ac EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION & RETROFITTING IN BUILDING {nl lell inane) Teast gU aU MU mo) Sr TVK eloCONCEPT OF EARTHQUAKE ‘An earthquake is the vibration of earth produced by the rapid release of energy. Energy release due to plate tectonics and failure (fault zones) of the earth's crust. Energy radiates as waves in all directions from the source (focus). Epicenter is the surface expression of the focus. Terminologies There ore various terms and definitions used in earthquake engineering. Basic earthquake engineering terms are presented in the following sections. (a)Earthquake: It is a transient violent movement of the earth's surface that follows a release of energy in the earth's crust. (b)Magnitude: It is a measure of the amount of energy released during an earthquake and expressed by Richter scale. (c)intensity: Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake and is assigned in Roman capital numerical (as in table below). It refers to effects of earthquakes. Modified mercall scale is the standard measurement.CONCEPT OF EARTHQUAKE (d) Epicenter: It is the point on the (free) surface of the earth vertically above the place of origin (focus) of an earthquake. This point is expressed by its geographical latitude and longitude. Example: Epicenter of Nepal earthquake of April 2015 (Baisakh 12) is 28.230N, 84.731E ie. Barpak, Gorkha (e) Focus (hypocenter): It is the point within the earth from where seismic waves originates. Focal depth is the vertical distance between the hypocenter and epicenter. () Richter scale: Magnitude is measured on the basis of ground motion recorded by an instrument and applying standard correction for the epicentral distance from recording station. it is linearly related to the logarithm of amount of energy released by an earthquake and expressed in Richter scale.CONCEPT OF EARTHQUAKE : | ‘Magnitude Goi It measures the energy release at the It measures the strength of shaking source of the earthquake. produced by the earhquake at a certain locations. It is determined from measurements on it is determined ‘trom the effects on seismographs. people, structure and_—_natural environment [ie., not need any instrumental record measurements) [GJ Magnitude of an earthquake is @ Intensity is a qualitative measure of an quantitative measure of its size, earthquake, based on the damage caused by them. [CJ The magnitude of the earthquake is a During the same earthquake of certain single number which does not vary from magnitude, different location experience place to place. different levels of intensity. Thus, intensity varies from place to place.CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKE Earthquakes occur sudden by with little or no warning, The basic characteristics of an earthquake are the following: a) It is not yet possible to predict magnitude, time and place of occurrence of an earthquake. The onset is usually sudden. b) Earthquake prone areas are generally well identified and well known on the basis of geological features and past occurrences of earthquakes. c) Major effects arise mainly from ground movement and fracture or slippage of rocks underground. The seismic shocks originating at a depth of about 50 km or less below the ‘surface is termed as shallow focus earthquakes; otherwise, these are known as deep focus earthquakes.BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY CONSTRUCTION IN EARTHQUAKE Q During an earthquake, the ground shakes in all three direction but the horizontal vibratons are most damaging to the masonry building. These horizontal vibration results in large inertial force. O These horizontal force are transferred to the wall or columns from the roof and then to the foundation and finally to the soil. QO The inertia force act opposite to the direction of earthquake motion and are reversible in nature. Q Thus at any instant, some wall of the building are parallel and some walls are tranverse to the direction of ground motion caused due to earthquake. Fre: et ota na ulin when shauen ts astMODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE a < < Out of Plane Failure The earthquake force is perpendicular to the plane. The wall tends to overturn or bend. This causes the partial or full collapse of the wall This is due to inadequate anchorage of the wall and roof, long and slender wall etc. Characterized by vertical cracks at corner, cracks at intel, roof level and gable wall, etc. cmaMODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE 2. In Plane Failure The earthquake force is parallel to the plane. The wall is shear off or bend. X- cracks occurs, Characterized by vertical cracks at wall intersection of corners of two walls. Spalling of materials etc. SAN ——MODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE Diaphragm Failure * Lack of anchoring produce a push of diaphragm against the wall. * Absence of good shear transfer between diaphragms and reaction wall accounts for damage at corner of wall * Rare phenomenon in the event of seismic motion * Separation of wall and diaphragm cause collapse of buildingsMODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE Connection failure * For given direction of earthquake, wall A acts as a shear wall and B acts as flexure wall. * If the walls are not tied together wall B overturn (out of olane) and wall A slides (in plane) and collapse occurs. * Masonry units should tied properlyMODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE Opening will obstruct the flow of forces from one wall to another. Large opening in shear wall reduces the strength of wall against the inertia for Results diagonal cracks in the areas of masonry between opening and cracks at the level of opening. Thus, openings should small and away from corners.MODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE Poundi = When the roofs of two adjacent buildings are at different levels, during earthquake, two buildings strike against each other is called pounding. * Pounding results into cracking of the wall.MODES OF FAILURE OF EARTHQUAKE Non Structural components failure "Falling of plaster from walls and ceiling. = Cracking and overturning of parapets, chimneys, etc. = Cracking and overturning of partition walls. ™ Cracking of glasses. "Falling of loosely placed objects.QUALITIES OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING: An earthquake resistant building has the following four qualities: @) Good structural configuration: Its size, shape, and structural system carrying loads are such that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground. b) Lateral strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such that the damage induced in it does not result in collapse. Cc Adequate stiffness: Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake induced deformations in it do not damage its contents under low to moderate shaking. qd Good ductility: Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking even after yielding is improved by favorable design and detailing strategies.IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF SMALL BUILDING: The earthquake resistance of small buildings may be increased by taking some precautions and measures in site selections, building planning and constructions as explained below: Q Site Selection: The building constructions should be avoided on: ¥ Near unstable embankments and flood affected areas ¥ Onsloping ground with columns of different heights. ¥ On subsoil with marked discontinuity like rock in some portion and soil in some portion. Q Building Planning: symmetric plans are safer compared to asymmetric. Hence go for square or rectangular plans rather than L, E, H, T shaped, Rectangular plans should not have length more than twice the width. Q Foundations: The purpose of the foundation is to transfer the load of the construction to the ground. The width of foundation should not be less than 750 mm for single story building and not less than 900 mm for multistory buildings. The depth of foundation should not be less than 1.0 m for soft soil and 0.45 m for rocky ground. Before foundation is laid remove all loose materials including water from the trench and compact the bottom. After foundation is Iaid the foundation should be back filled properly and compactedIMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF SMALL BUILDING: Doors and Window Openings: * Walls with too many doors and windows close to each other collapse early. + Windows should be kept at same level + The total width of all openings in wall should not exceed 1/3rd the length of wall. + Doors should not be placed at the end of the wall. They should be at least at 500 mm from the cross wall * Clear width between two openings should not be less than 600 mm. O Chejjas (sun shades) + Restrict chejja or balcony projections to 0.9 to Im. For larger projections use beams and columns. Q Parapet Masonry parapet wall can collapse easly. It is better to build parapet with bricks up to 300 mm followed by iron railings. O Concrete and Mortar Use river sand for making mortar and concrete. It should be sieved to remove pebbles. silt should be removed by holding it against wind. Coarse aggregates of size more than 30 mm should not be used. Aggregates should be well graded and angular. Before adding water cement and aggregates should be dry mixed thoroughlyIMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF SMALL BUILDINGS:IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF SMALL BUILDINGS: Masonry: a) Of the three components of the building (ie. Roof, wall and foundation) the walls are most vulnerable to damage caused by horizontal forces due to earthquake. A wall topples down easily if pushed horizontally at the top in a direction perpendicular to its length (termed weak direction), but offers much greater resistance if pushed along its length (termed strong direction). b) Architectural / Structural provisions: To ensure good against seismic performance, all walls be jointed properly to the adjacent walls. Connections between the walls should be good. This can achieve by : ¥ Ensuring good interlocking of the masonry courses at the junctions. ¥ Employing horizontal bands at various levels, particularly at the lintel level. ¥ The sizes of door and window openings need to be kept small, the smaller the openings, the larger is the resistance offered by the wall. ¥ The tendency of a wall to topple when pushed in the weak direction can be reduced by limiting its length-to -thickness and height- to- thickness ratios. A wall that is too tall or too long in comparison to its thickness is particularly vulnerable to shaking in its weak direction.IMPROVING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF SMALL BUILDINGS: Q Provide horizontal reinforcing elements For making RC bands, the minimum thickness should be: 75mm and minimum of 2 bars of 8mm dia should be provided. They need to be connected with steel stirups of 6mm dia at 150mm spacing. Vertical and diagonal band may be provided if the wall size is big. Lintel band: Provided at lintel level on all load bearing internal, external longitudinal and cross walls. Lower the unsupported height. © Roof band: Provided immediately below the roof or floors. © Gable band: Provided at the top of gable masonry below the puriins. © Plinth band: Provided at the plinth level of walls on top of all foundations.WALL REINFORCEMENT : ENSURE PROPER BOND IN MASONRY COURSES Bending of Pulling of Lintel Band Lintel Band Lintet Band > tot => Direction of 5 Inertia Force Direction of earthquake11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS. Tiil to the date, earthquake are one of the most unpredictable and devasting natural disaster which causes extensive damage to the building/structures. This damages results in loss of lives and property. Thus, it is very important on the part of civil engineer to built structures with high seismic performance. But, here question arises. What to do with high seismic performance? But here the question arise. What to do with the old/weak earthquake damaged structure? It has been observed that majority of such structures/buildings may be safely reused if they are made seismically strong by using some methods/techniques (Retrofitting Techniques).11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS. Upgrading of certain building systems (existing structures) to make them more resistant to seismic activity (earthquake resistance) is really of more importance. Structures can be (a) Earthquake damaged, (b) Earthquake vulnerable. * Retrofitting proves to be a better economic consideration and immediate shelter to problems rather than replacement of building. * Retrofit is the modification of the structure to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure to earthquake, after its construction. * Retrofitting means preparing a structure in a scientific manner so that all elements of a building act as an integral unit.11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS ; NEED OF RETROFIT 1. Buildings have been designed according to seismic code but code has been upgraded in later years. 2. Important building such as hospital, schools, etc., need retrofit just after earthquake takes place. 3. Building that was expanded or renovated. 4. The building which purpose is changed. 5. Retrofitting of existing structures, with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation. + The relative cost of retrofitting to construction determines what is to be done. If the cost of retrofitting is less than 50% of the reconstruction cost these retrofitting is done.11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS. * Two types of building to be retrofitted 1. Earthquake Damaged Building The buildings which are damaged or weakened by the earthquakes thus making them unfit or unsafe for future use. 2. Weak Building Building which have not experienced sever earthquake but are seismically weak and are vulnerable to earthquake.11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS : A) Increasing the Capacity/strength of System (Seismic Resistance Based Design) i)Conventional Retrofit 1) Addition of shear wall. 2) Addition of foundation. 3) Addition of Columns. 4) Additional steel frame braces. 5)Jacketing of Column, beam. ii) Retrofitting Using Innovative Materials: FRP, steel B) Reduce the Demand/forces on the system (Seismic Response control design) i) Base isolators ii) Supplementary energy devices ( Dampers)11.2 METHODS OF RETROFITTING : 1, Added stee! truss 2. Existing structure11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS : METHODS OF RETROFITTING 3. Jacketing (Local Retrofitting Technique): This is the most popular method for strengthening of building columns. Types of Jacketing: 1.Steel jacket, 2.Reinforced Concrete jacket, 3.Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite (FRPC) jacket Purpose for jacketing: To increase concrete confinement. To increase shear strength. To increase flexural strength.11.2 METHODS OF RETROFITTING : COLUMN JACKETING ye11.2 METHODS OF RETROFITTING :Pee li S OF RETROFITTING : STRENGTHING OF FOOTING11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS : 4.Base Isolation (or Seismic Isolation): Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as base isolation. It is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control technique. Advantages of Base Isolation * Isolates Building from ground motion — Lesser seismic loads, hence lesser damage to the structure, -Minimal repair of superstructure. + Building can remain serviceable throughout construction. + Does not involve major intrusion upon existing superstructure. Disadvantages of Base Isolation + Expensive. * Cannot be applied partially to structures unlike other retrofitting. * Challenging to implement in an efficient manner.11.2 METHODS OF RETROFITTING : BASE ISOLATION R SS _ Fixed-Base Isolated +—— Ground Movement11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS : 5.Mass Reduction Technique of Retrofitting: This may be achieved, for instance, by removal of one or more stories. In this case it is evident that the removal of the mass will lead to a decrease in the period, which will lead to an increase in the required strength. 6. Wall Thickening Technique of Retrofitting: The existing walls of a building are added certain thickness by adding bricks, concrete and steel aligned at certain places as reinforcement, such that the weight of wall increases and it can bear more vertical and horizontal loads, and also its designed under special conditions that the transverse loads does not cause sudden failure of the wall.11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTING MATERIALS : 7.Energy Dissipation Devices Buildings themselves do possess an inherent ability to dissipate, or damp, EQ energy. However, the capacity of buildings to dissipate energy before they begin to suffer deformation and damage is quite limited. The building will dissipate energy either by undergoing large scale movement or sustaining increased internal strains in elements such as the building’s columns and beams. Both of these eventually result in varying degrees of damage. Accordingly, a wide range of energy dissipation devices have been developed and are now being installed in real buildings. Energy dissipation devices are also often called damping devices.11.2 TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING AND RETROFITTI MATERIALS : The large number of damping devices that have been developed can be grouped into three broad categories: * Friction Dampers: these utilize frictional forces to dissipate energy. Metallic Dampers : utilize the deformation of metal elements within the damper. Viscoelastic Dampers : utilize the controlled shearing of solids. Viscous Dampers: utilized the forced movement (orificing) of fluids within the damper.11.2 METHODS OF RETROFITTING : DIAGONAL BRACING WITH DAMPERS11.2 METHODS OF Waieliuiioe py aa11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST * The most common method of non-destructive field testing is through a process called sounding. Sounding involves striking the concrete surface and interpreting the sound produced. Solid concrete will produce a ringing sound, while concrete that is spalled, delaminated, or contains voids will produce a flat or hollow sound. Sounding test of concrete is accomplished using a variety of tools. Sounding of small areas and vertical or overhead structural elements is best achieved by using a hammer or steel rod. A steel chain can also be dragged over the surface under evaluation. This method is best suited for slab surfaces where large areas can be tested in a reasonable amount of time.rE ea11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST :11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST : BY ULTRA SONIC PULSE AND IMPACT ECHO TESTING METHOD Two common approach include a pulse velocity meter and an impact echo system. The pulse velocity meter can detect defects such as the depth of cracks and loss of bond. The impact echo system can detect the thickness of a thin concrete section, locate a crack within the concrete, and locate voids or defects such as honeycombing. Elation simon Crack Depth Moderately damaged nine Tess tile ra Sate11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST : FLAT JACK TEST + Flat jack testing is a non destructive test of evaluating existing masonry structure. + Itdoes not require removal of masonry units - only the removal of small portion of mortar is enough + The flat jack test uses small, thin, hydraulic jacks to apply a force to a section of an existing masonry wall, and the method uses measuring devices to determine the resulting displacement of the masonry.11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST : SINGLE FLAT JACK TEST ai, Step2:Insertthe flat jockinto the cut Inteducethe Step 3: appropriate quid uni the tension ofthe structure return ‘8 + iene | a Step 1: Make a cut perpendicular toThen inser the jack nthe cuts to carry out a compression urve, where, 11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST : DOUBLE FLAT JACK TEST ‘Stain11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST : REBOUND METHOD + Can be used to determine the in plane compressive strength of concrete within a range of 10-55MPa. + Aquick and simple method of checking concrete uniformly. + Measure the distance of rebound of a spring loaded plunger after it struck a smooth concrete surface. + Results of the test can be affected by factors such as smoothness of concrete surface, size, shape, rigidity of specimen, age and moisture condition. + Crack depth, Micro cracks , Progressive deterioration11.3 NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST :11.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS + Destructive tests: As the name suggests, destructive testing (DT) includes methods where your material is broken down in order to determine mechanical properties, such as strength, toughness and hardness. In destructive testing, tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order to understand a specimen's structural performance or material behavior under different loads. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield more information, and are easier to interpret than nondestructive testing. + Destructive testing is most suitable, and economic, for objects which will be mass-produced, as the cost of destroying a small number of specimens is negligible. It is usually not economical to do destructive testing where only one or very few items are to be produced (for example, in the case of a building) + Earthquake engineering requires a good understanding of how structures will perform at earthquakes. Destructive tests are more frequently carried out for structures which are to be constructed in earthquake zones. Such tests are sometimes referred to as crash tests. The tests are, mostly, carried out on a platform called a shake-table which is designed to shake in the same manner as an earthquake. + Some types of Destructive Testing: Stress Tests, Crash Tests, Hardness Tests, Metallographic Tests, Bend Test, Tensile Test, Impact Test, Macro Examination, Micro Examination11.3 DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS[Po THANK YOU