.

decr easef at l incr ease r ise

1 Dur ing per iods of ver g cold or ver g hot w eot her ,dem and ir t cvear ses
T h e - i n d e m a n d i so b v i o u sl u d u e t o m i l I i o n so f e l e c t r i c r a d i a t o r s
co m i n g o n . . .
2 . . . a keg f act or w hich - or - dem and, is w het her or
n o t i t ' s l i g h t o r d ar k . . .
3 . . . on cold, dar k, w int er evenings, t he in dem and is signif icant . . .
ll 4 Cenerollg, demand during t he week, when fact ories and offices
ar e oper at ional . . .
5 So dem and - at t he w eekend.
6 There can be a sudden when people rush t o swit ch ket t les on,
or heat up snocks in microwaves, and t hen a sudden short lg
aft erwards.

) S. O Li st en t o t h e n ex t p ar t o f Hel en ' s t al k an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g
q u est i o n s.
1 W h y d o es t h e co m p an y o f t en h av e si g n i f i can tsp ar e g en er at i n gcap aci t y ?
2 W h at i d eal si t u at i o nd o es Hel en d escr i b e?
3 W h y i s t h i s i d eal si t u at i o nd i f f i cu l tt o ach i ev e?

Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( | - 8 ) f r o m t h e t al k t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- h ) .

lt 1 con t in u ou s
-
a m axim u mpow err equ ir em enat
t a given t im e
ll 2 f l. u ct u at ion s
\ b am ou n tbet w eenan u pperan d low er lim it
3 peaksan d t r ou gh s \ . w it h ou t in t er r u pt ion
4 peak dem an d d h igh poin t s an d low poin t s on a gr aph cu r ve
5 range e regular and repet it ive
6 band of fl.uct uat ion f moment aryrises fot t ow edby a fut t
7 bLips g ch an ges,m ovem en t sin gen er al
8 con t in u al h zon e of u p- an d- dow nm ovem en t

Look at t he gr aph show ing elect r icit y dem and

f l u ct u at i o n s o v er a w eek i n t h e UK. Fi n d p ar t s o r
pat t er ns on t he gr aph descr ibed by t he w or ds in :
Ex er ci se 8 e an d an al y se t h e f l u ct u at i o n s. Ho w d o =
t h ey co m p ar e w i t h Hel en ' s ex p l an at i o n ?
o

D a y o f t h e w e e k { No v e m b e r )
Daily p eak d em an d 8p m

66 Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l
9 it Read t he docum ent on ener gy saving aim ed at indust r ial plant and f acilit y
m anager s. Com plet e t he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise 8e.

D y n o m i cd e m o n dco n t r o sy l st e mco s n b e f i t t e dt o e l e ct r i cool p p l i o n ce st h o to p e r o t e

o n d u l yc y c l e s i, e . o p p l i o n c etsh o ts t o r tu p , r u nf o r o t i m e ,s h u td o w n o g o i n ,o n d t h e n
r e m o i no n st o n d b yf o r o w h i l eb e f o r er e p e o t i n gt h e so m ecy cl e .H e o t i n go n d r e f r i g e r o t i o n
u n t t so r e co m m o ne x o m p l e so f p o w e r - h u n g reyq u i p m e ni th q t o p e r o t eo n t h i sst o r t - r u n - st o p -
w o i tb o si s.
D y n o m i csy st e m es x p l o i t h ef o ctt h o td u t ycy cl eo p p l i o n ce sd o n o t r e q u i r e
( l ) co t i f i h q o h sp o w e r .T h ep u r p o seo f t h e sy st e m iss t o h e l p sm o o t hp o w e r d e m o n df o r
t h e b e n e f i ot f e l e ct r i cu t i l i t i e s.
T o o ch i e v et h i s,t h e yd e l o y t h e st o r t - uopf t h eo p p l i o n ce s
t h ey co n t r o l d u r i n g p er i o d so f ( 2 ) - ' Ho w ev er , o n | y m i n o r o d i u st m en t so r e
m o d et o t i m i n go s, g e n e r o l l yt,h eo p p l i o n ce sco n ce r n e dco n o n l y b e h e l do n si o n d b yf o r
sh o r tp e r i o d so s i h e y n e e d t o r u n o n o ( 3 )- b o si s.Bu t t h i sst i l lb e n e f i t es l e ct r i c
u t i | i t i eso si t h e| p st o o v o i d p r o b l em o t i c, m o m en t o r y ( 4 ) - o n t h ed em o n d
cu r v e.
D y n o m i cco n t r o l w s o r k b y d e t e ct i n g sl i g h t( 5 ) i n t h ef r e q u e n cyo f i h e m o i n s
A Cs u p p | y . A | t h o u g h t h i s v o r i e s o n | y w i t h i n o V e r y n o r r o w ( ó) - , s m o | | d r o p s
i n f r e q u e n cyi n d í co t teh o tp o w e r st o t i o nt u r b i n e o s r e w o r k i n gcI o set o f u | |co p o ci t yT. h e
d y n o m i cco n t r o sy l si e mco n t h e r e f o r he o l d t h eo p p l i o n ceo n st o n d b yf o r o sh o r tt i m eu n t i r
m o i n sf r e q u e n ciyn c r e o s eosg o i n .

b Read t he t ext again and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.

I What is m eant by dut g cgcle?
2 W h at p r o b l em i s d y n am i cco n t r o l d esi g n edt o av o i d ?
3 W h at sen so r i n p u t d o d y n am i cco n t r o l sr el y o n t o al l o w t h em t o f u n ct i o n ?
4 W h at d o es t h e sen so r i n p u t i n ( 3 ) i n d i cat ew i t h r eg ar d t o p o w er st at i o n s?
5 To w h at ex t en t d o d y n am i csy st em sm o d i f y d u t y cy cl es?

10a Read t he ext r act f r om t he t alk and, in pair s, discuss t he f oilow ing
quest ions.
... elect rical charge is ext remelg difficult t o st ore in large amount s, Aou con't
j ust charge up huge bat t eries. So we use an innovat ive t echnique t o st ore up
power pot ent ial during off-peak periods.
I W h y d o y o u t h i n k t h i s i s su ch a m aj o r i ssu e f o r p o w er st at i o n s?
2 Can y o u su g g estw h at i n n o v at i v et ech n i q u ei s u sed t o so l v e t h e p r o b l em ?

) g, l Helen goes on t o descr ibe t he solut ion t o t he pr oblem . List en t o t he

t alk and m ake not es on pum ped st or age.

Pr epar e a shor t t alk on t he oper at ion of a pum ped st or age hydr oelect r ic
pow er st at ion f or visit or s t o t he pow er gener at ion com pany. Use your
not es f r om Exer cise lOb and t he w or ds in t he box. St udent A, you ar e an
elect r ical engineer ; St udent B, you ar e a visit or on a t our of t he plant . ln
pair s, give your t alk and ask and answ er quest ions. Sw ap r oles and pr act ise
ag ai n .

gr aüt y h igh level. low [ eve[ m ou n t ain pu m ps r eser voir t u r bin es

Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l 67
tI
- Giving appr oxim at ef i gur es
I
17 a Read t he em ail ext r act and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h o d o y o u t h i n k se n t t h e e m a i l ?W h a t i s t h e i r r o l e w i t h i nt h e c o m p a n y ?
2 W h at t y p e o f r ev i ew i s t h e co m p an y g o i n g t o u n d er t ak e?
3 W h at i s t h e o b i ect i v eo f t h e r ev i ew ?

To: Gerry Klein

Subj ect :I nt ernal review

Dear colleagues,
As you know , w e ar e pr epar ingt o under t akea com pr ehensiveint er na|r eviewoÍ t he com pany'S
your engineer ing
or ganisat lonand f acilit ies.A key ar ea of t his r evieww ill be t o assess how ef f icient ly
exper t iseis being ut i| ised.I w ou| dem phasiset hat t he aim oÍ t his assessm entis not t o quest ionyour
pr of essionalcom pet ence.On t he cont r ar y,I and t he com pany'snew shar eholder sr ecogniset he high
degr eeoÍ t echnica|exper t isew it hint he or ganisat ion.our int ent ionis t o w or k t ow ar dsopt im isingt his
valuabler esour ceby ident if yingt he dem andson your t im e t hat ar e lar gelyunpr oduct ive( such as
t asks) in or der t o allow your skillst o be used m or e pr oduct ively.
adm inist r at ive

b The f ollow ing ext r act is f r om a quest ionnair e used in t he r eview w hich w as
I
I sent t o st af f in t he com pany's design depar t m ent . Read t he quest ionnair e
an d m at ch each q u est i o n ( l - 3 ) t o p o i n t s ( a- c) .

Appr oxim at ely w hat per cent age oÍ your t im e do you spend on t he t ypes of t ask
b e| o w ? Fo r each q u est i o n , t h e su m o f v a| u es g i v en f o r A + B sh o u l d eq u al í o o % .

1 A D o i n g t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t u se m y e n g i n e e r i n gsk i l l s e x t e n si v e l y 'y"
B D o i n g m o d e r a t e l y t e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a l e ss q u a l i f i e dc o l l e a g u e c o u l d d o - %

2 A D o i n g [ e c h n i c a l t a sk s t h a t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . d e si g n r n g ,p r o b l e m - so l v i n g-] %
B D o i n g t a sk s t h a t d o n o t a d d v a l u e [ e . 9 . a d m i n i st r a t i o n )- " / "

3 A D o i n g t a sk s t h a t a r e p u r e l y t e c h n i c a l - %
B D o i n q t a sk s t h a t r e l a t e t o t e c h n i c a l o r q a n i za t i o na n d d e c i si o n - m a k i n q- %

a Th e ex t en t o f t ech n i calr o l e v er su s m an ag em en tr o l e
b Th e d eg r ee o f co m m er ci alex p l o i t at i o no f t ech n i calsk i l l s
c Th e d eg r ee o f ap p l i cat i o no f ex p er t i sean d ex p er i en ce

C ) g, S Eleanor and Ger r y t w o design engineer s, ar e t alking about t he

quest ionnair e. List en and w r it e appr oxim at e values, t o t he near est l0o/ o, f or
Ger r y's answ er s t o t he quest ions.

d Com plet e t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds or phr ases in t he box.
Som et im es m or e t han one answ er is possible.

t at t parFq$í € offt he t op of my head nowhere

near pret t ymuch
rought y somewhere in t he regionof

I They asked f or a baillpar vk'qr t ^ " ' f or set t ing up t he new syst em '
2 I ' v eg o t t h e f i g u r esi n m y co m p u t er ,b u t I co u l d n ' t t el l y o u
3 Th e w o r k i s f i n i sh ed ,t h er e' sj u st t h e t i d y i n g u p t o d o .
4 Th e act u al co st o f t h e st ad i u m w as - t h e est i m at eat E2 m o v er b u d g et .
5 | t h i n k i t ' l l t ak e t w o w eek s t o co m p l et et h e r ep o r t .
6 T h e d e v e l o p m e nw t i l l c o st $ 10m.

68 Un i t 8 Mo n i t o r i n gan d co n t r o l

I
 I

I n pair s, ask and answ er t he quest ionsf r om t he quest ionnair ein Exer cise I I b
using t he phr ases in Exer cise I I d. Not e dow n your par t ner 'sansw er s.
I A- o / o B- o / o

2 A- o / o B- o / o

3 A- o / o B- o / o

1, 2 a ) a.g Rs par t of t he com pany'sint er nat r eview ,an assessm entis being m ade
of t he har dw ar eand sof t w ar et hat m ake up t he f ir m 's Com put er Aided Design
( CAD) syst em . Dan, a design engineer ,is t alking t o Beat r ice,his m anager ,
about t he st at e of t he syst em .List en and m ar k t he f ollow ingst at em ent sTiue
CI ) or False ( F) .
I Most of t h e scr een sar e t oo sm all.
2 En g in eersp
s en da lot of t im ew or k in gon scr een .
3 Lar genum ber sof dr aw ingsar e pr int edat t heir of f ice.

Find w or ds and phr ases in audioscr ipt 8.9 on page 93 t o m at ch t he f ollow ing
d ef in it ion s( l - 5 ) .
I ap p r ox im at ely
/
2 m u chm or et h an/
3 at least/ ( t w o t hir ds)
4 m ost/
5 alm ost zer o /

Com plet e t he f ollow ing r eplies t o expr ess t he f igur es in appr oxim at e t er m s
u si n g t h e w o r d s i n Ex er ci ses | 1 d an d l 2 b . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e an sw er
is possible.
l How o| d is t his equipm ent ? A goü, f ive year s o| d. ( at | east 5 year s)
2 W h at p er cen t ag eo f t h e PCs n eed ch an g i n g ?- al l o f t h em . ( 9 5 o / o )
3 Ho w m an y o f t h e co m p u t er sar e u p t o sp ec? al l o f t h em . ( 1 Oo / o )
4 How m any of t he st af f use t he CAD syst em ? half of t hem . ( 55o/ o)
5 H o w m u c h w o u | d t h e n e w p r i n t e r sc o st ?- $ 2 ' 0 0 0 . ( $ 3 ' l 2 0 )
6 H o w m u c h d o e sa n a d a p t e r | i k e t h i sc o st ?- ( $ z;
7 How long w ould a f ull syst em t ake t o inst all? 5 days. ( 4- 6 days)
8 Can m o st o f o u r cl i en t sr ead t h ese f i l es? Yes, o f t h em . ( 95o/ o)

13 You ar e set t ing up a sm all com pany of consult ing engineer s em ploying seven
m em ber s of st af f - f ive engineer s and t w o assist ant s. You need t o r ent
an of f ice, equip it w it h a com put er net w or k w it h CAD syst em and adm in
sof t w ar e, and buy ot her basic of f ice equipm ent . ! n pair s, discuss som e
ballpar k f igur es r elat ing t o t he f ollow ing quest ions.
o W h at co m p u t er eq u i p m en tw i l l b e r eq u i r edan d h o w m u ch w i l l i t co st t o b u y ?
o W h at o t h er i t em s o f f u r n i t u r e/ eq u i p m enwt i l l b e n eed ed ,an d h o w m u ch w i l l
t his cost ?
. Ho w m u ch f l o o r sp ace w i l l b e r eq u i r edi n t h e o p en - p l ano f f i ce?
. Ho w l o n g w i l l i t t ak e t o set u p t h e o f f i ce- i n st al lt h e f u r n i t u r ean d eq u i p m en t ?

Unit 8 Monit or ingand cont r ol 69

- Exp lain in g
t est san dexp er im en t s
I n pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing t est s and exper im ent s and t heir m ain
advant ages and disadvant ages.
I co m p u t er m o d el s an d si m u l at i o n s 2 r ed u ced - scal et est i n g 3 f u l l - scal et est i n g

2 a ln pair s, suggest how t he f ollow ingdevelopm entt ools could be used f or

aer odynam ict est ing.
o Com p u t at ion alFlu idDy n am ics( CFD) o f ield t est ing
o a w in dt u n n eleq u ip p edw it ha r ollin gr oad

) S.t Rn int er nat ionalt eam of r esear cher sar e collabor at ingon t he design
of an exper im ent alener gy- ef f icientvehicle.They ar e discussingt he t ools
availablef or developingt he vehicle'saer odynam icdesign. List en t o t he
conver sat ionand answ er t he f ollow ingquest ions.
I Wh at op t ion sar e av ailab lef or w in dt u n n elt est in gin t er m sof scale?
2 Wh yar e r ollin gr oad su sef u in
l w in dt u n n elsw h ent est in gv eh icles?
3 Wh at issu ew ill d et er m in ew h et h eror n ot a r ollin gr oadis n ecessar y ?
4 Wh at p oin t is m ad eab ou tt h e r eliab ilit of
y CFD an d w in dt u n n eld at a?
5 What pr oblemis m ent ionedw it h r egar dt o out doort est ing?

) g.t t ist en again and com plet et he f ollow ingext r act sf r om t he conver sat ion
using t he w or ds and phr ases in t he box.
Theacidtest back-to-backtesting in thefietd mock-up
triatrun tried-and-testedvalidate vfttnt

1 ... t he t est swouldobviouslgDe virt t ^ al , based on a comput ermodel.

2 ... go int o a wind t unnel,wit h a scale model, or a full-size
3 ... t f's not j ust about dat a got hering.Youalso have t o t he dat a.
4 The onlg comes whengou t rA out a full-scaleprot ot Apein real
condit ions.We need t o make sure t hat evergt hingis - out side,wit h
a full-scale
5 ... wit h changeable weat her, it 's not easA t o do - out

70 Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice

 I

Mat ch t he w or ds and phr ases in Exer cise 2c t o t he def init ions ( a- h) .

a a 3 D m o d el si m u l at i n gsh ap e an d si ze, b u t w i t h o u t i n t er n alco m p o n en t s
uaoclc-t ep
b p r ov ent o b e r eliab let h r ou g hr eal u se/ t r ials
c ou t d oor s.in a r ealsit u at ion
d d escr ib es som et h in g sim u lat edb y sof t w ar e, n ot p h y sical
e a cr u cialt r ialt o p r ov ew h et h eror n ot som et h in w g or k s-
f t r ialst o com p ar et w o d if f er ensolu
t t ion s,in t h e sam econ d it ion s
g p r o v e t h e o r e t i ca | co n ce p t sb y t e st i n g t h e m i n r e a | i t y -
h a pr act icalt est of som et hingnew or unknow nt o discoverit s ef f ect iveness

Com plet e t he aer odynam ic design developm ent plan of t he ener gy- ef f icient
vehicle using st ages ( a- e) .
a Test m odel in w ind t unnel t o validat e dat a f r om scale t est s
b Car r y o u t b ack - t o - b ackt est s i n w i n d t u n n el w i t h m o ck - u p s
c Bu i l d f u l l - si zew o r k i n g p r o t o t y p e
d Sel ect b est d esi g n , b ased o n d at a f r o m w i n d t u n n el t est s
e Nar r o w d o w n d esi g n o p t i o n st o t h r ee, b ased o n co m p u t er d at a
Aer odynam ic design developm ent plan
I Ex p er im enut sin gCFD sof t w ar e
2

3 Pr o d u ce r ed u ced - scal em o ck - u p so f d esi g n san d t est i n w i n d t u n n el

4
5 Bu ildf ir stf u ll- scale m ock - u p
6
1 Pr o d u ce t w o r ev i sedd esi g n st o i m p r o v eo n f u l l - scal em o ck - u p
I
9 Select best design, based on dat a f r om t est s
l0
il Car r you t f ieldt est sw it ht r ial r u n sou t sid e

3 You ar e m em ber sof a t echnologicalr esear cht eam sim ilar t o t he one
in Exer cise2b. You have been asked t o design a t est pr ogr am m ef or an
exper im ent alsyst em f or air - dr oppingcar go. Read t he br ief and, in pair s,
discusst he t ypes of t est r equir ed and t heir sequence.

Design br ief
Th e syst em allow s r elat ivelyf r agilecar go t o be air - dr oppedf r om plan es
in t o r em ot e locat ion s on t h e gr ou n d. lt com pr ises a par ach u t e,at t ach ed
t o a cylin dr icalcon t ain er t w o m et r es lon g w it h a diam et er of 1. 5 m et r es.
Th e con t ain er is su r r ou n ded by a def or m able pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e.
The aims of t est ing are t o develop t he designs of:
a) t he parachut e
b) t h e pr ot ect ive st r u ct u r e, in or der t o m in im iset h e im pact t o car t o
in side t h e con t ain er .
Th e n u m ber of t est s m u st be m axim ised w it h in a lim it ed bu dget .As
t est s involving real drops from aircraft are cost ly, t hese must be kept t o
a m inim um .

Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice 77

I view son pr edict ions
Exchanging and t heor ies
4 a t n pair s, answ er t he
f ollow ingquest ions.
I Wh at k in d sof car g ois
som et im esdr oppedf r om
aircraft ,and why?
2 What ar e t he advant ages
an d d isad v an t ag es
of
air - d r op s?

Read t he f ollow ing pr edict ions of how a cont ainer air - dr opped w it h
par achut es m ight behave w hile f alling, and on hit t ing t he gr ound. Com plet e
t he pr edict ions by under lining t he w or ds you t hink ar e cor r ect .
I Th e l o n g er t h e co n t ai n eri s i n t h e ai r , t h e m o r e i t s h o r i zo n t alsp eed w i l l
decr ease/ incr ease.
2 Co m p ar ed w i t h a l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p , t h e v er t i calsp eed o f a h i g h - al t i t u d ed r o p
w i l l b e l o w er / h i g h er .
3 I n t er m s o f d am ag e t o t h e co n t ai n er ,a h i g h v er t i cal / h o r i zo n t ali m p act sp eed
i s p o t en t i al l yw o r se.
4 A v er y l o w - al t i t u d ed r o p w i l l m o st l i k el y cau se t h e co n t ai n ert o sl i d e/ r o l l
al o n g t h e g r o u n d .

) g: Ar naud and Jenna, t w o engineer s, ar e t alking at t he st ar t of an air -

dr op r esear ch pr oj ect . Which pr edict ions in Exer cise 4b do t hey agr ee on,
and w hich do t hey disagr ee on? How do t heir ideas com par e w it h your s?

5a Rephr ase t he w or ds in br acket s t o com plet e t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he

conver sat ion.
l So ' - ( i n t h e o r y ) ' t h e h o r i zo n t a l sp e e d w i l l k e e p d e c r e a si n g . . .
2 So, ( assum e)t he dr op alt it ude's ver g low , . . .
3 ... - ( sure) o low vert ical speed is t he crit ical fact or.
4 Because, ( presume) , if t he groundspeed's quit e high, t here's a
danger t he cont ainer will roll ...
5 So, ( ar gue) ,r olling is t he w or st pr oblem , . . .

Rephr ase t he w or ds in bold in t he f ollow ing sent ences using t he w or ds in

Exer cise 5a.
I I su p p o se t h er e' l lal w ay sb e a cer t ai n am o u n t o f g r o u n d sp eed .
2 l f w e assu m e t h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l , w e' l l n eed t o p r o t ect i t acco r d i n g l y .
3 Acco r d l n g t o t h e h y p o t h esi s, g r o u n d sp eedw i l l al m o st al w ay sb e p o si t i v e.
4 Yo u co u l d say t h at i t ' s i n ev i t ab l et h e co n t ai n erw i l l r o l l an d b o u n ce al o n g .
5 I ' m co n v i n ced t h at h i g h v er t i calsp eed i s l ess p r o b l em at i ct h an h i g h
g r o u n d sp eed .

72 Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice

 I

c I n pair s, decide w het her t he f ollow ing w or ds and phr ases ar e used t o agr ee
or disagr ee. can you t hink of ot her phr ases f or agr eeing and disagr eeing?
Ab so l u t el y I ' m n o t co n v i n ced I ' m n o t so su r e No t n ecessar i l y
Of cour se Tr ue

d Look at t he diagr am and, in pair s, discuss t he f ollow ing quest ions.

Dr opalt it ude

Air cr af tspeedand d'ir ect ion

Win dsp eedan dd ir ect ion

sp eedof con t aj n er
Ver t ' icaI

{- Air sp eed of con t ain er

{- o f co n t ai n er
Gr o u n d sp eed

I W h at i s t h e d i f f er en ceb et w eenai r sp eed an d g r o u n d sp eed ?Ho w d o

w i n d sp eed an d w i n d d i r ect i o nr esu l t i n a d i f f er en ceb et w eenan ai r cr af t ' s
ai r sp eed an d i t s g r o u n d sPeed ?
2 l f an ai r cr af t ' sg r o u n d sp eedan d ai r sp eed ar e t h e sam e, w h at m u st t h e w i n d
sp eed b e?
3 I n t h eo r y ,an ai r cr af tcan f l y w i t h a g r o u n d sp eedo f zer o i n cer t ai n ex t r em e
co n d i t i o n s.w h at w o u l d t h ese co n d i t i o n sb e, w i t h r eg ar d t o w i n d sp eed an d
t he air cr af t 'sdir ect ion r elat ive t o t he w ind?
4 To m i n i m i set h e h o r i zo n t alg r o u n d sp eedo f an ai r - d r o p p edco n t ai n ero n
l an d i n g ,w h at sh o u l d t h e ai r cr af t ' sd i r ect i o nb e, r el at i v et o t h e w i n d ?
5 l f sev er alai r - d r o p sar e car r i ed o u t f r o m t h e sam e al t i t u d ew i t h d i f f er en t
w i n d sp eed s,h o w w i l l h i g h er w i n d sp eed s af f ect t h e g r o u n d sp eedo f t h e
co n t ai n ero n l an d i n g ?

6 a t n pair s, discuss w hich of t he f ollow ing opt ions you t hink is pr ef er able and
why.
I a l o w - l ev eld r o p w i t h l o w v er t i calsp eed an d h i g h h o r i zo n t alsp eed
2 a h i g h - l ev eld r o p w i t h h i g h v er t i calsp eed an d l o w h o r i zo n t alsp eed

I n pair s, discuss how t he design of t he cont ainer used f or dr opping car go

w ould be dif f er ent f or each of t he t w o opt ions in Exer cise 6a. For each
sit uat ion, consider how t he cont ainer could be built t o cushion t he t ype
of im pact . I n par t icular , t hink about t he shape of t he cont ainer and t he
pr ot ect ive st r uct ur e ar ound it .

Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d Pr act i ce 73
- Com p ar in gr esu lt sw it h ex p ect at ion s
7a ln pair s, discuss t he dif f er ence bet w een expect at ions and r esult s.
Cive an exam ple r elat ing t o r esear ch and developm ent ( R& D) in
en g i n eer i n g .

Man f r ed Hau g , an aer o n au t i cal en g i n eer , i s d escr i b i n g h i s ear l y

r ocket exper im ent s. Read t he descr ipt ion and explain w hat is
m ean t b y t h e ex p r essi o n s i n b o l d .
Relging on t rial and error isn't olwags t he best wag t o improve
t echnologg, but I found it was an effect ive waA t o develop roclset s.
Especiallg as rocket science was unfamiliar t errit org for me. I was on
a st eep learning cule, hence t he numerous explosions.

Read m or e of t he descr ipt ion. What kinds of r ocket did t hey build
and how do you t hink t hey w or ked?
I should sag t hat t his had not hing t o do wit h NASA, and happened
a long wag from Cape Canaveral. lt was j ust me and a few friends
on a windswept foot ball field near Homburg. But t he plast ic bot t le
wat er rocket s we built and launched went t hrough an impressive R&.D
!l progromme, bearing in mind we were onlg 12 gears old!

8a ) g. S t ist en t o an int er view w it h Manf r ed about building and

launching w at er r ocket s and answ er t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I Ho w f u l l w er e t h e b o t t l es?
2 W h at co i n ci d en cew as h el p f u l ?
3 How pow er f ul w as t he r ocket ?
4 W h at p r o b l em o ccu r r ed ?

Read t he f ollow ing ext r act s f r om t he int er view . What is m eant by t he w or ds

in bold?
1 ... we expect ed it would shoot up reasonablg fast .
2 ... we didn't ant icipat e j ust how powerful it would be.
3 lt totallg exceeded our expectations.

lt 9a I n pair s, discuss t w o or t hr ee solut ions t o t he pr oblem exper ienced w it h t he

r ocket , based on basic m at er ials and sim ple assem bly t echniques. For each
pot ent ial solut ion, explain how you w ould expect t he r ocket t o per f or m and
w hy, descr ibing pot ent ial pr oblem s f or each solut ion.

) g. q Vanf r ed goes on t o descr ibe how he and his f r iends solved t he

p r o b l em . Li st en t o t h e d escr i p t i o n an d su m m ar i se t h e so l u t i o n , ex p l ai n i n g
w hy it w as ef f ect ive. How does t he solut ion com par e w it h your ideas in
Exer cise 9a?

) g. q Ust en again and com plet e t he f ollow ing phr ases f r om t he descr ipt ion.
I ( as expect ed) lt didn't go exact lg
2 ( ext r em elyw ell) lt w or ked

74 Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce
t 0a t n pair s, discuss possiblew ays of m akingt he w at er r ocket m or e pow er f ult o
allow it t o at t ain higher alt it udes.The basis of t he design should be t he
sa m e a n d y o u m a y o n | y u se b a si cm a t e r i a l s. Fo r e a ch so l u t i o n , e x p l a i n t h e
f ollow ingpoint s.
o Why you w ouldexpectt he r ockett o be m or eef f ect ive
. Any pot ent ialPr oblem s
t he
) g.S t ist en t o Manf r ed descr ibinghow t he r ocket w as developedand
r esult s of f ur t her t est s. Make not es on t he im pr ovem ent m
s ade and t heir
consequences. How do t he solut ions com par ew it h your ideas f r om
Exer cise lOa?

Read t he f ollow ingphr asest hat Manf r ed uses. com plet e t he def init ionsby
under liningt he cor r ect w or ds.
1 as it t ur nedout : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr cllCe
2 w hat act uallg hoppened : w hat happenedin t heor y/ pr act ice
3 w e under est im at t
ed he pr essur e : it w asless/ m or et han w e t hought
4 we overest imat edt he st rengt h : it was less/ more t han we t hought
5 plast icbot t lesore hardlg up t o t heiob : t hey'readequat e/ inadequat e
6 I lear nedt he har d w ag. : it w asa t heor et ical/ pr act icallesson

ln pair s, discusst he f ollow ingquest ions.

o Did y ou h av ean y ex p er ien ces of b u ild in gt h in g sw h eny ou w er ey ou n g er
w h ichd id n ' tt u r n ou t as y ou ' dex p ect ed w ? h at d id y ou u n d er est lm ator e
over est im at e? What lessonsdid you lear nt he har d w ay?
o w h en y ou w er ey ou n g erw, h atex p er ien ces w er em ost b en ef icial in h elp in g
y ou t o im p r ov ey ou rt ech n icalsk ills?w h at t ech n ical p r in cip les
d id y ou lear n ?

1t Am at eur r ocket scient ist shave pr oducedw at er r ocket s capable of r eaching

alt it udes of sever al hundr ed m et r es in com pet it ions.I n pair s, t hink of init ial
ideas f or a suit able design w hich com pliesw it h t he f ollow ingcom pet it ionr ules'

Wat er Rocket GomPet it ion

{f Rocket s m ust be assem bled ent ir elyf r om
con su m er Pr od u ct sPu r ch asedf r om
super m ar ket s or DI Y st or es. For saf et y
r eason s, n o g lass or m et alliccom p on en t s
ar e per m it t ed.

{f Flocket sw ill be pr essur ised, and anchor ed

d u r in g p r essu r isat ionu sin g a com p r essor
an d lau n ch p ad p r ov id edb y t h e or g an iser s

Jf Release of t he r ocket w ill be t r igger ed by

com pet it or s, f r om a dist ance, by r ope' at
t he m om ent deem ed appr opr iat e by t he
com pet it or ,based on a r eading on t he
pr essur e gauge of t he com Pnessor .

Unit 9 Theor yand Pr act ice 75

 Discu ssin gcau sesan d ef f ect s
I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e d i f f er en ce b et w een cau se an d ef f ect i n each o f t h e
f o l l o w i n g si t u at i o n s.
1 a v eh i cl et y r e o v er h eat i n g
2 a n e l e c t r i c acl i r c u i to v e r l o a d i n g
3 a sh i p ' sh u l l c o r r o d i n g

t 3a Read t h e t i t l e o f t h e ar t i cl e i n Ex er ci se I 3 b an d ex p l ai n w h at y o u t h i n k i t
m ean s.

b Read t h e ar t i cl e an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
I W h at ar e ch i ck encan n o n sd esi g n edt o d o ?
2 W h y w as a ch i ck encan n o n u sed f o r a t r ai n t est ?
3 W h at w er e t h e ef f ect so f t h e t est ?

CHI GKEICAlI
{ l{ ol{GOOFMAKESTECHEGGHEADS
I OOKLI KETURKEYS
j et
\ f , / n en n ew ai r cr af t ar e d ev el o p ed ,
l, Y Y en g i n es an d co ck p i t w i n d sh i el d s ar e
|Í t est ed t o si m u l at e b i r d st r i k es ( m i d - ai r
co l l i si o n s w i t h b i r d s) , w h i ch can r esu l t i n
dam age. The t est s ar e car r ied out using
special com pr essed- air cannons t hat f ir e
d ead ch i ck en s. On o n e o ccasi o n su ch a
gun w as lent , by an aer onaut ical com pany,
t o so m e en g i n eer s d ev el o p i n g a n ew t r ai n .
Bir d st r ikes w er e a pot ent ial danger , ow ing
t o t he t r ain's high speed. Having r eceived
i n st r u ct i o n s i n h o w t o u se t h e can n o n ,
t he t r ain designer s bought an oven- r eady
ch i ck en f r o m a l o cal su p er m ar k et , an d
subsequent ly f ir ed it at t heir pr ot ot ype.
The ef f ect s w er e devast at ing. As a r esult of
t h e i m p act , a h o l e w as sm ash ed , n o t j u st
t h r o u g h t h e w i n d sh i el d , b u t al so t h r o u g h
t h e b ack o f t h e d r i v er ' s co m p ar t m en t . I t
w as har d t o believe a chicken had caused
so m u ch d est r u ct i o n . Co n seq u en t l y ,t h e
engineer s cont act ed t heir aer onaut ical
co l l eag u es t o en q u i r e i f t h e p r o b l em m i g h t
b e d u e t o an i ssu e w i t h t h e g u n , so m e so r t o f
f ault t hat could have caused it t o exceed it s
nor m al f ir ing pow er . No m alf unct ions w er e
f ound. How ever , it w as lat er discover ed
t hat t he unexpect ed dam age had occur r ed
b ecau se o f a t em p er at u r e i ssu e.

Th e t ex t i n Ex er ci se I 3 b i s an u r b an l eg en d ( o r u r b an m y t h ) - a co m m o n l y

lt t o l d st o r y t h at i s sai d t o b e t r u e, b u t w h i ch i s n o t . Can y o u g u ess w h at

t em per at ur e issue caused t he unexpect ed ef f ect s?

d Co m p l et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces u si n g t h e w o r d s an d p h r ases i n t h e b o x .

becauseof ( x2) caused consequent lyduet o owingt o rt sut t in resultof

I Bi r d st r i k es 6 2 n v esq l t i \ d am ag e t o ai r cr af t .
2 Bi r d st r i k e sW e r e a p o t e n t i a | p r o b | e m f o r t h e t r a i n , - l
I- i t s sp eed .
5 Du r i n g t h e t est , t h e t r ai n w as sev er el yd am ag ed as a - t h e i m p act .
4 Th e d am ag e o ccu r r ed a p r o b l em r el at i n gt o t em p er at u r e.
5Theim pact of t hechicken- it t oent er t het r ain.
6 Th een g i n eer st h o u g h t t h eg u n w asf au | t y , so - t h ey ca| | ed t h ei r
c o l l e a g u e s.

76 Un i t 9 Th eo r yan d p r act i ce

I
 e Read t h e f o l l o w i n g en g i n eer i n g u r b an l eg en d s an d co m p l et e t h e
descr ipt ions of causes and ef f ect s using t he cor r ect f or m of t he w or ds
an d p h r ases i n Ex er ci se I 3 d . So m et i m es m o r e t h an o n e w o r d o r p h r ase i s
p o ssi b l e.
1 Ap p ar en t l y ,t h e b i g g est ch al l en g ei n sp ace ex p l o r at i o nw as d ev el o p i n ga p en
f o r ast r o n au t st o u se i n o r b i t as o r d i n ar y b al l p o i n t p en s d o n ' t w o r k i n sp ace,
becat use oP / Ar l. elo / ow \ t \ glo t he f act t hat t her e's no gr avit y. So
t h i s p r o b l em ,t h er e w er e t eam s o f r esear ch er sw o r k i n g f o r
y ear s,t r y i n g t o f i n d a so l u t i o n .Ev en t u al l yso
, m eo n e cam e u p w i t h t h e i d ea
o f u si n ga p e n c i l .
2 W h en t h ey d esi g n edt h e f o u n d at i o n so f t h e l i b r ar y o n t h e u n i v er si t ycam p u s,
t h ey f o r g o t t o al l o w f o r t h e w ei g h t o f t h e b o o k s o n t h e sh el v es,w h i ch
t h e b u i l d i n gt o st ar t si n k i n g .So - , h al f o f t h e
f l o o r s h av e h ad t o b e l ef t em p t y ,w i t h o u t b o o k s, t o k eep t h e w ei g h t d o w n .
3 Di d y o u h ear ab o u t t h at Ol y m p i c- si zedsw i m m i n gp o o l t h at w as b u i l t ?
Th ey g o t t h e l en g t h w r o n g , t h e t i l es. Th ey f o r g o t t o t ak e
i n t o acco u n t t h e t h i ck n ess,w h i ch t h e p o o l m easu r i n ga f ew
m i | | i m e t r e s t o o Sh o r t . So - , i t c a n ' t b e u s e d f o r s w i m m i n g
co m o et i t i o n s.

14a On e p o p u l ar t o p i c f o r u r b an l eg en d s i s t h e su g g est i o n t h at t h e m o o n
l an d i n g s d i d n ' t r eal l y t ak e p l ace an d w er e f i l m ed o n Ear t h . l n p ai r s, d i scu ss
t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
. I n p h o t o s t ak en o f ast r o n au t so n t h e m o o n , w h y ar e n o st ar s v i si b l e i n t h e
sk y ?
o I n f i l m f o o t ag e,w h y i s t h e f l ag p l an t ed o n t h e su r f aceo f t h e m o o n seen
m o v i n gsl i g h t l y ?
o W h y d o p h o t o s o f ast r o n au t s'f o o t p r i n t sap p ear t o b e o n a w et su r f acean d
n o t i n d r y d u st ?
. W h y i s n o b l a st c r a t e rc a u se db y e n g i n et h r u st d u r i n gt h e l a n d i n gv i si b l e
b e l o wt h e m o d u l e ?

) g . S Car o l i n e an d Ren at o , t w o co l l eag u es at an en g i n eer i n g f i r m , ar e

t al k i n g ab o u t t h e m o o n l an d i n g s d u r i n g a co f f ee b r eak . Li st en t o t h e
conver sat ion and com par e
w hat t hey say w it h your
i d eas f r o m Ex er ci se 1 4 a.

C l n p ai r s, d i scu ss an y u r b an
legends you have hear d
r el at i n g t o en g i n eer i n g
and t echnology. Use t he
f o l l o w i n g i d eas t o h el p y o u .
o unbelievabld e e si g nf a u l t s
. b i zar r e i n ci d en t s
i n v o l v i n gcar s
o r u m o u r sa b o u t a m a zi n g
ex p er im en t al t echn o l o g y
o b a d w o r k m a n sh i pb y =
p l u m b e rasn d
b u i l d e r s,
e l e ct r i ci a n s 'G'; ; -.=
jf-= * "::H
Unit 9 Theor yand pr act ice
.i.
E
UNI T 10
Discussing per f or m ance
and
suit abit it y
a Describingphysicalforces
o Discussingrelat iveperformance
a Descr ibing capabilit iesand
lim it at ions

I Di scu ssi n gp er f o r m an ce
an d su í t ab i l i t y
1a l n p ai r s, an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s ab o u t w i n d t u r b i n es.
1 W h a t f u n c t i o nd o w i n d t u r b i n e sp e r f o r m ?
2 W h a t a r e t h e m a i n a d v a n t a g e sa n d d i sa d v a n t a g eos f w i n d t u r b i n e s?
3 W h at t y p es o f l o cat i o n ar e m o st su i t ab l ef o r w i n d f ar m s?

b l n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e f u n ct i o n s an d t ech n i cal ch ar act er i st i cs o f t h e f o l l o w i n g

w i n d t u r b i n e co m p o n en t s.

bt ades t ow er qen er at or

2a ) t O. t Vi t e, Lo r et a an d Han i f , en g i n eer s at a w i n d t u r b i n e co n st r u ct o r , ar e
d i scu ssi n g p er f o r m an ce an d su i t ab i l i t y i ssu es r el at i n g t o o f f sh o r e w i n d
t u r b i n es. Li st en t o t h e co n v er sat i o n an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
I W h i c h w l n d t u r b i n ec o m p o n e n td o t h e e n g i n e e r sd i sc u ss?
2 W h a t i s t h e b i g p r o b l e mw i t h o f f sh o r ei n st a l l a t i o n s?
3 W h i c h t w o t y p e so f c o n st r u c t i o nm a t e r i a la r e b e i n gc o m p a r e d ?
4 W h y ar e co ast al d ef en cesm en t i o n ed ?
5 W h a t p o i n t d o e s H a n i f m a k e a b o u t r e g u l a rm a i n t e n a n c e ?
6 W h at co m p ar i so nn eed s t o b e m ad e w i t h r eg ar d t o l i f esp an ?

b Mat ch t h e w o r d s ( l - 6 ) f r o m t h e d i scu ssi o n t o t h e d ef i n i t i o n s ( a- 0 .

1 appr opr iat e/ su it abt e
2 con sist en t / r et iable
3 cost -effect ive/ economical
4 effect ive
5 efficient
6 sufficient / adequat e
a t h e r igh t sot u t ionf or a par t icu larsit u at ion
b good en ou ghf or t h e in t en dedf u n ct ion
c per f or m sa f u n ct ion w e[ .
d w or ksqu ickt yan d w ell
e makest he most of resources,isn't w ast eful
f doesn 'tbr eakdow n ,at w aysper f or m sin t h e sam ew ay

C Make t he f ollow ing w or ds negat ive by adding t he pr ef ixes in- or un- .

l adequ at e
2 ap p r o p r i at e
3 co n si st en t
4 econ om ical
5 ef f ect ive
i\ 4áeqr ^ at ! e 6 ef licient
7 r eliable
8 su f f i ci en t
9 su i t a b l e

78 Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s
 d ) t O.t t ist en again. What issues do Mike, Lor et a and Hanif agr ee and
disagr eeon?

3a The f ollow inginf or m at ionis f r om t he w eb sit e of Sigm a Pow er ,a f ir m

t hat advisescor por at e and gover nm entclient s on w ind ener S/ pr oiect s.
Com plet et he t ext using t he w or ds in Exer cise2c.

E The f act t hat w ind t ur binesconsum eno f uel and w ast e ver y lit t leener gyis clear lya f undam ent al
advant age.But j ust f iev7 e$$cr er r t ar e t hey? Key f igur es

E Clear ly,w ind t ur binesneed t o be locat edon r elat ivelyw indy sit esin or der t o f unct ion.Fr om a
st an d p o i n tw, h at k i n d so í g eo g r ap h i cal I o cat i o nar e t h e m o st -
m et eo r o l o g i caI ?

E Tur binesar e gener allyplacedat t he t ops of t all t ow er s,w her e w ind speedsar e highel t hus
m ak i n gt h em m o r e . W h at o t h er p o si t i o n i n g f act o r s i n f l u en cep er f o r m an ce?

E W i n d t u r b i n esr ar e| y Í u n ct i o n co n t i n u o u s| y , d u et o t h ef act t h at w i n d sp eed sar e- '

Ho w si g n i f i canits t h e i m p acto f v ar i ab l e w eat h er co n d i t i o n so n p o w er g en er at i n gcap aci t y ?

I
Tr ansm it t ingelect r icit yover long dist ancesis inher ent ly , due t o pow er lossf r om
p o w er l i n es.Fi n do u t m o r eab o u t t h e ad v an t ag eso f g en er at i n g
o v er h eado r u n d er g r o u n d
p o w er l o cal l y .

E Th e g en er at i n gcap aci t yo f w i n d t u r b i n esi s g en er al l y

100% . W h at p er cen t ag e o f t o t al g en er at i n g cap aci t ycan w i n d t
f o r i t t o b e r el i edu p o n
u r b i n esr eal i st i cal p
l yr o v i d e?

I
So m e e a r | y w i n d t u r b i n e sW e r e - , su f f e r i n 9 b r e a k d o w n sc a u se d b y i n a x i a |
st r essesst em m ingf r om higherw ind loadson t he upper blade. How evel t his pr oblem has been
o v er co m eo n m o d er nu n i t s.Lear nm o r eab o u t t h e t ech n i ca| ev o l u t i o n o f w i n d t u r b í n es
{
at

You ar e engineer sat Sigm a Pow er .The m ar ket ingm anager has asked
you t o pr ovide som e t echnicalansw er sf or t he f r equent lyasked quest ions
sect ion of t he com pany'sw ebsit e.The FAO sect ion is aim ed pr im ar ily at
pot ent ial client sw ho ar e t hinking of inst allingw ind t ur bines at t heir sit es
- f act or ies,of f ice com plexes,hospit als,and univer sit ycam puses.ln pair s,
discusst he f ollow ingquest ionsand w r it e t he answ er sf or t he w ebsit e using
t he inf or m at ionin t he f act f ile and your ow n know ledge.

e h av in ga w in dt u r b in eat m y sit e?
Wh at ' st h e b ig ad v an t agof
How d ep en d ab le as a sou r ceof p ow er g
ar ew in d t u r b in es , iv ent h at w eat h ercon d it ionar s e
ch an g eab le?
Wh at k in d sof sit ear e m ostsu it ab le r elat iv teo n at u r alf act or ssu chas
f or w in dt u r b in es,
h ills,t h e coast ,an d h eig h tab ov esealev el?
What 'st he m ost appr opr iat e locat ionf or m y w ind t ur bine,r elat ivet o localf eat ur eson t he
sit e,su chas t r eesan d b u ild in g s?
-''!lrF

Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 79
I

- Descr ibingphysicalf or ces

4 a Read t he f oilow ingar t icr e.w hat is a sor ar t ow er and how does
it use t he
f or ces of expansionand pr essur e?

j 9L\ j J .Í { )
I y! ; ls
Th en eedt o d ev el o pr en ew ab l en e er g yi s w i d el yseenas
7bt u., a f u t u r i st i tcech n o l o g i cal
ch al l en g e. I n r eal i t yso , m eo f t h e
cr u u e b m ost ef f ect ivew aysof har nessinghor sepow erf r om nat ur e
ar e basedon concept st hat haveexist edf or donkey'syear s.
rcrrrcltc Th ew i n dt u r b i n ei s an o b v i o u sex am p l e.An o t h er- l ess
al m o sta cen t u r yag o- i s t h e
energy? w el l k n o w n ,b u t co n cei v ed
so l art o w ero r so l arch i m n eyAn . d i f t h e Au st r al i an co m p an y
En v i r o Mi ssi oco n m p l et es an am b i t i o u sso l art o w erp r o j ect
i n t h e New So u t hW al esd eser t t, h e t ech n o l o g co y uld
cap t u r en o t j u st t h e su n ! r ay sb u t t h e p u b l i c' si m ag i n at i o n
w o r l d w i d e. Th ef i r mi s p l an n i n gt o co n st r u cta t o w era
co l o ssal o n ek i l o m et r e h i g h .l f b u i l t ,i t w i t lb e t h e w o r l d ' s
t al l estst r u ct u r eb y a h u g em ar g i n .

Howit works
A l ar g eg l assen cl o su r ei s b u i l t ,w i t ha ch i m n eyat i t s cen t r e.
Th esu n h eat st h e en cl o su r e, cau si n gex p an si o no f t h e ai r
i n si d e.At t h e t o p o f t h e ch i m n eyt,h e l o w ert em p er at u ran e d
l o w erp r essu r ed u et o t h e h i g h eral t i t u d ecr eat ea p r essu r e
dif f er ent ialknow nas st ackef f ect .This causesair t o f low
u p t h e ch i m n eyEl . ect r i ci tiys g en er at ed b y t u r b i n esat t h e
b o t t o mo f t h e ch i m n eyw, h i char ed r i v enb y t h e f l o wo f ai r .
Th eb i g g ert h e ar eao f g l assan d t h et al l ert h e ch i m n eyt,h e
g r eat ert h e ai r f l o wan d t h e h i g h ert h e g en er at i n cap
g aci t y .

b W h at p h y si cal f o r ces w o u l d act o n a so l ar t o w er I k m h i g h ?

c ) t o . z su , a st r u ct u r ar en g i n eer sp eci al i si n g r n t h e d esi g n o f v er y t ai l

st r uct ur es, is giving a t alk t o a gr oup of engineer ing st udent s.
List en t o t he
t al k . W h i ch o f t h e f o r ces i n t h e b o x d o esn ' t sh e m en t i o n ?

! 9n! ing cent rifugalforce compressioncont ract ion expansion

frict ion pÍ essureshear t ension t orsion/ t orque

Label t he diagr am s using t he f or ces in Exer cise 4c.

lEr '. - J- - l '( D) '#

cor4PYessro\

6t l8 ,[ É 'o11l
; - EI Tir a'Tq
---T44--

80 Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es
) t O. Z Co m p t et e t h e f o l l o w i n g sen t en ces f r o m t h e t al k u si n g t h e f o r ces i n
Ex er ci se 4 c. Li st en ag ai n an d ch eck y o u r an sw er s.
1 So t hot downward force meons t he st ruct ure is in cou^ pyessio\. especiallU
neor t he bot t om .
2 . . . a hor izont al load, exer t ed bg air - against one side of t he
st ruct ure.
3 Becouse t he st ruct ure is fixed at ground level, and free ot t he t op, t hat
generot es forces.
4 . . . w hen elem ent s bend, gou have opposing f or ces: at one side,
at t he ot her.
5 ... t he wind effect ivelg t ries t o slide t he st ruct ure along t he ground, and t he
foundat ions below t he qround resist t hat . The result of t hat / s -
f o r ce . . .
6 . . . t he foundot ions need t o relu on wit h t he qround t o resist t he
pull- out f or ce, . . .
1 The act ion of t he wind can also generat e . You get a t wist ing
f o r ce . . .
8 When concr et e absor bs heot f r om t he sun, Aou get ; as soon as t he
sun goes in, t her e's

Yo u an d y o u r p ar t n er sp eci al i se i n d esi g n i n g st r u ct u r es f o r el ect r i cal

t r an sm i ssi o n g r i d s. Yo u ar e cu r r en t l y w o r k i n g o n a cab l e su p p o r t co n cep t
f or pow er lines near w ind f ar m s exposed t o sever e w eat her . You have com e
u p w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g d esi g n . ! n p ai r s, h o l d a sh o r t m eet i n g t o ev al u at e y o u r
design concept . Explain t he f or ces act ing on t he st r uct ur e.

Severe w eat her cable support concept

b eam
w in d d ir ect ion1 \ p ivot in g
:: in su lat or s
_____
.\ ____
co l u m n1 1 _
- -R
- - -\-
co l u m n2 - v cables

leg 11 l eg 3

z
w i n d d ir ect ion2
t , leg
v.
\
lpg4

\
J
con cn et e
f o u n d at i o n s

Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d a r i e s 81
I Discu ssin gr elat iv ep er f or m an ce
5a I n p ai r s, d i scu ss t h e ad v an t ag es an d d i sad v an t ag es o f ai r an d h i g h -
sp eed r ai l t r av el . Fo cu s o n t r i p s o f b et w een 5 0 0 k m an d I , 5 0 0 k m , t h e
j o u r n ey l en g t h o v er w h i ch p l an es an d t r ai n s o f t en co m p et e f o r t h e sam e
passenger s.

Read t h e ex t r act f r o m an ar t i cl e ab o u t t r an sp o r t i n a p o p u l ar sci en ce an d

t ech n o l o g y m ag azi n e an d an sw er t h e f o l l o w i n g q u est i o n s.
I W h at f act o r ssh o u l d b e co n si d er edi n t h e co m p ar at i v ean al y si sd escr i b ed ?
2 W h at i s t h e p u r p o se o f t h e co m p ar at i v ean al y si s?
3 W h at su g g est i o ni s m ad e ab o u t Eu r o p e?

Qpeed, convenience, ef f iciency, and t hese variables t oget her in varying quant it ies,
Jenür onm ent al- f r iendliness: f our f act or s and you have a model for calculat ing t he
wit h which t o assess t he relat ive effect iveness opt imum way of moving people.
of different long-dist ance, mass-t ransport On a European scale, whichever way you mix
solut ions f or passenger s. Technology: t he t he various crit eria, t he most advant ageous
key crit erion in det ermining what t ransport way oÍ get t ing people around t he heart of t he
solut ions ar e available. And dist ance: t he m ain cont inent seem s t o be on high- speed, elect r ic
consider at ion w hen cat egor ising r out es. Blend t r ains.

Find w or ds in t he t ext in Exer cise 5b t o m at ch t o t he f ollow ing def init ions.

W h i ch o n e o f t h e w o r d s h as a p l u r al f o r m ?
1 st an d ar d b y w h i ch y o u j u d g e so m et h i n g
2 f act o r si t u at i o nw h i ch i n f l u en cest h e r esu l t o f so m et h i n g
3 n u m b e r ,a m o u n t o r si t u a t i o nw h i c hc a n c h a n g e

6a What do you know about Fr ance's

high- speed t r ain, t he TGV? What is it s
nor m al oper at ing speed? What is t he
appr oxim at e lengt h of t he t r ain?

Read t he f act s about t he w or ld speed

r ecor d set by t he TGV. Com par e t he w or ld
r ecor d j our ney w it h a nor m al TGV j our ney,
u si n g y o u r an sw er s i n Ex er ci se 5 a.

Wor ld Sp eed Recor df or an I n - Ser v ice

Passen g erTr ain
Dat e Ap r i l 3 , 2 0 0 7
on
loi" t i" n Fiance:Par ist o St r asbour gline
sl i g h t l Ym o d i f r edt r ack
Tr ain St ándár dTGV Wit h f ew er coaches
Recor d 574. 8km / h

82 Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es

I
 C ) f O. l An d r ej , a co n su l t i n g en g i n eer sp eci al i si n g i n r ai l t ech n o l o g y , i s t al k i n g
about t he TGV w or ld speed r ecor d. List en t o t he t alk and answ er t he
f ollow ing quest ions.
I Ov er al l , h o w h eav i l ym o d i f i edw as t h e t r ai n ?
2 How long w as t he r ecor d- br eakingTCV?
3 W h y w as so m e o f t h e b o d y w o r k m o d i f i ed ?
4 W h y w as t h e d i am et er o f t h e w h eel sch an g ed ?

d ) f o. l List en again and com plet e t he f ollow ing t able about t he m odif ied TGV
using t he f igur es in t he box.

+ 680/ o + 79olo - t5olo - 509o + 80o/ o

Technical crit eria Modified TGV: % difference from st andard model

Maxim u mspeed

Tr ain len gt h ( w it h coach es)

Aer odyn am icdr ag

Diam et erof w h eels

Mot or pow erou t pu t

g Com plet e t h e f ollow in g sen t en ces f r om t h e t alk by u n der lin in g t h e cor r ect
w or ds.

1 The record speed exceeded t he st andard operat ing speed bg a t ing/ hllt p
margin.
2 The t rain was modified t o a ceft ain/ considerable ext ent ...
3 ... t he modified t rain was significant lg/ slight lg short er, ...
4 ... changes were made t o t he bodgworlt , t o moke it slight lg/ much more
aer o d g n am i c. . .
5 The wheels on t he modified t rain were marginallg/ subst ant iallg bigger ...
6 ... t he power of t he elect ric mot ors wos marginallg/ subst ant iallg higher t hon
t he st andar d unit s . . .
-I
... st andard high-speed t rains con be made t o go fost er bg a slight /
considerable amount .

f Rew r it e t he f ollow ing sent ences t o descr ibe t he m odif icat ions t hat w er e
m ade t o t he TGV f or t he r ecor d at t em pt . Use t he phr ases in Exer cise 6e t o
r eplace t he w or ds in bold.
I Th e su p p l y v o l t ag ei n t h e cat en ar ycab l es h ad t o b e i n cr easedf r o m 2 5 , 0 0 0
t o 3 l . OOO v o l t s.
2 To l i m i t o sci l l at i o n ,t h e t en si o n o f t h e cat en ar ycab l es h ad t o b e i n cr easedb y
60o/ o.
3 On so m e cu r v es,t h e cam b er o f t h e t r ack h ad t o b e i n cr easedb y a f ew
cen t i m et r es.
4 Th e 5 7 4 . 8 k m / h r eco r d b eat t h e p r ev i o u sr eco r d ,set i n 1 9 9 0 , b y 5 9 . 5 k m / h .
5 l n p er f ect co n d i t i o n st h e TGV co u l d p r o b ab l y h av e g o n e f ast er b y 5 t o l 0
km/ h.

7 I n pair s, choose a pr oduct or t ype of t echnology you know w ell and com par e
it s per f or m ance and qualit y w it h an ear lier m odel, descr ibing t he ext ent of
t he dif f er ences.

Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 83
 I Descr ib in gcap ab ilit iesan d lim it at ion s
8a Look at t he phot os and r ead t he ext r act s Í r om The
St or g of John Paul St app, by Nick T. Spar k, and answ er
t he f ollow ing quest ions.
I W h en an d w h er e d o y o u t h i n k i t t o o k p l ace?
2 W h at d o y o u t h i n k t h e ai m o f t h e t est w as?
3 W h at d o y o u t h i n k Jo h n St ap p ' sp r o f essi o nw as?
4 W h at eq u i p m en t d o y o u t h i n k w as u sed ?
5 W h a t d o y o u t h i n k h a p p e n e di n t h e e x p e r i m e n t ?

t he sled'sm ovie cam er as'and

Wit h f ive secondst o go St appact ivat ed
nine r ocket sdet onat edw it h a
p; ; ; ; ; ; J t o. t t . ,t ot t ' ioiii w i" a't
and blast ingSt appdow n t he t r ack'
t er r if icr oar .sendingot 'iit ut t ' of f ir e

' ' ' sonic w ind hit t he w at er

br ake. The r ear of t he sr ed
co n t i n u ed ' h ar d r y sl o w i n g at t or e aw ay. The f r onr
al r u n t ' i t h J; ; . seco n d w ar er
spr ay exploded f r om t he back b r ak e. Th en ,
oÍ Sonic w in| i. it st opped like
concr et e w all. it had hit a

) t O. l List en t o an ext r act f r om a docum ent ar y about

t he exper im ent and check your answ er s t o Exer cise 8a.

Com plet e t he f ollow ing dat a on t he Sonr c Wind t est

using t he f igur es in t he box.

r.2 3 20 46 101s

I Max so eed : - km/ h

2 Accel er at i o nf r o m 0 t o m ax sp eed : seco n d s
3 Acceler at ion f or ce: - Cs
4 Decel er at i o nt i m e: seco n d s
5 Decel er at i o nf o r ce: - Cs

t ist en t o t he next par t of t he docum ent ar y and check your answ er s t o

) t O. S
Exer cise 8c.

Com plet e t he f ollow ing gr oups of synonym s using t he w or ds in t he box.

ablet o capableof copewit h exceed incapabt eof

int endedfor srliet t e.d{ o surpass unablet o wit hst and

1 exposed t o ( a force) / s'^ biect e/ t o

2 r esist ( a f or ceJ| - |-
3 g o b ey o n d ( a l i m i t ) I - I-
4 su i t ab l ef o r ( a u se) I -
5 c a nI - l -
6 c a n ' tl - l -

84 Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es

I
 I

Complet e t he following sent ences about Sonrc Wind using t he correct form
of t he w or ds in Exer cise8e.
I The bolt sf ixingt he cam er at o t he sled had t o coPe w it h high shearf or ces.
2 The sled'sr ocket sw er e- gener at ingenor m oust hr ust .
3 The pools at t he end of t he t r ackw er e- st op t he sled r apidly.
4 The skidson t he sled had t o high levelsof f r ict ion.
5 At f ull speed,John St appw as- sever alt onnesof air pr essur e.
6 The r ear of t he sled w as- r esistt he shockof deceler at ion, and
broke off.
7 Doct or st houghtpeoplew er e- sur vivingf or cesof 17 Gs and above.
8 Joh n St ap p- t h e I 7 G lim it b y a h u g em ar g in .

9a You are a consult ant engineer and your firm have received an email from an
ent r epr eneurw it h an am bit iousplan. Read t he f ollow ingem ail ext r act and
not e t he key inf or m at ion.

! n pair s, discusst he key To;JasmineMurray I

inf or m at ionin Exer cise9a and
consider t he f ollow ingpoint s.
o t he levelof G f or ce
o a saf elengt hf or t he t r ack
o t h e f easib ilit of
y u sin gw h eelg
o t h e su it ab ilit of
y t h e b r ak in g
syst em ssuggest ed
) t o.o Jasm ine and Andr ew ,
consult ingengineer s,ar e
discussingt he issues in
Exer cise9b. List en and com par e
w hat t hey say w it h your ideas
from Exercise 9b.
! n pair s, discusst he point s
r aised in t heir conver sat ionand
m ake not es sum m ar isingyour
t hought sin pr epar at ionf or a
m eet ingw it h t he ent r epr eneur .
Pr epar e a shor t pr esent at ion
f or t he ent r epr eneurusing your
not es f r om Exer cise9d. St udent
A, you ar e t he consult ant
engineer .Give t he pr esent at ion.
St udent B, you ar e t he
ent r epr eneur .List en and ask
quest ionsabout specif icdet ails.
Sw ap r oles and pr act ise again.
Subiect :
The proposal is t o build a rocket sled ride on a desert sit e in West ern
Aust r alia.The r idew ill be aim edat w ealt hyt our ist s,and w illallow
t hem t o exper iencesuper sonicspeeds.We envisagecar r yingt w o
passenger sat a t im e,seat edbehindt he pilot .The idea is inspir ed
by t he Sonic Wind exper im ent s, w hich I 'm sur e you'r ef am iliarw it h.
However,it goes wit hout saying t hat safet y will be t he number one
priorit y,which means t hat e) dremesof accelerat ionand decelerat ion
m ust be avoided.For inst ance,a w at er br ake,liket he one used in
t he Sonic Wind t est s, is clear lyout of t he quest ion.
The sit e is lar geenought o accom m odat ea t r ack up t o 16 km
long,t houghI r eckon 1Okm w ould be adequat e.Accor dingt o m y
rough ca| cu| at ions,t hat wou| d be sufÍ icientt o al| ow progressive
acceler at ionup t o and t hr ought he sound bar r iert o about 350 m / s,
and pr ogr essivedeceler at ion t o a st andst illw it houtexceeding2 G
( 20 m/ s,) ,while st ill leavingt hree t o four kilomet resof t rack as a
safet y margin.However,I 'm not an engineer,so would appreciat e
your pr of essional opinionon t hat .
ln t er m soÍ basic t echno| ogy, I assum et he m ost suit ab| evehic| e
w ould be a r ail- m ount ed sled, w it h st eelskids t hat gr ip t he t r ack,
aboveand below t he r ails,t o pr eventder ailing,and avoid pr oblem s
w it haer odynam iclif t .I assum ew heelsw ouldn'tbe f easiblegivent he
speeds involved,t houghI 'm not 100% sur e about t hat ,Per hapsyou
can advise.Pr opulsionw ould be pr ovidedby a r ocketor air cr af t . j et .
I alreadyhave a consult antsourcing a suit ableengine, however,so
t hat angleis beinglookedint o.
As f ar as your inputis concer ned,t he m ain ar eaw her e I need your
exper t iseis on t he br akingsyst em .As I said, violentbr akingis out of
t he quest ion.As I see it , suit ablygent leopt ionsincludesyst em st hat
app| yfrict iont o t he rai| s,aerodynamicÍ | aps,parachut es,or reversed
enginet hr ust .But , again,I 'm not an engineerso , I look f or w ar dt o
discussingyour t hought son t hese issues.
-":ar

Un i t 1 0 Pu sh i n gt h e b o u n d ar i es 85
This glossary cont ainsuseful t echnicalw ords from t he t exB and audioscript sw hich are not coveredspecificallyin t he exercises.

b ear in g mechanismcont ainingballs or rollers placed around a componentw hich spins, e.g. a shaft , t o reduce
frict ion
belt ( drivebelt ) closed band placed around t w o or more w heels( pulleys) allow
, ingone w heel t o drive t he ot her( s)
cab le rope made of many w ires, usually met al
com p on en t individual part of an assembly/ mechanism
elect romagnet ic haí uses an e| ect rica| | generat
y ed magnet icfie| d
foundat ion base support inga building or st ruct ure,usually made of concret e
gears w heelsw it h cogs ( t eet h)w hich mesh t oget her t o t ransfer drive from one w heel t o t he ot her w heret he
w heelsare side by side
inert ia t he resist anceof an obt ect t o accelerat ionor decelerat iondue t o it s mass
lu b r ican t | iquidor viscous so| id ( e.g.oil) used t o reducefrict ion bet w eenmovingpart s w hose surÍ acesare t ouching
( elect ric)mot or device w hich t ransformselect ricalenergy int o rot ary mot ion
p ile foundat ioncomprisinga vert ical column of concret ein t he ground
propeller device w it h spinning blades used t o push boat s or aircraft t hrough w at er or air
reinforcement net w orksoffibres or bars placed inside a mat erial t o st rengt henit , e.g. st eel reinforcementin concret e
remot e cont rol siyst emused t o cont rol a device or vehiclefrom a dist ance,usuallyvia a w irelessconnect ion
sheave alt ernat ivet erm for pulley ( seebert above)
solar pow er energy from sunlight convert edint o elect ricalenergy
st rengt h-t o-w eight t oughnessof a mat eria| ( abi| it yt o resist breaking)re| at ivet o it s densit y ( densit y = masí vo| ume)
rat io
st ruct uralengineer engineerspecialisingin t he design of st ruct ures,e.g. bridges
w in d load force exert ed on a st ruct ureby t he w ind
w ireless signal t ransmissionw it hout a physicalconnect ionby w ire, e.g. by radio w avesor infraredw aves

aggrega[ e solid part iclesor lumps of mat erial used in a mixt ure,e.g. sand and gravel in concret e
aut omot ive relat ed t o vehicle design and manulact uring
b lad e cut t ing device,oft en met al w it h a sharp or t oot hed edge
cement lime-basedpow der mixed w it h w at er t o make concret e
chassis base of a vehiclet o w hich all main component sare fixed
composit e ( mat erial) combined mat erials;consist sof a bulk mat erial ( calleda mat rix) reinforcedw it h fibres or bars, e.g. glass-
reinforcedplast ic [ plast icmat rix w it h glass fibres)
conduct or mat erial t hat conducB ( carrieslelect ricit yor heat - in engineering,usually refierst o an elect rical
conduct or
elect rolysis passing an elect ricalcurrent t hrough a liquid or solid in order t o separat echemicalcompounds
exhaust syst em for evacuat ingsmoke or gases, e.g. from an engine
galvanized coated with zinc - us€
d to protect steel from corrosion (rustingl
in su lat ion prot ect ivelayer t o preventor reduceconduct ionof heat or elect ricit y
ironmongery collect ivet erm for small met al it ems commonlyused in buildings,e.g. door handles,hinges,screw s,nails
kinet ic energy energy in t he form of movement ,e.g. a spinningw heel
melt dow n change a solid subst anceint o a liquid by heat ing it
membrane t hin layer of mat erial,oft en act ing as a barrier, e.g. t o preventw at er passing
punct ure hole causing a leak of air or liquid, e.g. in a t yre
rust common name br iron oxide - producedw hen iron corrodesas a result of exposuret o air and w at er
scrap used/ recoveredmat erial int endedfor recycling;oft en referst o met al

108 Glossar yof t echnicatt er m s

acet y l en e g as com m on lym ix edw it h ox y g enin w eld in g( ox y - acet y len e)
b al l ast d en sem at er ialu sedt o ad d w eig h t ,e. g .as a cou n t er - b alan ce
or t o r esist lif t
cab l e t i e plast ic st rap used t o fix severalcables t oget her side by side, or t o fix cables t o a support ingst ruct ure
cast i n g p ou r in gm olt enm at er ialin t o a m ou ld
ear t n elect r icalcon n ect ionb et w eena cir cu itan d t h e g r ou n d
live in a m ain select r icalcir cu it ,t h e w ir et h r ou g hw h ichcu r r en tf low sin t o an ap p lian ce- also m ean sa cir cu it
is en er g ised( cu r r en is
t f low in g )
m ach in in g collect iv et er m f or p r ocessesin v olv in gcu t t in g ,d r illin g ,et c.
m illin gm ach in e m ach in eWit hcu t t in gw h ee| su sedt o cu t aw ayt h e su r f aceof m et á|in t h in | ay er s
n eu t r al in a m ain select r icalcir cu it ,t h e w ir et h ou g hw h ichcu r r en tf low sou t of an ap p lian ce

b lack b olt in con st r u ct ionan

, or d in ar yb olt
cab let r ay lon g m et alp lat eon w h ichcab lesar e laid - d esig n edt o su p p or tlar g en u m b er sof cab les
co lu m n vert ical support in a st ruct ure
const ruct ionj oint ioint beMeen t w o sect ionsof concret et hat w ere poured at differentt imes ( w hereconcret est ruct uresare
poured in severalst ages)
d u ct large sect ion pipe, w it h a circular or square profile,for carrying air; or a prot ect ivecover for cables or
hoses
f ab r i cat i o n making/ assembling,
oft en used t o describe met alw ork
f ixings collect ivet erm ficr bolt s, screw s,rivet sand clips
high st rengt hfrict ion bolt w hich holds plat es t oget her by frict ion ( grippingt hem t ight ly t oget her)rat her t han by shear force
er ip [ HSFG)b olt
M&E abbreviat ionfor mechonicaland elect rical - in const ruct ion,referst o elect ricalinst allat ions,w at er
p ip es,air - con d it ion in et
g , c.
pour lconcret e) Dlace/ castconcret e
slab large flat area of concret e,for a floor or roof

'f u$if f iÉ É
cl ear an ce dist ancebet w eencomponent sdesignedt o fit t oget her closely
cl u t ch frict ion mechanismallow ingengine mot ion t o be t ransferredt o w heelsprogressively
co o l an t l i q u i d i n a co o l i n g sy st em

or ag r esist an cet o m ov em en t h r ou g ha g as or liq u id ,e. g .w h ena p lan em ov est h r ou g ht h e air

elect ricalcont act point w here t w o elect ricalconduct orsare connect ed
engine oft en referst o an int ernal combust ionengine- i.e. one w hich burns pet rol or diesel
f an sp in n in gd ev icew it h b lad esu sedt o g en er at ea f low of air
f ilt er m at er ialw it h sm all h oleslocat edin a f low of g as or liq u id ;u sed t o b locksolid p ar t icles,e. g .t o p r ev en t
t h em f r om d am ag in ga sen sit iv em ech an ismsu ch as a p u m p
f| aps moveab| epane| son aircraft WingsWhichincrease| ift t o assist | ow .speedf| ight ' e.g. during t ake.ofíand
lan d in g
fly-by-w ire aircraft cont rolsw hich operat e moveabledevices( e.9.flaps) elect ronically,rat her t han mechanically
fuel iniect ion syst em for inj ect ingfuel vapour int o t he pist on cylinder of an engine
t emperat uregau€
e deviceWhichshow sa t emperat urereading
g ear b ox casecon t áin in gsh af t sw it h g ear s'u su al| yw it h a g ear sh if tm ech an isma|
, | ow in g ear st o b e m ov edt o
change bet w eendifferentgear rat ios
h y d r au lics e cir cu it su sedt o p u sh p ist on scalledh y d r au licr am s
h ig h - p r essu roil
isolat e sep ar at ean elect r icalcom p on en ort p ar t of a cir cu itf r om t h e r est of t h e cir cu it- e. g .b y op en in ga
sw it ch - t o prevent elect ricit yfrom flow ingt hrough it
lan d in gg ear w h eelsof an air cr af t
loosecon n ect ion elect r icalcon n ect iont h at is n ot f u llyt ig h t ,of t encau sin gt h e cir cu itt o b e b r ok en ,p r ev en t in gcu r r en t
from flow ing
m isf ir e w h enan en g in eis n ot r u n n in gsm oot h lyd u e t o a f u el or ig n it ionp r ob lem
n on - ser v iceab le p ar t t h at can n otb e r ep air edb y m ain t en an ce
t ech n ician s,
on ly b y t h e m an u f act u r er
( part )
prst on mechanismw hich t ransferslinear mot ion ( backw ardand forw ard movement )t o rot ary mot ion ( t urning
m ov em en t )u, su allyp u sh edb y ex p an d in gg as

Glossar yof t echnicalt er m s 109

r ad iat or h eat - ex ch an gdeev icet h at d issip at esh eat in t o t h e air , u su allyf r om a h ot liq u id( e. 9.coolan t )t h at is
p u m p edt h r ou g hit
sp oiler s m ov eab lep an elson air cr af tw in g sw h ichin cr eased r ag an d r ed u celif t i u sedt o slow air cr af tw h en
d escen d in gan d on lan d in g
st art er mot or e| ect r icm ot or in an en g in eu sed t o t u r n t h e en €in e in or d er t o st ar t it r u n n in g
su sp en sion m ov eab lecon n ect ionb et w eena v eh icle' sch assisan d it s w h eels,con sist in gof sp r in g san d d am p er s
t anK con t ain erf or st or in gllq u id
t h r ot t le acceler at orcon t r olon an en g in e
t urbine t r an sf or m sa f low of f lu id ( liq u idor g as) in t o r ot ar ym ov em en te.
, g .a w in d t u r b in e
VAI VC h egf low of g as or liq u idalon ga p ip e
m ech an ismf or op en in g / closin g / r est r ictt in

Un i t 6
b eam lon g ,n ar r owh or lzon t alcom p on en tin a st r u ct u r e
co r e d r i l l h ole- sawf or d r illin gt h r ou g ht h ick m at er ials
cr a n e m ach in ef or lif t in gh eav yob j ect s,ab le t o r eachsig n if icanht eig h t san d d ist an ces;in clu d esm ob ilecr an es
( w h ichw h eel) t, ow ercr an es( w h ichar e su p p or t edb y a f ix ed t ow er )an d g an t r ycr an es( w h ichr u n alon g
b eam s)
dynam ic , g .a d y n am icload [ : a load g en er at edb y a m ov in gob j ect )
r elat edt o m ov em en te.
C-f orce f o r c e o fa c c e l e r a t i o n o r d e c e l e r a t iIo Ci
n : se q u i v a l e n t t o t h e f o r c e oafc c e l e r a t i o n e x e r t e d b y g r a v i t y
j ib m ov eab lear m of a cr an e
l i f t i n g ey e r in g f ix ed t o a h eav yob j ectallow in ga h ook ( e. 9.of a cr an e)t o b e at t ach edt o en ab lelif t in g
l o w - l o ad er t r u ck w it h a low f lat t r ailer ,u sed f or t r an sp or t in glar g eh eav yv eh icles,esp eciallycon st r u ct ionp lan t
sl i n g s f lat st r ap sw h ichcan b e at t ach edt o cr an eh ook san d p lacedu n d erob j ect sin or d er t o lif t t h em
t h r u st p u sh in €f or ce,e. g .g en er at edb y ex p an d in gg asesex it in ga r ock et

Unit 7
air in let p oin t w h er eair en t er sa d ev iceor p r ocess- t h e op p osit eis air ou t let
ar c elect r icalcu r r en tt r av ellln ga sh or t d ist an cet h r ou g ht h e air t o f low b et w eent w o con d u ct or s
Dlow er p u m p - lik em ech an ismw h ichg en er at esair f low
cir cu itb r eak er elect r icald ev icew h ichin st an t lyb r eak sa cir cu it( sw it ch es
of f t h e p ow ersu p p ly )as a saf et ym easu r eif a
v ar iat ionin cu r r en tis d et ect ed
ex t in g u ish er d ev iceu sedf or p u t t in gou t f ir es;u su allya m et alcon t ain erw it h a h oseor n ozzlecon t ain in gw at er ,CO, ,
( f ir eex t in g u ish er ) p ow d eror f oam
m et alcon t ain erw h ichcon t ain scom p r essedg as, of t enin liq u ef iedf or m
g u ar d r ail saf et yr ail d esig n edt o p r ev en tp eop lef allin gf r om h ig h p laces
h an dr ail ( asg u ar d r ail,ab ov e)
load - b ear in g d escr ib esa p ar t of a st r u ct u r eor assem b lyt h at is d esig n edt o r esisUt r an sm fitor ce
m oist u r e- sen sit lv e can b e d am ag edb y w at er
off-cut s w ast ep ieceslef t ov er af t er cu t t in g
sh ot - b last in g f ir in gsm all m et alb allsp r op elledb y com p r essedair as an ab r asiv eclean in gp r ocess
st l o lar g econ t ain erf or st or in gb u I k€ran u | ar m at er ialssu chas g r ain
st r ain of a com p on en t( e' g 'st r et ch in gd) u e t o f or ce
ch an €e in size/ sh ap e
sw it ch b oar d con t r olp an elcon t ain in gsev er alsw it ch esf or all t h e in d iv id u alcir cu it sof an elect r icalin st allat ion
sw it ch g ear collect iv et er m f or sw it ch in geq u ip m en t
t r an sf or m er elect r icald ev icef or m od if y in gcu r r en tan d v olt ag e- a st ep - u pt r an sf or m erin cr easesv olt ag ean d r ed u ces
cu r r en t ,a st ep - d ow nt r an sf or m erd ecr easesv olt ag ean d in cr easescu r r en t

Unit 8
AC Alt er n at in gCu r r en t
au t om at ion au t om at iccon t r olof a sy st em ,d ev iceor p r ocess
CAD Com p u t erAid ed Desig n- com p u t ersof t w ar ef or p r od u cin gen g in eer in g
d r aw in g s
con v €y or b eI t i t enu sed in m an u f act u r inpgr ocessesan d
m ov in gb elt w h icht r an sp or t sob j ect sh or izon t allyof
w ar en ou ses
d ow n st r eam f u r t h erd ow nt h e d ir ect ionof f low ( e. g .in a r iv er ) ;u sed in en g in eer in g
t o d escr ib ein d u st r lalp r ocesses
an d t h e f low of liq u id / airin p ip e/ d u ctn et w or k s( op p osit e= u p st r eam )
elect r icu t ilit y com p an yw h ichg en er at eselect r icit yat p ow erst at ion s

110 Gl o ssar yo f t ech n i caIt er m s

 I

elect r icalch ar g e st ored elect ricit y( pot ent ialelect ricalenergy)

ex ot h er m icr eact ion chemicalreact ionw hich producesheat ( opposit e - endot hermicreact ion,w hich absorbs heat )
f low t a su b st an ce,u su allya liq u idor g as ( e. 9.alon ga p ip e)
m ov em en of
g izm o slang t erm for a t echnicaldevice,usuallyelect ronic- suggest st he device is complex
hydroelect ricpow er elect ricit ygenerat edusing w at er pressure( hydrost at icpressure)
m ain select r icit y d om est icelect r icit ysu p p lysy st em
m an u al cont rolledby a person - t he opposit e is aut omat lc
refrigerat ion processof coolingt o t emperat uresbelow at mospherict emperat ure
reservoir p ow er
m an - m ad elak ef or st or in gw at er ,u su allyf or d r in k in gw at eror h y d r oelect r ic
st andby ( on st andby) w hen a device is ready t o operat e immediat ely,e.g. a TV t hat is ready t o sw it ch on w hen it receivesa
remot econt rol signal
vessel closed t ank w hich can hold a pressuregreat er t han t he at mosphericpressureout side it

aer od y n am ics st udy of airflow e.g. over movingvehiclesand aircraft

aer on au t ical relat ed t o t he design and const ruct ionof aircraft
cent re of gravit y t heoret icalpoint on t he cross-sect ionof an obj ect from w hich t he obiect s mass is t ransmit t edvert ically
dow nw ardsdue t o gravit y
com p r essor device for pressurisinggas ( usuallyair) inside a vessel or net w orkof pipes/ hoses
d at a g at h er in € collect ingand recordingt he result sof t est s for lat er analysis
d ef or m ab le can ch an g esh ap e
d ep loy e.g. w hen skydiverspull t he cord oft heir parachut e,t he parachut eis deployed
release/ ej ecvopen,
d est r u ct ib le can be / is designedt o be broken/ dest royed
DI Yst ore Do lt Yourselfst ore - hardw are/ home improvement sst ore selling building mat erialsand t ools t o
con su m er s
pressuregauge devicew hich show sa pressurereading,e.g. in bar or psi [ poundsper square inch)
t u r b u len ce dist urbed airflow - i.e. air not flow ingsmoot hlyaround an obiect
v acu u m volumecont ainingno gas, e.g. space
w in d sh ield glass at front of a vehicleor aircraft w hich t he driver or pilot looks t hrough, also called a w indscreenin
Br it ishEn g lish

;Sffilffi
bodyw ork t he ext ernal skin of a vehicle;usuallyconsist sof severalpanels
cam b er angle t hat is inclinedfrom horizont al,usuallyat 90 degreest o t he direct ion of t ravel, e.g. t he camber of
a road ( t heslope of t he road across it s w idt h)
cat enary dow nw ardcurved line of a cable w hen suspendedbet w eent w o support s
coast al defences large w alls, blocks, et c., const ruct edt o prot ect t he coast from sea/ oceanerosion
corrode degradeas a result ofa chemicalreact ion,e.g. iron t urning t o iron oxide ( rust )w hen exposed t o w at er
an d air
cor r osr on result of mat erial corroding( seeabove)
d er ail come off t he rails, e.g. t rains can be derailed
det onat e t rigger an explosion
fail-safe cannot fail / go w rong - oft en used t o describesafet y syst ems
horsepow er hist oric unit of pow er,has been replaced by Wbt t s but st ill used t o describe pow er out put from engines
in axial not in a st raight line
opposing forces forcesact ing in opposit e direct ions
oscillat ion wave pattern
reverset hrust t hrust direct ed in t he opposit edirect iont o t hat w hich a vehicle/ aircraftis t ravellingin, int ended t o slow
t he vehicle/ aircraft
rpm revolut ionsper minut e,used t o measuret he speed of rot ary mot ion
sled vehiclet hat slides along ( i.e.does not havew heels) ,e.g. a sled designedt o t ravel over snow
st ress t he force( s)exert edon an oblect , e.g. t ensilest ress in a cable t hat is being pulled in opposit e direct ions
superst ruct ure t he part of a st ruct uret hat is above ground level - t he opposit e is t he subst ruct ure

Gt ossar yof t echnicalt er m s 111

 I 1.1
Pau la: Ob v iou slyn av ig at ionis t h e p r im ar y
ap p licat ionof m ost GPS d ev ices.
José :Su r e.
Paula: Then you'vegot associat edapplicat ions,
uses t hat are relat ed t o navigat ing,such as
t racking syst emsyou can use for monit oring
d eliv er yv eh iclesan d f in d in gst olencar s,t h at
k in d of t h in g .
José :Mm .
Paula: And t hen t here are more creat ive
feat ures.A good example w ould be on a boat
CPS, y ou g et d r if t alar m s.So if t h e an ch orst ar t s
t o drag and t he boat st art s moving,t here'sa
set t ing on t he cPs t hat allow s it t o det ect t he
m ov em en tan , d an alar m sou n d st o w ar n y ou ,
an d p r ev en t st h e b oat f r om d r if t in gu n n ot iced .
José : I see.
Pau la: Or an ot h erex am p leon b oat sy st em sis
man overboard but t ons.So if you're sailing along
an d som eon ef allsin t o t h e sea, y ou h it a b u t t on ,
w h ichlog st h e p osit ionan d en su r est h at y ou
don't lose t rack of w here you w ere,w hich t hen
en ab lesy ou t o t u r n r ou n dan d com e b ack t o t h e
sam e p oin t an d f in d t h e p eBon .
José :Rig h t .
Pau la: So, t h esear e t h e k in d sof ap p licat ion s
w e w ant t o develop, more specialised,and more
creat ive.
José : So, effect ive| y'you're not t a| kingabout
t ech n icalin n ov at ion s.Wh at y ou ' r er eallylook in g
for is innovat ivew ays of act ually using t he
t echnology.
Paula: Precisely.Because t hese days, from t he
en d - u ser sp oin t of v iew ,accu r acyis n o lon g er
t h e m ain sellin gp oin t .Most d ev icesar e accu r at e
en ou g h .Th e k ey is t o m ak et h em m or e u sef u l.So
in t er m sof d ev elop m en t ,h at ' st h e k in d of . . .
- 1.2
Jam es: Th e en g in eer in gch allen g eof con n ect in g
a sat ellit et o ear t h u sin ga cab le is, ob v iou sly ,
significant .I n order t o support it s ow n w eight ,
an d b e secu r elyat t ach edat each en d , t h e cab le
w ou ldr eq u ir ea p h en om en alst r en g t h - t o- w eig h t
r at io.Car b on n an ot u b em at er ialsm ig h t ,on e
day, be up t o t he iob. And l'll t alk about t hose in
d et ail lat er on . How cou ldv eh iclesb e r aisedin t o
sp ace,u p t h e cab le?Well, u sin ga self - con t ain ed
en er g ysou r cew ou ldb e p r ob lem at ic,d u e t o t h e
w eight of fuel or bat t eries required t o pow er t he
vehicle.There are t w o possible w ays round t his
problem: t ransmit t ingelect ricit yw irelessly,or
u sin gsolar p ow er .Th e f ir st t ech n iq u eis on ly in
t he early st ages of research.The second w ould
allow t h e v eh iclet o ascen don ly v er y slow ly ,
t h ou g ht h is w ou ld n ' tn ecessar ilyb e a p r ob lem ,
as t he car could be cont rolled remot ely,allow ing
it t o t r an sp or tp ay load sas an u n m an n edv eh icle.
I 1.3
James: The oft hore base st at ion w ould be
support ed by a float ing st ruct ure,w hich could
be at t ached t o t he seabed by anchors.Payloads
could be carried from t he shore t o t he st at ion
b y sh ip b ef or eb ein glif t edin t o or b it .Th e m ain
advant ageof a float ing mobile st at ion, rat her
t h an a f ix ed b ase on lan d ,w ou ldb e t o h elp
r ed u cet h e r isk of a collisionb et w eent h e cab le
an d on e of t h e m an ylu m p sof sp aced eb r is,
86 Audí oscript
I
su ch as r ed u n d an tsat ellit es,t h at lit t eror b it al
sp ace.Based on car ef u lm on it or in gof d eb r is
movement s,in t he case of an alert t he st at ion's
an ch or scou ld b e r aisedan d t h e st at ioncou ldb e
moved,driven by propellers,t o a new locat ion
out of harm'sw ay.
- 1.4
I g r ou n d ,an d con cr et e' p
St efan: So, as you can see from t his cross-
sect ion ,w e' v ecom e u p w it h a com p let elyu n iq u e
p r of ile.lt ' s ex clu siv et o t h is com p an yan d u n lik e
an y t h in gelseon t h e m ar k et .
St efan: One of t he key advant agesof t his new
f or m is t h at it d r am at icallyr ed u cesv ib r at ion ,
w hich w as alw aysa problem before.Obviously,
m ach in eslik e t h esecan n ev erb e en t ir elyf r ee
f r om v ib r at ionb u t t h e n ew d esig nr u n sex t r em ely
smoot hly.
3 p iles.Th e p ile au g er ov er t h er e is ef f ect iv ely
St efan: Anot her advant ageof t he new profile is
t hat it 's considerablylight er,due t o t he reduced
area of t he overall sect ion.So comparedw it h our
p r ev iou sr an g e,it s h ig h lyef f icien tesp
, eciallyin
ap p licat ion tsh at r eq u ir econ t in u alst ar t in gan d
st op p in g w, h er elow in er t iais im p or t an t .
L
St efan: We're st ill conduct inglong-t erm
reliabilit yt est s, but t rials so far suggest t he
d esig nis ex cep t ion ally d u r ab le,p r im ar ilyas a
result of t he low vibrat ion levels.We exoect it
t o b e sig n if ican t ly
m or e r eliab let h an r iv al u n it s
t h at ar e on t h e m ar k et ,w h ichis ob v iou slyan
im p or t an tsellin gp oin t .
I 1.5
Richard: lf you're t alking t o non-specialist s,and
y ou st ar t u sin gj ar g on ,t h en t o y ou r au d ien ce,
it ' siu st g oin gt o sou n dlik e n on sen se.Th at ' s
on e or ob lem .An ot h err elat esn ot so m u cht o
language,but t o t he complexit yof t he t echnology
you're t alking about . Even if you use everyday
| an g u ag e, t h e en g in eer in €con cep tit se| fm ig h t
st ill b e d if f icu ltt o ex p lain .An d t h at can m ak et h e
su b iectv er y h eav yg oin g ,an d q u it ed u ll,w h ich
is obviously not w hat you w ant . How ever,I t hink
it 's import ant not t o oversimplifyt hings.There's
n ot h in gw or set h an b ein gsp ok ent o as if y ou ' r ea
ch ild .You d on ' t w an t t o sou n dp at r on isin g .
I 1.6
Richard: lt 's obviously best t o use everyday
lan g u ag eas f ar as p ossib le.Bu t I d on ' t t h in k t h at
m ean sav oid in €j ar g onalt og et h erl. f in d t h e b est
ap p r oach ,so as n ot t o sou n dp at r on isin gis , to
u se a cer t ainam ou n tof t ech n icallan g u ag e,an d
t hen immediat e| yaft erw ardsgive st rai€ h t foMard
ex p lan at ion of s w h at it m ean su sin gev er y d ay
w or d s.Wh en it com est o ex p lain in gt r ick y
t ech n icalcon cep t s,a g ood t ech n iq u eis t o m ak e
comparisonsbet w eent he t echnicalpoint you're
t rying t o illust rat eand t hingsfrom everydaylife
t h at p eop lear e f am iliarw it h ,t o h elpt h em p ain t
a p ict u r ein t h eir m in d s.An d t h en t o h elp lig h t en
t h in g su p , an d st op t h in g sf r om sou n d in gd u ll, I
t h in k it ' sg ood t o u se a b it of h u m ou ras w ell,an d
maybe a few amusinganecdot es.
- 7.7
Richard: As you can see, w e've st art ed w ork
on t h e su b st r u ct u r e, in ot h er w or d st h e p ar t
of t h e st r u ct u r et h at s b elowg r ou n dlev el.Th e
f ou n d at ion ar s e con cr et ep iles.Basicallya, p ile
is a colu m ng oin gd ow n in t o t h e g r ou n d .An d
w e're using w hat w e call bored in sit u concret e,
in ot h er w or d s,w e b or e,or d r ill,a h ole in t h e
s ou r edin in sit u ,w h ich
m ean sit ' sact u allyp ou r edon t h e con st r u ct ion
sit e, in it s final posit ion.An alt ernat iveis t o use
w hat w e refer t o as ore-castdriven oiles. Pre-
cast referst o t he fact t hat t he oiles are made
at a fact oryaw ay from t he sit e, before being
d eliv er edTh . ey ' r et h en d r iv enin t o t h e g r ou n d .
Th ey ' r eh am m er edin w it h a p ile d r iv erw h ich ,
p u t sim p ly ,is iu st lik e a g ian t h am m er An . d t h ey
d on ' t iu st d r iv e in p iles,t h ey d r iv eev er y on e
m ad w it h t h e con st an tb oom - b oom - b oom all
d ay lon g .So, t h an k f u llyf or ou r ear s,w e' r en ot
u sin gt h at t ech n iq u e.I n st eadw , e' r eb or in gt h e
j u st
lik e a g ian t d r ill.As it d r illsin t o t h e g r ou n d ,w e
p u m p a sp ecialliq u idcalledb en t on it ein t o t h e
h ole.Essen t iallyit, ' sa k in d of clay su sp en siona,
sort of mud. And t hat orevent st he w alls of t he
h olef r om collap sin gin w ar d s.So w h ent h e h ole' s
f in ish ed ,it ' sf u ll of b en t on it e.lt look sj u st lik e a
b ig m u d d yp u d d leon t h e g r ou n d .Ob v iou slyit , 's
not a good idea t o st ep in one, like a colleague
of m in eon ced id . an d t h en h ad t o d r iv e h om ein
h is u n d er p an t sf or a ch an g eof clot h es.So, on ce
t h e h ole' sb een b or edan d f illedw it h b en t on it e.
t hey low er in some st eel reinforcement And . t hen
concret e'spumped in. And becauset he concret e
is d en sert h an t h e b en t on it e,it d isp lacesit . So, in
simple t erms, if you pict urea glass full of w at er
an d im ag in ep ou r in gcon cr et ein t o t h e g lass,t h e
w at er w ould overflow and you'd end up w it h a
glass full of concret e.So, t hat 's piling. lf anyone
h as an y q u est ion s,b y t h e w ay ,j u st . . .
I 2.1
lrina: The only w ay t o assess t he environment al
impact of a given mat erial properly is t o carry
out an environment alaudit and analyset he t ot al
im p actof t h at m at er ialon t h e en v ir on m en t .
I emphasiset ot al impact becauseit 's all t oo
easy t o j udge mat erialsand product son
single aspect s of t heir ecologicalimpact . As an
ex am p le,if w e com p ar et r ad it ion alan d en er g y -
sav in glig h t b u lb sit ' st em p t in gt o say en er g y -
saving ones are bet t er becauset hey consume
less energy.I n fact , t hat 's only part of t he pict ure.
That 'sj ust t he in-use phase.You also need t o
consider t he pre-use phase - in ot her w ords,t he
en v ir on m en t alim p actof m in in gt h e m at er ials
used t o make t he bulbs, of t ransport ingt hose
mat erialst o t he fact ory,of manufact uringt hem
et cet era.Then t here'st he post -use phase. How
easy is it t o recyclespent bulbs? And w hen you
st art t o consider a| | of t hese fact oí s,suddenly
t he comoarison bet w eenclassic bulbs and
t heir energy-savingequivalent sbecomesmuch
less clear-cut .Some of t he mat erialsused in
energy-savinglight s are problemat icfrom an
en v ir on m en t alst an d Doin tb. ot h in t er m sof
acq u ir in gt h em an d r ecy clin gt h em .So t h e p oin t
is, it 's essent ialt o look at t he w hole pict ure.And
d oin gt h at can b e q u it ea com p lext ask , as w e' ll
see lat er on .
I a 2.2
Sop h ia: OK, so st eelb od y w or kv er su salu m in iu m
bodyw ork.
Fet e: Wh at ab ou t p r e- u se,t h en ?
Sop h ia: Well,I t h in k it t ak esa lot of en er g y
t o p r od u cealu m in iu m com
b ecau sealu m in iu m ' m
, p ar edw it h st eel,
s ad e b y elect r oly sis.
Pet e: Yeah. So st eel'sbet t er, presumably.
Sop h ia: I t h in k so, y eah .Bu t , h an gon a m in u t e,
w it h alu m in iu m it , d ep en d sh ow m u chis d er iv ed
from ore, and how much is recoveredfrom
r ecy cledm at er ial.As f ar as I k n ow r ecy clin g
alu m in iu mt ak eslessen er g y So . I ' m n ot r eally
su r e.
Pet e: Presumably,it 'll be mixed, w on't it ? For a
g iv enb at ch ,t h er e' llb e so m u chn ew m at er ial,
an d so m u ch r ecy cledm at er ial.
Sop h ia: Pr ob ab ly y, eah .OK, so t h at n eed st o b e
r esear ch edt,h en .
Pet e: ls car bodyw ork galvanisedw hen it 's made
from st eel?
Sop h ia: Um . . . g ood q u est ion .I ' m n ot su r e.
Pet e: lf it is, if it has t o be coat ed w it h zinc, t hen
t hat w ould t ake ext ra mat erial and ext ra energy.
So t h at ' san im p or t an tcon sid er at ion .
Sop h ia: Mm , t r u e.OK, so t h at ' san ot h er
q u est iont o n ot e.
Pet e: Th en t h er e' st h e en er g ycon su m edw h en
t h ey ' r et r an sp or t in gb u lk m et alt o t h e car p lan t .
Sop h ia: Pr esu m ab lyalu m in iu mt ak eslessen er g y
t o t r an sp or t ,b ein glig h t er .
Pet e: I 'd say so, yeah.
Sop h ia: OK. Wh at ab ou t m an u f act u r in g ?
Pet e: Well,alu m in iu mw ou ldb e lig h t ert o h an d le,
w ou ld n ' tit ? lt p r ob ab lyt ak eslessen er g yt o cu t ,
as w ell.
Sop h ia:Yeah .Not su r e w h et h erit t ak esless
energy t o w eld, compared w it h st eel.
Pet e: Cood q u est ion An . ot h ert h in g t o ch eckou t .
Sop h ia: Mm , w h at ab ou t in - u se,t h en ?| assu m e
, y ou
alu m in iu m ' sb et t er b ecau seit ' slig h t er so
con su m elessf u el.
Pet e: Yeah .An d it sh ou ldlast lon g er ,as w ell.
Sop h ia: Mm , is t h at an en v ir on m en t al
con sid er at iont ,h ou g h ?
Pet e: Well,y eah ,b ecau seif t h in g slast lon g er ,
t hey need t o be manufact uredless oft en. So you
use ressenergy.
Sop h ia: Tr u e.Bu t t h en , is t h e lif esp anof a car
d et er m in edb y t h e lif eof it s b od y w or k ?
Pet e: Ah. Cood point .
Sop h ia: lt ' s u su allyd et er m in edb y t h e ch assis,or
t h e en g in e,isn ' t it ?
Pet e: ls it ?
Sop h ia: Mm , an ot h eron e t o b e r esear ch ed .
Pet e: OK, w hat about post -use,t hen?
- 2.3
Mar g it : So, in t er m sof t h e m ain com p on en t s,
t he conduct or,at t he cent re,is copper or
alu m in iu m d, ep en d in gon t h e m od el.Th at ' s
t h en coat edw it h p oly et h y lenin e su lat ionan d
su r r ou n d edb y st eelw ir e,w h ichp r ov id est h e
ar m ou r edp r ot ect ionAs . t h e st eelob v iou sly
needs t o be prot ect edfrom moist ure,t here'sa
p last icw at er p r oofm em b r an ear ou n dt h at .Th en ,
t h e w h olet h in g ' ssu r r ou n d edb y an ou t erj ack et
w h ich ,ag ain ,is in p last ic- b ased m at er ial.
J 2.4
Tob y :Th at ' scer t ain lya scar y look in gcollect ion
of t ools.
Est h er ;Yes,som eof t h em d o look q u it e
m en acin gd, on ' t t h ey ?
Tob y : ls t h at t it an iu m ?Th e d r ill h an d le?
Est h er : Um . . . y es.
Tob y : I ' m an en g in eert,h at ' sw h y l, u m . . .
Est her: Oh, I see. Yes,t it anium'sgreat . lt 's
ex p en siv e,ob v iou slyb, u t v er y lig h t .Th at ' s
t he big advant age.ldeally,you w ant it t o be
light w eight ,t o give you bet t er cont rol.
Toby: Nn.
Est her: These are t he most impressivet hings,
t h ou g h ,t h e b u r s on t h e en d .Th e lat eston es can
rot at e at over half a million revs oer minut e.
Tob y :Nn .
Est her: They'recoat ed w it h t ungst encarbide,
w h ichI t h in k is on e of t h e h ar d estm at er ialsin
ex ist en ce,isn ' t it ? Alon g w it h d iam on d .Th at ' s
also u sed .
Tob y :Nn .
Est h er :Th e k ey r eq u ir em enis t ab r asion
resist ance,of course.Obviously,t hey need t o be
v er y d u r ab le.An d y ou d on ' t w an t t h em sn ap p in g ,
eit her.The last t hing you w ant is a brit t le
m at er ial.Ap p ar en t lyt,h at w as t h e t r ou b let h ey
h ad in t h e p ast , m ak in gt h e b u r t ou g hen ou g hso
it d id n ' t b r eak .I t h in k p ar t of t h e p r ob lemw as
h eat ,as w ell.Dr illin gin t o a t oot hat h ig h sp eed ,
y ou ob v iou slyg et a lot of h eat b u ild - u pYou . n eed
a g ood d eg r eeof t h er m alst ab ilit y .
Tob y : Nn .
Est h er :See w h at I m ean ?You can act u allysm ell
b u r n in g .An d t h at ' saf t er a f ew secon d s.lm ag in e
t h e h eat b u ild - u paf t er sev er alm in u t es.
Tob y : Nn .
J 2.5
Tom : Sp eak in gas an en g in eerLou , isa,m y v iew is
t h at all t h e m at er ialsw e u se sh ou ldb e g en u in ely
su it ab lef or m ak in gw at ch es,an d n ot j u st ch osen
as m ar k et in gg im m ick s.We' r eof t eng u ilt y ,in
m y v iew of u sin gex ot ic- sou n d inm g at er ialst h at
ar e n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab lef r om a t ech n ical
st an d p oin t .
Lou isa:Yeah ,I k n oww h at y ou m ean .
Tom: A good examplew as t hat debat e w e had
on w h et h ert o u se su b m ar in e- g r adst e eel in
som e m od els,t o g iv et h e im p r essiont h at t h ey ' r e
ex cep t ion ally r esist an t o w at er .OK, su b m ar in e
st eel' sg ood at w it h st an d in tgh e p r essu r eof
b ein ga m ile b en eat ht h e sea. Bu t it ' s h eav y .lf
it 's not coat ed, it s corrosion resist anceis not t hat
g ood ,at least com p ar edw it h ot h er m et alslik e
t it an iu m .lt ' s also f air lyp oor in t er m sof look s,
in my view .Wat er resist anceisn't a quest ion of
m et alq u alit y ,it ' sab ou t t h e q u alit yof t h e j oin t s
and seals you use. So, as a w at ch mat erial,
f or m e, it ' s n ot at all su it ab le.Tr em en d ou sly
m ar k et ab le.I ' m su r e,b u t . . .
Lou isa: Hm . No, I t ak e y ou r p oin t .Bu t I t h in k it ' s
fair t o say t hat w e've never chosen a mat erialfor
m ar k et in gr eason st h at ' sin su f t icien t lyd u r ab leor
n ot ad eq u at elyb u ilt in an y w ay .
Tom : Oh , n o. No, if an y t h in g it , ' sb een t h e
reverse.Wb'veused mat erialst hat are over t he
t op , so t h ey can b e d escr ib edw it h su p er lat iv es
in advert ising.
Lou isa: Hm . ld eally ,w e sh ou ldb e u sin gst u f f
t hat 's good for w at chesand good for market ing
as w ell.
Tom : Su r e.Bu t t h at ' seasiersaid t h an d on e.
I m ean ,a lot of t h e m at er ialst h at ar e id eal f or
t he j ob, in t erms of scrat ch-resist ance,
or d in ar y or
, t h eir com p osit ion ar
shock-
resist anceand all t he rest of it , are eit her pret t y
s e r elat iv ely
com p lex ,an d t h ey ' v eg ot com p licat edn am es
w h ichm ean st h ey ' r en ot all t h at g ood f or
m ar k et in gTh. at ' st h e p r ob lem .
Lou isa:Su r e.Bu t t h e ot h er p r ob lemis,
consumersare not t echnicalexpert s, and t hey
m ak ech oicesb ased on t h eir im p r ession s, r at h er
t h an b asedon f act s.Th at s a h ar d com m er cial
f act ,as h ar d as su b m ar in est eel.
Tom : No, I accep tt h at .
Lou isa: So w h at sh ou ldou r ap p r oachb e? lt ' s
ob v iou slyn ot an easyq u est ion. . .
- 2.6
I n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab le
2 ex cep t ion ally r esist an t
3 n ot at all su it ab le
4 t r em en d ou sly m ar k et ab le
5 relat ivelycomplex
6 n ot all t h at g ood
- 3.1
Jan : Wh en y ou look at t h e v ar iou st y p esof p lu g s
an d sock et sin d if f er en cout n t r ies,m ost d esig n s
have a basic layout t hat 's exist ed for decades,
in t er m sof t h e w ay t h e p in s ar e laid ou t , an d
t he profile of t he pins. And as a manufact urer,
t he p osit ionof ou r com p an yh as alw ay sb een ,
basically,t o accept t hat w e're st uck w it h several
st andard configurat ions,and t o effect ivelysay
t o cu st om er s,w e p r od u ceall t h e m ain f or m at s
- t ake w hicheverone you w ant . How eve( as
I ' m su r e y ou k n ow m an ycou n t r iesu se p lu g s
and socket sof more t han one format . And t his
lead st o a com p ar at iv esit u at ion w , it h som e
con f ig u r at ionbsecom in gm or e p op u lar ,an d
ot h er s p r og r essiv ely
b ein gab an d on ed Th . is is
p ar t icu lar lyt r u e in cou n t r iesu n d er g oin gr ap id
econ om icex p an sion An . d b ecau seof t h is p r ocess
of select ion,w e're finding t hat big cust omersare
in cr easin g ly ask in gu s w h ichof t h e st an d ar dp lu g
and socket format s in current use w e recommend
as a manufact urer.Which are t he best from a
t ech n icalst an d p oin t ?Up u n t il n ow w e h av en ' t
h ad a st an d ar d isedcom p an yp olicyt o allow u s
t o respond t o t hat quest ion properly.But t his
p r oj ectaim s t o f or m u lat ea com p an yp olicyt h at
allow s us t o say t hese are t he configurat ionsw e
r ecom m en dan , d t h esear e t h e t ech n icalr eason s
w h y w e r ecom m en dt h em .
-3.2
I
Er in : On t h is on e, t h er ear e cir cu larp in s f or liv e
an d n eu t r al.Th er e' sn o ear t h p in . Th is is q u it ea
com m onf or m at in Eu r op ean d Ru ssia.lt ' s also
q u it ew id elyu sed in I n d ia.
Er in : Her e,y ou ' v eg ot cir cu larslot sf or liv ean d
neut ral.And t he eart h slot 's got a flat base w it h
on e sid e r ou n d edov er t o f or m a sem i- cir cle.Th is
t ype'sonly used in a few places.
3
Er in : Th is on e h as r ect an g u larb lad esf or liv e,
n eu t r alan d ear t h ,in t r ian g u larcon f ig u r at ion .
Th is is t h e st an d ar din t h e UK an d lr elan d ,an d
a few ot her places, Malaysia and Singapore,for
inst znce.
Audioscr ipt 87
 TL
Er in : Th is p lu g h as g ot cir cu larp in sf or liv ean d
n eu t r al,an d it h as a cy lin d r icalslot t o r eceiv e
t h e ear t h p in . lt s q u it ecom m onin con t in en t al
Europe,and in part s of Africa.
ir in : n s y ou can see,t h er ear e cir cu larp in sf or
liv e,n eu t r alan d ear t h ,an d t h e p in s ar e ar r an g ed
in lin earcon f ig u r at ionTh . is is n ot a v er y
com m on lyu sed f or m at .
o
Er in : Th is is t h e st an d ar din Nor t h Am er ica,an d
ou it ecom m onin Cen t r alan d Sou t hAm er ica.
Used in Jap an ,as w ell.Th er ear e f lat b lad esf or
liv e an d n eu t r al,an d a r ou n d p in f or ear t h ,an d
t h ey ' r elaid ou t in t r ian g u larcon f ig u r at ionSo,
. an
ex t r em elyw id elyu sed f or m at .
I 3.3
rect angle
r ect an g u lar
t r ian g le
t r ian g u lar
cy lin d er
cy lin d r ical
line
Ii n ear
I 3.4
Er in : I n t h is con f ig u r at iont ,h er e' sa cir cu larslot
at t h e t op . lt ' sob v iou slya b lin d h ole,it d oesn ' t
go right t hrough.And t hat 's designed t o receive
t h e ear t h p in , w h ichis m ou n t edon t h e f aceof
t h e sock et .Th en t h er ear e t w o p last icr id g es,
on e on eit h ersid e of t h e p lu g casin g ,an d t h ey
slot int o correspondinggroovesat each side
of t he socket . I n addit ion. t he cent re of t he
socket is recessed.So rat her t han being flush
w it h t he front of t he socket , on t he same face,
t h e cir cu larar ea t h at r eceiv est h e p lu g is set
b ack f r om t h e su r r ou n d in gcasin g ,in a r ecess
ab ou t I 5m m d eep .Th e liv ean d n eu t r alsock et s
ar e also eq u ip p edw it h cov er s,j u st in sid et h e
op en in g .Th esecov er son ly op en w h en p r essu r e
is ap p liedt o b ot h b y t h e t w o p in s of t h e p lu g
sim u lt an eou slySo . w e n eed t o look at t h e
ad v an t ag esof t h is con f ig u r at ion. . .
I 3.5
An d y : I n t h is f or m att h e p lu g slot s in t o t h e r ecess
in t h e sock et .Th at allow sit t o f it in r eallyt ig h t ly ,
com p ar edw it h ot h er d esig n s.P| u s,t h eser id €e s
an d g r oov eson t h e sid esin cr easet h e am ou n tof
frict ion.That helps it t o resist pullout forceseven
more, so it w on't fall out of t he socket .
Kar in : Yeah ,b u t at t h e en d of t h e d ay ,h ow
secu r elyd o y ou w an t it t o b e r et ain ed ?lf it ' s h eld
in t oo h ar d ,t h at m ak esit d if f icu ltt o p u ll ou t .
Andy: That 's t rue.
Kar in : Plu s, it cou ld b e d an g er ou s.lf y ou ' r e
v acu u m in gen t h u siast ically t o lou d m u sic,let ' s
say, and you pull t he cord, you act ually w ant t he
p lu g t o p u ll ou t , d on ' t y ou ? Ot h er w isey ou m ig h t
r ip t h e cab le h alf w ay ou t of t h e p lu g ,or t h e
ap p lian ce.
An d y : So, r eally ,w e n eed t o com p ar et h e p u llou t
r esist an ceof all t h e f or m at s.
Kar in : An d d et er m in ew h at t h e id eal r esist an ce
is.
An d y : Yeah .OK. Er m , w h at else can w e say
ab ou t t h is on e?
88 Audioscr ipt
I
Karin: Well I guess anot her advant ageis, given
t h at t h e p lu g ' sin a r ecess,if it g et s p u lledou t
j u st a f r act ion ,an d t h e p in s ar e st ill liv e,n ot h in g
can p h y sicallyt ou cht h em .
Andy: So you t hink t hat 's more effect ivet han
h av in gin su lat or sr ou n dt h e t op s of t h e p in s?
Kar in : I ' d say so, y eah .
An d y : Th ison e' salso g ot cov er sin sid et h e liv e
an d n eu t r alslot s.
Kar in : Th at s a st an d ar df eat u r eon m or eor less
ev er yf or m at ,t h ou g h ,isn ' t it ?
An d y : Yeah .Bu t I t h in k it ' ssom et h in gw e sh ou ld
look at . I m ean ,it ' sob v iou slya g ood t h in g .
An y t h in gt h at st op sch ild r enf r om st ick in gt h in g s
in is ob v iou slya g ood id ea.Th e on ly p r ob lem
w it h t his syst em is, if t he mechanism'st oo
sen sit iv e,it m ak esit d if f icu ltt o in ser tt h e p lu g ,
som et im es.An d t h at m ak esit easyt o d am ag e.
Karin: When people t ry t o force it .
An d y : Ex a c t l y . . .
r 3.6
Ev an : Most of w h at w e d o is sh eet m et al
w orking.We don't do foundryw ork - you know ,
cast in gan d t h at t y p e of t h in g .Th at ' sob v iou sly
a d if f er en d
t iscip lin e.Bu t ap ar t f r om t h at , w e' r e
eq u ip p edt o d o m ost t h in g st o d o w it h m et al
b ash in g .
Mr Bar r et t : Th at ' st h e t ech n icalt er m f or it , is it ?
Ev an : I ' m n ot su r e w h at t h e t ech n icald ef in it ion
of m et alb ash in gw ou ldb e. A collect iv et er m f or
h am m er in gg, r in d in gan d g en er allym ak in ga lot
of n oise,p r ob ab ly .
Mr Bar r et t : lt ' sact u allyn ot t h at n oisyin h er e,
is it ?
Ev an : No, it ' s n ot t oo b ad . We h ad a sp ecialist
f ir m com e in a w h ileag o t o m easu r en oise
levelsat each machine- you know for healt h
and safet y regulat ions.A lot of w hat w e do isn't
all t h at n oisy .Th in g slik e d r illin gan d m illin g
m ach in esar e n ot t oo b ad , r elat iv elysp eak in g .
An y t h in gin v olv in gab r asiv est en d st o b e n oisy ,
t h in g slik e g r in d er s,ev enif t h ey ' r eon ly h an d
t ools. And t hat big press over t here makesa loud
b an g w h ent h ey ' r esh ear in gst eel.lt cer t ain ly
sav esa lot of t im e,t h ou g h ,com p ar edw it h f lam e
cu t t in g ,or saw in gw it h a g r in d erb lad e.
Mr Bar r et t : So, it ' sa g u illot in e?
Evan: That 'sw hat w e use it for most ly,yes.
-3.7
Evan: So w e use high-pressurew at erj et cut t ing
q u it ea lot . Th e g ood t h in gab ou t it is y ou d on ' t
need t o do any finishingaft erw ards.The edges
are virt ually perfect .So t hey are especiallygood
w hen you have int ricat eshapes.
Mr Bar r et t : Wh ichw ou ldb e d if t icu ltt o f in ish
ot herw ise.
Evan: That 's right .
Mr Barret t : Saw blades are obviously useless
Wh eny ou ' r ecu t t in €cu r v edsh ap es.
Ev an :Th at ' sr ig h t .An d w h eny ou ' r eu sin gan y
sor t of ab r asiv et ech n iq u ef or cu t t in gm et al,
it in ev it ab | €ye t s h ot .An d t h at can a| t ert h e
p r op er t iesof t h e m et alar ou n dt h e cu t , w h ichcan
b e a or ob lemin som esit u at ion s.
3
Evan: The ot her problem w it h abrasivecut t ing is
it exert s shear forcesnear t he cut . So saw ing is
n ot t h e b est solu t ionif y ou w an t t o av oidalt er in g
t h e m at er ial.
Mr Bar r et t : Th e sam e ap p liest o g u illot in in g ,
presumably.
Evan: lt does, yes.
IL
Mr Barret t : lt 's amazing t o t hink t hat a w at erj et
can cu t t h r ou g hst eel.You cou ld im ag in ew at er -
cu t t in gt im b eror r elat iv elysof t m at er ial,b u t . . .
Evan: No, it 's ideal for met als.Act ually,lt 's not
.iustw at er t hat 's used. They somet imesadd an
abrasive pow der t o t he w at er t o increaset he
cut t ing pow er.
Mr Bar r et t : Oh . I d id n ' t k n owt h at .
Evan: The w at er'sobviously concent rat edint o
a v er y f in ej et . Dep en d in gon h ow it ' s set u p , it
can t ak e ou t lesst h an a t en t hof a m illim et r e.
som et im es.
Mr Barret t : Really?
I 3.8
Pedro: So, basically,our obiect iveis t o get key
su p p lier sm or eact iv elyin v olv edin t h e d esig n
p r ocess.So r at h ert h an u s g oin gt o a su p p lier
an d say in g ,w e w an t a sp ecif ict y p e of b olt or
scr ewor r iv et f or con n ect in gt h esecom p on en t s,
can you give us a price? We w ant t o be able t o
say ,w e n eed a w ay of j oin in gt h is p ar t t o t h is
part , w hat 'st he best w ay of fixing t hem t o each
ot h er ?
Alicia: OK.
Pedro: So it might be t hat you say, w ell, act ually,
in st eadof b olt in gt h is on t o t h e m ach in e,w h at
ab ou t u sin ga w eld ?Or in st eadof r iv et in gt h ese,
h ow ab ou t b on d in gt h em w it h ad h esiv e,or f ix in €
t h em on w it h som e k in d of clip , or w h at ev er ,
w hat ever'st he most cost -effect ivesolut ion.
Alicia: Rig h t .Bu t , ob v iou slyw , e' r ea su p p lier
of m ech an icalf ix in g s,so w e can on ly p r ov id ea
m ech an icalsolu t ion .So if y ou ask u s t o d esig n
som eioin t s,w h ichis ob v iou slyq u it ean in v olv ed
. iob ,an d t h en ,af t er all t h at , a r iv alf ir m com es
alon gan d say s,w ell w e su g g estw eld in git all
t og et h eror, g lu in git t og et h erf or h alf t h e p r ice,
u m , it w ou ldm ean a lot of w or k f or n o r et u r n .l' m
not saying it 's a bad idea. lt 's j ust t hat w e w ould
have t o be carefulw e coveredour cost s.
Ped r o: I ap p r eciat et h at . Bu t t h e f lip sid e is, w e
w an t t o w or k w it h f ew ersu p p lier st h an w e h av e
in t h e p ast .So, ov er all,t h at p r ob lemw ou ldb e
offuetby t he great er volume of w ork you'd get .
Alicia: Hm m .
r 3.9
Len n y :So a t y p icalclu st ercon sist sof som ew h er e
in t h e r eg ionof a h u n d r edb alloon s.Th at ' su sin g
or d in ar y - size
w eat h erb alloon s.Wit h ab ou t
t w en t yp eop leh elp in git t ak esan h ou r or so t o
in f lat et h em all.
Ev a: An h ou r or m or ew it h t w en t yp eop le?
Len n y :Yeah .lt ' s p r et t yt im e- con su m in g .
Ev a: An d is each b alloont ied on in d iv id u ally ?
Lenny: That 'st he w ay it 's oft en done, yeah.
Eva: And is t he rope j ust fast enedaround t he
b o t t o m o, r . . . ?
Len n y :Well,som e p eop leu se p last iccab let ies.
Or you can use t ape.
Ev a: So it ' sa b ig . iob ,t h en , p u t t in gev er y t h in g
t oget her.The harnessis suspendedfrom a
h u n d r edor so r op es,t h en .Well,h ow is it
fast ened?
Lenny: Well, you can put nylon st raps beneat h
t he ropes. So you have severalropes t ied t o a
single st rap, t hen each st rap is fast enedt o t he
h ar n ess.
Eva: I see. So it 's like a kind of t ree st ruct ure.
Lenny: That 's right . And you have different
len g t h s,so t h e b alloon sar en ' tall at t h e sam e
lev el,so t h ey f it ab ov ean d b elowon e an ot h erin
a r ou n d - sh aoed clu st er .
Eva: I see. So you inflat e t he balloons,keep t ying
t hem t o t he harness,via t he st raps, and keep
d oin gt h at u n t ily ou t ak e of f .
Lenny: Basically,yeah. The pilot 's roped t o
san d b ag son t h e g r ou n d .So t h e b alloon sar e
ad d ed p r og r essiv ely u n t ilt h er e' sa m ar g in al
am ou n tof lif t .Th en t h e an ch orr op esar e
r eleased an , d u p y ou g o, n icean d g en t ly .
Ev a: An d h ow d o y ou con t r oly ou r alt it u d e?You
car r y b allast ,p r esu m ab ly .
Lenny: Yes. Wat er,usually.Those big w at er bags
w it h t ap s on , id eally ,so it ' seasyt o d r ain ou t .
Eva: And how do you come back dow n t o eart h?
Len n y :Well,t h at ' sact u allya r easonf or h av in g
t h e b alloon st ied on in d iv id u allyYou . can r elease
t h em ,on e b y on e,w h ichallow sy ou t o r ed u cet h e
am ou n tof lif t in cr em en t ally .
Ev a: I see. Becau seI w as t h in k in g ,su r elyit w ou ld
b e easiert o iu st h av eall t h e b alloon scon t ain ed
w it h ina b ig n et , t o m ak eit f ast ert o assem b le.
You k n ow ,r at h ert h an sp en d in gag est y in gev er y
sin g leb alloonon in d iv id u allyBu . t t h en if y ou
d id t h at , y ou w ou ld n ' tb e ab le t o r eleaset h em ,
w ou ldy ou ?
Lenny: No. That 'st rue.
Ev a: You cou ld b u r st t h em ,som eh owI su p p ose.
Len n y :Yeah .I m ean ,t h er ear e ob v iou slyv ar iou s
w ay sof d oin g it . . .
- 4.1
Joe: I h av ea q u est ionab ou t t h e p an elson
St air case3. You k n owt h oseg lassp an elsar ou n d
t h e op en in g ,t h r ou g hDeckC?
Lin d a: Um , y es. I k n oww h er ey ou m ean ,y eah .
Joe: Well,I ' v eb een look in gf or a cr oss- sect ion
t h r ou g ht h e d eck , at t h e st air op en in g .Bu t I can ' t
f in d on e an y w h er e.
Lin d a: lsn ' t t h er ea n ot e on t h e g en er al
arrangementdraw ing,w it h a referencet o a
sect ionon an ot h erd r aw in g ?
Joe: I cou ld n ' tf in d on e.
Lin d a: I ' v eg ot t h e d eck p lan sou t , som ew h er e
on h er e.Wh at ' st h is?Air con d it ion in gsch em at ic,
t h at ' sn o g ood .Ah h er ew e ar e. Deck p lan . Um ,
n o, y ou ' r er ig h t .Th er e' sn o sect ionm en t ion ed .
Joe: I m ean .in act u alf act .w h at I n eed is an
elev at ionsh , ow in gall t h e p an elsf r om t h e f r on t .
I t h ou g h tt h at m ig h t b e r ef er en ced
on t h e m ain
sect ion t hrough t he st airs.
Lin d a: Th er eis a f u ll set of d r aw in g sf or all t h e
in t er n alp an ellin gw , it h d et ailssh ow in gex p lod ed
v iew sof all t h e f ix in gd et ails,an d sect ion s
t h r ou g ht h e p an elj oin t s.Do y ou h av et h ose?
Joe: Not as f ar as I k n ow .
Lin d a: An d t h er e' sa w r it t ensoecif icat ion f or
t h e p an els,as p ar t of t h e m ain sp ec.Th at m ig h t
specify t he sizes.
Joe: Th osear e ob v iou slyw h at I n eed ,t h en . I
w ant t o see how many t here are, and w hat size
t hey are. Have t hose draw ingsbeen issued?
- 4.2
Pav el:So h ow w id e is t h is p an elat t h e t op ?
Joe: Good ou est ion Th . er e' sn o d im en sion .
Pavel: ls t his draw ingt o scale? lt 's one t o five.
Hav ey ou g ot a scaler u le?Let ' sm easu r eit . lt
look st o b e ab ou t t h r eeh u n d r edm il.
Joe: Th e g old enr u le is, y ou sh ou ld n ' tscaleof f
d r aw in g s,t h ou g h ,sh ou ldy ou ?
Pav el:Well . . .
Joe: lt 's not so bad if it 's act ual size. on a full-
scaled r aw in g b , u t I ' d r at h ern ot w it h t h is.Let ' s
q u er yit . l' ll g iv et h em an ot h ercall in t h e of f ice.
a 4. 3
Mei: Basicallyt,h e clien t h as said t h ey w an t
a su oer f latf in ishov er t h e en t ir ef loor ar ea.
That makes it a free movementfloor, w here
v eh iclescan r u n an y w h er eon it . Bu t on t h e
manufact uringprocessdraw ings,it show s
preciselyspecifiedrout es for t hese aut omat ed
v eh icles.So, t ech n icallyit, sh ou ldb e a d ef in ed
movementfloor, w here you can j ust have a few
n ar r owlan esf or t h e v eh icles,w h ichar e su p er f lat ,
an d t h en t h e r est of t h e slab is j u st laid t o
n or m alt oler an ces.
Lew is:Rig h t .So y ou ' r eq u est ion in g t h e ex t r a
cost of doing everyt hingsuperflat ?
Mei: Th at ' st h e m ain t h in g ,y eah .Th e ot h er
t h in g is q u alit y To. g et t h e b est f in ishon t h ese
superflat floors, it 's bet t er t o lay narrow w idt hs
of slab in f air lylon g len g t h s.So, id eally y, ou w an t
lan es,r at h ert h an b ig , w id e ar eas.
Lew is: OK. But maybe t hey w ant everyw heret o
b e su p er f latso t h ey can ch an g et h e lay ou tof t h e
p r od u ct ionlin e in t h e f u t u r e.
Mei: Possib lyBu . t ev enif t h ey w an t t o d o
t h at , t h e su r f acecan alw ay sb e m od if iedat a
lat erd at e. lt ' sa t h ick slab ,so t h er e' sn ot h in g
t o st op t h em g r in d in ga lay erof f t h e t op . I n
fact , w e could increaset he dept h of t he st eel
r ein f or cem enslig t h t lyw h enw e p ou r t h e slab ,
so t here'ssome ext ra t hicknessof concret eover
it . so, if t h ey d id Wan tt o €rin d a t h in | ay erof f a
sect ionin f u t u r e,t h ey w ou ld n ' th av ep r ob lem s
w it h shallow cover.
Lew is:Rig h t .Well let ' slook in t o an alt er n at iv e
desi€ n for a defined movementf| oor.
I 4.4
I
Leo: I 'vew orked on proj ect sin t he past w here
ev er ysin g lew or k in gd r aw in gis cir cu lat ed
t o ev er yt eam - st r u ct u r al,m ech an icalan d
elect r ical- an d lt . iu stg et scom p let elyou t of
con t r ol.So w e w an t t o av oidt h at sit u at ion .
En g in eer l: Su r e.Bu t af t er say in gt h at , if
som eon eh as t o an aly seev er ysin g ler ev isiont o
d et er m in eex act lyw h icht eam n eed sit , t h en t h at
t ak esa lot of t im e as w ell.
Leo: Not if t h er e' sa p r op erp r oced u r ein p lace.
As lon g as w e m ak esu r et h er e' s. . .
Leo: Th is p r oj ectst r ik eson e as p r et t ycom p lex ,
in t er m sof t h e am ou n tof in t eg r at ionan d ov er lap
bet w eent he differentdesign packages.
En g in eer l: Yeah .
Leo: Par t icu lar lyb et w eenm ech an icalan d
elect ricalt eams so w e have t o coordinat et hat .
An d it ' sob v iou slya sp ecialistj ob . lt ' s b ey on dm y
ex p er t iseas t h e ov er allp r oj ectm an ag er So,
. in
or d er t o m ak esu r e t h at w e . . .
5 Sab in o; Ju st t o g iv ey ou som e ex am p lesof t h e
Leo: Th in k in gab ou t h ow t h e sep ar at ed esig n
g r ou p sWor kt o€e t h er , I d on ' t Wan tt o r e| yt oo
m u chon sch ed u ledm eet in g s.We d on ' t w an t
q u est ion san d p r ob lem sp ilin gu p , w ait in gt o
b e r esolv edat a m eet in gin a w eek ' st im e,or
w h en ev erYou . all n eed t o b e t alk in gt o on e
an ot h eron an on g oin gb asis.
En g in eer2: I ag r eew it h w h at y ou ' r esay in g .
Th á t r ou b | eis, Wh eny ou ' r et r y in gt o sor t oú t
problemsWit hdet ails on draw inls and t hat kind
of t h in g ,y ou n eedt o m eet f ace- t ó. f ace. An d g iv en
t h at w ó a| |Wor kin sep ar at eof f ices,it ' s, y ou
k n ow w e can p h on eeach ot h er ,b u t . . .
En g in eer l: Yeah ,y ou st ill n eed m eet in g s.
En g in eer2: Esp eciallyas t h er e' sso m u ch
int egrat ionbet w eent he differentpackages,t he
p oin t w e w er et alk in gab ou t b ef or e.
Leo: Well,t h er eis a solu t iont o t h e p r ob lem .
- 4.5
Leo: So, t o su m u p . As r eg ar d sd esig n
in f or m at ionf low ,all p r elim in ar yd r aw in g sar e
g oin gt o b e sh ow nt o t h e sen ioren g in eerin
ch ar g eof each d esig nt eam .Th e sen ioren g in eer s
t h en say w h et h eror n ot t h eir t eam sn eed t o
r eceiv ecop iesof lat er r ev ision s.lf t h ey d on ' t ,
t h ey w on ' t r eceiv ean y f u r t h err ev ision s.lf t h ey
d o, t h ey ' llb e issu edw it h ev er ysu b seq u en t
r ev isionan d , lat er ,r ev lsion sof w or k in gd r aw in g s.
To coor d in at et h e in t er f aceb et w eenm ech an ical
an d elect r icald esig n ,I ' m g oin gt o ap p oin ta
m ech an icalan d elect r icalcoor d in at orr esp on sib le
f or liaisin gb et w eent h e sen ioren g in eer sin t h e
t eam s,r ep or t in gt o m e. We' r elocat in gall t h r ee
d esig nt eam sin a sin g le,op en - p lanof f iceso
Wh enan y on e' s€o t a q u est ionor a p r ob lem ,t h ey
can t alk t o t he appropriat e person face-t o-face.
We st ill h av esch ed u ledm eet in g st o d iscu ss
f or m alissu es,b u t t h e em p h asisw ill b e on
on g oin g ,in f or m ald ialog u eb et w eent h e t eam s.
- 4.6
Ch en : Th er e' sa d iscr ep an cyb et w eent h ese
d et ailst h at y ou m ig h t b e ab le t o clar if yst r aig h t
aw ay .On t h e p lan of t h is p lat e,it sh ow seig h t
b olt s.Bu t on sect ionA. h er e.t h er ear e n o b olt s
sh ow nin t h e m id d le.So t h er ew ou ldon ly b e six ,
w h ichob v iou slycon t r ad ict st h e p lan . Bu t as y ou
can see,t h is p lat e' sg oin g t o b e b olt edt o a T
profile. So w e couldn't put a row of bolt s dow n
t h e m id d le,b ecau set h ey ' dclashw it h t h e f lan g e
r u n n in galon g t h e m id d leof t h e T. So I ' d p r op ose
j u st g oin gf or t w o r ow sof b olt s.Th e alt er n at iv e
w ou ldb e t o r ed esig nt h e T sect ion ,w h ichw ou ld
ob v iou slyb e a b ig g er . iob .
Ron: Yes. Let 'sgo for t w o row sof bolt s, as per
t h e sect ion s.
Ch en : OK, f in e.Will y ou sen d an em ail t o con f ir m
t h at ?
I 5.1
Sab in o: A r ace is n ot j u st a t est of sp eed ,b u t
t h e u lt im at et est of r eliab ilit yTh . er e' san old
sayin1,t o finish first , first Uou must finish, and
it ' sesp eciallyt r u e in en d u r an cer acin g .You ' r e
n ot j u st com p et in gag ain str iv alt eam s,y ou ' r e
also f ig h t in gw h at y ou cou ld call en g in eer in g
en em ies,w h ichcan cau sep ar t sof t h e car t o
f ail,t h in g slik e h eat , p r essu r e,v ib r at ion ,sh ock s,
ab r asion- t h er e' scon t in u alst r esson alm ostall
t h e com p on en t s, all t h e n u t s an d b olt son t h e
car .Th e ch assis,en g in e,g ear b oxan d clu t ch ,
su sp en sionb, r ak es,t y r es,w in g s,coolin gsy st em
- t h ey all h av et o cop e w it h p h en om en allev elsof
w ear an d t ear .
J 5.2
t y p esof t ech n icalp r ob lem sw e' v eh ad so f ar at
t h is t est .on on e of t h e car s' a n u t Wor k ed| oose
on a r ad iat orp ip e,w h ich r esu lt edin coolan t
liq u idleak in gou t . Th at cau sedt h e en g in et o
st ar t ov er h eat in gFor . t u n at elyt ,h e d r iv ersaw
t h e w ar n in glig h t com e on , an d h e sw it ch edof f
b ef or et h e sy st emh ad r u n ou t of coolan t .Th en
on t h e ot h er car w e h ad a f u el f eed p r ob lem ;
t h e en g in ecu t ou t on on e of t h e cor n er s.Th at
caused t h€ driver t o spin off. We Werefort unat e'
. t Wh ent h e car g oesof f
h e d id n ' t h it an y t h in g Bu
t h e cir cu it .t h e op en in g sin t h e sid e p od sa| w ay s
Audí oscr ipt 89
 clog u p w it h d ir t . So t h ose h ad t o b e clean ed
ou t . Ob v iou slyy, ou d on ' t w an t an y t h in gb lock in g
t he airflow t o t he radiat ors.And t hen becauseof
t he spin, t he rubber w as flat spot t ed. The t yres
w er en ' tcloset o w ear in gou t , b u t t h ey st ill h ad
t o be changed,becauseof t he flat spot s. And
t h en w h ilet h ey w er e p u t t in gt h e w h eelsb ack on
af t er t h at , t h ey h ad a w h eeln u t j am , it w ou ld n ' t
t u r n .An d t h at ' sact u allyh ow p r ob lem st en d t o
h ap p en ,v er y of t en .You g et a k in d of ch ainof
event s,w hen you feel t hat everyt hing'sgoing
ag ain sty ou . Hav in gsaid t h at , y ou cou ldalso say
w e w ere lucky. Fort unat ely,t he radiat or problem
d id n ' t cau set h e en g in et o b low u p . An d af t er t h e
sp in , lu ck ilyh e d id n ' t h it t h e b ar r ieB an d b en d
t h e su sp en sionor sn ap it com p let elyAn . d ev en
m or ef or t u n at elyit, d id n ' t cr ackt h e t u b - t h e
ch assis.
I 5.3
Al: So w hat does t he w arning messagesay?
Mr Rooney: When you st art t he engine,it says
ch eckin j ect ion .
Al: Rig h t .
Mr Rooney: Obviously,it must be some sort
of d ef ectin t h e f u el in iect ionsy st em .Th e t h in g
is, t h ou g h ,it on ly h ap p en sin t er m it t en t ly .
Somet imes,you st art it and t here's no message
at all. So it m ig h t b e a sof t ! r y arper ob lem ,I d on ' t
know .Or maybe it could be a defect ivesensor.
Al: ls t h e en g in ew or k in gp r op er ly ?
Mr Rooney: lt seems t o be fine, yeah.
Al: lt d oesn ' tap p ear t o b e m isf ir in gor d ow n on
pow er?
Mr Roon ey : No, w e h av en ' tn ot icedan y t h in g .
Pr esu m ab lyit, can ' t b e an y t h in gt oo ser iou s.We
t hought it w as possibly w at er in t he fuel syst em
b ecau seit ' san ou t d ooru n it . Bu t in t h at case,I
assu m et h er e' db e m aj or p r ob lem sw it h it .
Al: Has it been refuelledrecent lv?
Mr Rooney: Not t hat recent ly.
Al: An d w as it r ef u elledw it h d ieselst or edin y ou r
ow n t an k ,or d ir ect lyf r om a d eliv er yt an k er ?
Mr Roon ey : Fr om a t an k ert r u ck .
Al: I doubt it 's w at er.t hen. if t he fuel w ent in
direct ly from a delivery.You said t he w arning
d oesn ' td isp laysy st em at ically ?
Mr Roon ey : No.
Al: ln w h at sor t of cir cu m st an ces d oes it com e
up?
Mr Roon ey :Well,w h eny ou st ar t it u p f or t h e
f ir st t im e each d ay ,it com esu p . Bu t t h en if y ou
st op it , and st art it again a short t ime aft er,
t here's no message.lt 's w hen it 's been off for a
lon g t im e t h at y ou g et t h e w ar n in g .
Al: oK. So it 's cert ainly a quest ion of
t emperat ure.lt only comes up w hen it 's st art ed
from cold?
Mr Roon ey : Um , y eah .Ex act ly .
Al: Hm , it sou n d slik e it ' sa f au lt yf u el p r e- h eat er .
I t ' sp r ob ab lyj u st on e of t h e p r e- h eat erp lu g s
t h at ' sg on e.lt ' son ly a m in or f au lt .
Mr Rooney: Oh, right . So it doesn't need urgent
at t en t ion ?
Al: No. lt can b e r ep lacedat t h e n ex t ser v ice.
Keep an ey e on it , t h ou g h .lf an y ot h er p r ob lem s
st art t o show up give us a call and w e'll send
someoneover.
90 Audioscr ipt
I
a 5.4
Alan : Hello.
Ju lia: HelloAlan , it ' sJu lia. I ' v eiu st st ar t eda
lan d in gg ear ch eckan d f ou n da b it of a p r ob lem
w it h some t yres. All t he pressureson one of t he
w in g b lock sar e w ell d ow n .
Alan : On t h e sam e b lock ?
Ju lia: Yeah .On all t h e ot h er b lock st h ey ' r e
cor r ect .So it seem sod d t h at t h is on e g r ou pof
t yres, on one corner of t he aircraft ,are all low .
And t he st ranget hing is, t hey'redow n by exact ly
t he same amount on every t yre on t he block.
Alan : I see.You ' r er ig h t ,t h at is u n u su al.
Julia: The w ear rat e'sconsist entacrosst he
w h oleair cr af t t, h ou g h .Th er e' sn ot h in gu n u su al
ab ou t t h e w ear oat t er n .
Alan: Are you sure t he pressuregauge is w orking
properly?
Ju lia: Um , w ell,t o b e h on esty ou can t ell j u st b y
look in gat t h e t y r est h at t h ey ' r ed ow n .
Alan: Right . Let me come out and havea look.
I s. s
Pau l: OK, let ' sh av ea look at t h e coolan t ,f ir st .
Th e lev el' sOK.
Er ic: lt ' s f u ll of r esid u e,t h ou g h ,b y t h e look of it .
Pau l: lt look sa b it b lack ,d oesn ' tit ? Tim et o
ch an g eit , I t h in k .
Er ic: OK. Wh at ' st h e f ilt er lik e?
Pau l: Um . . . it look sr eason ab let o m e.
Er ic: ls it d u e t o b e ch an g ed ?
Paul: lt is if w e follow t he service programmet o
t h e let t er .Th e t r ou b leis, if y ou d o t h at , y ou en d
u p w ast in gp ar t sh alf of t h e t im e.
Eric: We can t ake it out and give it a bit of a
clean .lt ' ll b e alr ig h t .
Pau l: OK. Blad es,n ex t .Hm , t h ey look m or eor
less OK t o me. There are no signs of damage.
Er ic: Yeah .No n eedt o ch an g et h ose.Th ey ' ll
h av em ov eda b it sin cet h ey w er elast ch eck ed ,
t h ou g h .Th e alig n m en w t ill n eedt o b e look edat .
Pau l: Su r e.
Eric: Apart from t hat , it 's not looking t oo bad.
I 6.1
Claudia: So w it h regard t o t he capacit y,in t erms
of t h e n u m b erof p eop leit act u allyn eed st o
carry,w hat sort of figure are you looking at ?
Kev in :Um , 36 is w h at w e' r eaim in gf or .
Dave: lf you t hink w e can add a few seat s
w it h ou tm ak in gcom p r om ises, t h en b y all m ean s,
let ' slook at it .
Kevin: I t hink 36 is going t o be at t he t op end as
far as size is concerned.
Claudia: And as regardst he graphics,is t he
video sequencefinalised?Will it be exact ly as it
is on t h is DVD?
Kev in :Un lessy ou h av ean y p r ob lem sg en er at in g
t he physicaleffect st hat go w it h it , t hen, yeah, as
far as w e're concerned,t hat 's it .
Clau d ia: Rig h t ,ex cellen tWe
. can st ar t look in gat
t hat st raight aw ay t hen, and get t hings moving.
Um, so regardingt he schedule,t hen, w hat sort
of t im escaled o y ou h av ein m in d ,f or t h e w h ole
proj ect ?
f 6.2
Claudia: I n t erms of t he physicaleffect s,t o
w hat ext ent do you w ant t he experiencet o be
physical?The degree t o w hich it movescan be
v ar iedq u it econ sid er ab ly .
Kev in :Well,I m ean ,w e w an t it t o b e p h y sical,
t h at ' sw h y w e' r eh av in ga d y n am icsim u lat or Bu
. t
w e ob v iou slyd on ' t w an t it t o b e so ex t r em et h at
p eop lear e closin gt h eir ey esan d n ot w at ch in g
t he amazing graphicsw e'vegot .
Claudia: Sure. I mean, it 's obviously dift icult t o
q u an t if ysom et h in glik e t h is,in t h eor y sit t in g
in a m eet in gr oom .Th e on ly w ay t o d et er m in e
w h at ' sr ig h t is t o act u allysit in a sim u lat oran d
experienceit yourself,in pract ice.
Dave: Of course.
Claudia: So w hat I 'd suggest is, aft er t he meet ing
w e can st rap you int o one of our machines,and
you can assesst he possibilit ies.
Kevin: Sounds int erest ing!
I 6.3
Rick : lt ob v iou slyh as t o b e lif t edw it h a cr an e.
Gabriella: Yes, but do t he slings necessarilyhave
t o pass under t he base? Why not come up w it h a
w ay of hooking ont o t he side of t he st at ue?
Rick: How ?
Gab r iella:Well,cou ld n ' tw e d r ill in t o it ,
h or izon t allyan , d in ser tb ar s in t o t h e h oles?Th en
h ook on t o t h e b ar s.
Rick : Peop lew ou ldsee t h e h olesaf t er w ar d s,
t h ou g h .
Cab r iella: We cou ldf ill all t h e h oles,cou ld n ' tw e?
Surely t hey could use some sort of filler t hat 's
t h e sam e colou ras t h e st on e.
Rick They'd never hide t he holes complet ely,
t h ou g h .lt w ou ldst ill leav em ar k s,w ou ld n ' tit ? |
d on ' t t h in k t h at w ou ldb e acceot ab le.
Gab r iella:Or , alt er n at iv elyw, e cou ld m ak esu r e
t h e h o| esw er eou t of sig h t .Wh at ab ou t d r i| | in €
int o t he t op, vert ically?lf t he holes w ere right
on t h e t op , t h ey ' db e lessv isib le.Th en t h e b ar s
cou ld b e set in , w it h lif t in gey eson t h e en d .
Rick: Hmm. The t rouble is. if t he bars w ere set
in w it h resin, t hey'd never come out . They'd have
t o b e cu t of f ,w ou ld n ' t h ey ?An d t h is m am m ot h ' s
ly in gd ow n ,so t h e t op w ill p r ob ab lyb e seen ,t o
an ex t en t .
Gabriella: True.
Rick : To b e h on est ,I d on ' t t h in k w e can en v isag e
d r illin gin t o it . I su p p osean ot h erop t ionw ou ld
be t o use some sort of grab, on t he end of t he
cranej ib. You know ,like t he ones t hey use for
offloadinglorries. So, t he st at ue w ould be held
b y f r ict ion .Bu t I can ' t im ag in et h er eb ein g
an y t h in gcap ab leof lif t in g36 t on n es.Esp ecially
n ot som et h in gt h at w id e.
Gab r iella: Hm , n o. Hav ey ou sp ok ent o t h e
m ason sab ou t t h is?
Rick : Not y et , n o.
Gabriella: Why don't w e ask t hem?
J 6.4
Vikt or: So all t he st eel beams show n on t his
d r aw in gar e g oin gt o b e f ix ed t o t h e w alls,b olt ed
t hrought he concret e.
Raiesh: Right .
ViKor: So t o bolt t hrough,obviouslyw e need
h olesin t h e w alls.We can cor e d r ill t h em ,w it h
a d iam on dd r ill,w h ichw ou ldob v iou slyb e d on e
af t ert h e w allsh av eb een cast . Um , w e' dd r ill
t hem ourselves,as part of our cont ract package.
Alt ernat ively,t he holes can be preformedby
p u t t in gp last ict u b esin t o t h e con cr et ew h en
t hey cast t he w alls, in w hich case t he cont ract or
resoonsiblefor t he concret est ruct urew ould do
r h e j ob .
Raj esh: OK.
Vik t or : Now t h e or ob lemis, t h eseb olt sw on ' t
h av em u ch p lay .
Raj esh : How d o y ou m ean ?
Vik t or : Well,t h ey ' v eg ot t o f it q u it et ig h t lyin t h e
h oles,so t h ey w on ' tb e ab le t o m ov em u ch .Th er e
w on ' t b e m u chsp acear ou n dt h em ,t o ad j u st
t h eir oosit ion .
Raj esh :I see.
Vik t or : So t h at m ean st h e h olesh av eg ot t o b e
p osit ion edv er y p r eciselylf. t h ey ' r eslig h t lyou t
of p osit ionon t h e w all,t h ey w on ' tm at chu p w it h
t h e h olest h at h av eb een p r e- d r illedt h r ou g ht h e
st eel beams, at our fact ory.
Raiesh : Su r e.
Vik t or : Th at ' st h e m ain t ech n icalissu e,in t er m s
of d ecid in gh ow w e f or m t h eseh oles.Ob v iou sly ,
t h e t ech n icalsid e' sn ot t h e on ly con sid er at ion .
Th er e' salso t h e q u est ionof t im escales- g iv en
t h at t h er ear e a lot of t h eseh olest o d o. An d ,
ob v iou slyt,h e q u est ionof cost ,as w ell.
I 6.5
Vik t or : I n t er m sof cost , p r ef or m in gis ob v iou sly
a lot ch eap er b , ecau seall y ou n eed ar e p last ic
t u b es,w h ichar e ch eapt o b u y ,an d q u ickt o p u t
in . lf w e d o it t h at w ay ,it ' ll b e d ead easy ,an d it ' ll
cost p ean u t s.Wh er eascor e d r illin gw ill b e slow
it ' ll b e q u it ea p ain st ak in gj ob . Bu t . . .
Raj esh :Bu t cor e d r illin g ' sm or eaccu r at e,clear ly .
Vik t or : A lot m or eaccu r at e.I m ean .som et im es.
y ou can g et aw ayw it h p r ef or m in glf. y ou n eedt o
g et w it h int w en t ym il, t h en it ' sp er f ect lyf easib le.
Tenm il is - it ' sach iev ab le, b u t it ' sst r et ch in git .
An y t h in glesst h an t en m il, an d t h er e' sn o w ay
y ou can d o it .
Raiesh :An d w h at sor t of t oler an cear e y ou
look in gf or ?
Vik t or : Ab ou t t en m il.
Raj esh :So it ' s b or d er lin e,t h en .
Vik t or : lt ' sa t all or d er .Th e saf e b et w ou ldb e
g oin gf or cor e d r illin g .
Raj esh :Th e p r ob lemis g oin gt o b e t h e sch ed u le,
t h ou g h .
Vik t or : Ex act ly .I m ean ,t o d iam on dd r ill t h e
n u m b erof h olesw e' r et alk in gab ou t w ill t ak e,
u m. . .
Raj esh: lt 'll t ake foreverand a day, w on't it ?
Wh er easif t h ey ' r ep r ef or m edt,h ey ' db e r ead yas
soon as t h e w allsar e cast .
Vik t or : Bu t if h alf of t h em ar e in t h e w r on gp lace,
it ' ll cost an ar m an d a leg t o p u t t h em r ig h t .
Becau seif t h ey ' r ew r on g ,it ' s n ot j u st a q u est ion
of d r illin gn ew on es in t h e r ig h t p lace.lf t h ey ' r e
slig h t lyou t of p osit ion ,t h ey h av et o b e f illed
in , f ir st ,w it h cem en t ,t o av oid h av in gt w o h oles
ov er lap p in gso . p u t t in gt h em r ig h t is easiersaid
t h an d on e.
Raj esh: Sure. So as I see it , t he key issue here, in
t er m sof f easib ilit yis , t h e t oler an ce.lf t h e h oles
can be bigger,and t here'smore play for t he
b olt s.w e w on ' t h av et h is or ob lem .
f 6.6
Mart a: So, t o be clear about how far w e can go
w it h t h is r ed esig nw, e' r en ot aim in gt o r ein v en t
t h e w h eel,in t er m sof t h e m ain com p on en t san d
how t hey fit t oget her.The reasonsfor t hat are
first ly,from a hardw arepoint of view ,t he exist ing
design has proved t o be effect ive.And secondly,
w e d on ' t h av et h e r esou r cesat t h is ooin t in t im e
t o m ak ef u n d am en t al ch an g est o t h e p r od u ct ion
orocess.
En g in eer l: So t h e ov er allin t er n allay ou tn eed s
t o r em aint h e sam e?
Mar t a: Yes.We' r elook in gf or an ev olu t ion ,
r at h ert h an d esig n in gt h e w h olet h in gf r om
t h e g r ou n du p . Pr esu m ab lyt,h er eis r oom f or
im p r ov em en t ?
En g in eer2: Well,t h is m od elh as b een r ev am p ed
on ce b ef or e.of cou r se.Bu t . n o d ou b t w e can
r ef in eit a b it m or e.
Mart a: How ever,given t hat soft w areredesign
isn ' t an assem b lyissu ean d h as b een t h e Ach illes
h eelof t h e ex lst in gm od el,it w ou ldm ak esen se
t o r et h in kt h at w h olesy st em .
En g in eer l: So f or sof t w ar e,b ack t o t h e d r aw in g
b oar d ,t h en ?
Mart a: Well, er, w hat everw e do, w e need t o
m ak ea q u an t u mleap .Wh et h ert h at m ean s
d esig n in gt h e sy st emf r om scr at ch ,I d on ' t k n ow .
We n eed t o m ak et h e w h olet h in g m u chsim p ler
t o use.
- 7.7
Rosan a: Nex t w eekt h ey ' r ed u e t o st ar t
m ain t en an ce w or k on t h e g r ain silosin Zon e 4.
We need t o make sure t hat everyone'saw are t hat
all t h osesilosar e classedas con f in edsp aces.
I n ot h er w or d s,n o on e sh ou ldg o in sid et h em
w it h ou tf ir st d oin gan air t est .An d w e n eedt o
k eep a ch eckon d u st lev els,as w ell.
Marc: We'vegot a CO, det ect or here, haven't
w e?
b St ep h an ie:Yeah .Wou lda v en t ilat orclear t h e
Rosan a: lf y ou w alk p ast t h at m ach in ew h ileit ' s
, d y ou ' r et r y in gt o t alk t o som eon e,
r u n n in g an
y ou h av et o sh ou t t o b e h ear d .An d as a r u le of
t h u m b ,t h at m ean sit sh ou ldb e an ear p r ot ect ion Ben : Mm . I ' m n ot su r e.
ar ea.
Marc: Yeah, but t he regs different iat ebet w een
b r ief ex p osu r e,w h eny ou ' r ew alk in gp ast
som et h in gan , d con t in u ou sex p osu r e,d on ' t t h ey ? ser iou sd an g eris p r esen t .So it ' s essen t ialt h at
c
Mar c: So is it h ar m f u lif it sp lash eson y ou r sk in ?
Rosan a: Accor d in gt o t h e n ot iceit ' san ir r it an t ,
an d it ' st ox ic.
Marc: But it 's not corrosive?
Rosan a: Not as f ar as I ' m aw ar e.
Marc: So you don't need glovesand eye
p r ot ect ionan d m ask san d all t h e r est of it ? lf y ou
g et an y on y ou r sk in ,y ou . iu stw ash it of f .
Rosan a: Hm , I ' m n ot su r e ab ou t t h at .
o Lin : Pr esu m ab lyit, ' s im p or t an tt h at p er m it s
Rosan a: We n eed t o en ou ir ew h et h eror n ot
t h is m ain t en an ce in v olv esw eld in g Th . er ear e
f or k lif t r u ck sg oin gt h r ou g ht h at ar ea car r y in g
f lam m ab leliq u id s.lf t h er ear e g oin gt o b e an y
naked flamesor sparks, w e'll need t o put a
p r op erp r oced u r ein p lace.
Mar c: Rig h t .l' ll g et in t ou chw it h t h eir p eop le,
t h en .
- 7.?
St ep h an ie:So in t er m sof access,t h eor et ically ,
t h er e' sa r isk of som eon ef allin g ,as t h ey clim b
u p a silo,or d ow n in t o on e. Bu t t h er e' salw ay s
an ex t er n alst air casew it h a g u ar d r ail,lead in g
t o t h e t op , an d t h er ear e p er m an en tlad d er s,
w it h prot ect ivehoops around t hem, fixed t o
t h e in sid es,lead in gd ow nt o t h e b ot t om .So
w or k er ssh ou ldb e ab le t o accesst h esesilos
f air lysaf ely Th. e b ig p r ob lemw ill b e g et t in gt h e
w eld in geq u ip m en tt,h e g as b ot t les,d ow n in t o
t he bot t om.
Ben: They can be low ereddow n by rope.
St ephanie: Won't t hey be t oo heavy?
Ben : Not if t h ey u se t h e sm aller - sized b ot t les.
St ep h an ie:We' lln eed t o sp ecif yt h e b ot t lesize in
t h e or oced u r e.t h en .
Ben : Yeah .Th ey ' llh av et o t ak e car e t h at t h e
b ot t lesd on ' t f all on t o som eon e,as w ell.Th at n o
on e' sst an d in gin t h e b ot t omof t h e silo, w h ile
t h ey low ert h em d ow n .
St ep h an ie:Tr u e.Th at ' san ot h erp oin t t o
m en t ion .OK, so accessisn ' t r eallya p r ob lem ,
t h en .Th e m ain d an g eris t h e f act t h at it ' sa
con f in edsp ace.Esp eciallyg iv ent h at t h ey ' r e
w eld in g w , it h an ox y - acet y lenteor ch b u r n in g ,
w h ichw ill p r od u cea f air am ou n tof COr .
Ben : So t h ey ' lln eed a CO, d et ect or .
St ep h an ie:I m ean ,t o b e saf e,t h ey ' lln eedt o
t est t h e air b ef or et h ey g o d ow n ,an y w ay Bu . t we
sh ou ldp r ob ab lysp ecif yt h at t h ey n eed t o k eep
t h e d et ect orw it h t h em w h ilet h ey ' r ew or k in g ,
an d k eep it sw it ch edon .
Ben : Yeah .An ot h erh azar dis t h er e' llb e m et al
f u m esg iv enof f as t h ey ' r eact u allyw eld in g w , h ich
is a d if f er en pt r ob lemt o t h e CO, issu e.
St ep h an ie:Su r e.So r eally ,t h ey ' lln eed a
v en t ilat ionsy st emd ow n t h er e,som e k in d of air
ext ract or.
Ben : Pr ob ab ly y, eah .An d t h er e' st h e p r ob lem
of d u st , as w ell.Th ey ' llh av et o b e v er y car ef u l
ab ou t t h at . lf t h ey ' r ew eld in gan d t h er e' sg r ain
d u st in t h e air , t h er e' sg oin gt o b e an ex p losion
h azar d .
d u st ,or m ak e it w or se?| su p p oseif t h er e' sa lot
ly in gar ou n d ,it ' d k eep b low in git u p in t o t h e air ,
w ou ld n ' tit ?
J 7.3
St ep h an ie:Rest r ict edar easar e p lacesw h er ea
t h esesh ou ldb e k ep t lock edat all t im es.Un d er
n o cir cu m st an ces sh ou ldan y on eb e ab le t o
accesst h em ,u n lesst h ey h av ea p er m itt o w or k ,
in ot h er w or d s,a w r it t enf or m g iv in gp er m ission
t o w ork in t he rest rict edarea.
Lin : An d p er m it st o w or k ,an d t h e k ey st o
r est r ict edar eas,can on ly b e issu edb y t h e
elect r icalsu oew isor ?
St ep h an ie:Th at ' sr ig h t .So t h at on e in d iv id u al
is r esp on sib lef or elect r icalsaf et yf or t h e w h ole
p lan t .On ly t h at p er sonis au t h or isedt o issu e
oermit s t o w ork.
ar e issu edev er ysin g let im e som eon een t er sa
r est r ict edar ea - each t im e t h ey d o a n ewj ob ,
t h ey n eed a n ew p er m it .
St ep h an ie:Ex act ly Th . ey sh ou ld n ' tb e issu edf or
an y lon g ert h an a f u ll sh if t .
Lin : OK.
St ep h an ie:An d it ' s cr u cialt h at t h er e' sj u st a
sin g lek ey t o each r est r ict edar ea.Th e w h ole
id ea of h av in ga lock - ou tsy st emis t o en su r e
t h at on ly on e p er sonh as accesst o sw it ch g ear at
an y g iv ent im e.So w h at ev erh ap p en s,som eon e
can n otsw it chon a cir cu itat a sw it ch b oar w d h ile
som eb od yelse is w or k in gon it som ew h er elsee
in t h e p lan t .
Lin : Mm , if w e im ag in ea t ech n iciann eed st o,
let ' ssay t h ey ' r eg oin gt o ch an g ea m ot oron
on e of t h e lin es,t h ey g et a p er m itt o w or k ,an d
obt ain t he key t o t he sw it chboardfrom t he
elect ricalsupervisor.Then t hey t ake t he key,
unlock t he door t o t he sw it chboard,sw it choff
t he circuit -breakerfor t he mot or.t o isolat e it .
t h en lock t h e d oor ag ain .
Audioscr ipt 9t
 St ep h an ie:Th at ' sr ig h t .Th en ,w h ilet h ey ' r e
w or k in g ,it ' sv it al t h at t h ey k eept h e k ey on t h em
con t in u ou sly .
J 7.4
Kr iszt of : Th e m ain h azar d ,w h en m an oeu v r in g
a h elicop t ercloset o p ow erlin es,is t h e r isk of
a collisionw it h t h e lin e.So b ef or ecom m en cin g
w ork, it 's essent ial for t he crew t o have det ailed
in f or m at ionab ou t w eat h ercon d it ion s,esp ecially
w in d d ir ect ionan d sp eed .Op er at in gin v er y
w in d yw eat h eris ob v iou slyou t of t h e q u est ion .
Th e p ilot sin v olv edin liv e lin e w or k ar e h ig h ly
t r ain edan d ex p er ien cedan d t h eir ex p er t iseis
ar g u ab lyt h e cr u cialf act orin en su r in gsaf et y .
An ot h erh azar dis sn ag g in g as , at cer t aint im es
t h e p lat f or mw ill m om en t ar ilyb e at t ach edt o
t h e p ow erlin e an d t o t h e h elicop t erleav , in gt h e
air cr af tt et h er ed .lt ' s essen t ial,t h er ef or e,
t h at
t h e cab le is eq u ip p edw it h a t en sionr elease
m ech an ismso , t h at if t h e h elicop t erp u llsaw ay
su d d en lyf or an y r eason ,t h e cab le can b r eak
free. To orevent elect rocut ionand burns from
ar cin gcu r r en t s,t h e cr ew on t h e p lat f or mw ear
h ot su it s.Th eseh av est ain less- st eel t h r ead s
w h ichch an n elt h e elect r icit yar ou n dt h e
t ech n ician 'bs od y ,allow in gt h e 400, 000 v olt
su p p lyt o f low b et lv eent h e p ow erlin e an d t h e
p lat f or m Th. e su it salso h av ea f ir ep r ooflin in g ,t o
provide prot ect ionfrom heat . And eye prot ect ion
is w or n ,as a p r ot ect ionag ain stf lash esf r om
elect r icar cs.Ag ain , t r ain in gis on e of t h e k ey
f act or sin en su r in gsaf et y As. a p r ecau t ion
ag ain stm ech an icalf ailu r e,t h e su sp en sioncab le,
p lat f or man d all associat edeq u ip m en tar e
sy st em at ically in sp ect edb ef or eeach op er at ion ,
t o ch eckf or d am ag e.An d t h e h elicop t eris
m ain t ain edin lin e w it h av iat ionr eg u lat ion s. On e
ad d it ion alp r ecau t ionis t ak en r eg ar d in gt h e
h elicop t er 'ens g in es:on ly t w in - en g incr e af t ar e
u sedf or liv e lin e w or k , so t h at if an en g in ef ails,
t h e p ilot can st ill lan d saf ely .
J7 . 5
lsob el: Th e f ocu sof t h e cou r sew ill b e on y ou r
p er son alob lig at ion sin t er m sof look in gaf t er
your ow n safet y,and t he safet y of ot hers. That
m ean sw e' ll b e f ocu sin gon sp ecif icsaf et y
r eg u lat ion s. For in st an ce,w e' ll b e look in gat
p er son alp r ot ect iv eeq u ip m en t h at ' scom p u lsor y . Rolan d : Or in w in t er ,if t h e b lin d sh ad b een
Or act iv it iest h at ar e p r oh ib it edin cer t ainar eas,
su ch as sm ok in g .Th e m a. ior it of y t h e ob lig at ion s
w e' lld eal w it h ar e leg al r eq u ir em en t s. ln ot h er
w or d s,t h ey ' r est ip u lat edb y law as p ar t of
h ealt han d saf et yleg islat ionlf. y ou con t r av en e
t h esek in d sof r eg u lat ion s, it ' s n ot t h e sam e as
t u r n in gu p f or w or k lat e,or m er ely b r each in g
y ou r con t r actof em p loy m en in t som ew ay .lf
som eon ef ailst o com p lyw it h h ealt han d saf et y
r eg s,t h ey ' r eb r eak in gt h e law .lt ' s as sim p leas
t h at . I ' m su r e y ou ' r eall aw ar eof t h at , b u t it is an
im p or t an tp oin t t o em p h asise.
?7 . 6
Pet r u s: lf t h er e' sa f ir e,y ou sh ou ld n ' tu se
w at er ex t in g u ish eron s t h is m ach in e,b ecau se
it con t ain select r icalcir cu it s,an d it can cau se
elect r ocu t ionYou . sh ou ldon ly u se a car b on
d iox id eex t in g u ish er .
Pet r u s: Wh en y ou lif t t h is m ach in e,it ' sessen t ial
t h at y ou sh ou ldon ly u se t h e t w o lif t in gey es
m ar k edin r ed . No ot h er p ar t sof t h e f r am ear e
, y ou m u st n ' tu se t h em as an ch or
load - b ear in gso
ooln t s.
92 Audioscr ipt
i!
3 elect r icit yb, ecau sey ou w ou ld n ' tn eedt o con t r ol
Pet r u s: You sh ou ldt ak e car ew h eny ou ' r e
clean in gb elowt h e g u illot in eb lad e,b ecau se
t h er e' sa d an g ert h at t h e b lad ecou ldcom e
d ow n .Bef or ey ou clean it , y ou sh ou ldalw ay sset
t he cont rol lever in t he Blade Locked posit ion.
An d y ou sh ou ldw ear p r ot ect iv eg lov esw h ile
y ou ' r eclean in glt , b ecau set h e su m p b elowt h e
b lad ecan con t ainsh ar Dm et alof f - cu t s.
r 8.1
Rolan d : We k n owt h e clien tis a v er y g r een
or ien t at edcom p an yv, er y b ig on all t h in g s
en v ir on m en t al.
Sask ia: Ab solu t ely .
Rolan d : so en er €y sav in gob v iou s| yn eed st o b e
an im p or t an tcon sid er at ion in t h e d esig n .Clear ly ,
it ' sa b ig su b j ect ,an d som et h in gw e n eedt o look
in t o in d ep t h .Bu t on e sp ecif icasp ectof it w h er e
I t h in kw e can m ak ea r eal d if f er en ceis w it h t h e
Bu ild in gMan ag em en tSy st em- sp ecif icallyw, it h
t he w ay w e use presencedet ect ors.And I 'vehad
a cou p leof id east h at I ' d ap p r eciat ey ou r v iew s
on.
Sask ia: Su r e.
Rolan d : I t h in k w e sh ou ldp u t t w o t ot ally
t esig nop t ion st o t h e clien t .Op t ion on e
d if f er en d
is t o h av ea b u ild in gw it h m ax im u mau t om at ion .
So w it h t h e m ax im u mau t om at ionop t ion . . .
- 8.2
Rolan d : . . . w it h t h e m ax im u mau t om at ion
op t ion ,w e p u t p r esen ced et ect or sall ov er t h e
p lace,an d lin k t h em t o as m an ysy st em sas
p ossib le.Not j u st t h e u su alsy st em st h at act iv at e
t h e lig h t sw h en p eop lew alk in t o r oom san d t u r n
t h em of f w h ent h ey leav e.We cou ld u se p r esen ce
det ect orst o cont rol ot her syst ems,as w ell, like
t h e b lin d son t h e w in d ow s.So, if it ' st h e m id d le
of su m m er ,an d a p r esen ced et ect orsen sest h at
everyone'sleft a meet ingroom, a t emperat ure
sen sorp ick su p a p osit iv er ead in gf r om su n lig h t
com in gt h r ou g ht h e g lass,t h e elect r on ics act iv at e
t h e b lin d s,w h ichau t om at ically com ed ow n
an d b lack ou t t h e r oom .Th at w ou ldlim it h eat
ab sor Dt ionan d r ed u cet h e load on t h e air -
con d it ion in gsav , in gen er g y .
Sask ia: OK.
p u lledd ow n in t h e m eet in gr oom t h e ev en in g
b ef or e,t h e n ex t m or n in g t, h e sen sord et ect s
su n lig h t an, d t r ig g er st h e b lin d st o r aisean d let
in as m u chsu n lig h tas p ossib le,con t r ib u t in gt o
t h e h eat in g An . d t h er ecou ld b e t em p er at u r e
m easu r em en ttso d et er m in ew h ichr oom sar e t h e
War m estan , d t h osesen sor sset oÍ Ía cir cu lat ion
sy st emt o d ist r ib u t et h e w ar m air t h r ou g ht h e
, in t o r oom sat t h e
b u ild in g ,in t o t h e cor r id or or
ot h er sid e of t h e b u ild in g or, w h er ev er .
Sask ia: So, w e' d u se p r esen ced et ect or san d
h eat sen sor st o r eg u lat eas m an ysy st em sas
oossib le?
Rolan d :Yes.Well,t h at ' sw h at w e' d h av ew it h t h e
m ax im u mau t om at ionop t ion .
r 8.3
Rolan d :Th e secon dop t ion is t h is.lt ' s a v er y
en v ir on m en t ally con sciou scom p an yso , I assu m e
t hat green at t it ude is shared by all t he st aff. lf
t hat 's t he case, w hy is t here a need t o aut omat e
ev er y t h in gin t h e b u ild in gw h en m ost t h in g scan
b e op er at edm an u ally ?Wh y d oesn ' tt h e b ossj u st
cir cu lat ean em ail r em in d in gp eop let o sw it cht h e
lig h t sof f w h ent h ey g o ou t an d t ell t h em t o low er
t h e b lin d sw h ent h ey leav ea r oom in su m m er so , d on cold ,d ar k , w in t erev en in g s,
it h elp st h e air - con d it ion in g| ?m ean ,y ou ' dsav e
all t h e sy st em sau t om at icallyan , d t h e m on eyy ou
sav edb y b u y in gold - f ash ion ed m an u alcon t r ols
in st eadof h i- t echelect r on ics cou ld b e sp en t on
p lan t in gt r eesor som et h in gI. m ean ,it sou n d s
si m p l eb, u t . . .
Sask ia: Mm . . . it ' sa v er y in t er est in gid ea.We
h av et o b ear in m in d .of cou r se.t h at t h e clien t ' sa
m an u f act u r er of h i- t echelect r on icg izm os.I ' m n ot
su r e h ow t h ey ' df eelab ou t . . .
F 8.4
Joch em :Th e ob v iou sd an g erh er e is t h at y ou
cou ldg et a b u ild - u pin sid et h e v esselif t h er e' sa
b lock ag ef u r t h eralon gt h e p ip e.
Kat erina: So t he vessel needs a safet y valve?
Joch em :Yes,an d m ay b esom e sor t of w ar n in g
sy st em ,as w ell.lt cou ld b e som et h in gt h at ' s
t rlggered by a different ialmeasurement .So if
t h er e' sa h i€h r ead in gin t h e t an k ,an d a | ow er
on e f u r t h eralon g ,y ou ' d k n owt h er ew as a
b lock ag esom ew h er e.
Kat erina: We'll need a syst em for monit oringgas
con su m ot ion .
Joch em ; Wh at ,a m et eron t h e su p p lyp ip e?
Kat er in a: Well,y es,t h at w ou ldm easu r e
cu m u lat iv econ su m p t ionBu . t w e also n eed
t o m on it ort h e act u alr at e of con su m p t ionat
d if f er en p
t oin t sin t im e d u r in gt h e r eact ion
cycle.And if w e havet hose t w o paramet ers,w e
can t h en d et er m in et h e f r eq u en cyof p eak sin
con su m p t ionw, h ichis t h e t h ir d p ar am et erw e
n eeo.
Joch em : So t h at ' sa sof t w ar eissu e,t h en .As
lon g as t h e cu m u lat iv ev alu e' sb ein g r ecor d ed
against t he t imescale,w e can plot t he rat e of
c o n su m p u o n . . .
3
Kat erina: The react iont hat t akes place is going
t o b e ex ot h er m ic.Bu t t h e am ou n tof h eat w ill
p ar t lyd ep en don h ow h ot t h e g as is w h en it
en t er st h e v essel.
Joch em :Yes.b ecau set h at in p u t h eat can b e
ad j u st ed .
Kat er in a: Ex act ly So . w e' lln eed a sen sorn ex t
t o t h e v alv et o m easu r et h e in p u t v alu e,as g as
com esin , an d t h en an ot h ert o g iv e u s an ou t p u t
v alu e.Th en ,w e can w or k ou t t h e op t im u min p u t
t em p er at u r ef or t h e g as.
r 8.s
Helen : On e of t h e b ig g esth ead ach esin
p ow erg en er at ionis t h e f act t h at elect r icit y
con su m p t ionf lu ct u at escon sid er ab lySo . in or d er
t o m ain t aina con t in u ou ssu p p lyw e h av et o m ak e
con t in u alch eck s,an d ad j u stt h e p ow erload w e
g en er at e.To h elp u s p lan t h osead . iu st m en t w s,e
f or ecastf lu ct u at ion ins d em an d ,so t h at w e can
an t icip at ep eak san d t r ou g h s.We b ase t h ese
f or ecast son a n u m b erof d if f er en ft act or s.On e
of t h em ,on e of t h e m ost im p or t an ton es,is
t em p er at u r e.Du r in gp er iod sof v er y cold or v er y
h ot w eat h er d, em an din cr eases. Th e in cr easein
d em an dis ob v iou slyd u e t o m illion sof elect r ic
r ad iat or scom in gon w h enit ' scold , an d air -
con d it ion in gu n it sw or k in gh ar d w h en it ' s h ot .
Anot her fact or,a key fact or w hich increasesor
d ecr easesd em an d ,is w h et h eror n ot it ' s lig h t
or d ar k in t h e m or n in gan d ev en in g- ob v iou sly
. t h ose ar e
t h at d ict at eslig h t in gcon su m p t ionSo
t h e t w o m aln season alf act or s.Th eyg en er allyg o
h an d - in - h anso

t h e r ise in d em an dis sig n if ican tcom
, p ar edw it h
w ar m ,lig h t ,su m m erev en in g s.We also t ak e in t o
accou n tw h at d ay of t h e w eek it is, p ar t icu lar ly
w h et h erit ' sa w eek d ayor t h e w eek en d .
Cen er allyd, em an dr isesd u r in gt h e w eek ,w h en
f act or iesan d oÍ f ices ar e op er at ion al,an d t h en
d ecr easesw h ena lot of t h em closeat t h e en d
of t h e w eek .So d em an df allsat t h e w eek en d .
Th osear e v ar iat ion st h at t ak e olacew it h ina
g iv enw eek .Du r in gan y g iv end ay ,t h er ear e
f act or ssu ch as m ealt im es,w h enelect r icov en s
ar e sw it ch edon - ob v iou slyt,h at cau sesa j u m p
in con su m p t ionEv . encom m er cialb r eak sd u r in g
p op u larTV sh ow scan cau seb lip sin d em an d .
Th er ecan b e a su d d enr ise w h enp eop ler u sh
t o sw it chk et t leson , or h eat u p sn ack sin
m icr ow av es, an d t h en a su d d enf all sh or t ly
aft erw ards.
I 8.6
Helen : Becau seelect r icit ycon su m p t ion
f | u ct u at esacr ossa sig n if icanrt an €e , in or d er t o
cop ew it h p eak d em an dou r m ax im u mcap acit yis
eq u iv alent o t h e t op of t h at b an d of f lu ct u at ion .
Th at m ean st h at d u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s,w e
h av esig n if icansp t ar eg en er at in gcap acit y Now
. ,
in an id ealw or ld ,it w ou ldb e g ood t o u se t h at
spare capacit y t o generat epow er and st ore it
f or u se d u r in gp eak t im es.Un f or t u n at elyas , y ou
p r ob ab lyk n oWelect r icalch ar g eis ex t r em ely
d if f icu ltt o st or ein lar g eam ou n t s- y ou can ' t
j u st ch ar g eu p h u g eb at t er ies.So w e u se an
in n ov at iv e t ech n iq u et o st or eu p p ow erp ot en t ial
d u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s.
- 8.7
Helen : Th e con cep tof p u m p edst or ag eis
r elat iv elysim p le.Du r in gof f - p eakp er iod sw h en
main pow er st at ions have got spare capacit y,
some of t he ext ra pow er t hey produce is used
b y p u m p edst or ag est at ion st o p u m p w at erf r om
a low level reservoir up t o a high-levelreservoir,
w h er et h e w at er ' sst or ed .lt ' st h en h eld t h er e
u n t ilt h er e' sa p eak in d em an dat som e p oin t t h e
n ex t d ay .At t h at p oin t ,t h e w at er ' sr eleased an , d
it f low sd ow n t h e p ip es,d r iv in gt u r b in esat t h e
b ot t omw h ichg en er at eelect r icit yOb . v iou slyt, h e
st at ioncan on ly r u n f or a f air lysh or t p er iod ,b u t
it ' ssu f f icientto cov ert h e p eak in d em an d .Th en ,
as soon as t h er e' sa d ip in d em an d ,t h e w at er
can b e p u m p edb ack u p an d h eld r ead yf or u se
ag ain .So t h e ef f ectis t o sm oot hou t f lu ct u at ion s
in t h e ou t p u tof t h e m ain p ow erst at ion s.Som e
of t h e m ain st at ion s'sp ar ecap acit yis u sed w h en
t h er ew ou ldb e a t r ou g hin t h e d em an dcu r v e,at
n ig h t .Th e p eak d ay t im eg en er at in gcap acit yof
t h osem ain st at lon scan also b e low erb ecau se
t h e p u m p edst or ag est at ion sar e t h er et o b ack
t h em u p w h ent h er ear e b lip sin t h e d em an d
curve.
I 8.8
Ger r y : Ou est ion n air es lik e t h is d r iv e m e
m ad . I m ean .look at t h is f ir st ou est ion Wh . at
p er cen t ag e
of m y t im e d o I sp en dd oin g t ech n ical
t ask st h at u se m y sk illsex t en siv ely ? How ar e y ou
su p p osedt o p u t a n u m b erag ain stt h at ?
Elean or :You on ly n eed t o g iv ea b allp ar kf ig u r e.
Gerry: I know but even so. lt 's difficultt o say, off
t h e t op of m y h ead .
Elean or : lt ' seasierif y ou com p ar eit w it h t h e
secon doot ion .
Ger r y : Doin gt ask st h at a lessq u alif iedcolleag u e
cou ldd o. Well,let ' ssay r ou g h lyh alf an d h alf .
Elean or :Ar e y ou su r e?Ar en ' t y ou t h e least
q u alif iedp er sonin t h is d ep ar t m en t ?
Gerry: Do you know ,I knew you w ere going t o
say t h at . Nu m b ert w o - t ech n icalt ask st h at ad d
v alu ean d t ask st h at d on ' t ad d v alu e,su ch as
ad m in .Ad d v alu e?Wh at ' st h at su p p osedt o . . .
Elean or :Well,d o y ou n ot d o som ead m in ?Or
d o y ou sp en dall of y ou r t im e d oin g p r od u ct iv e
t h in g s?
Ger r y : Well,n o. Now h er en ear all of it .
Eleanor: Right . So is it fift y-fift y?
Ger r y : Um w ell,n o. I sp en dm or e t im e p r ob lem
solv in gt h an I d o on ad m in .Th an k f u llyLet . 's
say som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionof t w o t h ir d s.So,
ab ou t a t h ir d on ad m in .Th r ee- t ask st h at
ar e p u r elyt ech n icalv er su st ask st h at r elat et o
t ech n icalor g an isat ionWell, . m ost of w h at I d o is
or g an isat ionisn , ' t it ? | sp en dp r et t ym u chall m y
t im e on t h at .
Elean or :Or in y ou r case,d isor g an isat ion .
Ger r y : Nice on e.Wh at f ig u r ed id y ou p u t d ow n
f or ad d ed v alu e,b y t h e w ay ?Was it a n eg at iv e
num ber ?
r 8.9
Beat rice: At t his st age, I 'm not asking you t o give
m e a d et ailedb r eak d ow nof all t h e lT eq u ip m en t
w e' r eg oin gt o n eed .lt w ou ldj u st b e u sef u lt o
h av ea r ou g hid ea of w h at ' sm ost u r g en t .
Dan : Su r e.Well,on e of t h e b ig g estp r ob lem s
is t h e scr een sat t h e CAD st at ion s.A lot of
t h osen eed r ep lacin gw it h b ig g eron es.Rou g h ly
sp eak in g I, ' d say w ellov er h alf of t h em ar e t oo
sm all.A g ood t w o t h ir d sof t h em ,act u allySo, . su r elya low v er t icalsp eed is t h e cr it icalf act or .
w e' r et alk in gab ou t I 5 t o I 8 scr een s,som et h in g
lik e t h at .
Beat r ice:OK. How u r g en tis t h at ?
Dan : Well,I m eant h ey all w or k ,t h ey all f u n ct ion
p r op er lyTh . e t r ou b leis, t h e en g in eer ssp en dt h e
v ast m aj or it yof t h eir t im e w or k in gw it h t h ese
scr een s.An d b ecau set h e d et ailon t h em is so
sm all,it ' s p r et t yh ar d w or k on t h e ey es,t o t h e
p oin t t h at it af f ect sp r od u ct iv it so
y ...
Beat r ice:OK. An d w h at ab ou t t h e b ig p r in t erin
h er e?I ' v eh ear dit ' sa b it of a d in osau r .
Dan : Well,it is, b u t it w or k sp er f ect lyw ell,an d
w e p r in t n ex t t o n ot h in gw it h it , an y w ay Most
. of
t h e d r aw in g sar e p r in t edat t h e f act or y .
Beat r ice:Oh .
r 9.1
Ton y :Wit h t h e aer od y n am ics t h er ear e t h r ee
d ev eloom enttoolsav ailab let o u s.Th e f ir st is
-
CFD sof t w ar e Com p u t at ion al Flu id Dy n am ics.
Wit h t h at , t h e t est sw ou ldob v iou slyb e v ir t u al,
b asedon a com p u t erm od el.Th e secon dop t ion
is t o g o in t o a w in d t u n n el,w it h a scalem od el,or
a f u ll- sizem ock - u p I. n eit h ercase,w e' d p r ob ab ly
n eedt o u se a t u n n elw it h a r ollin gr oad .
Lisa: Wou ldt h at b e n ecessar y ?
Ton y :Well,t h e t h in g is, t h e w h eelsg en er at ea
lot of t u r b u len cew h ent h ey ' r esp in n in g So. to
sim u lat et h at , y ou n eed a r ollin gr oad .
Lisa: Yes, I know ,but if w e go for a bodyw ork
d esig nw h er et h e w h eelsar e m ost lyen closed ,
w h ichis lik ely w , ou ldt h at b e an issu e?
Ton y :Possib lyn ot . lt d ep en d sh ow f u llyen closed
t h ey ar e.
Lisa: OK. l' m j u st r aisin gt h e q u est ion .
Ton y :Su r e.lt ' s som et h in gw e can look at . Th e
t h ir d op t ion ,t h en , is f ield t est in g ,act u ally
r u n n in gt h e p r ot ot y p eou t sid eon a r u n w ay ,
or som ew h er e. So w e can u se t h eset oolsin
isolat ionor as a com b in at ionTh . e q u est ionis,
h ow can w e g at h eras m u chd at a as p ossib lew it h
t h e lim it edb u d g etw e h av e?
I
Gu y : Well,w e n eed t o b ear in m in d t h at t h e
p r ob lemw it h aer o is t h at it ' s n ot j u st ab ou t d at a
g at h er in gYou
. also h av et o v alid at et h e d at a.
CFD an d w in d t u n n elsar e n ot a h u n d r edoer cen t
r eliab le.Th e acid t est on ly com esw h en y ou t r y
ou t a f u ll- scalep r ot ot y p ein r eal con d it ion s.We
n eedt o m ak esu r e t h at ev er y t h in gis t r ied - an d -
t est edou t sid e,w it h a f u ll- scalet r ial r u n .
Lisa: Yeah ,b u t let ' sn ot f or g etw e' r ed esig n in ga
car t h at d oesa h u n d r edk ilom et r esan h ou r ,it ' s
n ot a su p er son icair cr af t Th! e aer o' sn ot g oin gt o
b e t h at cr it ical.
Ton y : Plu s,w it h ch an g eab lew eat h er it , ' s n ot easy
t o d o b ack - t o- b ackt est in gou t in t h e f ield .
Gu y : No, of cou r sen ot . I ' m. iu stsay in gw e n eed
t o b e car ef u l. . .
- 9.2
Ar n au d : So, t h eor et icallyt ,h e h or izon t alsp eed
w ill k eepd ecr easin gu n t ilt h e con t ain erh it st h e
g r ou n d .Th e h ig h ert h e d r op alt it u d e,t h e low er
t h e h or izon t alsoeedat t ou ch d ow n .
Jen n a: Su r e.
Ar n au d : Bu t , ob v iou slyt,h e h ig h ert h e alt it u d e,
t h e h ig h ert h e v er t icalsp eed ,u p t o a cer t ain
p or n t .
Jen n a: Ab solu t elySo, . assu m in gt h e d r op
alt it u d e' sv er y low t h e v er t icalsp eedw on ' t b e all
t h at h ig hon im p act .
Ar n au d : Tr u e.
Jen n a: An d in t er m sof p r ot ect in gt h e car g o,
Ar n au d : I ' m n ot so su r e it ' st h e cr it icalf act or .
I ' d say t h e h or izon t alsp eed ' sm or e p r ob lem at ic.
Becau se,p r esu m ab lyif, t h e g r ou n d sp eed 'qsu it e
h ig h ,t h er e' sa d an g ert h e con t ain erw ill r oll
ov er an d b ou n cealon g w h en it t ou ch esd ow n .I n
f act ,if y ou ' r ed r op p in gf r om low alt it u d e,t h at ' s
p r ob ab lyin ev it ab le.
So if t h e con t ain err olledan d
b ou n cedf or 50 m et r es,or w h at ev ert,h en y ou ' d
h av et o h av esom e k in d of d est r u ct ib leex t er n al
en v elop et o p r ot ectit f r om t h e m u lt ip leim p act s.
Wh ichw ou ldb e v er y ex p en siv e.So, ar g u ab ly ,
r ollin gis t h e w or st p r ob lem ,w or set h an a h ig h
v er t icalim p actsp eed .
Jen n a: Hm , y ou t h in k so?
Ar n au d : So y ou d on ' t t h in k r ollin g ' sa b ad t h in g ?
Jen n a: I ' m n ot con v in cedt h e con t ain erw ou ld
act u allyr oll.
Ar n au d : No?
Jen n a: Not n ecessar ilyTh . e m ilit ar yd r op t an k s
ou t of f ly in gair cr af tat low lev el,t ied t o sp ecial
p lat f or m s,an d t h eyj u st slid ealon g t h e g r ou n d .
An d t h e sy st em st h at e. iectt h in g sou t of t h e
b ack sof p lan esar e in cr ed ib lyp ow er f u l.So
b ecau se,ob v iou slyt,h ey f ir e t h e con t ain erin t h e
op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e p lan e,t h at r ed u cest h e
g r ou n d sp eedPlu . s,t h ey u se a p ar ach u t et h at
d ep loy sh or izon t allyw, h ichalso h elp st o slow it
oow n.
Ar n au d : Of cou r se.
Jen n a: So, b ased on w h at t h ey d o w it h t an k s,I
t h in k w e can saf elyassu m et h at w e can st op a
con t ain erf r om r ollin g .
Ar n au d : Bu t a t an k ' sg ot m assiv ew eig h t ,an d
a low cen t r eof g r av it y Wit. h a sm aller ,lig h t er
con t ain ert,h er e' sn o w ay of k n ow in gh ow it w ou ld
b eh av e,n ot w it h ou tact u allyt est in git . An d ev en
if y ou t est edit t en t im es,it w ou ldp r ob ab ly
b eh av ed lf f er en t lyeach t im e, it w ou ldb e v er y
u n p r ed ict ab | e.Wh er easif y ou d r op f r om a h i€h er
alt it u d e,OK, t h e v er t icalsp eed is h ig h er ,b u t
w it h a low erg r ou n d sp eedit, w ou ldb eh av em or e
Audioscr ipt 93
 p r ed ict ab lyAn
. d t h at w ou ldm ak e it easiert o
d esig na cu sh ion in gsy st emb ecau sey ou ' db e
d ealin gw it h a sin g le,p r ed ict ab leim p act .
Jen n a: Yes,b u t su r ely a, h eav yv er t icallan d in g
is a h u g ep r ob lem .Th e f or ceof it w ou ldb e f ar
gr eat er . . .
r 9.3
Man f r ed : Th e f ir st t im e w e lau n ch edon e of
t h eset h in g s,er , w e b asically . iu st g ot a p last ic
w ash in g - u pliq u idb ot t le,f illed it ab ou t h alf f u ll
of w at er ,t h en p u m p edit u p w it h an or d in ar y
f oot p u m p .
: it w asj u st or d in ar yh ou seh old
I n t er v iew er So
st uff?
Man f r ed : Oh , y eah ,n ot h in gt oo t ech n ical.
An d , act u allyt, h er ew as a b it of a coin cid en ce,
b ecau set h e op en in €in t h e b ot t | eWasj u st
slig h t lyb ig g ert h an t h e f it t in gat t h e en d of t h e
p u m p ,so t h er ew as q u it e a g ood seal. So w e
p u m p edit u p - on e of u s h eld t h e b ot t lew h ile
som eon eelsew or k edt h e p u m p .An d w e r eleased
it , an d it w en t u p , lit er ally lik
, e a r ock et .I m ean ,
w e ex p ect edit w ou ldsh oot u p r eason ab ly
f ast , b u t w e d id n ' t an t icip at ej u st h ow p ow er f u l
it w ou ldb e. lt j u st w en t Moosl, an d t ot ally
ex ceed edou r ex p ect at ion s. So y ou can im ag in e
'l
u s, a g r ou pof 2- y ear - old s, w e w er eab solu t ely
ecst at ic.An d h av in gsaid t h at , t h er ew as on e
p r ob lem .On ce all t h e w at er h ad com e ou t , w h ich
h ap p en edv ir t u allyin a sp lit - secon dt ,h e b ot t le
- b ecau seit w as v er y lig h t - st ar t edt u m b lin g
ov er in t h e air .
I nt erview er: So it w ouldn't fly st raight ?
Man f r ed : Th at ' sr ig h t .Bu t w e q u ick lycam e u p
w it h a solu t iont o t h at p r ob lem .
a 9.4
Man f r ed : Wh at w e d id w as t o g et a p last iccu p ,
a st r on gon e n ot a d lsp osab lecu p , an d p u sh ed
it on t o t h e en d of t h e b ot t le,at t h e t op , t o f or m
a n ose.lt d id n ' t g o ex act lyaccor d in gt o p lan ,at
f ir st . lt st ab ilisedit a b it , b u t it st ill w asn ' tf ly in g
st r aig h t .So w e t r ied p u t t in gw at er in t h e b eak e(
t o act as b allast ,an d t h at w or k eda t r eat .Wit h
t h e ex t r a in er t ia.an d t h e f act t h at it w as f r on t -
h eav y ,it w en t lik e an ar r ow .So, so, y es,w e
sor t edt h at p r ob lemou t . Th en t h e n ex t g oal w as
t o increaset he pow er,t o t ry and reach a higher
alt it u d e.
I 9.5
Man f r ed : On e of t h e t h in g sw e d id w as t o
ex oer im en tw it h t h e am ou n t of w at er in sid et h e
b ot t le.I t h in k ,in it iallyw , e ex p ect edt h at t h e
m or ew at er w e p u t in , t h e m or e p ow er f uit l w ou ld
b e. Bu t as it t u r n edou t , it w as t h e op p osit e.
Wh at act u allyh ap p en edw as, if y ou ov er f illed
it , t h er ew asn ' ten ou g hp r essu r et o ex p el all t h e
w at er .We r ed u cedt h e am ou n tof w at ert o ab ou t
a q u ar t eror a t h ir d f u | | som
, et h in €| ik et h at , an d
w e also p u t som et ap e ar ou n dt h e en d of t h e
p u m p ,t o g et a b et t er seal w it h t h e b ot t le.Th at
w as r eallyef f ect iv e. I t h in k w e u n d er est im at ed
t h e p r essu r ew e w er eg en er at in gAn . d , cer t ain ly ,
w e w ere overest imat ingt he st rengt h of t he
bot t le. Because it got t o t he point w here w e w ere
f ir in gt h eser ock et su p t o, I d on ' t k n ow ,m ay b e
som et h in glik e 20 m et r esh ig h ,som et h in glik e
t h at , so y ou can im ag in et h e sor t of p r essu r e
in v olv edAn . d p last icb ot t lesar e h ar d lyu p t o
t he j ob of high-pressurerocket ry obviously.So,
in ev it ab lyt,h e b ot t leev en t u allyb lew u p w h ile
I w as h old in git . I w as r ollin gar ou n don t h e
g r ou n dw it h sor e h an d s,w h ileev er y on eelse w as
r ollin gab ou t lau g h in g So . I lear n edt h e h ar d w ay .
94 Audioscr ipt
t
I
I 9.6
Car olin e:So h ow cr ed ib leis t h is h oax t h eor y ,
t h en ?I w at ch eda d ocu m en t ar yab ou t it a w h ile
ag o.
Ren at o:Well,som eof t h e q u est ion sar e q u it e
in t er est in gb, u t f r om w h at I ' v er ead ,t h ey can all
b e ex p lain ed scien, . k n ow ,lik et h e
t if icallyYou
f act t h at t h e st ar sar en ' tv isib lein t h e sk y on t h e
p h ot os.Ap p ar en t lyit, ' sj u st d u e t o su n lig h ton
t he surfaceof t he moon. lt w as t oo bright t o see
t h em ,t h at ' sall.
Car olin e:lsn ' t t h e f lag su p p osed lyw av in gin t h e
w ln d ,in on e of t h e sh ot s?
Ren at o:Th at ' sr ig h t ,y eah .Th eysay it ' sb ecau se
of t h e p ole sh ak in gaf t er it ' d b een st u ck in .
Th er e' sob v iou slyn o air , so as a r esu lt ,it k ep t
m ov in gf or ag es,d u e t o t h e f act t h at t h er ew as
n o f r ict iont o slow it d ow n .
Caroline: I see.
Ren at o: An ot h ert h in g t h at ' sb een ex p lain edis
t h e f oot p r in t son t h e su r f ace.Peop leh ad said
t h e g r ou n dlook edw et ,so it cou ld n ' th av eb een
on t h e m oon .Bu t , ap p ar en t lyt,h at ' st h e w ay
t h at t y p e of d u st b eh av esin a v acu u m .lt st ick s
t og et h er lik
, em ud.
Car olin e:Wasn ' tt h er esom eot h er t h eor yt o d o
w it h d u st w h ent h e m od u lelan d ed ,t h at t h er e
sh ou ldh av eb een m or e d u st ,or som et h in g ?
Ren at o: Well,d u r in gt h e lan d in g ,t h er ew as
su p p osed lya lot of d u st f ly in gu p , y ou k n ow ,
cau sedb y t h e b last f r om t h e en g in es.Bu t w h en
t h e m od u le' sact u allyseen on t h e su r f ace,t h er e' s
n o cr at erv isib leb elowit . So t h e t h eor yis t h at ,
if it h ad r eallylan d edt h er e,it w ou ldh av elef t
a cr at er .Bu t t h e ar g u m en tag ain stt h at is t h at
it h ad alr ead yslow edd ow n su b st an t ially by
t h e t im e it r each edt h e su r f ace,an d it w as on ly
descending gent ly,becauseof t he low gravit y.
Car olin e:So t h er ew ason ly a b it of su r f aced u st
b low nu o?
Renat o: That 's right .
I 10.1
Mik e: Ob v iou slya, t u b u larst eelt ow eron ly
g iv esy ou su f f icienst t r u ct u r alst r en g t hif y ou
give it adequat eprot ect ionfrom corrosion - fl,e
b ig p r ob lemw it h of f t h or ein st allat ion s. So,
t ech n icallyy,ou cou ldsay st eelis in ap p r op r iat e in
t h at en v ir on m en t .
Lor et a: Th ey m ak esh ip sou t of it .
Mik e: I k n ow ,Lor et a,b u t on ly b ecau set h er e' s
no cost -effect ivealt ernat ive.But w e're not t alking
ab ou t sh ip s,w e' r et alk in gab ou t f ix ed st r u ct u r es.
Th e p oin t is, I t h in k w e sh ou ldlook m or e
ser iou slyat alt er n at iv es t o all- st eelsu p p or t s.An d
t h e ob v iou salt er n at iv eis r ein f or cedcon cr et e.
Lor et a: We' v ealr ead ylook edin t o it , t h ou g h ,an d
it w asn't cost -effect ive.
Mik e: Not in t h e sh or t t er m . Bu t w e d id n ' t r eally
look in t o it p r op er lyov er t h e lon g t er m .
Lor et a: Bu t y ou m ad et h e p oin t y ou r self Mik , e,
t h at st eel' scom p let elyin ef f ect iv if e it ' scor r od ed .
An d on e of t h e m ain con st it u en t of s r ein f or ced
con cr et eis st eel.
Mik e: lt ' s p r ot ect edt, h ou g h ,isn ' t it ? lt ' s
em b ed d edin sid econ cr et e.Th at ' sa m u chm or e
effect iveprot ect iont han paint .
Lor et a: Not n ecessar ilylf. w e' r et alk in gab ou t t h e
lon g t er m ,as y ou say ,w h at h ap p en st o con cr et e
w hen it 's exposed t o t he sea for a few years? lt
er od es.Wh ichm ean st h e st eelev en t u allyg et s
exposed. You look at concret ecoast al defences.
How of t end o y ou see t h e con cr et eall cr u m b lin g
aw ay ,an d all t h e st eelex p osed ?
Mik e: Th at ' sd u e t o in con sist enqt u alit y ,t h ou g h .
You on ly g et t h at p r ob lemif t h er e' sin su f f icien t
cover.As long as t here'sappropriat e cover
at d esig nlev el,an d t h e con st r u ct ionq u alit y ' s
con sist en tt,h en t h er esh ou ld n ' tb e a p r ob lem .
Lor et a: lsn ' t in ad eq u at ecov er m or eof a p r ob lem
in a slen d erst r u ct u r e,t h ou g h ?You ' dp r ob ab ly
h av elesscov er ,com p ar edw it h t h e b ig lu m p sof
concret et hey use for coast al defences.
Mik e: Not if . . .
Han if : Ju st a secon d .
Mik e: Yes,Han iP
Han if : Let ' sj u st t h in k ab ou t w h at w e' r et r y in g
t o r esolv e,h er e.Th e k ey issu eis, w h at ' st h e
m ost su it ab lelon g - t er msolu t ion ?An d in b ot h
cases,w e' r esay in gst eel is n ecessar yeit , h erin
an all- st eelt u b u larst r u ct u r eor in t h e f or m of
r ein f or cem enint sid econ cr et e.Bu t ob v iou sly
ex oosedst eelis u n su it ab leb ecau seof t h e
p r ob lemof cor r osion So . t h e q u est ionis, w h at ' s
t h e m ost r eliab lew ay of p r ot ect in gst eel,ov er
t h e lon g t er m ?An d w e h av et o b ear in m in d
t h at ' j u st b ecau sesom et h in gr eq u ir esr e€u I ar
m ain t en an ce, su ch as p ain t in g t, h at d oesn ' t
n ecessar ilym ean it ' s u n r eliab le. As lon g as t h e
m ain t en an ce is con sist en tTh . e k ey q u est ion
is, w h at ' st h e m ost econ om icalap p r oach ?So
paint ing a st eel st ruct ureevery couple of years
is u n econ om ical on ly if t h e cost of p ain t in gis
m or e ex p en siv et h an t h e ad d it ion alcost of u sin g
con cr et eat t h e t im e of con st r u ct ion .
Mik e: So, t o d et er m in et h e m ost ef f icien t
solu t ion w , e n eed t o assesst h e lif esp anof a
r ein f or cedcon cr et est r u ct u r e.lf w e k n owt h at , w e
can d et er m in eh ow m an yt im est h e eq u iv alen t
st eelst r u ct u r ew ou ldn eed t o b e r ep ain t edov er
t h at sam e oer iod .an d w h at t h e cost of t h at
w ou ldb e.
Han if : Yeah .
Mik e: Bu t t h is is r eallyt h e p oin t I ' m m ak in g ,
Han if .We can ' t cat eg or ically say t h at r ein f or ced
con cr et eis in ef f icienut n lessw e look in t o it in
d et ail.
Hanif: Of coursenot . Look, let me makea
su g g est ion ...
I 10.2
Su : Wit h v er y t all st r u ct u r es,on e of t h e m ain
load sy ou n eed t o t ak e in t o con sid er at ion ,
clear ly is, t h e m assof t h e st r u ct u r e,it s w eig h t .
Due t o gravit y,t hat mass exert s a dow nw ard
load ,w h ichh as t o b e t r an sm it t edt o t h e g r ou n d .
So t hat dow nw ardforce means t he st ruct ure
is in com p r essionesp , eciallyn ear t h e b ot t om .
Obviously,t he closer you are t o t he bot t om,
t h e m or ecom or essiv feor cet h e st r u ct u r eis
su b j ect edt o. Bu t w it h t all st r u ct u r es,d ow n w ar d
load com p r essin g t h e st r u ct u r alelem en t sis
on ly p ar t of t h e p r ob lem .An ot h erm aj orf or ce
act in gon t h e st r u ct u r eis w in d load ,w h ichis a
h or izon t alload ,ex er t edb y air p r essu r eag ain st
on e sid e of t h e st r u ct u r e.Becau set h e st r u ct u r e
is f ix ed at g r ou n dlev el,an d f r ee at t h e t op , t h at
g en er at esb en d in gf or ces.An d w h enelem en t s
b en d ,y ou h av eop p osin gf or ces:com p r ession
at on e sid e,t en sionat t h e ot h er .An d at g r ou n d
lev el,t h e w in d ef f ect iv ely t r iest o slid et h e
st r u ct u r ealon gt h e g r ou n d ,an d t h e f ou n d at ion s
b elowt h e g r ou n dr esistt h at .Th e r esu ltof t h at
is sh earf or ceb et w eent h e su b st Í u ct u ran e d t he
Th e w in d g en er at est en sileload s
su p er st r u ct u r e.
on t h e f ou n d at ion of s t all st r u ct u r esas w ell,
as t h e b en d in gact iont r iest o p u ll t h em ou t of
t h e g r ou n don on e sid e,a b it lik ea t r ee b ein g
u p r oot edb y t h e w in d .So t h e f ou n d at ion n s eed
t o r ely on f r ict ionw it h t h e g r ou n dt o r esistt h e
p u ll- ou tf or ce,iu st as t r ee r oot sd o. Th e act ion
of t h e w in d can also g en er at et or sion .You g et a
t w ist in gf or cesom et im es,w h ent h e air p r essu r e
is com p ar at iv ely h ig h erag ain ston e cor n erof a
b u ild in g ,alt h ou g ht h at ' slessof a p r ob lemw it h
ch im n ey sb ecau seof t h eir cir cu larp r of ile.Wit h
v er y lar g em assesof con cr et e,y ou also h av e
t o t h in k ab ou t t h e f or cesg en er at edb y t h er m al
movement .When concret eabsorbs heat from
t h e su n ,y ou g et ex p an sion as ; soon as t h e su n
g oes in , t h er e' scon t r act ionTh . at m ov em en cant
b e sig n if icanov t er a lar g ear ea,esp eciallyas t h e
su n g en er allyh eat son e sid e of a st r u ct u r em u ch
m or e t h an t h e ot h er .So t h er ear e all k in d sof
differentforcesact ing on a t all st ruct ure.
I 10.3
Andrej : The record speed exceededt he st andard
op er at in gsp eed b y a h u g em ar g in .lt w as 80o/ o
f ast erat it s p eak .So y ou w ou ldim ag in et h at
t he TCV used for t he record run w as heavily
modified. I n fact , t hat w asn't really t he case.
Th e t r ain w as m od if iedt o a cer t ainex t en tb u t ,
w it h a f ew ex cep t ion s,it w as essen t ially j u st an
or d in ar yTCV.As y ou can see f r om t h is slid e,on e
of t he biggest differencesw as t hat t he modified
t r ain w as sig n if ican t ly
sh or t er ,in or d er t o m ak e
it lig h t er Th
. er ew as a 500/ 0 r ed u ct ionin len g t h ,
d ow n t o 100 m et r es.com oar edw it h a 200-
m et r est an d ar dlen g t h .Th e coach esb ein gp u lled
-
w ere perfect lyst andard t he only differences
w er et h at som e of t h e seat sh ad b een r em ov ed
t o m ak ew ay f or all of t h e m on it or in geq u ip m en t
t h at w as car r iedon b oar d .An d som ech an g es
w er em ad e t o t h e b od y w or k t, o m ak eit slig h t ly
m or eaer od y n am ic, w h ichm ean tt h e d r ag
coefficientw as reduced by I 5olo.The w heelson
t h e m od if iedt r ain Wer em ar g in allyb i€€e r t h an
t he st andard size. The diamet er w as increasedby
| 9olo,in order t o reducet he speed of revolut ion,
t o lim it f r ict ionan d cen t r if u g al
f or ce.An d t h e
p ow erof t h e elect r icm ot or sw as su b st an t ially
-
higher t han t he st andard unit s boost ed by
680ó' Bu t n on eof t h e ch an g esWasf u n d am en t a| . case.
So m y p oin t is, st an d ar dh ig h - sp eed t r ain scan b e
m ad et o g o f ast erb y a con sid er ab le am ou n t .
I 10.4
' 50s,
Nar r at or : I n t h e lat e I 940s an d ear ly t he
Unit ed St at es Air Force carried out a seriesof
experiment st o explore how much physicalst ress
t h e h u m anb od y cou ldw it h st an dA. k ey aim
w as t o t est how much C-forcepilot s w ere able
t o cop ew it h an d see w h at w ou ldh ap p enif t h ey
exceededt heir limit s. Led by Air Force doct or
John Paul St app, a number of spect aculart est s
w er ecar r iedou t at Ed w ar d sAir For ceBase in
Calif or n ia,a locat ionsu it ab lef or t h e ex p er im en t s sp eed ,I w or k edou t t h ey ' db e sp in n in gat ov er
t h an k st o it s 600- m et r er ail t r ack ,sp ecially
designed for high-speedrocket t est s. A rocket
sled ,cap ab leof r each in gsp eed sap p r oach in g
t h e sou n db ar r ier ,w as m ou n t edon t h e t r ack .On
t op of t h esled , n am edSon icWin d ,r esear ch er s
f ix ed a seat , in t en d edf or an ab n or m allyb r av e
volunt eer.Refusingt o give t he dangerousj ob t o
a m em b erof h is t eam ,t h e m an in t h e h ot seat
w as John St app himself.Over several runs, St app
w as subj ect edt o progressivelygreat er ext remes
of force. Each t ime, he resist ed. Event ually,t he
t im e cam et o t ak e t h e u lt im at er isk ,t o su r p ass
w hat many doct ors believedt o be a deadly level
of G- f or ce.An d so on Decem b erlot h I 954,
St app Wasst rapped ont o soí ,ic Wind Í ort he
m ot h erof all r id es.
An d r ew : Possib lylt . ' d d ep en dh ow m u chd r ag
I 10.5
t h er ew as,w h ichob v iou slyd ep en d son t h e
Narrat or: That day, St app w as sub.iect edt o
b od y w or kd esig n ,d oesn ' tit ?
ex t r em esof f or ceb ey on dt h e im ag in at ionWh . en
Jasm in e: Yeah .
t he sled's rocket sfired, he shot from zero t o over
An d r ew : I d on ' t lik e t h e id ea of a f r ict ionsy st em ,
1, 000 k ilom et r esp er h ou r in j u st t h r eesecon d s,
ag ain stt h e r ails.lt w ou ldh av et o w it h st an da
su b . iect inhgim t o 20 Gs. w h en t h e sled h it t h e
t r em en d ou sam ou n tof h eat .
p ool of w at erin t h e b r ak in gzon e,it w as lik e
h it t in ga b r ickw all.St ap p slow edf r om t h e sp eed Jasm in e: Yeah .I t h in k t h at ' sa n on - st ar t erat,
of a b u llett o a com p let est op in lit t lem or et h an t h esek in d sof sp eed s.Aer od y n am icb r ak in g
a sin g lesecon d .I n cr ed ib lyJoh
, n St ap p su r v iv ed h as g ot t o b e t h e b est op t ion .Possib lyy, ou
t h e r id e,alt h ou g hso m u chb lood h ad r u sh edin t o cou ldd ep loyf lap sin it iallyat , t op sp eed ,t h en
h is ey est h at h e w as u n ab let o see f or som et im e m ay b er eleasea p ar ach u t eas a secon dst ag e.
aft erw ards.Beforet he t est . doct ors had believed May b e d ep loyt h e p ar ach u t eat , I d on ' t k n ow ,
t h at h u m anb ein g sw er ein cap ab leof su r v iv in g w hat sort of speeds do dragst ersreach?They
f or cesg r eat ert h an I 7 Cs. Wh en t h e sled h it t h e u se p ar ach u t es,d on ' t t h ey ?w h at d o t h ey d o?
w at er ,St ap p h ad p u lleda cr u sh in g46 Cs. 400 Ks?
An d r ew : A b it m or e,I t h in k .450, som et h in glik e
I 10.6 t h at . Th er e' salso t h e op t ionof r ev er seen g in e
Jasm in e: I t h in k w h at h e' ssu g g est in gin t er m s t h r u st ,lik e t h ey u se on air cr af t .
of acceler at ion an d d eceler at ion f or cesis Jasm in e: I n t h at case,t h ou g h ,y ou ' dst ill n eed
r eason ab le. an ot h ersy st em ,in case y ou g et an en g in ef ailu r e.
An d r ew : Yeah .2 C sou n d sab ou t r ig h t .An y t h in g Bu t it ' s a p ossib ilit yI. t h in k t h e b ot t omlin e is
lesst h an t h at , an d t h e t r ack len g t h ' sg oin g t h at it n eed sa com b in at ionof sv st em st o m ak eit
t o exceed t he size of t he sit e. And if you st art ab solu t elyf ail- saf e.
g et t in gcloset o 3 c, or b ey on dt h at , t h en t h at ' s
p r ob ab lyg oin gt o b e a b it t oo m u chf or t h e
averagepassenger.
Jasm in e: I ' d say so. His calcu lat ionfsor t h e
t ot al dist ancefor accelerat ionand decelerat ion
seem ab ou t r ig h t .Th e p r ob lemI h av eis w it h
t h e len g t hof t h e t r ack .I t h in k h is t en - k ilom et r e
f ig u r eis OK f or an id ealw or ldscen ar io,b u t it
doesn't leave much margin for error.
Andrew : No. Becauseat full speed, you're going
t o be covering,w hat , a kilomet reevery t hree
secon d s.So if t h er e' ssom e k in d of or ob lem .
y ou ' r eg oin gt o b e eat in gu p t h e k ilom et r esat a
pret t y fright eningrat e.
Jasm in e: You can say t h at ag ain .I t h in k h e' ll
neé devery ki| omet reof t rack | engt hhe can
g et on t h at sit e.Plu s som esor t of em er g en cy
st op p in €f aciI it yat t h e en d of t h e | in e,j u st in
Andrew : Definit ely,yeah.
Jasm in e:Th en I d on ' t k n oww h at y ou t h in k
ab ou t u sin gw h eels,in st eadof sk id s.
An d r ew : Well,t ech n icallyit, ' sf easib let o b u ild
w h eelscap ab leof sp in n in gat t h at sor t of sp eed ,
becauseit 's been done on land soeed record
car s.Th e on ly p r ob lemis, if y ou g et a w h eel
f ailu r eat t h e k in d of sp eed sw e' r et alk in gab ou t ,
t h e con seq u en ces ar e g oin gt o b e u n t h in k ab le.
Jasm in e: Yeah .I h av en ' tcalcu lat edex act lyw h at
cent rifugalforcest hey'd havet o cope w it h, but
f or w h eelsof ab ou t 500 m il d iam et er at , f u ll
1 3 , 0 0 0r o m .
An d r ew : Yeah ,t h at ' sa lot . Plu s,of cou r se,sk id s
sh ou ldg iv e b et t erf r ict ion alr esist an ceu n d er
b r ak in g .
Jasm in e: Possib ly .
Andrew : Maybe not ?
Jasm in e: Well,t h e f r ict ionf r om w h eelb ear in g s
sp in n in gat t h at sor t of sp eed m ig h t b e h ig h er .
An d t h e sk id sw ou ld n ' tb e in oer m an en con t t act
w it h t h e r ails,d on ' t f or g et .Bu t , an y w ay I, t h in k
sk id sar e t h e on ly saf eop t ion .
Andrew : I 'd go for skids. Definit ely.
Jasm in e:An d t h en f or t h e b r ak es,I t h in k t h e
f ir st p oin t is t h at , f or t h e in it iald eceler at ion ,
ev enw it h ou tap p ly in gan y b r ak es,t h e
aer od y n am ic r esist an ceis g oin gt o b e h u g e.I n
fact , t hat alone might even exceed 2 C, for a
sh or t t im e.
Audioscr ipt 95
 The propulsion syst em c
I Un it 1 Will t h e w eig h tof t h e cab leallowt h e b aset o Rich ar dsu g g est su sin gev er y d aylan g u ag e
2a b e m ov edb y it s ow n p r op eller sor w ill a m or e t o av oidex p lan at ion sn ot b ein gu n d er st ood ;
I n av ig at ion pow erfulsyst em for propulsionand cont rol be u sin gsom ej ar g onan d t h en ex p lain in git u sin g
( monit oring)delivery vehicles r eq u ir ed ?For ex am p le,an ex t er n alp ow ersou r ce. ev er y d aylan g u ag et o av oidsou n d in gp at r on isin g ;
3 ( findin€) st o| encars ex p lain in gd if f icu ltcon cep t sb y com p ar in g
b
4 drift t echnicalpoint s w it h t hings in everydaylife t o
Suggested answers
5 man overboard illu st r at et h em ;an d u sin gsom e h u m ou r
Anchor syst em
6 innovat iveuses of t o av oidsou n d in gd u ll.
I t w ill b e oossib let o an ch ort h e b ase m or e
b secu r elyin sh alloww at er ,n ear t h e coast .A 15b
I uses 3 user's;useful oer m an en an t ch orst r u ct u r ecou ldb e b u ilt on 2 A colu m ng oin gd ow n in t o t h e g r ou n d
2 use t h e ocean b ed , in sh alloww at er .Th e b ase st at ion 3 To d r ill
cou ldt h en b e f ix ed secu r elyt o it w it h cab les.lf 4 Con cr et eDou r edon t h e con st r u ct ionsit e in
3a
severalanchor st ruct uresare built at different it s f in al oosit ion
2d 3b 4f 5a 6e
locat ion salon gt h e coast ,t h e b ase st at ioncan 5 Made at a fact ory,aw ay from t he sit e
4a be moved bet w eent hem. 6 To h am m erin
I allow s 3 en su r es;en ab les Propulsion syst em 7 Lik e a g ian t h am m er
prevent s Tugs( pow erfulboat s used for pulling ships) I Lik e a g ian t d r ill
could be used as an ext ernal oow er source. 9 A k in d of claysu sp en sion/ a sor t of m u d
b How ever,t he base st at ion could be driven by
I allow s/ en ab les it s ow n propellers.The large,pow erfulengines d
en su r es I p u t sim p ly ;in ot h er w or d s;b asically
needed t o propel it w ould be heavy,but t hat isn't
3 prevent s 2 effect ively;essent ially;basically
necessarilya disadvant age,as ext ra mass, and
t hereforeext ra inert ia, w ould help t o make t he 3 w hat w e call: w hat w e refer t o as
c
'| allow / en ab le base more st able. 4 if y ou im ag in e;if y ou p ict u r e
allow / en ab le 16
10
3 en su r e A t echnicaladvant ageis a t ype of t echnology Suggest ed answ ers
4 allow / en ab le t h at is su p er iorin som ew ay - f or ex am p le, Th er ear e t w o t y p esof p ile f ou n d at ionen; d-
5 prevent b ear in gp ilesan d f r ict ionp iles.Essen t ially ,
more efficient ,more pow erfulor more reliable
- compared w it h a relat ed t ype of t echnology en d - b ear in gp ilesar e u sed w h eny ou h av esof t
6a g r ou n dw h ichis on t op of h ar d €rou n d or r ock .
6b on page8
Seet extin Exer cise - for example,a compet ingproduct [ onesold by
an ot h ercom p an y -) or com p ar edw it h an ear lier Basicallyt,h e p ilesg o t h r ou g ht h e sof t g r ou n d
c model of t he same product . an d sit on t h e h ar d g r ou n db elow .lt ' s a b it lik e
2i 3a 4b 5C 6h 7c building over w at er.The soft ground is like w at er,
8d 9f 11a w h ichcan ' t su p p or tan y t h in gan, d t h e h ar d
I t 'sa flat belt for lift ing elevat oB w hich is used g r ou n db elowit is lik e t h e seab ed .Pu t sim p ly ,
7a inst ead of a cable. Compared w it h cables, t he t h e p ilesar e lik e st ilt s.Fr ict ionp ilesar e d if f er en t .
support Cen2 syst em has a number of advant ages. Th ey ' r eu sedw h ent h er e' sn o h ar d g r ou n d .I n
3 at t ached
sim p let er m s,t h e sid esof t h e p ile g r ip t h e sof t
4 raised b
g r ou n dar ou n dt h em .lf y ou p ict u r ea n ail in a
pow er 2e 3b 4t 5c 6a
p ieceof w ood ,it ' st h e sam e t h in g .Th e n ail is
6 ascen q g r ip p edb y t h e w ood ar ou n dit . Som et im est h e
c
7 t ransport r ed u ces 6 con v en t ion al b ot t om sof f r ict ionp i| esar e m ad eWid er .| m a€in e
c 3 con v en t ion al 7 su p er ior a leg w it h a foot at t he bot t om, it 's t he same
Th e n ot esar e m issin gar t icles( a/ an t, h e) an d 4 r ed u ce I elim in at es p r in cip le.
som e au x iliar yv er b s [ e. 9.b e) . 5 en n an ce

8a 72a I Unit 2
See au d ioscr ip t1. 3 on p ag e 86 I en h an ced 4 con v en t ion al 2a
2 reduced 5 su p er ior 2 Class 5 Tim b er
b 3 el i m i n at ed
I By a float ing st ruct ure 3 Cop p er 6 Ru b b er
2 To at t ach t he base t o t he seabed b 4 Al u m i n i u m 7 Plast ic
3 Sh ip sw ou ldcar r y t h em lc 2b 3a 4d
b
4 Cot lision sb et w eent h e cab lean d sp ace 2a 3b 4f 5d 6h
C 'I e
d eb r is 2 d r am at ically 6 h ig h ly 8C
5 Th e an ch or sw ou ldb e r aisedan d t h e st at ion 7 ex cep t ion ally
3 en t ir ely c
w ou ldb e m ov ed . I sig n if ican t ly
4 ex t r em ely 2 w it h 6of
9a 5 con sid er ab ly 3 from 7ot
Suggest ed answ er 4 from 8 from
d
The anchoring syst em I 5 w it h
en t ir ely t; ot ally
Th e w in d load son t h e cab lew ill b e h u g e.Wh at
2 con sid er ab lyd; r am at ically 3b
ar e t h e im p licat ion fsor t h e an ch or in Csy st em ? ex cep t ion allyh;ig h ly
Th e b ase w ill n eed t o b e m ov edcon t in u allyan d
J
Th e m ain p oin t t h at lr in a m ak esis t h at it ' s
somet imesurgent ly.w hat t emporary syst em 14a imoort ant t o consider t he t ot al environment al
cou ld b e u sed t o h old t h e b ase in p osit ion ? I Th at y ou sh ou ld n ' tu sej ar g onor it w ill sou n d im p actof a p r od u ct ,in clu d in gp r od u cin git ( p r e-
Sh ou ldt h e b ase b e in sh alloww at er n ear t h e lik e n on sen sean d t h at t ech n icalcon cep t scan an d r ecy clin git ( p ost - u se) .
u se) ,u sin git ( in - u se)
coast , or in deep w at er furt her ofEhore? The b e d if f icu ltt o ex p lain ,ev enu sin gev er y d ay Sh e g iv est h e ex am p leof an en er g y - sav inlig g ht
ch oicew ill h av ean im p acton t h e d esig nof t h e lan g u ag e. bulb.
an ch orsy st em . 2 Ex p lan at ion tsh at ar e b or in g .
5 Sp eak in gt o an ad u lt as if y ou ' r et alk in gt o a
ch ild .

I
96 Answer key
I I
t
C 4 Heat f r om t h e en g in eb ein gab sor b edb y t h e 13a
Sooh iaan d Pet e' sid eas: ch assis,w h ichcan d am ag esen sit iv ep ar t s I corrosion resist ance
Pr e- u se:alu m in iu mp r od u ct ion[ ex t r act ion f r om su ch as elect r on iccom p on en t san d p last ic 2 w at er resist ance
or e an d r ecy clin g )coat
, in gst eel ( g alv an isin g ) , part s 3 scrat ch resist ance
t r an sp or t in gan d h an d lin gb u lk m at er ial,cu t t in g c 4 shock resist ance
an d w eld in g 29 5b 4f 5d 6a 7e t4a
I n - u se:w eig h t( im p acton f u el con su m p t ion ) ,
6c I Wat chm at er ialsar e som et im esch osenf or
lif esp an( f r eq u en cyof m an u f act u r in g )
I c 2b 3d 4a 5e m ar k et in gr eason s,n ot t ech n icalr eason s.
d 2 Th eycon sid er edu sin gsu b m ar in e- g r adst e eel
Suggest ed answ ers e in som e m od elsev ent h ou g hw at er r esist an ce
Elect r icalw ir esin v eh icles I b;c 4 e act u allyd ep en d son t h e j oin t san d seals,n ot
For pre-use,as far as I know it t akes more 2 d;e 5 a; b; c t h e m et alu sed .
en er g yt o p r od u cealu m in iu mt h an t o p r od u ce d
3 Man y g ood w at ch - m ak inm g at er ialsar e
copper,if it 's derived from ore. How ever,it t akes eit h eror d in ar y or com p lex ,an d so ar e n ot
8c
less en er g yt o t r an sp or talu m in iu m b, ecau seit ' s 2 ab r asionr esist an ce v er y m ar k et ab le.
lig h t er . 4 Con su m er sar e n ot t ech n icalex p er t s,an d
3 t h er m alst ab ilit y
For in - u se,I ' m su r e alu m in iu mis b et t er b ecau se m ak ech oicesb asedon t h eir im or ession s.
4 du r able
it ' slig h t er ,so t h e v eh iclew ou ldcon su m eless lig h t w eig h t r at h ert h an on f act u alin f or m at ion .
f u el.
b
For p ost - u se,b ot h alu m in iu man d cop p ercan b e 9a
I T
r ecy cled |' ' d say it t ak es| essen er €y t o h an d | e lc 2e 5b 4a 5d
T
an d t r an sp or talu m in iu m b, ecau seit ' slig h t er .
b 3 F- it n eed sa p r ot ect iv ecoat in g .
Ex t er n alw allsin h ou ses
1 t yres 4 b u llet - r esist an t ar m ou r F- h e say sit ' sf air lyp oor in t er m sof look s.
For pre-use,it t akes a lot of energyt o produce
2 d r iv eb elt s 5 sealin gg ask et s q
F- no - for t he reasonsgiven above.
b r ick sb ecau set h ey h av et o b e f ir ed in a k iln .
3 brake pads 6 F- in ad eq u at em at er ialsh av en ev erb een
Th ey ' r ealso h eav yt o t r an sp or t Sof . t w oodis
ch osenf or m ar k et in gr eason s.
lig h t ert o t r an sp or t ,an d I ' d say it p r ob ab lyt ak es c
7 T
lessen er g yt o saw it an d h an d leit , com p ar ed Suggest ed answ ers
8 F - com p licat edn am esar e n ot g ood f or
w it h m ak in gb r ick s.Du r in gcon st r u ct ionb, u ild in g I n t y r es,p u n ct u r ean d t ear r esist an ceh elp t o
m ar k et in g .
w it h bricks uses more energy,as sand and st op p u n ct u r esan d b low ou t san d ab r asion
cem en th av et o b e t r an sp or t edan d m ix edt o r esist an ceh elp st h e t y r e t o last lon g er .I n d r iv e c
make mort ar. b elt s,h ig helast icit yallow sb elt st o f it t ig h t ly 2 except ionallyresist ant
For in - u se.w ood is a b et t er in su lat ort h an b r ick an d ab r asionr esist an ceh elost h em r esistt h e 3 n ot at all su it ab le
w h ichis an ad v an t ag e,as t h e h ou sesh ou ldt ak e f r ict ioncau sedb y t h e b elt t u r n in g .I n b r ak e p ad s, 4 t reoct dously market able
less energy t o heat . I n t heory,soft w oodcould ab r asionr esist an ceh elp st h e p ad st o last lon g er 5 I elat ivelycomplex
last as lon g as b r ick s,if it ' sp r op er lym ain t ain ed . an d t h er m alst ab ilit yh elp st h em r esistt h e h eat 6 n ot all t h at g ood
Bu t in or act ice.t h at w ill of t enn ot b e t h e case. g en er at edd u r in gb r ak in g .Kev lar @ h elp sm ak e
d
So, con st r u ct ionen er g ycou ldsom et im esb e b u llet - r esist anart m ou r ,w h ichis g en er allyh eav y ,
I ex t r em elyex , cep t ion allyt r, em en d ou sly
h ig h erf or sof t w oodas , h ou sesn eedt o b e r eb u ilt m or e lig h t w eig h tw, h ichis b et t erf or t h e v eh icle' s
2 q u lt e,f air ly ,p r et t y ,r elat iv ely
m or eof t en . performance.Kevlaromakes sealing gasket s
3 n ot v er y ,n ot p ar t icu lar lyn, ot ( all)t h at
For post -use,it 's possible t o recoverbot h bricks d u r ab lean d it s t h er m alst ab ilit yallow st h em
4 n ot en ou g h ,in su f f icien t lyn,ot ad eq u at ely
and soft w oodfor re-use,but neit her is very easy t o r eslsth eat - f or ex am p le,in en g in ecy lin d er
h ead s- an d it s ch em icalst ab ilit ym ean sg ask et s 5 d ef in it elyn ot , n ot at all
t o recycle.
ar e n ot af f ect edb y en g in ef lu id ssu ch as f u el, 15
4
lu b r icat in goil an d coolan tliq u id s. Suggest ed answ ers
Suggest ed answ ers
St eel is r elat iv elyh eav yan d v er y t ou g h .lt is
I Br ak esar e d esig n edt o slow d ow nv eh icles 10a
pret t y scrat ch-resist antand shock-resist ant .
or m ov in gp ar t s.Of t en t h ey w or k t h r ou g h I At t h e d en t ist ' s
f r ict ion ,b y ap p | y in €p r essu r et o p ad sWh ich 2 Th e t ool is a d en t ald r ill. Mild st eel is n ot v er y cor r osion - r esist an butt
st ain lessst eel h as g ood cor r osionr esist an ce
ar e p r essedag ain stt h e sid esof a d isc,t h e 3 Tit an iu mcan b e u sed f or t h e h an d le,an d
an d is t h er ef or esu it ab lef or w at ch es.Class is
in sid eof a d r u m ,or d ir ect lyag ain sta w h eel t u n g st en - car b idan
e d d iam on df or t h e b u r .
q u it e h eav yan d is w at er - r esist anan t d cor r osion -
r im . Alt er n at iv esin clu d esy st em st h at u se
b . d in ar yg lassis v er y b r it t lean d
r esist an t Or
elect r om ag n et ficor ce,sy st em st h at ex p loit
l I i€h t w eig h t 5 d u r ab le h as f air lyp oor sh ock r esist an cean d scr at ch
t h e b r ak in gef f ect sof en g in esor f ly w h eels
2 ab r asionr esist an ce 4 t h er m alst ab ilit y r esist an ce, alt h ou g hit is st ill su it ab lef or w at ch es,
( v iaclu t ch esan d g ear b ox es)aer , od y n am ic
Tou g h en ed g lassis m or e d u r ab le.Alu m in iu mis
b r ak in gsy st em s( f orex am p lesp oiler son c
r elat iv elylig h t w eig han
t d is f air lyt ou g h .lt h as
aircraft , parachut eson dragst ers) ,and lb 2a 3e 4c 5d
good corrosion resist ance.lt is t hereforesuit able
reverset hrust erson j et engines.Brake discs
ar e of t en m ad eof f er r ou sm et als( ir on - b ased
t2 f or w at ch es.Tit an iu mis ex cep t ion ally lig h t w eig h t
- f or ex am p lest eel) ,or som et im escer am ic Suggest ed answ ers an d t ou g han d h as ex cellen tab r asionr esist an ce.
I Ex am p lesof sit u at ion su sed in ad v er t isin g I t is also ex t r em elycor r osion - r esist an ant d is
m at er ials.
in clu d em ot or r acin g ,w at ersp or t ssu ch as t h er ef or ean ex cellen tw at chm at er ial.Gold is
2 Ex am p lesof m at er ialsu sed t o m ak e p ad s
su r f in gan d d iv in g ,an d av iat ion . ex t r em elyh eav yan d p r et t yt ou g h ,alt h ou g h
in clu d e:com oou n d sof ad v an cedm at er ials
( car s)f,er r ou sm et als( t r ain s)r,u b b er 2 Th e in t en d edm essag eis t h at w at ch esar e sof t erg r ad esof g old h av eq u it e p oor sh ock
( b icy cles)cer , am ics( p er f or m an ce accu r at ean d ar e r esist an t . r esist an cean d scr at chr esist an ce. Gold h as
car s) .
3 Hig h erq u alit yw at ch esk eepg ood t im e; ex cellen cort r osionr esist an ce. lt is su it ab lef or
5a ar e r esist an t o w at eran d sh ock s;an d ar e more exoensive.decorat ivew at ches.
Creen referst o ecologicalissues. Red referst o m ad ef r om m or eex p en siv e,b et t er - look in g
heat ( red hot meansvery hot ) . Also, a hot t opic is m at er lals. I Un i t 3
a cu r r en tim p or t an tt op ic. 4 Descr ib in gsom et h in gas w at er - r esist an t
su g g est sit can r esistw at er u p t o a cer t ain 2a
b Th e aim of t h e p r oj ectis t o f or m u lat ea
lim it ,f or ex am p let o a cer t aind ep t h
I Becau set h ey u se f r ict ion ,w h ichw ast es p olicyt h at w ill st at ew h ichp lu g an d sock et
or p r essu r e.Descr ib ln gsom et h in gas
en er g yas h eat con f gi u r at ion st h eir com p an yr ecom m en d s,
w at er p r oofsu g g est sit g iv esu n lim it ed
2 They recoverheat and use it t o pow er t he an d ex p laint h e t ech n icalr eason sw h y t h ey ar e
orot ect ionfrom w at er.
car. r ecom m en d ed .
3 Th e ab ilit yt o g en er at eh ig h lev elsof f r ict ion ,
and t o resist t he effect sof frict ion and
con seou en h t eat

Answ erkey 97
b c 4 I n ai r cr af t co ck p i t s, t h e w i n d sh i el d i s b o n d ed
I he profile of t he pins means t he shape of t he I especiallygood w hen t o t he f uselage w it h adhesive / glued t o t he
in d iv id u alp in s,f or ex am p lea r ect an g u larcr oss- u selessw h en f uselage.
sect ionor a clr cu larcr oss- sect ion . 3 n ot t h e b est solu t ion 13a
A st andard configuroú lon means a uniform ideal for See ar t i cl e o n p ag e 2 8
ar r an g em en tf,or ex am p lein a g iv encou n t r yall
I
p lu g sh av ea st an d ar dlay ou t- t h ey all ex act ly b
Suggest ed answ ers a2 b3 c4 d I
t h e sam e.
Dr illin gw it h a b it is g ood f or cu t t in gb lin d h oles.
c Dr illin gw it h a h ole- sawis id ealf or cu t t in g c
a6 b4 cl d5 e2 t im b er . a Th e b alloon sclim b edf ast ert h an ex p ect ed ,
r3 Flame-cut t ingis perfect for cut t ing met als.lt 's t hen ent ered cont rolledairspaceadj acent t o
uselessfor cut t ing ceramics. an air p or t .
d Crinding is perfect for cut t ing w ide kert s.lt 's b A r op et an €|ed Wit ha p ow er| in e,t h en Mr
2 r ou n d ed 5 lin ear Walt ersw as arrest ed.
t ot allyu n su it ab leif y ou d on ' t w an t a h eat -
5 r ect an g u lar 6 t r ian g u lar c Th e m od er neq u iv alen tclu, st erb alloon in g ,
affect edzone.
4 cy lin d r ical is n ot a m ain st r eamsp or t ,b u t is b ecom in g
Cu illot in in gis esp eciallyg ood f or cu t t in gt h in
e m at er ials.lt ' s n ot p ar t icu lar lysu it ab lef or cu t t in g more popurar.
t h ick m at er ials. d Weat h er
A €a r d en ch air ,h e| iu m - f i| | ed
rcct angle; rect iangular;t riangle; t riangular;
Milling is especiallygood for cut t ing met als.lt 's b alloon san d r op es
lylinder; cylildrical; line; ! ! ear
t ot allyu n su it ab lef or cu t t in gt im b er . ! 4a
3a Pu n ch in gis su it ab lef or cu t t in gt h r ou g hh oles.lt ' s
Pict u r eb a over
uselessfor cut t ing blind holes. b b elow ;b en eat h ;u n d er n eat h
b saw ing is idea| for cut t ing st rai€ h t edges. | t 'snot c alon g sid eiad j acen t o; b esid e
2 ridges; grooves;recessed;flush w it h; set back so good if you need t o cut curved edges. d ar ou n d
5 oins Wat er j et cut t ing is ideal if you need curved e ou t sid e
edges. lt 's not so good for cut t ing very t hick f in sid e;w it h in
4a m at er ials.
'|
Ad v an t ag es:Th e p lu g r esist sp u llou tf or ces. b
Not h in gcan t ou cht h e p in s if t h e p lu g is 9 I ab ov e 4 w it h in
p ar t iallyp u lledou t . t 8 on p ag e88
See au d ioscr ip 3. 2 ar ou n d 5 b en eat h
Disad v an t ag es; lt ' s d if f icu ltt o p u ll ou t . 10a 5in
2 Ad v an t ag es:Ch ild r encan ' t st ickt h in g sin t h e I To in v olv et h eir su p p lier sm or eact iv elyin
socket . c
d esig n 2 insert ed 5 locat ed
Disad v an t ag es: lf t h e m ech an ismis t oo 2 Doin ga lot of w or k f or n o r et u r nan d 3 sit uat ed 6 proj ect ing
sen sit iv e,it can b e d if f icu ltt o in ser tt h e p lu g . covenng cost s 4 su sp en d ed 7 p osit ion ed
5 3 They w ant t o w ork w it h few er suppliers,so
See au d ioscr ip t3. 6 on p ag e88 t here w ould be more w ork. d
locat ed ;sit u at ed
6a b
I T I Mech an icalf ix in g s:scr ew ,r iv et ,clip 15a
F - cast in gis a d if f er en td iscip lin e 2 Non - m ech an icalf ix in g s:w eld ,ad h esiv e t 9 on p ag e88
See au d ioscr ip 3.
3 F - it ' sa slan gt er m c b
F - w or k in v olv in gab r asiv esis n oisier '|
I w eld 4 screw lt ' s p r et t yt im e- con su m intgo assem b le.
5 T 2 b olt 5 rivet 2 Cable t ies are fast enedaround t he bot t oms
6 T 3 ad h esiv e of t h e b alloon s,t o f ix t h em t o t h e r op es.
b 3 The balloons are at t achedt o ropes of
d differentlengt hs,w hich are at t ached in
I Saw in g 4 Millin g I . ioin in gf;ix in g groups t o st raps, like t he branchesof a t ree.
2 Sh ear in g 5 Flam e- cu t t in g 2 b olt in g ;r iv et in g
3 Dr illin g 4 Wat eris car r iedin b ag s,as b allast .Tap son
3 b on d in g ;w eld in g g; lu in g t he bags are used t o releasew at er.
c 1la 5 Th e b alloon scan b e r eleasedon e b y on e.
2 g u illot in e 5 ab r asiv ew h eel I t oget her 6 Th e b alloon scan ' t b e r eleasedon e b y on e.
3 kerf 6 hole-saw 2 each ot h er
4 t oot hed blade c
3on Suggested answers
7a 4 t o/ ont o Th e h eliu mcou ld b e con t ain edw it h ina sm aller
secondar| operafions: addit ional machining, b n u m b erof lar g erb alloon s.Th e b alloon scou ld
su ch as p olish in g I on 4 ont o/ t o be made of st ronger mat erial t han w eat her
net -shapedport s: part s w it h accurat elycut 2 each ot her 5 to b alloon s,an d cou ldb e p er m an en t lyf ast en edt o
edges; oft en int ricat e shapes 3 t oget her t h e r op esor st r ap s.Th isw ou ldm ak et h e b alloon
heat -affect edzone: t he area modified by high clust er fast er t o put t oget her and inflat e.Tw oor
t emperat ures( result ingfrom t he heat of cut t ing) c t h r eeof t h e b alloon scou ld h av ev alv es,allow in g
mechonical st resses:physicalforcessuch as I Main advant age:They can be removedeasily. h eliu mt o b e r eleasedd u r in gt h e f lig h t .Th is
sh ear f or cesw h ensaw in gor g u illot in in gm et al Main d isad v an t ag e:Th eycan w or k loose. w ou ldalso allowt h e b alloon st o b e d ef lat edaf t er
narrow kerf: narrow t hicknessof mat erial I t can't be removedeasily. t h e f lig h t ,so t h at t h ey cou ld b e r eu sed .
removedduring cut t ing;especiallyeasy t o do 3 Fix in g scan b e in ad eq u at ely
t ig h t en ed .
w it h w at erj et cut t inc Ad h esiv escan b e u sedon im p r op er ly
t ight lAnest ed: w hen severalcomponent sare cut preparedsurfaces.Welds can be flaw ed. I Un it 4
from t he same piece of mat erial t he component s tza 1
can b e p lacedcloset og et h er m, ak in gb et t er u se
Suggest ed answ ers
For t h e d esig nof a lar g ecr u isesh ip , sev er al
of t h e m at er ial. h u n d r edd r aw in g sw ou ldn eed t o b e p r od u ced .
I I n early aircraft ,t imber framesw erej oined
Th esew ou ldin clu d eg en er alar r an g em en t
b t oget herw it h adhesive/ glued t oget her,or
d r aw in g s,su ch as p lan sof t h e ov er alllay ou tof
I net -shapedpart s screw s/ screw edt oget her.
b od y p an elsar e j oin ed each d eck ,elev at ion sof t h e sid esof t h e sh ip ,
2 heat -affect edzone 2 I nj et air cr af t alloy
,
and cross-sect ionst hrough t he ship at different
3 mechanicalst resses t oget her w it h rivet s/ rivet ed t oget her.
point s. Not es on t hese general arrangement
4 narrow kerf 3 I n aircraft cabins, t he seat s are fixed t o t he
draw ingsw ould t hen refer t o more det ailed
floor w it h bolt s / bolt ed t o t he floor.
d r aw in g sof assem b lyd et ails.As w ell as b ein g

98 Answ erkey
 I

d iv id edin t o sm all- scale g en er alar r an g em en t c 8

d r aw in g san d lar g er - scale d et ails,t h e d r aw in g s
w ould also be organised int o different
sp ecialisat ion s, su ch as st r u ct u r e,elect r ical
p ow ercir cu it s,lig h t in gcir cu it s,w at ersu p p ly ,air
con d it ion in glif
, t s,f ir e sp r in k lersy st em s,en g in e
in st allat ion s,et c.
2a
I Part of a st aircase( St aircase3, Deck C)
2 Th e n u m b erof p an els,an d t h eir size
b 4
2 elev at ion
3 ex p lod edv iew
4 cross-sect ion
5 sch em at ic
n ot e
6 4
7 sp ecif icat ion
c Dif f er en ce
g en er alar r an g em en tp: lan ,elev at ion
d et ail:ex p lod edv ieWcr oss- sect ion
d
I elev at ion 4 sch em at ic
2 cr oss- sect ion 5 ex p lod edv iew
plan
3
3a
Th e scaleis t h e r at io b et w eent h e sizeof it em s
sh ow non a d r aw in g ,an d t h eir act u alsize ( in
r ealit y )A
. scaler u le h as sev er alscales,allow in g
d im en sion st o b e m easu r edon a d r aw in g t, o
d et er m in et h e act u alsize.
b I d esig nin f or m at ion[ at d if f er en tst ag esof t h e
Th e w id t hof t h e p an elat t h e t op .
I design process)
2 Th at y ou sh ou ld n ' tscaleof f d r aw in g s.
I t ' sm en t ion edb ecau sePav elsu g g est s
m easu r in gt h e d im en sionon t h e d r aw in g s
w it h a scaler u le t o f in d ou t t h e act u al
d im en sion s.
c o f 1 0 0 ,a n d a m i n i m u mo f 9 9 . 5 a n d a m a x i m u m
I ls t his drow ing t o sco/ e? : Do t he
d im en sion scor r esp on dw it h a scale?
2 I t 's one t o five' = Í he dimensionson t he
d r aw in gar e I / 5 of t h eir r eal size.
J . . . g ou sh ou ld n ' t scoleof fd r ow in g s. . . = You
sh ou ld n ' tm easu r ed im en sion son a d r aw in g
u sin ga scaler u le an d t ak e t h em t o b e ex act .
... it 's oct uol size, on a full-scaledraw ing ...
: Th e d im en sion son t h e d r aw in gar e t h e
same as t heir real size.
4 I Th e d r aw in gn eed st o b e am en d ed / r ev ised .
Ty p esof d r aw in gr eq u ir ed a : p lan sh ow in g
t h e p er im et erof t h e h an d r ail( p ossib lescale
I : I 00) ; an elev at ionof a sh or t len g t hof t h e
h an d r ail( p ossib lescale 1: I 0) ; a sect ionof t h e
h an d r ail( p ossib lescale I : | 0) ; d et ailssh ow in g
key connect ions,such as t hose bet w eenhandrail
p ost san d d eck ,an d t op r ail an d p ost s( p ossib le
scale- act u alsize) .Sp ecif icat iont :y p e of st eel,
t ypes of w elded j oint , t ypes of bolt , t ype and
colou rof p ain u coat in got , h er m at er ialssu ch as
p last icsu r r ou n dt o t op r ail
6a
Th e w or d sm ean h ow ex act som et h in gis, f or
ex am p leh ow closelyt h e sizesof m an u f act u r ed
it em sm at cht h eir d esig n edsize.
b l f t h e d r aw i n g i s n eed ed , t h e t eam w i l l
I A suoerFlatfloor has a much flat t er surface.
I t ' sf in ish edm or e p r eciselyt h an an or d in ar y
concret efloor.
2 Or d in ar yslab scan b e f lat t o + / - 5m m .
Su oer f latslab scan b e f lat t o w it h in I m m .
3 Slig h t v ar iat ion sin f loor lev elcan cau se
f or k lif t st o t ilt , cau sin gt h e f or k st o h it r ack s
or d r op it em s.
Toleranceis t he accept abledifferencebet w een
id eald esig n edsizean d act u alsize.I n m ach in in g
an d assem b lyp r ocesses,it is im p ossib let o
ach iev een t ir elyp r ecisesizes.A d eg r eeof
t oleranceis alw aysrequired.
d j oint bet w eent he w eb and t he flanges.The capit al
I w it h in
2 p l u s;m i n u s
3 t ig h t
ou t sid e
e j oin t s,at t h e p oin tw h er et h e cu r v esar e f lu shw it h
I ou t sid et oler an ce
2 + / - 0.5mm
3 w it h int oler an ce
t ig h t t oler an ce
f st at est h e d esig nob iect iv es.I n it ialid easar e
in m ean in g Plu : s or m in u s I m m
m ean st h e size m ay v ar y b y a m ax im u mof I
' id eal'
m m eit h ersid e of t h e d im en sionAs .
an ex am Dle.if t h e d iam et erof a st eel b ar is
d s 1 0 0 m m + / - | m m ,t h e d i a m e t e r
sp e c i f i e a
m ay b e a m ax im u mof l0l m m at it s w id est
p oin t an d 99 m m at it s n ar r ow estp oin t .Sin ce
t h e t ot alv ar iat ioncan b e I m m eit h ersid e of t h e
'100
m m ' i d e a l ' ( b e t w e e9n9 m m a n d l 0 l m m ) ,
t h e m ax im u mt ot alv ar iat ionb et w eent h e w id est
an d n ar r ow estp oin t sis 2 m m . How ev ern, o p oin t
m u st b e f u r t h ert h an I m m eit h ersid e of t h e
' id eal'
size.
Wit h in I m m d escr ib eson ly t h e t ot al v ar iat ionin
size.Th is m ean st h e size m ay v ar y b y a m ax im u m
of I m m ab ov et h e id eald im en sion( aslon g as
n o p oin t is b elowt h e id eald im en sionor ) it m ay
v ar y b y a m ax im u mof I m m b elowt h e id eal
d im en sion( aslon g as n o p oin t is ab ov et h e id eal
d im en sion )Th . er ef or e, a m in im u md iam et erof
1 0 0 a n d a m a x i m u mo f l 0 l w o u l db e w i t h i nI
m m ,a s w o u l da m i n i m u mo f 9 9 a n d a m a x i m u m
of 100.5.
Ex am p lesof u ses:lt is u su alt o sp ecif y+ / -
t oler an cesw h er ea sp ecif icid ealsize is cr it ical,
f or ex am p let h e sizeof a h olef or a b olt . ln t h is
case, if t he ho| eis t oo narrow Í t oofar be| owt he
id ealsize)t h e b olt w ill n ot f it in t o it . lf t h e h ole
is t oo w id e ( t oof ar ab ov et h e id eal size) ,t h e b olt
' Wit h in 'is
w ill n ot f it t ig h t lyen ou g h . of t enu sed
w hen specifyingt olerancesfor concret efloor
su r f aces.I n t h is case,t h e im p or t an tissu eis t h e
t ot al am ou n tof v ar iat ionb et w eent h e h ig h est
and low est ooint s on t he surfaceof t he floor
( w h ichd et er m in esh ow sm oot ht h e f loor is) .
7a
I A su p er f latf in ishf or t h e en t ir ef loor
2 Free movementfloors are superflat
everyw here.On defined movementfloors,
on ly sp ecif iclan esar e su p er f lat .
3 Lon g ,n ar r owlan esallow a h ig h er - q u alit y
f in isht o b e ach iev ed .
4 This can be done at a lat er st age t o make
ot h er p ar t sof t h e f loor su p er f lat .
5 lt can b e p osit ion edd eep erin t h e con cr et e.
b '|
I lon g 4 t h ick
2 w id e 5 d ep t h
3 h eig h t
c receive copies of all f urt her revisions. lf not ,
w idt h 5 t h ick n ess
J l en g t h h eig h t
dept h
d
d iam et er t: h e m ax im u mw id t hof a cir cle
radius: t he dist ancefrom t he cent re of a circle t o
it s circumference( halft he diamet er)
The capit alT referst o t he t hicknessof t he flanges.
The small t referst o t he t hicknessof t he w eb. The
capit alW referst o t he w idt h oft he flanges.The
sm allw r ef er st o h alft h e w id t hof t h e colu m nf r om
t he cent reof t he w eb t o t he edgesof t he flanges.
The small r referst o t he radiusoft he curve at t he
D referst o t he t ot al dept h of t he column,from t he
t op of one flanget o t he bot t om of t he opposit e
flange.The small d referst o t he dept h of t he w eb,
measuredbet lveent he ends of t he curvesat t he
t he face of t he w eb.
9
A d esig np r ocessis t h e d ev elop m enof t a d esig n .
A t y p icald esig nst ar t sw it h a d esig nb r ief ,w h ich
t h en p u t t og et h eras r ou g hsk et ch es.Th esear e
t h en d ev elop edin t o p r elim in ar yd r aw in g s,w h ich
are more det ailed and are oft en draw n t o scale.
Th e p r elim in ar yd r aw in g sar e t h en d ev elop ed ,
in cor p or at in gcom m en t sf r om d if f er en tm em b er s
of t h e d esig nt eam ,con su lt an t san d t h e clien t .
On ce t h e d esig nh as b een su f t icien t ly d ev elop ed ,
w or k in gd r aw in g sar e p r od u ced Th. esear e t h en
u sed f or m an u f act u r in g / assem b ly / con st r u ct ion .
Fr eq u en t lyw, or k in gd r aw in g sar e r ev ised
( ch an g edd) u r in gt h is lat t er p h ase,in or d er t o
r esolv et ech n icalp r ob lem sen cou n t er edd u r in g
m an u f act u r in g / assem b ly / con st r u ct ion .
10a
2 sket ches,design brief, revised/ amended
d r aw in g ,su p er sed edd r aw in g ,p r elim in ar y
d r aw in g ,w or k in gd r aw in g ,su m m ar y / n ot es
b
I b 2d 3c 4a 5e
C
I sket ch 3 w orking draw ing
2 d esig nb r ief 4 p r elim in ar yd r aw in g
d
2 revise 6 su p er sed e
3 r ou g h 7 sp ecif y
4 issu e 8 resolve
5 com m en ton
e
Suggest ed answ ers
2 Th e d esig nn eed st o b e sen t t o t h e clien tf or
com m en t san d ap p r ov al.
Th e sit e en g in eern eed st o b e con t act edt o
ch eckw h ichr ev isionof t h e d r aw in gt h ey
nave.
4 The t hree differentcont ract orsneed t o be
issu edw it h t h e r ev ision .
E Rou g hsk et ch esn eed t o b e d on e f ir st an d t h e
clien tt o com m en ton t h em .
11b
I b 2a 3c
d
Th e sen ioren g in eerw ill d ecid ew h et h eror
n ot t h e t eam n eed sf u r t h err ev ision sof a
d r aw in g .
n o f u r t h er r ev i si o n s w i l l b e i ssu ed t o t h e
l eam .
S/ h e w i l l l i ai se b eBv een t h e m ech an i cal an d
elect rical t eam s, and w ill report t o t he proiect
m an ag er .
Al l t h r ee d esi g n t eam s w i l l b e l o cat ed i n a
si n g l e o p en - p l an o f f i ce.

Answ erkey 99
 e I Un i t 5 6a
Suggest ed answ ers 1 Ch eckin j ect ion
I Fir st ,t h e p r elim in ar yd r aw in gw ill b e t 2 Wat er in t he fuel syst em
cir cu lat edt o all t h e sen ioren g in eer s.Th e See au d ioscr ip t5. I on p ag e89 3 Becau set h e f u elw as p u t in d ir ect lyf r om a
en g in eer sw ill d ecid ew h et h eror n ot t h e 2a d eliv er yt an k er
d r aw in gis r eq u ir edb y t h eir t eam . lf n ot , t h ey I To f in ishf ir st ,f ir st y ou m u st f in ish 4 Wh en t h e en g in eis st ar t edf r om cold
w ill say it isn ' t r eq u ir edan d af t er t h at , n o 2 En g in eer in g en em ies 5 A f au lt yf u el p r e- h eat erp lu g
m or e r ev ision sof t h e d r aw in gw ill b e issu ed 3 Wear an d t ear 6 Th e p lu g can b e ch an g edat t h e n ex t ser v ice.
t o t h em . lf t h e d r aw in gis r eq u ir ed t, h ey ' ll I t ' sn ot an u r g en tp r ob lem .
say it ' s n eed ed .Th ey m ig h t com m en ton t h e b
d r aw in gan d r eq u estam en d m en t sor ap p r ov e I h eat 4 sh ock s b
it . Th eyw ill also r eceiv eall f u r t h err ev ision s 2 pressure 5 ab r asion I defect 5 p r op en y
of t h e d r aw in g ,in clu d in gw or k in gd r aw in g s. 5 v ib r at lon 2 defect ive;fault y 6 in t er m it t en t ly
2 Th e m ech an icalan d elect r icalt eam sw ill 3 m aj or 7 sy st em at ically
c 4 minor
b e ab le t o w or k on t h e p r elim in ar yd esig n
Suggest ed answ ers
t og et h ereasily ,t h an k st o t h e op en - p lan '| c
shocks
of f ice.As t h e d r aw in g sar e d ev elop edt h ey ' ll I b 2c 5a
2 h eat
b e ab le t o d iscu ssam en d m en t sin t h e sam e
3 ab r asion d
w ay.
4 sh ock s Suggest ed answ ers
3 Th e m ech an icalan d st r u ct u r alt eam sw ill b e '|
5 ab r asion Th is is an in t er m it t enpt r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab ly
ab le t o w or k t og et h ert o solv et h e p r ob lemin
6 ab r asion cau sedb y w ear an d t ear .
t h e op en - p lanof f icean d r ev isedd r aw in g sw ill
7 sh ock s 2 Th isw as a su d d enp r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab lya
b e p r od u ced Th . esew ill t h en b e ap p r ov ed
pressure ( causedby heat )
I f au lt yp ar t , or an in st allat ionp r ob lem .
b y b ot h t h e m ech an icalan d st r u ct u r al
9 v ib r at ion 3 Th is is a sy st em at icp r ob lem .lt ' s p r ob ab lya
t eam s.Rev isedd r aw in g sw ill b e issu edan d
cir cu lat edt o all t h osew h o n eed t h em . 3a f au lt yp ar t ,or an in st allat ionp r ob lem .
I T e
12
F - t h e d r iv ersw lt ch edt h e en g in eof f 2 lt sou n d slik e it ' s
Of t en con f lict in g( d if f er en tin
) f or m at ionis sh ow n
3 T 3 lt cou ldb e / lt m ig h t b e
on d if f er en td r aw in €s . on on e d r aw in g ,t h e
4 T 4 | d ou b t it ' s
d im en sion sof a com p on en tm ay n ot cor r esp on d
F - t h e w h eeln u t w ou ld n ' t u r n 5 lt can ' t b e
w it h t h osesh ow non a r elat edd r aw in g .Clash es
6 F - t h e d r iv erd id n ' t b en d t h e su sp en sion
ar e an ot h ercom m onp r ob lem- d if f er en t f
d r aw in g sm ay sh ow d if f er en com t p on en t sin t h e b 2 it m ig h t b e 5 | d ou b t it ' s
sam e p osit ionw it h inan assem b ly m , ean in gt h e I b lock in g 3 b en d ;sn ap 5 it m ig h t b e 6 lt sou n d slik e it ' s
assem b I yWi| |n ot f it t og et h eras d esi€n ed . Key 2 jam cr acK 4 it can ' t b e
d im en sion san d assem b lyd et ailsm ay also b e
C 7a
m issin gf r om t h e set of d r aw in g s,leav in gt h e
I leak in gou t 4 clog u p m in or ;sy st em at ic
p r od u ct ionw it h in ad eq u at ein f or m at ion .
2 r u no u t 5 w ear in gou t
13a 3 cu t ou t 6 b low u p b
I Desig np r ob lem san d solu t ion s Suggest ed answ ers
d I t can ' t b e w at er in t h e f u el su p p ly .g h is w ou ld
2 A q u er y is a q u est ion An
. in st r u ct ionis an
See au d ioscr ip t5. 2 on p ag e89 cau sem isf ir in g . )
ex p lan at ionof w h at t o d o / of f icialp er m ission
t o d o som et h in €. e I t cou ldb e a clog g edf u el f ilt er .f lh e en g in eis
3 Wr it t enf ollow - u pis im p or t an tin or d er 2 leak in gou t 6 b lock ed( u p ) p er f or m in gcon sist en t lyb,u t is d ow non p ow er . )
t o k eep a r ecor df or con t r act u al/ f in an cial 3 j am m ed 7 b en t I d ou b t it ' sa com p r essionleak . [ f h is w ou ld
p u r p oses. 4 clog g edu p I w or n ou t p r ob ab lyr esu ltin in cr easedf u el con su m p t ion ,
5 w orked loose 9 run out an d w ou ldp r ob ab lycau sem or e m aj or
b p r ob lem s. )
2 869 4 867; 868 4 I t can ' t b e a lu b r icat ionp r ob lem .f lh is w ou ld
5 869; 870 5 867; 868; 869 Mon za h as lon g st r aig h t san d sev er alch ican es. cau seov er h eat in g . )
Th is m ean scar s ar e at f u ll- t h r ot t le
f or lon g er , I d ou b t it ' sa b lock ag ein t h e ex h au stsy st em .
c
an d n eed t o d o a lot of h eav yb r ak in g .Pr ob lem s:
I clash 4 ad v ise f l' h isw ou ldcau sem or e m aj or p r ob lem s. )
En g in escan ov er h eatan d b low u p ; b r ak es
2 r eq u est 5 clar if y 8
can ov er h eat r; id in gt h e k er b scan cau set h e
3 propose ch eck list s= list sof t h in g st o b e ch eck ed
su sp en siont o cr ack ,b en d or sn ap ;t h e r ig h t -
14a h an d cor n er scau set h e t y r eson t h e lef t of t h e st an d ar dp r oced u r es= sp ecif ic,p lan n edw ay sof
See au d ioscr ip t4. 6 on p ag e 89 car t o w ear ou t f ast ert h an t h oseon t h e r ig h t d ealin gw it h sit u at ion san d p r ob lem s
sid e:an d leav escan b lock u p t h e r ad iat or s. b ack - u pin st allat ion s= secon d ar y / ad d it ion al
b eq u ip m en t h at w ill w or k if m ain eq u ip m en ft ails
2 c| ar iÚ 6 alt er n at iv e 5b p lan n edm ain t en an ce- r ep lacin gp ar t sat
3 con t r ad ict s 7 as p er User ' sob seNat ion s= w h at t h e p er sonu sin gt h e p lan n edt im esev enif t h ey ar e n ot w or n ou t
4 clash I con f ir m m ach in eh as n ot iced
5 propose Nat u r eof f au lt - t y p e of p r ob lem 9a
Cir cu m st an ces of f au lt = in w h at t y p e of I An in cor r ect( ov er sizedh)y d r au licp ip e w as
d f it t edt o t h e r ig h t - h an den g in e.
sit u at iont h e f au lt h ap p en ed / h ap p en s
Suggest ed answ ers Ex t er n alf act or s- t h in g sf r om ou t sid e,f or 2 Th e p ip e r u b b edag ain sta f u el lin e.
As d iscu ssedt od ay ,I con f ir mt h at t h e con n ect ion 3 Th e f u el lin e r u p t u r ed ,r esu lt in gin a m aj or
ex am p let h e w eat h eror som et h in gh it t in gt h e
b et w eent h e p lat ean d T sect ionon t h e sk i lif t leak .
m ach in e
sh ou ldh av esix b olt s,n ot eig h t as sh ow non t h e
Pr ocessof elim in at ion- t h in k in gof p ossib le b
d et ail.Th e t w o b olt s sh ow non t h e d et ailw h ich p r ob lem san d d ecid in gw h ichar e n ot p ossib lein
w ou ldclashw it h t h e f lan g eof t h e T sect ionar e 0 4 : 5 8b 0 5 : 3 6d 0 6 : 1 3a
or d er t o r ed u cet h e n u m b erof oossib ilit ies 06: 27 c
n ot r eou ir ed .
ld en t if yt h e f au lt - f in d t h e f au lt/ d ecid ew h at
t h e f au lt is c
Det er m in eact ionan d u r g en cy= d ecid ew h at t o 2 oversized 7 d isp r op or t ion at e
d o ab ou t t h e p r ob leman d d ecid eh ow q u ick lyit 5 in ad eq u at e 8 ir r eg u lar
n eed st o b e d on e 4 undet ect ed 9 im b alan ce
5 ab n or m al l0 m alf u n ct ion
6 in su f f icien t I I in op er ab le

100 Answ erkey

I
d 13a I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o /
'| Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e m at er ials,w h at is
I in cor r ecVab n or m al Th e lev elis OK.
in ad eq u at e/ in su f f icien t 2 Th e coolan tis f u ll of r esid u e/ b lack . t he bodyw ork made or.,
3 ir r eg u lar 3 lt look sr eason ab le. I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o /
4 oversized 4 OK, t h er ear e n o sig n sof d am ag e. Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e sch ed u le,w h en
5 m alf u n ct ion 5 Th isw ill n eed t o b e look edat . w ill t h e w or k st ar t ?
6 im b alan ce I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o /
b Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e p ow er w , h at w ill
7 u n d et ect ed
Th ey ' r ew or k in gon an in d u st r ialm ach in eas t h e m ax im u mou t p u t n eed t o b e?
I in op er ab le
t h eir d ecisionn ot t o ch an g et h e f ilt er w ou ldb e I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o /
10a u n accep t ab le in air cr af tm ain t en an ce. Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e h eat r esist an ce,
IF - t he t yre pressuresare w ell dow n
c w h at sor t of t em p er at u r ew ill t h e p ain t n eed
2T t o w it h st an d ?
Dr aint h e coolan t .Rem ov et h e f ilt er ,ex am in eit
3 F _ on | yon e €rou p of t y r esis | ow 6 I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o /
an d cleanit . Pu t t h e f ilt er b ack in . Rep lacet h e
4r Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e t oler an ce,w h at
coolan t .Ad j u stt h e b lad esan d t ig h t ent h em .
b level of precisiondo you w ant us t o w ork t o?
t4a
I ab n or m al/ in cor r ect 3a
A f o r k l i f tt r u c kh i t a m a c h i n eu n i t l PSl 5 a n d
in su f t icien Vin ad eq u at e I Can b e v ar iedcon sid er ab ly
m ad ea h ole in t h e m ain oan el.Th e t ech n ician
d isp r op or t ion at e 2 Ph y sicalb u t n ot so ex t r em et h at p eop led on ' t
proport ionat e at t h e f act or ylook edat t h e m ach in e[ h ed id n ot
4 w at chg r ap h ics
op en it u p or look in sid e)an d r ep or t edt h at t h e
c b lad ealig n m en tm ech an ismw as d am ag edan d 3 Best t o t ry out effect sin pract ice as it 's
ln g en er al,in su f f icientty r e p r essu r escou ldb e t h at liq u idlu b r ican tw as leak in gf r om t h e u n it . difficult t o do in t heory
cau sedb y : p r essu r elossov er t im e ( allt y r es Th er ew as also an elect r icalcr ack lin gsou n d b
lose air pressure progressivelyover a period of [ p r esu m ab ly cau sedb y ear t h in g / sh or t - cir cu it in g ) I h ow m u ch
sev er alm on t h s)d u e t o in ad eq u at em ain t en an ce; w h ent h e m ach in ew as sw it ch edon . 2 t h e am ou n t
a slow p u n ct u r elair leak in gslow lyf r om a sm all 5 calcu lat e/ g ivaeq u an t it y
b
h ole in t h e t y r e) ;air leak in gf r om a v alv ed u e t o 4 j u d g e/ d ecid e
lsolat et h e elect r icalsu p p ly .Dism an t let h e
a p r ob lemw it h t h e v alv e,f or ex am p led ir t in t h e 5 measure/ t est
. eckf or
ex t er n aloan els.Dr aint h e lu b r ican t Ch
v alv ep r ev en t in git f r om closin gp r op er ly a ; f au lt y
in t er n ald am ag e.Rem ov ed am ag edp ar t san d c
pressuregauge on t he compressorused t o inflat e
r ep lacet h em .Ad d lu b r ican t Ad
. j u stt h e b lad es. 2 t h e d eg r eet o w h ich
t h e t y r es,g iv ln gan in cor r ectp r essu r er ead in g .
Pu t on t h e ex t er n aloan els.Recon n ectt h e 3 To w h at ex t en t
Wit h t h is sp ecif icp r ob lem ,p er h ap st h er ew as
elect r icalsu p p ly Test
. t h e m ach in e. 4 t o w h at ex t en t/ t h e d eg r eet o w h ich
a f au lt w it h t h e com p r essoru sed t o in f lat et h at
block of t yres - a differentcompressort o t he 5 To w h at ex t en t
on e u sed t o in f lat et h e ot h er b lock s- an d t h is I Un it 6 6 q u an t ií y / d et er m in e
g av et h e m ain t en an ce t ech n icianan in cor r ect 7 assess
1
p r essu r er ead in gw h enin f lat in gt h at b lock of 6a
Need san aly sis( alsocalledr eq u ir em en t
t y r es.lt ' s u n lik elyt h at a t ech n icalp r ob lemw it h an aly sis/ g ap an aly sis)is f in d in gou t w h at t h e I I t ' sb ein gcar v edf r om a b lock of san d st on e.
t h e t y r es,su ch as slow p u n ct u r esor leak in g r eq u ir em en tar s e f or a n ew p r oj ectb y look in g He's overseeingt he logist icsof t he proj ect .
v alv es,w ou ldoccu r on sev er alt y r esat t h e sam e at all t h e f act or st h at ar e in v olv edan d h ow t h ey On a st on ep lin t h
t im e an d cau seex act lyt h e sam e lossin p r essu r e w ill in t er act . How t o st op t h e slin g sf r om g et t in g
acr ossall t h e t v r es. Bu d g et = h ow m u chm on eyis av ailab le,f or t r ap p edb en eat ht h e st at u e,so t h ey can b e
11a ex am p | et h e b u d g etf or d esig n in gb, u i| d in €an d w it h d r aw naf, t er t h e st at u eh as b een low er ed
Suggest ed answ ers t est ing a prot ot ypefor a new high-speedt rain on t o t h e p lin t hb y cr an e
Rep air sar e d on e t o cor r ectt ech n icalp r ob lem s Cap acit y- h ow m u chsom et h in gn eed st o
produceor carry,for example how much pow er
b
aft er breakdow nshave occurred d r i l l= cu t a h o l e
Main t en an ceis d on e t o p r ev en t ech n ical an elect r icalcir cu itm u st b e ab le t o car r y
horlzont al = level
p r ob lem sf r om occu r r in g . Dim en sion s= size.f or ex am olet h e d iam et erof
b ar = a lon g p ieceof m et alw it h a cir cu lar
t h e w h eelsof a m ou n t ainb ik e
b r ok en = r ep ait f or ex am p lea b olt t h at h as sect ion
Lay ou t = t h e ov er allsh ap eof som et h in gan d
b r ok en v er t ical = at 90 d eg r eest o t h e g r ou n d
t h e p osit ion sof d if f er en p
t ar t sr elat iv et o on e
clog g ed = r ep air ,f or ex am p lea f ilt ert h at is lif t in gey es - m et al r in g st h at h ook scan b e f ix ed
an ot h er f, or ex am p let h e lay ou tof t h e m ain
com p let elyclog g edan d h as cau seda t ech n ical t o f or lif t in g
com p on en t sof a car en g in e.
p r ob lem ,or m ain t en an ce it is slig h t lyclog g ed resin = a t ype of st rong adhesive
Look s = w h at som et h in glook slik e f r om an
and is ready t o be replaced a g r ab = m ech an icaliaw st h at g r ip ob j ect st o
= aest h et icp oin t of v iew f or ex am p let h e look of a
defect ive repair,for example a part t hat w as lif t t h em
car in t erms of t he shape of it s bodyw ork
in cor r ect lym an u f act u r ed
an d d id n ot w or k frict ion = resist ancet o sliding w hen t w o surfaces
Performance= similar t o capacit y,for example
f au lt y = 1sp 3; .f or ex am p lea sen sort h at is are pressed t oget her
how much pow er a generat orneedst o produce
g iv in gin cor r ectm easu r em en t s
Reg u lat ion s: law san d st an d ar d st h at a d esig n c
w or n = m ain t en an ce, f or ex am p lew or n t y r es
m u st com p lyw it h ,f or ex am p lesaf et yr eg u lat ion s I Dr ill in t o t h e sid esof t h e st at u ean d in ser t
n eed t o b e r eolaced
an d q u alit yst an d ar d s h or izon t alb ar s,w h ichcou ld b e u sed f or
b Tim escale= h ow m u cht im e is av ailab le,f or lif t in g .
Suggest ed answ ers ex am p let h e sch ed u lef or b u ild in ga n ew air p or t Dr ill in t o t h e t oo of t h e st at u ean d in ser t
Sim ilar it ies:p ar t san d f lu id sar e r ep lacedon v er t icalb ar s w it h lif t in gey es,set in t o t h e
2a
a p lan n edm ain t en an ce p r og r am m e,p ar t sar e st on ew it h r esin .
I cap acit y 3 t im escale
ch eck edv isu allyf or w ear an d d am ag e,an d t h at Use a g r ab on t h e en d of t h e cr an ej ib , t o lif t
2 g r ap h ics
t h ey ar e t ig h t lyf ix ed ,cor r ect lyalig n ed / b alan ced , t he st at ue by frict ion.
et c. b I & 2 are rej ect edbecause holes can't be
Mai n d i f f er en ce: st an d ar d s i n av i at i o n ar e m o r e I regard 4 as regards d r illedin t o t h e st at u e[ ev enif t h ey w er ef illed
rigorous 2 t er m s 5 r eg ar d in g aft erw ards,t hey w ould be seen) .
3 con cer n ed 3 is rej ect edbecauset he st at ue is t oo heavy
t Za an d w id e.
2d 3c 4a 5C 6b c
7j 8e th l0i I I n t erms of / As regards/ Wit h regard t o / d
Con cer n in g/ Reg ar d in gt h e d im en sion s,
w h at cou ld n ' t 5 ab ou t
b 3 cou ld 6 an ot h er
is t h e ov er allsizeof t h e m od u le?
2d 3j 4c 5c 6b
alt er n at iv ely 7 d on ' t
7i 8a th l0e

Answ er key 101

 7b b e v er y p ain st ak in gan d t im e con su m in g g
The st onemasons' suggest ion com p ar edw it h p r e- d r illin tgh em d u r in g 1
Th is is t h e or od u ct ' sAch illesh eel.
Use b lock sof ice.Th e b lock sw ou ldact as m an u f act u r in g . J Th er e' sn o p oin t r ein v en t in gt h e w h eel.
t emporary spacers bet w eent he st at ue and t he 4 Th issh ou ldb e f easib lef r om a st r u ct u r al 4 We st art ed from t he ground up w it h t his new
p lin t h ,t o allow t h e slin g st o b e w it h d r aw nan
, d p oin t of v iew ,b u t it ' ll cost an ar m an d a leg d esig n .
Wou | dt h en m elt ,a| | ow in t€h e st at u et o sit d ow n d u e t o t h e n eedf or ad d it ion alst eelcolu m n s. 5 Th e n ew d esig nis a q u an t u mleap .
on t h e p lin t h . For t h at r eason ,it is n ot a f easib lesolu t ion . 6 I t h in k t h er e' sr oom f or im p r ov em en t .
Pot en t ialp r ob lem l: Ou t d oort em p er at u r es 11 13a
b e| owf r eezin €Wou ldp r ev en t h e ice f r om Suggest ed answ ers Th e f ir st m ech an icalm ou sew as im p r ov edb y
m elt in g .Solu t ion :I n t h is case,b low t or ch esor Bet t erq u alit ym at er ials,f or ex am p lem ak in ga r ef in in git s sh ap e:b y ad d in gan ad d it ion al
salt cou ld b e u sed t o m elt it . t ool from st ainlessst eel inst ead of mild st eel t o b u t t onan d a w h eelt o t h e t op an d b y r ev am p in g
Pot en t ialp r ob lem2: Ver y h ot w eat h erw ou ld or ev en tcor r ost on . t h e w h eelm ech an ismu n d ert h e m ou se.Th e
cau set h e ice t o m elt q u ick ly Solu
. t ion :To Low eru n it cost ,f or ex am p leu sin ga sin g le- p iece m ech an ismw as r ed esig n edt o u se a b all in st ead
com p en sat ef or t h is, lar g erb lock sof ice cou ld com p on en tin st eadof on e t h at n eed st o b e of w h eels,alt h ou g ha w h eelm ech an ismw as
sim p lyb e u sed . assembledfrom severalDart s.t o make it fast er st ill u sed in sid et h e m ou se;as t h e b all r olled ,
8a t o oroduce. it cau sedt h e w h eelst o t u r n . For t h e op t ical
Feasibilit a means t he possláilit a of doing Mak e lif eeasierf or u ser ,f or ex am p led esig n in g m ou se,t h e d esig n er scom p let elyr et h ou g h t h e
somet hing. a sim p lercon t r olp an elt h at ' sq u ick eran d easier u n d er sid eof t h e m ou se.ln st eadof u sin ga b all,
t o use, or maint enance-free component ssuch as t hey used opt ical sensors.They also redesigned
9a bearingst hat don't need lubricat ingregularly. t he connect ionbet w eent he mouse and t he
I For t h e b olt st h at w ill b e u sed t o f ix t h e Ex am p lesof ot h er p oin t st h at cou ldb e ad d ed : com p u t erm , ak in git w ir elessin st eadof h av in ga
b eam st o t h e w all make product sfunct ion more effect ively,make w ir e.For t h e t ou ch p ad t, h e d esig n er sw en t b ack
2 Cor e d r illed h olesar e f or m edaf t er t h e t h em saf er ,m ak et h em last lon g er ,m ak et h em t o t he draw ing board and invent eda new syst em
con cr et ew allsh av eb een cast , u sin ga more robust ( st ronger) . u sin €a sen sit iv esu r f ace.
d iam on dd r ill. Pr ef or m edh olesar e f or m edb y
p u t t in gp last ict u b es in t o t h e w allsw h ilet h e t2a
con cr et eis b ein g p ou r ed . Suggest ed answ ers I Un it 7
3 Sp acear ou n dt h e b olt s,in t h e h oles,t o allow cables/ connect ions: lmprovet he user int erfaceby
1
t heir posit ion t o be ad.iust ed m ak in gcab leseasiert o con n ectan d d iscon n ect ;
Wor k in gw it h m ach in est h at h av ecu t t in gw h eels
4 Posit ion in gt h e h olesp r eciselyor t h ey w on ' t r ed u ceen v ir on m en t al im p actb y m ak in gcab les
an d b lad es;w or k at a h ig h lev elw h er et h er e' sa
m at chw it h t h e b eam s on ly f r om r ecy clab lem at er ials.
r isk of f allin g ;w or k in ex cav at ion an
s d t u n n els
5 Tim e an d cost case: lmproveaest het icsby offeringa range of w h er et h er eis a r isk of collap seor d an g er ou s
colou r s;m ak e m an u f act u r ineasier
g b y m ak in g
b gases; lift ing heavy obj ect sw it h cranes w here
t h e case f r om a sm allern u m b erof com p on en t s.
See au d ioscr ip t6. 5 on p ag e 9l t here is a risk of falling obj ect s; processest hat
inldt onercart ridges: lmprovet he user int erface
use high-pressurevesselsand hoses/ pipesw here
d b y m ak in gcar t r id g eseasiert o r em ov ean d
- m ak ecar t r id g esb ig g er t h er e is a r isk of ex p losion w; or k in gw it h h ig h -
I Th e p last ict u b esar e ch eapt o b u y an d q u ick r ep lace;con su m ab les
v olt ag eelect r icalcir cu it sw h er et h er eis a r isk
t o p u t in . so t h ey last lon g eran d n eedt o b e r ep lacedless
of elect r ocu t ionp;r ocessest h at u se f lam m ab le
2 lt 's slow . oft en.
liq u id san d g asesw h er et h er eis a r isk of f ir e or
3 Wit h in20m m p ap e! : lm p r ov er eliab ilit yb y r ef in in gm ech an ism s
ex olosion .
4 Wt hin lom m t o help prevent paper blockages;improveout put
5 Th at t h ey ' r en ot p osit ion edaccu r at ely speed by making t he paper flow fast er. 2a
6 Th e t oler an ce pow e-r:Reduceenvironment alimpact by having Suggested answers
t h e p r in t ersw it chof f au t om at ically w h enn ot in I h azar d ou ssu b st an ces: d an g er ou sm at er ials,
e use. for example acid, asbest os;PPE: prot ect ive
2 p e a n u t sO soft w are:lmprovet he user int erfaceby making clot h in gan d accessor ies, f or ex am p le
3 p ain st ak in gO t he soft w areeasier t o use. prot ect ivegloves,safet y glasses
4 p er f ect ly O 2 h ar m f u l;d an g er ou st o h ealt h ,f or ex am p le
5 st r et ch in gO b
ch em icalst h at cau sesk in r ash es;f u m es:
6 w ayo I t em s2 an d 7
vapour or smoke,for examplefrom
7 b or d er lin eO c liq u idch em icalst h at ev ap or at eat r oom
8 t allO I No. The exist ing design has proved t o be t em p er at u r e;asoh y x iat ionh azar d s:
9 forever6 effect ive.The companydoesn't havet he danger of suffocat ion,for example due t o
'10
l e g6 resourcest o make fundament alchangest o con cen t r at ionof s car b ond iox id e/ lack of
e t he product ionprocess. oxygen
'| 2 On ce 3 fire/ exolosionhazards:subst ancest hat could
o 20 30 4@ so 66
3 The soft w arehas been a maior w eaknessof b u r n or ex p lod eif ex p osedt o n ak edf lam es
10 t h e ex ist in gm od el. or sp ar k s,f or ex am p lep et r oleu mp r od u ct s,
su€
g est ed answ ers 4 - it n eed st o b e sim p lert o u se
Sig n if ican t ly b u t an e/ p r op angeas, alcoh o
I A h am m er - act ion d r ill w ou ldn ot b e su it ab le 4 g u ar d s;p r ot ect iv esh ield sar ou n dd an g er ou s
for reinforcedconcret e,as t here's no w ay it d
m ach in ep ar t s,f or ex am p let h e g u ar d sov er
cou ldd r ill t h r ou g ht h e st eel r ein f or cin g b ar s. 2 in v en tag ain
t h e t op s of cir cu larsaw b lad es
Also, t h e d iam et erof t h e h olesw ou ldb e t oo 3 im p r ov et h e d et ails
5 g u ar d r ails:r ailsat w aist lev elt o p r ev en t
g r eat t o d r ill u sin gan or d in ar yd r ill b it . Th is 4 im p r ov eov er all p eop lef r om f allin g ,f or ex am p lealon gt h e
is d ef in it elyn ot a f easib lesolu t ion . 5 t h i n ka g a i n
edgesof high-levelw alkw aysand plat forms;
2 Th is cou ld b e a f easib lesolu t ion .How ev er , 6 st ay ( t hesame)
emersencyexit s: doors t o allow rapid escape/
d ep en d in gon t h e d esig nof t h e en d sof t h e e evacuat ion,for example fire exit s
beams, it might be difficult t o get accesst o 2 g r ou n du p 6 elect r icalin st allat ion s: sit u at ion sin v olv in g
t he holes aft er t he beams w ere fit t ed. lt 'll be 3 r oom ;im p r ov em en t cont act w it h exoosed elect ricalconduct ors
q u it e a p ain st ak in g j ob , as t h e b eam sm ig h t 4 Ach illesh eel su ch as elect r icalm ain t en an ce or w or k
cov ert h e h oles,m ak in git im p ossib let o g et 5 b ack ;d r aw in gb oar d op er at ion sc| oset o h i€h - v oI t a€e cab I es
cem en tin t o t h em . 6 q u an t u mleap 7 n oiseh azar d s:lou d n oiset h at can d am ag e
5 Th is isn ' t r eallyf easib le,as t h e p osit ion sof 7 scrat ch h ear in g f, or ex am p lelou d m ach in es
t h e h o| esm ig h t b e in u n su it áb | ep osit ion s
on t he beams, for example very close t o t he f b
ed g esof p lat es.Th isw ou ldn ot b e accep t ab le b4 c5 d6 e2: 7 f3 b7 cl d3
in t er m sof st r u ct u r alst r en g t h Also,
. d r illin g
h olest h r ou g hst eel b eam son sit e w ou ld

102 Answ erkey

I
c t w o m et r esab ov et h e g r ou n d ,scaf f old in g
2e 5b 4C 5f 6a
7h 8c
d an d t h ey ar e f u lly m ain t ain edt o av iat ion
ear p r ot ect iong, lov es,ey e p r ot ect ionm
, ask
e v olt ag eelect r icaleq u ip m en t
e st ed answ ers
sug€
1 This is a confined space.You need t o t est t he
air using a CO2 det ect or.
2 Th is is a cor r osiv esu b st an ce. You n eedt o
w ear g lov esan d ey e p r ot ect ionan , d a m ask
for orot ect ion from t he fumes.
3 Th is m ak essDar k san d is a n oiseh azar d .You
need t o w ear eye prot ect ion,ear prot ect ion
an d g lov es.
4 Th is is a h ar m f u lsu b st an ce. You n eedt o w ear
g lov es,an d if t h er e' sa r isk of sp lash in gey
, e
or ot ect ion .
3a
Suggest ed answ ers
I An an aly sis/ p r ed ict ion of t h e d an g er s
in v olv edin a w or k in gop er at ion
2 A saf ew or k in gp r oced u r e/ m et h od
3 Som e m ain t en an ce w or k ,w h ichin clu d es
w eld in g ,is g oin gt o b e car r iedou t in t h e
b ot t om sof som e lar g eg r ainsilos( silo =
st orage t ank for solid subst ances/ pow ders)
4 Cet t in gin sid et h e silos
5 See au d ioscr ip t7. 2 on p ag e9l
b
I Risk of som eon ef allin g ;r isk of g as b ot t les
f allin gon som eon e
2 COr ; f u m esf r om m et al;d u st ( ex p losion
h azar d )
c
I Access hazards:ext erna|st áircaseand
int ernal ladder for safe accessfor w orkers,
low erb ot t lesin t o silo w it h a r ooe an d m ak e
su r e n o w or k er sar e u n d er n eat hin silo.
Confined space hazards:use a CO, det ect or,
use an air ext ract or.
An air ex t r act orcou ld b low d u st in t o t h e air
an d m ak et h e p r ob lemw or se.
4 6c
One of t he main dangers is from pet rol fumes
in sid et h e t an k ,as t h er e' sa r isk of ex p losion
d u e t o sp ar k san d f lam es.Th e w or k er sw ill h av e
t o be carefult hat t here's no oet rol inside t he
t an k .Th e p et r olw ill h av et o b e d r ain edan d t h e
in sid ew ill n eed t o b e w ash edou t w it h w at eran d
d et er g en tTh. e op en in gcan t h en b e f lam e- cu t
t h r ou g ht h e st eelw all of t h e t an k u sin gan ox y -
acet y len et or ch .PPE r eq u ir edf or t h isj ob is ey e
prot ect ion( a w elding mask) ,glovesand heavy
overallst o prot ect t he w orker from molt en met al.
Alt er n at iv elyt ,h e cu t t in gcan b e d on ew it h an
an g le- g r in d erTo. b e saf e,t h e w or k eru sin gt h e
g r in d erw ill n eed t o w ear ey e p r ot ect ionear,
prot ect ion,glovesand overalls.When w elding
t h e n ew p ip e,t h e w eld erw ill n eedt o w ear ey e
p r ot ect ion( a w eld in gm ask ) ,g lov esan d ov er alls.
lf ar c w eld in gis u sed an d t h er ear e ot h er p eop le
w or k in gn ear b yor p assin gb y , scr een ssh ou ld
be placed around t he w elder t o prot ect ot her
peoples' eyes from flashes.When shot -blast ing,
t h e m ain d an g er sar e t o t h e ey es,an d f r om n oise
an d d u st . Scr een ssh ou ldb e p lacedar ou n dt h e
area and w orkersshould w ear eye prot ect ion,
ear prot ect ion,dust masks, glovesand overalls.
Before paint ing, it 's import ant t o read t he
safet y document at ionprovidedw it h t he paint ,
as PPE m ay b e r eq u ir ed- f or ex am p le,g lov es,
eye prot ect ionand possibly masks t o prot ect
w orkersfrom hazardousfumes. During all t he
op er at ion s,if an y w or k is car r iedou t m or et h an
sh ou ld 2 Th e en g in eer sw ear h ot su it st h at ch an n el
b e or ov id edw it h h an d r ails.as t h er eis a r isk of t h e elect r icit yan d h av ea f ir ep r ooflin in gt o
f allin g( w or k er ssh ou ldn ot st an don lad d er sw h ile p r ot ectag ain sth eat .
w or k in g )Also,
. all w or k er ssh ou ldw ear h ar d h at s. 3 on | y t w in - en €in eh elicop t er sar e u sed
5a r eg u lat ion s.
I Main t en an cew or k on low - v olt agan e d h ig h -
8
2 Ch an g in gf au lt yor w or n - ou elect
t r icalp ar t s, Reg u lat ion ars e law s;t h ey ar e com p u lsor yFor .
su ch as m ot or s;r ep air in gloosecon n ect sor ex am p le,if com p an iesb r each( b r eak )saf et y
d am ag edw ir es t h ey can b e f in ed ( g iv enf in an cial
r eg u lat ion s,
p en alt ies)an d , in ser iou scases,m an ag er sw h o
b ar e r esp on sib lef or b r each esof r eg u lat ion scan
Suggest ed answ ers b e €iv en p r isonsen t en ces.St an d ar d s,su ch as
I A p lacew h er ea ser iou sd an g eris p r esen t q u alit yan d d esig nst an d ar d s,ar e som et im es
2 A w r it t enf or m g iv in gp er m issiont o w or k in a com p u lsor yf,or ex am p let h e d esig nan d
rest rict edarea manufact ureof mot orcyclehelmet sor car t yres.
5 Th e p er sonr esp on sib lef or elect r icalsaf et y Som et im es,h ow ev ert,h ey ar e op t ion al,f or
f or t h e w h olep lan t ,an d t h e on ly p er son ex am p leI SO q u alit yassu r an ce.
au t h or isedt o issu eoer m it st o w or k
4 Th e p r oced u r eof h av in ga sin g lek ey t o 9a
en su r in gon ly on e p er sonh as
sw it ch b oar d s, Suggest ed answ ers
accesst o sw it ch g earat an y g iv ent im e Risk of f ir e/ ex p losion - n o sm ok in g ,t h e p r ov lsion
g u ip m en tan d t r ain in g .Dan g erof
of f ir e- f ig h t ineq
c p eop lef allin gf r om t all st r u ct u r esan d I n t ow at er
I at all t im es - h an d r ailsr eq u ir edt o g iv eed g e p r ot ect ionan d
2 sh ou ldan v on e
Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces lif e. iack et ns eed t o b e w or n in cer t ainsit u at ion s.
3 ev er ysin g let im e Risk of sk in ir r it at ion sf r om p et r oleu mp r od u ct s
4 j u st a sin g le - g lov esan d ov er allsr eq u ir ed .Risk of air cr ash es
5 it ' sv it al as h elicop t er slan d an d t ak e of f f r om p lat f or m s
d - sp ecialt r ain in gr eq u ir edf or p ilot san d sp ecial
I m or e 3 less precaut ionsneeded for safe operat ion of
2 m or e 4 m or e h elid eck s.
e b
2 t oalt est t h e cir cu itis
lt ' s cr u cial/ essen t ial/ v it I Specificsafet y regulat ions
isolat ed . 2 Com p u lsor yp er son alp r ot ect iv eeq u ip m en t ;
3 Th e alar m sh ou ldb e r esetev er ysin g let im e p r oh ib it edact iv it ies,su ch as sm ok in g
you st art t he syst em. 3 Th at t h e ob lig at ion sar e leg al r eq u ir em en t s
4 lt 's crucial/ essent ial/ vit alt o check t hat t he
c
cab leis n ot d am ag ecl. com p u r sor y 6 leg islat ion
5 t halat y ou sh ou ldon ly
lt ' s cr u cial/ essen t ial/ v it p r oh ib it ed 7 cont ravene
3
st or en on - f lam m ab le m at er ialsin t h is zon e. 8 com p lyw it h
r eq u ir em en t s
6 Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces sh ou ldan y on een t er
5 st ip u lat ed
t h e r est r ict edar eaw it h ou toer m ission .
7 Before pressurisingt he syst em,every single d
con n ect ionm u st b e t ig h t . 2 p er m it t ed
3 com p lyw it h
4 st ip u lat ed
Suggest ed answ ers 5 cont ravene
I lt ' sessen t ialt h at t h e cr ewob t ain in f or m at ion 6 leg islat ionr;eq u ir em en t s;
ob lig at ion s
on w eat h ercon d it ion s.lt ' s cr u cialt h at p ilot s 7 com p u r sor y
ar e h ig h lyt r ain edan d ex p er ien cedlt. ' sv it al
t h at a t en sionr eleasem ech an ismis in p lace. 10a
2 Un d er n o cir cu m st an ces sh ou ldooer at iv es 2 st ip u lat ed 5 com p lyw it h
w or k on t h e lin e w it h ou tw ear in gh ot su it s 3 com p u lsor y 6 r eq u ir em en t s
an d ey e p r ot ect ionlt. ' s v it alt h at t h e cr ew ar e 4 leg islat ion 7 ob lig at ion s
h ig h lyt r ain ed .
b
5 Th e cab lesan d p lat f or mm u st b e ch eck ed
I t o give t he ground crew access t o all part s of
ev er ysin g let im e t h ey ar e u sed .lt ' sv it alt h at
t h e h elicop t er
t w in - en g in he elicop t er ar
s e u sed an d t h ese
2 t o av oidr isk of collision sd u r in gt ak eof f /
m u st b e m ain t ain edt o t h e h ig h estst an d ar d
lan din g
at all t im es.
3 t o av oidr isk of collision sd u r in gt ak eof f /
Í lan din g
Beforest art ing w ork, it 's vit al t o isolat e t he 4 t o t ie dow n parked helicopt ers
cir cu itat t h e sw it ch b oar dTh . en ,cir cu it ssh ou ld
t2
be syst emat icallyt est ed t o be I 00o/ osure t hat
I Saf et yw ar n in g s,op er at in gp r ecau t ion fsor
t h er e' sn o cu r r en t .Du r in gw or k ,it ' sessen t ial
m ach in esan d m ain t en an ce in st r u ct ion on
s
t o t ig h t encon n ect ion fsu lly .An d it ' scr u cialt o
m ach in es
en su r et h at n o in su lat ionis d am ag ed .To f in ish ,
2 Effect ivenot icesand inst ruct ionsare as
all t h e w ir essh ou ldb e ch eck ed- u n d er n o
sh or t as p ossib le,u se clear lan g u ag e,an d
cir cu m st an ces sh ou ldt h er eb e an y loosew ir es.
em p h asiseim p or t an tp oin t s,f or ex am p le
Th ent h e cir cu itsh ou ldb e sy st em at ically t est ed .
d an g er s.
7d
13a
I Collision sw it h t h e lin e ar e a h azar d ,so
Cou ld d o b ot h
it ' sessen t ialt o h av ed et ailedw eat h er
Cou ldd am ag et h e m ach in e
h
, eciallyw in d d ir ect ionan d
in f or m at ionesp
c Cou ld in j u r ew or k er s
soeed .lt ' s essen t ialt h at t h e cab le h as a
o Cou ldd am ag et h e m ach in e
t ension releasesyst em in case of snagging.
e Cou ldd o b ot h
Answ er key 103
b d c
I d an g er 2 con t r ol 5 d et ect s;t r ig g er s con su m p t ion 7 f r eq u en cy
2 im p or t an t 3 sen ses 6 set off 3 cu m u lat iv e 8 input
4 r ead in g 7 r eg u lat e 4 r at e 9 ou t p u t
14a
5 t i m e sc a l e l 0 opt imum
I Becau seit con t ain select r icaleou iDm enan t d e
o cy cle
cou ldcau seelect r ocu t ion Suggest ed answ ers
'|
2 A car b ond iox id eex t in g u ish ercar; b on Pr esen ced et ect or soick u o m ov em en an t d 7a
d iox id eg as d oes n ot con d u ctelect r icit y can act iv at elig h t sw it ch es. Suggest ed answ ers
3 Th eyar e f or lif t in gt h e m ach in e. 2 Sm ok ed et ect or ssen sesm ok ean d t r ig g er We n eeda m et er / sen sor t o m easu r e:t h e r at e
4 Th e m ach in ecou ld b e d am ag edb y t h e lif t in g f ir e alar m s. of f low of w at erat t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e w at er
f or ce,an d if lif t edf r om an ch orp oin t st h at ar e 3 Th er m ost at cans r eg u lat er oom t em p er at u r e t em p er at u r eat t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e r at e of f low
n ot secu r e,cou ldob v iou slyb e d r op p edf r om b y con t r ollin gelect r iccon v ect orh eat er s. of g as at t h e in p u t p oin t ;t h e t em p er at u r eof
a h eig h tas a r esu lt . 4 Pr essu r ep lat escan d et ectt h e w eig h tof a t h e g as b u r n er ;t h e w at ert em p er at u r ein sid e
5 Becau seit cou ld d escen d ,an d in j u r et h e p er sonan d set of f in t r u d eralar m s. t h e v essel;t h e lev elof w at er in sid et h e v essel;
p er sonclean in gt h e m ach in e t h e st eam p r essu r ein sid et h e v essel;t h e st eam
3a
6 Th er em ay b e sh ar p m et alof f - cu t sb elowt h e t em p er at u r ein sid et h e v essel;t h e st eam
I Th at t h e g r eenat t it u d eis sh ar edb y all t h e
b lad ew h ichcou ldcu t t h e p er sonclean in g t em p er at u r eat t h e ou t p u t p oin t ;t h e st eam
st aff, so t hey w ould t ake care t o sw it choff p r essu r eat t h e ou t p u t p oin t ;an d r at e of f low of
t h e m ach in e.S/ h en eed st o w ear slov es.
lig h t set c. an d so t h er e is n o n eed t o con t r ol
st eam at t h e ou t p u t p oin t .
b ev er y t h in gau t om at ically
I sp: act ive ( Youshould do it ) 2 ln st eadof au t om at in gev er y t h in gt ,h ey w ou ld b
w r: passive ( lt should be done) h av eold - f ash ion ed m an u alcon t r ols. Suggest ed answ ers
2 sp: cont ract ions( shouldn't ,it 's) 5 Th e ad v an t ag eof op er at in gt h e lig h t s,et c. Th e cu m u lat iv econ su m p t ionof w at eran d g as;
Wr: Word pairs Writ t enin Í u| (| shouldnot , it is) m an u allyis t h at t h er e' sn o n eedt o su p p lyall t h e cu m u lat iv eou t p u tof st eam ;t h e p eak r at es
5 lf ( sp ) : in t h eev en t of ( w r ) ; b ecau se( sp=) t h e au t om at edcon t r olsw it h elect r icit yTh
. e of con su m p t ionf or w at eran d g as; p eak st eam
os ( w r) ;so ( sp) : t herefore( w r) ;can/ could m on eysav edb y n ot h av in gt o b u y all t h e ou t p u t ;t h e f r eq u en cyof g as u se / f ir in gof t h e
[ sp) = moU [ w r] h i- t echg ad g et scou ld b e sp en ton p lan t in g b et w eenw at er in p u t
b u r n er ;t h e d if f er en t ial
t r ees,f or ex am p le. t em p er at u r ean d w at ert em p er at u r ein sld et h e
15a
v essel;t h e d if f er en t ial b et w eenst eam p r essu r e
Suggest ed answ ers 4
in sid et h e v esselan d in t h e ou t p u t p ip e;t h e
Objects should not be placed in front of the Suggest ed answ ers
d if f er en t ial
b et w eenst eam t em p er at u r ein sld e
air inlet. The inlet grille should be kept free A t h er m ost atm easu r esan d con t r olst h e
t h e v esselan d in t h e ou t p u t p ip e.
from obstructions. and should be cleoned w at ert em oer at u r ein a b oiler .an d t h er eis
regularlg. ln the event of damage to the inlet also som et im esa p r essu r esen sorf or saf et y . 8a
grille, the blower must be stopped immediatelA. A t h er m ost atm easu r esan d con t r olsr oom t 5 on p ag e92
See au d ioscr ip 8.
Serious harm mag be caused bA foreign bodies t em p er at u r ein a h eat in gsy st em .A r ef r ig er at or
b
ent ering t he duct , os t he unit cont oinsprecision- also h as a t h er m ost att o m on it oran d con t r ol
1 t em p er at u r e
engineeredpart s revolvingat speed, and is t h e t em p er at u r ean d a lig h tt h at is act iv at ed
2 lig h t lev els
therefore highlA susceptible to damoge. b y t h e d oor op en in g .Wash in gm ach in esh av e
3 d ay of t h e w eek
Before starting the blower, it is important to t h er m ost at st o con t r olt h e t em p er at u r eof t h e
4 m ealt im es
ensure t hat t he ext ernol vent sat t he end of w at er in sid et h e m ach in e.Th e t im e of t h e w ash
5 com m er cialb r eak son TV
the air-intake duct ore open. When opening cy cleis also con t r olledTh . e act ionof t h e d r u m is
the vents, the adjusting handle should be fullg lin k edt o a saf et yd ev icet h at p r ev en t st h e d oor c
extended. When closing the vents, the handle f r o mb e i n go p e n e dW h i | teh e d r u m i s sp i n n i n €' I in cr ease
should be turned and allowed to return under 2 in cr eases;d ecr eases
5a
the force of the spring. The handle should 3 r ise
1e 2b 3a 4d 5c
not be pushed, as this mag strain the spring 4 r ises
mechanism, and therefore result in damage. b 5 f alls
I p r essu r em easu r em en tf ,or ex am p le 6 r ise;f all
I Un it 8 m on it or in gt h e p r essu r eof air in sid ea
d
com or essedair h ose
7 I Becau sem ax im u mcap acit yis eq u iv alen t
2 t em p er at u r em easu r em en tf ,or ex am p le
An au t om at edsy st emcan f u n ct ion t o p eak d em an d ,t h er eis sig n if icanspt ar e
m easu r in gt h e t em p er at u r eof w at er in a
au t on om ou slyw, it h ou th u m ancon t r ol.A m an u al cap acit yd u r in gof f - p eakp er iod s.
b oiler
sy st emr eq u ir esh u m ancon t r ol.A Bu ild in g 2 Bein gab le t o g en er at ep ow erd u r in gof f - p eak
3 f low f or ex am p lem on it or in gt h e am ou n tof
Man ag em en tSy st emis a cen t r alisedcom p u t er p er iod san d st or eit f or p eak p er iod s
f u e lf l o w i n ga l o n ga f u e lp i p ei n a n e n g i n e
sy st emt h at m on it or san d con t r olsa Wid er an €e 3 Becau seelect r icalch ar g eis ex t r em ely
4 lev elm easu r em en tf ,or ex am p lem on it or in g
of f u n ct ion sin a lar g eb u ild in g ,su ch as t h e lig h t s, d if f icu ltt o st or ein lar g eam ou n t s.
t h e lev elof f u el in a f u el t an f .
h eat in g air
, - con d it ion in g , ok ed et ect or s,f ir e
sm 5 p r ocessr ecor d er s,f or ex am p lem on it or in g e
alar m s,lif t san d secu r it ysy st em s. t h e r ej ect ed( b r ok en it ) em sin a p r od u ct ion z É 3d 4a 5b 6h
2a process I Í 8e
I lt ' sa v er y g r een / en v ir on m en t ally
or ien t at ed 6a Í
com p an y . a A b lock ag ein a p ip e cau sin ga b u ild - u pof Suggest ed answ er
2 En er g ysav in gw ill b e an im p or t an t Dr essu r e Th er eis a b an d of f lu ct u at ionb et w een
con sid er at ion in t h e d esig n . b A saf et yv alv ean d a w ar n in gsy st em ap p r ox im at ely 2, 700 an d 5, 000 Meg aw at t s.
3 Sen sor st h at d et ectt h e p r esen ceof p eop le t r ig g er edb y a p r essu r ed if f er en t ial Peak d em an doccu r seach d ay at ab ou t 8. 00
4 He w an t st o p r esen tt w o d if f er en dt esig n c A sy st emf or m on it or in gg as con su m p t ion p m , w h ent h er e is a v er y b r ief b lip .Th e g r ap h
op t ion st o t h e clien t .He d escr ib esop t ionon e d Cu m u lat iv econ su m p t iont.h e r at e of sh ow sa t r ou g heach n ig h t ,w h end em an df alls
as a building w it h maximum aut omat ion. con su m p t ionat d if f er en pt oin t sin t im e,an d sig n if ican t lyAt. t h e w eek en d t, h e r an g eof
b t h e f r eq u en cyof p eak sin con su m p t ion f lu ct u at ionis sm allert h an it is d u r in gt h e w eek .
1,/ 2,/ 3x 4,/ e A t im escale Flu ct u at ionin s d em an dar e con t in u al- t h er ear e
f An ex ot h er m icr eact ion n o ooin t sw h er ed em an dr em ain sat t h e sam e ,
c g Th e t em p er at u r eof g as at t h e in p u t p oin t , lev elcon t in u ou sly f or a lon g p er iodof t im e.
2 r ead in g 4 d et ect ;p ick u p an d at t h e ou t ou t ooin t
3 r eg u lat e 5 set off; t rigger h Th e op t im u min p u t t em p er at u r e f or t h e g as 9a
2 p eak d em an d 5 f lu ct u at ion s
b 5 con t in u al 6 r an g e
2C 3a 4t 5c 6d 4 bllps
tf 8j 9b l0 e

104 Answ erkey

 b sized prot ot ypes.The main disadvant age
I Operat ing on a st art -run-st op-w ait basis
Mom en t ar yb lip s in d em an d
3 Frequencyof t he AC ( alt ernat ingcurrent )
su p p ly
A slig h td r op in f r eq u en cyin d icat est h at
pow er st at ions are w orking at full capacit y.
St ar t - u pof ap p lian cesis d elay edslig h t lyb y
h old in gt h e ap p lian ceon st an d b y
10a
I Dem an df or elect r icit yf lu ct u at es, an d
p ow erst at ion sn eed t o b e ab le t o cop ew it h
p eak d em an d( at t h e t op of t h e r an g eof
. e p r ob lemis t h at t h e p eak
f lu ct u at ion )Th
on ly last sf or a v er y b r ief p er iodeachd ay ,
m ean in gt h at p ow erst at ion sh av ea lot of
g en er at in gcap acit yw h ich ,m ost of t h e t im e,
is n ot u sed .Th er ef or e, elect r iccom p an iest r y
t o sm oot hd em an d- u sin gsp ar ecap acit y
d u r in gd em an dt r ou g h s[ at n ig h t )t o st or eu p
en er g y w , h ich is t h en u sedt h e n ex t d ay w h en
d em an dp eak s.
11a
I A sen ior m an ag er
2 A r ev iewof t h e com p an y ' ors g an isat ion an d
f acilit ies
3 Op t im isin gef t icien cy
/ t h e u se of en g in eer s'
sk ills
b For aer od y n am ic
I c 2b 3a
c in t h e air , it s air sp eed( it ssp eed r elat iv et o
'| A: 50o/ o B: 50o/ o
2 A : 7 O o / o B: 3 O o / o
3 A: l 0 o / o B: 9 0 o / o
d 3
2 of f t he t op of m y head
3 p r et t y m u ch
n o w n er e n ear
5 r o u g h l y / so m ew h er e i n t h e r eg i o n o f
6 r o u g h l y / so m ew h er e i n t h e r eg i o n o f
12a
IT
2T
3 F - t hey print very few copies
b acid t est ;t r ied - an d - t est ed t r;ial r u n
I r ou g h ly
w ell ov er
5 a good
4 t h e v ast m aior it y
5 n ex t t o n ot h in g
c e
Pret t y much
3 Now h er en ear
4 Rou g h ly/ som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionof
c
Well over
6 Nex t t o n ot h in g
7 Rou g h | y/ som ew h er ein t h e r eg ionoÍ
I t he vast maj orit y
I Un it 9
1 u n b r eak ab le, f or ex am p lea b lock of st eel,t o
Suggest ed answ ers
I Usin gsof t w ar et o sim u lat er eal- lif esit u at ion s.
Th e m ain ad v an t ag eof t h is t ech n iq u eis t h at
t est ing is oft en fast er and easier t o undert ake
com p ar edw it h r eal- lif et est in g .Var iab les
can also b e ch an g edeasily .Th e m ain
d isad v an t ag eis t h e low erd eg r eeof r ealism .
2 Test in g sm allm od elsof d esig n s.Th e m ain
ad v an t ag eof t h is ap p r oachis t h at m od els
ar e q u ick eran d ch eap ert o b u ild t h an f u ll-
is t h at t h eir b eh av iou dr u r in gt est scan n ot
perfect lysimulat et hat of a fulFsize
prot ot ype.
3 Th e m ain ad v an t ag eof t h is ap p r oachis
t h at t est sar e t ot allyr ealist ic.Th e m ain
disadvant ageis t hat full-scaleprot ot ypescan
b e ex p en siv et o b u ild an d t est .
2a
Com p u t at ion al Flu id Dy n am ics( CFD)is com p u t er
sof t w ar eu sedt o assistin aer od y n am ic d esig n .lt
m od elst h e f low of air ov er su r f aces,su ch as car
b od y w or kor t h e f u selag ean d w in g sof air cr af t .
Vir t u alt est in gw it h CFD sof t w ar eis t y p ically
d on e in t h e ear lyst ag esof t h e d esig np r ocess.
Wn d t u n n elseq u ip p edw it h r ollin gr oad sallow
r ed u ced - scale m od elsof v eh iclesor f u ll- size
v eh iclest o b e t est ed .Air is b low nt h r ou g ht h e
t unnel by pow erfulfans t o creat e airflow sof
d if f er en vt elocit iesw h ichsim u lat et h e v eh icle
t ravellingat differentspeeds.The airflow over
t h e su r f acesof t h e v eh icleis h ig h lig h t edw it h
st r eam sof sm ok e,so t h at it can b e an aly sed .
A r o| | in €r oad is ef f ect iv e|ay con v ey orb e| t
w h ichm ov esb en eat ht h e st at ion ar yv eh icle
at t h e sam esp eedas t h e air f low m , ak in gt h e
w h eelst u r n .Th is allow sen g in eer st o an aly se
t h e ef f ect sof t h e sp in n in gw h eelson t h e air f low .
Field t est in gr ef er st o t est in gin r eal con d it ion s.
t est in gof a v eh icle,t h is m ig h t
in v olv ed r iv in gt h e v eh icleat d if f er en sp
t eed son
a cir cu itor r u n w ay .
b t h e m ov in gair in t h e at m osp h er e)w ill k eep
I Usin ga scalem od elor a f u ll- sizem ock - u p
2 To sim u lat et h e t u r b u len cecau sedb y w h eels
w h ent h ey ' r esp in n in g
Wh et h eror n ot t h e w h eelsar e m ost ly
enclosedby t he bodyw ork
4 Th eyar e n ot a h u n d r edp er cen tr eliab le;t h e
d at a n eed st o b e v alid at edb y f u ll- scalet est s
in r eal con d it ion s.
5 Ch an g eab lew eat h erm ak esit d if f icu ltt o d o
back-t o-backt est ing
c
2 m ocK- u p
3 v alid at e
5 b ack - t o- b ackt est in g ;in t h e f ield
d 2 h ig h er- Th e con t ain er ' vs er t icalsp eedw ill
b t ried-and-t est ed
c in t h e f ield
d v ir t u al
t h e acid t est
f b ack - t o- b ack
t est in g
g v alid at e
h t r ial r u n
e
2e 4d 6a 8b loc
3 sp eedd ecr easesan d v er t icalsp eed in cr eases) .
Fir st ,t est in gof t h e p ar ach u t ecou ld b e d on e
u sin ga w eieh tt o sim u lat et h e m assof t h e
con t ain erTh . e Wei€h t sh ou | db e so| idan d
allow several parachut esyst emst o be t est ed
b ack - t o- b ack w it h ou td est r oy in gt h e con t ain er
each t im e.For t est s,t h e w eig h tan d p ar ach u t e
could be dropped from a raised plat form
at t ach edt o a cr an e.I n it iallyt,h e aim of t h ese
t est sw ill b e t o d ev elopa p ar ach u t esy st emt h at
w ill slow t h e con t ain er ' fsall as m u chas oossib le
t o m in im iset h e v er t icallan d in gsp eed .On ce
t h e p ar ach u t esy st emh as b een d ev elop edan , d
t h e v er t icallan d in gsp eedh as b een d et er m in ed ,
t est scan t h en b e car r iedou t on t h e con t ain er
an d d ef or m ab lest r u ct u r eb y sim u lat in gt h is
k n ow nlan d in gsp eed .I n it iallyt h er ew ill b e n o
n eed t o u se t h e p ar ach u t e.as t h e con t ain ercan
be allow ed t o freefallfrom t he crane - t he droD
h eig h tb ein gset so t h at t h e v er t icallan d in g
sp eed is t h e sam e as t h at r each edw it h a
p ar ach u t e.ln it ially r, ed u ced - scale, f or ex am p le
h alf - size,m ock - u p scou ld b e t est ed .Th en f u ll-
scalet est scan b e car r iedou t . Th e con t ain er
d esig ncan t h en b e t est edw it h t h e p ar ach u t e
b y d r op p in git f r om t h e cr an e.Th isw ill h elp t o
sim u lat et h e ef f ect sof t h e w in d b low in gt h e
p ar ach u t ean d con t ain ert,h u s g en er at in ga
h or izon t al[ asw ell as v er t ical)lan d in gsp eed .
Fin ally f, or t h e acid t est , r eal lif et r ial r u n scan b e
car r iedou t u sin €an air cr af tt o Va| id at et h e t est s.
4a
Suggest ed answ ers
I Hu m an it ar ianaid , f or ex am p lef ood an d
m ed icin e,an d m ilit ar yeq u ip m en tar e of t en
air d r op p edas, t h ey f r eq u en t lyn eed t o b e
d eliv er edt o r em ot elocat ion sw it h lim it ed
t r an sp or tlin k s.
2 Th e m ain ad v an t ag eis t h at p lan esd o n ot
need t o land and t ake off again t o drop
of f car g o,sav in gt im e an d f u el.Th e m ain
disadvant ageis t he difficult yof prot ect ing
cargo from impact damage.
b
I d ecr ease- As lon g as t h e con t ain err em ain s
d ecr easin gu n t il it h as an air sp eedof zer o
- u n t il it is t r av ellin gat t h e sam e sp eedan d
in t h e sam e d ir ect ionas t h e w in d .Th er ef or e,
if t h er e is a cer t ainam ou n tof w in d ,t h e
con t ain erw ill h av ea d eg r eeof g r ou n d sp eed
( h or izon t al sp eed r elat iv et o t h e g r ou n d ) as
,
it m ov esw it h t h e w in d . lf t h e air cr af tis f ly in g
in t o t h e w in d ( in t h e op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e
Win d )Wh enit d r op s t h e con t áin er an , d if t h e
con t ain err em ain sin t h e air lon g en ou g h ,t h e
con t ain erw ill slow d ow n u n t il it m om en t ar ily
has a groundspeedof zero. How ever,if it
r em ain sin t h e air b ey on dt h is p oin t ,it s
g r ou n d sp eedw ill t h en b eg int o in cr ease
ag ain in t h e op p osit ed ir ect iont o t h e air cr af t ,
as it is b low nb ack w ar d sb y t h e w in d .
k eep in cr easin gu n t il,if it r em ain sin t h e air
long enough, it reachest erminal velocit |
- t h e p oin t at w h ichaer od y n am ic d r ag [ air
resist ance)prevent sit from t ravellingany
fast er.
3 an d 4 Th is w ill d ep en don t h e sh ap eof t h e
con t ain eran d t h e d ist r ib u t ionof w eig h t
w i t h i ni t .
c
They agree on t he first t w o point s ( horizont al
Th eyd isag r eeon t h e last t w o p oin t s( w h ich
im p actis w or se,an d w h at w ill h ap p enon t h e
g r ou n dw it h a v er y low - alt it u d d
e r op ) .
5a
I t h eor et ically 4 p r esu m ab ly
2 assu m in g 5 ar g u ab ly
3 su r ely
b
I Pr esu m ab ly 4 Ar g u ab ly
2 Assu m in g 5 Su r ely
3 Th eor et ically
Answ er key 105
 c b I Un it 1 0
Agree: Sure; Absolut ely; True;Of course I t h ou g h Up r ed ict ed
Ot her phrases; I t ot ally/ complet elyagree didn't expect / predict 1a
Disag r ee:I ' m n ot so su r e . . . ; I ' m n ot con v in ced ; 3 it w as m u chb et t ert h an w e h ad h ooed Suggest ed answ ers
Not n ecessar ily I Th eyu se t h e k in et icen er g y m , ov em en of t t he
9a w ind, t o generat eelect ricit y.
Ot h er p h r ases:I ' m n ot su r e I ag r ee;I d isag r ee;
t 4 on p ag e94
See au d ioscr ip 9. 2 Advant age:They use a renew able,non-
I t ot allyd isag r ee
p ollu t in gen er g ysou r cet h at is r ead ily
b
d av ailab le.
Th eyp u t a p last icb eak er ,w it h w at er in sid eit ,
Suggest ed answ ers Disadvant ages:The w ind is not const ant ,so
ont o t he t op of t he bot t le w hich made it front -
I An air cr af t sg r ou n d sp eedis it s sp eed r elat iv e w in d t u r b in escan n otf u n ct ionall t h e t im e.
h eav van d in cr easedit s in er t ia.
t o t he ground. lt s airspeed is t he speed it Th eyalso h av ea m aior v isu alim p actd u e t o
p assest h r ou g ht h e air . Becau seof t h e w in d , c t heir height and size, and are relat ivelynoisy.
t h e air is u su allym ov in g .Th er ef or e,if an I accor d in gt o p lan 3 Locat ion sex p osedt o t h e w in d ,su ch as h ig h
air cr af tis f ly in gin t o t h e w in d , it s air sp eed 2 a t reat ground, flat areas and coast al areas
w ill b e h ig h ert h an it s g r ou n d sp eedlf. it h as
t h e w in d b eh in dit , it s air soeedw ill b e low er
10b b
t h an it s g r ou n d sp eed . 9. 5 on page94
Seeau dioscr ipt Suggest ed answ ers
2 Zero Th e b lad est u r n d u e t o t h e air f low g en er at ed
C
3 The aircraft w ould need t o fly int o t he pract rce in ad eq u at e b y t h e w in d .To f u n ct ion t, h ey n eed t o h av e
5
w in d ,an d t h e w in d soeedw ou ldn eed t o b e 3 more 6 pract ical a sp eciallyd esig n edaer od y n am icp r of ile.
v er y h ig h ,h ig h ert h an t h e m in im u msp eed t ess They must also be st iff, t o avoid flexing and
requiredfor t he aircraft t o fly. con seq u en t ly h it t in gt h e t ow er ,an d r elat iv ely
4 lt sh ou ldf ly in t o t h e w in d so t h at t h e w in d 72 lig h t t o allow t h em t o t u r n easily .
h elp st h e con t ain ert o slow d ow n . Suggest ed answ eE The t ow er must be rigid, t o resist t he bending
5 Pr ov id edt h e air cr af tf lies in t o t h e w in d , I Possible causes:t he t yre is inadequat ely force generat edby t he pressureof t he w ind. lt
h ig h erw in d sp eedw ill r esu ltin t h e con t ain er in f lat edor p u n ct u r ed must also have a relat ivelynarrow profile,t o
h av in ga low erg r ou n d sp eedon lan d in g . Possible effect s:t he t yre could blow out m in im iset h e aer od y n am icef f ectit h as on t h e
( explode)/ t he t yre w ill w ear rapidly / become b lad es.Wh en a b lad eis in t h e low p osit ion ,
How ever,above a cert ain w ind speed, t he
con t ain erw ill r eachzer o g r ou n d sp eedt,h en d am ag ed . aligned w it h t he t ow er,t he pressureof t he w ind
st art t o t ravel in t he opposit e direct ion. 2 Possib lecau ses:a su r g ein t h e p ow ersu p p ly , on t h e b lad e is r ed u ced r, ed u cin gef f ect iv en ess,
Bey on dt h is p oin t ,ev enh ig h erw in d sp eed s t oo m u ch p ow erb ein gd em an d ed a, sh or t an d cau sin gt or sionin t h e t u r b in ed u e t o
w ill r esu ltin a h ig h erg r ou n d sp eedin t h e cir cu it p r essu r eon t h e h ig h eran d low er
d if f er en t ial
op p osit ed ir ect ion . Possib leef f ect a : cir cu itb r eak erb ein g b lad es.
t riggered,overheat ingand damage t o Th e t u r b in eg en er at eselect r icit yf r om t h e act ion
6b con d u ct or san d com p on en t s of spinning.To funct ion effect ively,it needst o
Suggest ed answ ers 3 Posslb lecau se:t h er eis in ad eq u at ep ain t m in im isef r ict ion .lt m u st also r esistt h e sev er e
I Th e con t ain ercou ld b e f lat w it h a low cen t r e cover t o prot ect t he hull w eat h erw h ichis com m onin t h e ar easw h er e
of g r av it yso t h at it s| id esalon € t h e g r ou n d , Possible effect :t he hull w ill degrade rapidly / w in d t u r b in esar e locat ed .
or p er h ap ssp h er icalw it h a d ef or m ab le cou ldf ail
prot ect ivest ruct urew hich allow s it t o roll 2a
alon g t h e g r ou n d . 13a I The t ow er
2 Th e con t ain ercou ld b e t all, f or ex am p lea A m ist ak ew it h a ch ick eng u n h as m ad eclev er , 2 Corrosion due t o t he presenceof salt w at er
cylinder shape,w it h a deformableprot ect ive t ech n icalp eop lelook lik e f ools. 3 St eel and reinforcedconcret e
st ruct ureat it s base t o absorb t he vert ical 4 Because in reinforced-concretcoast e al
b
im p act . defences,t he st eel reinforcementis oft en
I To fire dead chickensin order t o t est aircraft
ex p osed ,d u e t o er osion ,an d r u st sas a r esu lt
7a en g in esan d w in d sh leld fsor t h eir r esist an ce
5 Th at j u st b ecau sean in st allat ionr eq u ir es
Ex p ect at ion ar s e w h at y ou p r ed ict ,f or ex am p le t o bird st rikes
r eg u larm ain t en an ce,t h at d oesn ' tn ecessar ily
h ow y ou t h in k a v eh iclep r ot ot y p ew ill b eh av e Becau seit w as a h ig h - sp eed t r ain an d b ir d
m ean it ' su n r eliab le
w h en it ' st est ed in a w in d t u n n el.Resu lt sar e st r lk esw er ea p ot en t iald an g er
6 A comoarisonof t he differencebet w eent he
w h at act u allyh ap p en s,f or ex am p leh ow t h e 3 Th e ch ick enb r ok et h r ou g hb ot h t h e
const ruct ioncost of a reinforcedconcret e
p r ot ot y p eact u allyb eh av esin t h e w in d t u n n el, w in d sh ieldan d t h e b ack of t h e d r iv er ' s
t ow er and t he cost of repaint inga st eel t ow er
based on t he complet ed t est . com oar t m en t .
over t he period of a concret et ow er'slifespan
b c
b
Trialand error meanst est ing ideas t o see w hat They used a frozen chicken.
lb 2e 3c 4a 5f
h ap p en s.Th e ex p r essionim p liest h at t h e t est in g d 6d
processis not very scient ific,and is simply based 2 becauseof; due t o; ow ing t o
on guessw ork. c
3 result of
Unfamiliar t errit orUmeans an unknow nsubiect , 2 in ap p r op r iat e6 in ef f icien t
4 becauseof
an ar ea w h er esom eon elack sex oer ien ce. in con sist en t 7 u n r eliab le
5 caused
On o st eep learning curve means learning 4 u n econ om ical8 in su f f icien t
6 con seq u en t ly
, t enas a r esu | tof b ein € p u t in an
r ap id | yof 5 ineffect ive 9 u n su it ab le
u n f am iliarsit u at ionw it h ou tt h e n ecessar v e
.| d
k n ow led g eor ex p er ien ce. becauseof / due t o / ow in€t o
See au d ioscr ip t10.I on page 94
2 cau sed ;con seq u en t ly
c 3 becauseof / due t o / ow ing t o: result edin; 3a
See au d ioscr ip t9. 3 on p ag es93 an d 94 consequent ly 2 su it ab le 5 in ef f icien t
8a 3 effect ive 6 in su f f icien Uin ad eq u at e
14a
I Half f u ll. 4 in con sist en t 7 u n r eliab le
t 6 on p ag e 94
See au d ioscr ip 9.
2 Th e op en in gin t h e b ot t lew asj u st slig h t ly
bigger t han t he fit t ing at t he end of t he
pump, so t here w as quit e a good seal.
3 Ouit e pow erful,more pow erfult han expect ed
4 Th e b ot t let u m b ledov er in t h e air - it
w ou ld n ' tf ly st r aig h t .

106 Answer key

I
I

b t han out -of-t ow nairoort s. Planes also t end t o be f

Suggest ed answ ers
l Win d t u r b in esar e ex t r em e| yeí f icien tTh . ey
use a free, renew ablesource of energy.
Th ey ' r ealso ex t r em elyr eliab le,r eq u ir in gv er y
lit t le m ain t en an ce.
Clear ly w , in d t u r b in esn eedw in d t o
f u n ct ionef f ect iv elyb u t w in d con d it ion sar e
in con sist en tFor. t h is r eason ,a w in d t u r b in e
is a su p p lem en t ar sou y r ceof en er g y lt . w ill
st ill be necessaryt o havea permanentsupply
of elect ricit y.How ever,in suit able locat ions,
w ind t urbines can w ork effect ivelyfor a
significant percent ageof t ime.
Th e m ost su it ab lesit esar e ex p osed
locat ions.Sit es locat ed on t he t oos of hills.
on t h e w in d w ar dslop esof h ills,n ear t h e
coast ,or on f lat , op en lan d ar e t h e m ost
su it ab le.
To w ork effect ively,w ind t urbines should
be locat ed aw ay from feat urest hat can
ob st r u ctt h e w in d ,su ch as b u ild in g sor t r ees.
Obst ruct ionscan have a negat iveeffect if
t h ey ar e locat edin f r on t of t h e t u r b in e,an d
also if t h ey ar e r elat iv elycloseb eh in dit .
4b
10. 2on page94
Seeau dioscr ipt
delayed more oft en t han t rains, due t o air t raft ic
congest ionat airport s. Large aircraft cannot t ake
of f an d lan d im m ed iat elyaf t eron e an ot h erd u e
t o t he need for separat iondist ancesfor safet y,
an d t o allow air t u r b u len cet im e t o clear alon g
t he runw ayaft er each t akeoff and landing.Also,
ch eck in gin f or f lig h t st ak eslon g ert h an b oar d in g
t rains. For t hese reasons,overalliourney t imes
on h ig h - sp eedt r ain scan b e as sh or t as, or
short er t han t hose on olanes over dist ancesof
500 km t o I ,500 km.
b t o h av ej u st l0 k m of t r ack ?ls t h at en ou g h
I Sp eed ,con v en ien ce, ef f iclen cyan d
en v ir on m en t al- f r ien d lin ess
2 To find t he best w ay of t ransport ingpeople
3 Th at h ig h - sp eed
elect r ict r ain sar e t h e m ost
efficientsolut ion
c an aer od y n am icsy st em( f lap sor p ar ach u t es) ,
I cr it er ion
2 fact or
3 v ar iab le
6a
Most TCVSreach 300 km/ h. New er models run
at 320 k m / hon cer t aint r ack s.Most t r ain sar e
ap p r ox im at ely200 m et r eslon g .
2 caoab le 6 u n ab le
3 ab le 7 in cap ab le
4 w it hst and 8 exceeded
5 subj ect edt o
9a
Key informat ion and quest ions
The supersonicrocket sled ride for t ourist s is t o
be locat ed t he Aust ralian desert . lt is t o carry a
pilot and t w o passengers.lt must avoid ext remes
of C force under accelerat ionand decelerat ion
( m ax 2 G) . Max t r ack len g t h l6 k m . ls it f easib le
safet y margin? ls t he sled t o have st eel skids or
w h eels?Pr op u lsionw ill b e b y r ock etor j et en g in e
( b ein €| ook edin t o b y som eon ee| se) .Br ak in g
syst em - not a w at er brake, as t here is t oo much
C force; possibly a frict ion syst em ( againstrails) ,
r ev er seen g in et h r u st sy st emor a com b in at ion
of t hese.

c b
Shedoesn'tment ioncent rifugal
force. See au d ioscr ip tlO. 3 on p ag e94

d c
b é n d in g 7 sh ear I lt w as modified t o a cert ain ext ent but , w it h
3 t orsion/ t orque I frict ion a few except ions,w as essent iallyan ordinary
4 ex p an sion 9 cont ract ion TCV
5 pressure l0 cent rifugalforce 2 100 m et r es
6 t en sion 3 To m ak eit slig h t lym or eaer od y n am ic
4 To r ed u cet h e sp eedof r ev olu t iont,o lim it
e f r ict ionan d cen t r if u g alf or ce
2 oressure
3 b en d in g d
4 com p r essiont:en sion 2 - 50o/ o
5 sh ear 3 - 15o/ o
6 frict ion 4 + lgoh
7 t orsion ( t orque) 5 + 680/ o
I ex p an sion con
; t r act ion e
f cer t ain 5 m ar g in ally
Suggest ed answ ers 3 sig n if ican t ly 6 su b st an t ially
Wh en t h er eis n o w in d ,t h e colu m n san d leg s 4 slig h t lym or e 7 con sid er ab le
are all sub.iect edt o compression.The legs are Í
also subj ect edt o bendingforces.The beam su€
g est ed answ ers
is subj ect edt o a vert ical bendingforce.The I Th e su p p lyv olt ag ein t h e cat en ar ycab lesh ad
in su lat or sar e in t en sion .Th e f ou n d at ion ar
s e
t o be increasedby a considerableamount .
in comoression.There are also shear forces
2 To lim it oscillat iont,h e t en sionof t h e
bet w eent he legs and t he foundat ions. cat enarycables w as subst ant iallyincreased.
Wh en t h e w in d is b low in gf r om d ir ect ionl, t h e
3 The camber of t he t rack w as increased
beam is subj ect edt o a horizont albendingforce m ar g in allyon som ecu r v es.
from t he w ind. Bot h columnsare also subiect ed 4 The previousrecord w as beat en by a huge
t o b en d in g .Leg s I an d 2 ar e in t en sionas m ar g in .
a r esu ltof t h e w in d . Leg s3 an d 4 ar e in
5 I n perfect condit ions,t he TCV could probably
com p r essr on . havegone slight lyfast er.
Wh en t h e w in d is b low in gf r om d ir ect ion2,
bot h columnsand legs are subj ect edt o bending 8a
b y t h e w in d . Leg s 1 an d 3 an d colu m n I ar e See au d ioscr ip t10. 4 on p ag e95
p r im ar ilyin t en sionas a r esu ltof t h e w in d .Leg s
c
2 an d 4, an d colu m n2 ar e in com p r ession .
1 1 . 0 r5
5a 23
Suggest ed answ ers 320
Planes t ravel much fast er t han high-speedt rains. 4 1.2
The fast est high-speedt rains can t ravel at j ust 546
over 300 km/ h. Commercialaircraft flying at an
e
alt it ude of around 30,000 feet can t ravel w it h
2 cope w it h; w it hst and
a groundspeedof around 800 km/ h.Therefore,
3 exceed:suroass
on board t rips are t ypically fast er on planes.
4 int endedfor
How ever,rail net w orksgenerallylink cit y cent res,
5 able t o; capableof
w hich are oft en more convenientdest inat ions
5 in cap ab leof ; u n ab let o

Answer key to7

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